PUTTING DOWN ROOTS: PUTTING DOWN ROOTS: OPPORTUNITY AND OPPORTUNITY AND

OPPRESSION IN COLONIAL OPPRESSION IN COLONIAL SOCIETYSOCIETY

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and PresentChapter 3Chapter 3

Sources of Stability: Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century the Seventeenth Century

• New EnglandersNew Englanders replicated replicated traditional English social order traditional English social order

• Contrasted with experience in other Contrasted with experience in other English coloniesEnglish colonies

• Explanation lies in development of Explanation lies in development of Puritan familiesPuritan families

Immigrant Families Immigrant Families and New Social Order and New Social Order

• Puritans believed God Puritans believed God ordained the familyordained the family

• Reproduce patriarchal Reproduce patriarchal English family structure in English family structure in New EnglandNew England

• Greater longevity in New Greater longevity in New England results in England results in “invention” of grandparents“invention” of grandparents

• Multigenerational families Multigenerational families strengthen social stabilitystrengthen social stability

Commonwealth of FamiliesCommonwealth of Families

• Most New Englanders Most New Englanders married neighbors of married neighbors of whom parents approvedwhom parents approved

• New England towns New England towns collections of collections of interrelated householdsinterrelated households

• Church membership Church membership associated with certain associated with certain families families

• Education provided by Education provided by the familythe family

Women’s Lives Women’s Lives in Puritan New Englandin Puritan New England

• Women not legally Women not legally equal with menequal with men

• Marriages based on Marriages based on mutual lovemutual love

• Most Women Most Women contributed to contributed to society associety as– wives and motherswives and mothers– church memberschurch members– small-scale farmerssmall-scale farmers

• Women Women accommodated accommodated themselves to roles themselves to roles they believed God they believed God ordainedordained

Social Hierarchy in New Social Hierarchy in New EnglandEngland

• Absence of very rich necessitates Absence of very rich necessitates creation of new social ordercreation of new social order

• New England social order becomesNew England social order becomes– local local gentrygentry of prominent, pious families of prominent, pious families– large population of independent large population of independent yeomenyeomen

landowners loyal to local communitylandowners loyal to local community– small population of landless laborers, small population of landless laborers,

servants, poorservants, poor

DefinitionsDefinitions

• GentryGentry denotes denotes "well-born and well-"well-born and well-bred people" of high bred people" of high social class, social class, especially in the especially in the past. past. GentryGentry, in its , in its widest connotation, widest connotation, refers to people of refers to people of good social good social position.position.

• The The YeomanYeoman was a was a social class in social class in England from the England from the Elizabethan era to Elizabethan era to the 17th century of the 17th century of a free man who a free man who owned his own owned his own farm farm

The Challenge of the The Challenge of the Chesapeake EnvironmentChesapeake Environment

• Imbalanced sex ratio among Imbalanced sex ratio among immigrantsimmigrants

• High death rateHigh death rate

• Scattered populationScattered population

Family Life at RiskFamily Life at Risk

• Normal family life impossible in VirginiaNormal family life impossible in Virginia– mostly young male indentured servants mostly young male indentured servants – most immigrants soon died most immigrants soon died – in marriages, one spouse often died within in marriages, one spouse often died within

a decadea decade

• Serial marriages, extended families Serial marriages, extended families commoncommon

• Orphaned children raised by strangersOrphaned children raised by strangers

Women in Chesapeake Women in Chesapeake SocietySociety

• Scarcity gives some women Scarcity gives some women bargaining power in marriage bargaining power in marriage marketmarket

• Women without family protection Women without family protection vulnerable to sexual exploitationvulnerable to sexual exploitation

• Childbearing extremely dangerousChildbearing extremely dangerous

• Chesapeake women died 20 years Chesapeake women died 20 years earlier than women in New Englandearlier than women in New England

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: Society: The GentryThe Gentry

• Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake Tobacco the basis of Chesapeake wealthwealth

• Great planters few but dominantGreat planters few but dominant– arrive with capital to invest in workersarrive with capital to invest in workers– amass huge tracts of land amass huge tracts of land – gentry see servants as possessions gentry see servants as possessions

• Early gentry become stable ruling Early gentry become stable ruling elite by 1700elite by 1700

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: Society: The FreemenThe Freemen

• The largest class in Chesapeake The largest class in Chesapeake societysociety

• Most freed at the end of indentureMost freed at the end of indenture

• Live on the edge of povertyLive on the edge of poverty

The Structure of Planter The Structure of Planter Society: Society: Indentured Indentured

ServantsServants• Servitude a temporary statusServitude a temporary status

• Conditions harshConditions harsh

• Servants regard their bondage as Servants regard their bondage as slaveryslavery

• Planters fear rebellionPlanters fear rebellion

The Planter ClassThe Planter Class

•Owners of plantations- EliteOwners of plantations- Elite– Came from noble families in EnglandCame from noble families in England

•Small population with great controlSmall population with great control

•Class SystemClass SystemHow would a class system affect life in the Southern

colonies?

Race and Freedom Race and Freedom in British Americain British America

• Indians decimated by diseaseIndians decimated by disease

• European indentured servant-pool European indentured servant-pool wanes after 1660wanes after 1660

• Enslaved Africans fill demand for Enslaved Africans fill demand for laborlabor

The Search for Cheap LaborThe Search for Cheap Labor

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1650 1670 1690 1710 1730 1750

S outh

New E ng landand Middle

Year

What was causing this trend in the Southern Colonies?

Planters Turn to SlaveryPlanters Turn to Slavery•First- tried Native AmericansFirst- tried Native Americans

– Died of diseasesDied of diseases– Escaped into forestsEscaped into forests

•Turned to African AmericansTurned to African Americans•By 1750- more than 235,000 living in AmericaBy 1750- more than 235,000 living in America•68% were in the Southern Colonies68% were in the Southern Colonies•40% of the South’s population40% of the South’s population•As population increase, more laws aroseAs population increase, more laws arose

– Were checked for passes when travelingWere checked for passes when traveling– Living areas were checked for weaponsLiving areas were checked for weapons– EtcEtc

Roots of SlaveryRoots of Slavery

• First Africans to Virginia in 1619First Africans to Virginia in 1619

• Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for 50 Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for 50 yearsyears

• Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 Rising black population in Virginia after 1672 prompts stricter slave lawsprompts stricter slave laws– Africans defined as slaves for life Africans defined as slaves for life – slave status passed on to children slave status passed on to children – white masters possess total control of slave life white masters possess total control of slave life

and laborand labor– mixing of races not toleratedmixing of races not tolerated

Origins and Destinations of Origins and Destinations of African Slaves, 1619-1760African Slaves, 1619-1760

Constructing African Constructing African American Identities: American Identities:

Geography’s Influence Geography’s Influence • Slave experience differed from Slave experience differed from

colony to colonycolony to colony

• 60% of South Carolina population 60% of South Carolina population blackblack

• Nearly half Virginia population blackNearly half Virginia population black

• Blacks much less numerous in New Blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle ColoniesEngland and the Middle Colonies

Constructing African Constructing African American Identities: Slave American Identities: Slave

ResistanceResistance• Widespread resentment of debased Widespread resentment of debased

status status

• Armed resistance such as S. Armed resistance such as S. Carolina’s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a Carolina’s Stono Rebellion of 1739 a threatthreat

• Runaways common in colonial Runaways common in colonial AmericaAmerica

The Enslaved Fight BackThe Enslaved Fight Back•Worked slowlyWorked slowly

•Damaged goodsDamaged goods

•Deliberately carried out orders in the Deliberately carried out orders in the wrong waywrong way

•Pretended not to understand Pretended not to understand directionsdirections

The Stono RebellionThe Stono Rebellion•17391739•20 slaves killed planters and marched south20 slaves killed planters and marched south•Chanting “Liberty”Chanting “Liberty”•Called out for others to join them as they marchedCalled out for others to join them as they marched•Up to 100 totalUp to 100 total•7 plantations were burned and 20 whites were killed7 plantations were burned and 20 whites were killed•Fighting broke outFighting broke out

– Many slaves diedMany slaves died– Those captured were executedThose captured were executed

•Led to stricter rules on slavesLed to stricter rules on slaves– Needed permission to leave plantationsNeeded permission to leave plantations– Illegal to meet with free blacksIllegal to meet with free blacks

Africans in New EnglandAfricans in New England

•Only few slaves in New EnglandOnly few slaves in New England

•1700- only 2% of the population1700- only 2% of the population

•No large plantationsNo large plantations

•SlavesSlaves– House ServantsHouse Servants– CooksCooks– GardenersGardeners– StablehandsStablehands– Were hired out to work in shops or warehousesWere hired out to work in shops or warehouses

• Could sometimes keep portion of wagesCould sometimes keep portion of wages

• Could possibly buy their freedomCould possibly buy their freedom

Africans in New EnglandAfricans in New England•New England had more free blacks New England had more free blacks

than any other regionthan any other region

•Merchants, sailors, printers, Merchants, sailors, printers, carpenters, or landownerscarpenters, or landowners

•Still were not treated as equalsStill were not treated as equals

A Prosperous Region- Middle A Prosperous Region- Middle ColoniesColonies

•Productive FarmsProductive Farms– Long growing season and rich soilLong growing season and rich soil– Cash cropsCash crops

•FruitFruit

•VegetablesVegetables

•Grain- became known as “breadbasket” Grain- became known as “breadbasket” coloniescolonies

Growing CitiesGrowing Cities• Excellent HarborsExcellent Harbors

– Hudson River= New York Hudson River= New York CityCity

– Delaware River= Delaware River= PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

– Enormous tradeEnormous trade• Exported grain and Exported grain and

other cash cropsother cash crops• Imported Imported

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods• Trade brought WealthTrade brought Wealth

– Large and beautiful Large and beautiful buildingsbuildings

– Independence Hall: Independence Hall: PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

African Americans in the African Americans in the CitiesCities

• Economy did not depend on slave laborEconomy did not depend on slave labor• 1750 only 7% of population was enslaved (most 1750 only 7% of population was enslaved (most

lived in cities)lived in cities)– Compared to Southern colonies 40%Compared to Southern colonies 40%

• New York City was a big part of the slave tradeNew York City was a big part of the slave trade– Manual laborersManual laborers– ServantsServants– DriversDrivers– Assistants Assistants – Built roads, houses, and public buildingsBuilt roads, houses, and public buildings

Racial Tension in New York Racial Tension in New York CityCity

•Lives of Slaves were harshLives of Slaves were harsh•Fears of slave revolt increasedFears of slave revolt increased•1712- group of slaves rebelled1712- group of slaves rebelled

– Burned several buildingsBurned several buildings– Slaves faced defeat, torture, and deathSlaves faced defeat, torture, and death– Did not prevent further rebellionsDid not prevent further rebellions

•Quakers condemned slaveryQuakers condemned slavery– Said it was immoral and against Christian Said it was immoral and against Christian

principlesprinciples– Worked to prevent the slave trade from Worked to prevent the slave trade from

entering Pennsylvaniaentering Pennsylvania

Diversity and ToleranceDiversity and Tolerance

•Very diverse populationVery diverse population•Germans were largest immigrant Germans were largest immigrant

groupgroup– Came as indentured servantsCame as indentured servants– To Pennsylvania for religious toleranceTo Pennsylvania for religious tolerance– Brought many skillsBrought many skills

•FarmingFarming•CraftsCrafts

– GunsmithsGunsmiths– IronworkersIronworkers– Makers of Glass, Furniture, and KitchenwareMakers of Glass, Furniture, and Kitchenware

Diversity in the Middle Diversity in the Middle ColoniesColonies

Diversity Leads to ToleranceDiversity Leads to Tolerance

•Dutch in New York and Quakers in Dutch in New York and Quakers in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

•Laid foundation for religious toleranceLaid foundation for religious tolerance

•Many religious groups settled in Middle Many religious groups settled in Middle ColoniesColonies

•Different groups had to learn to accept, Different groups had to learn to accept, or tolerate one anotheror tolerate one another

•NYC is still a center of commerce and NYC is still a center of commerce and religious diversityreligious diversity..

Rise of a Commercial Rise of a Commercial EmpireEmpire

• English leaders ignore colonies until English leaders ignore colonies until 1650s1650s

• Restored monarchy of Charles II Restored monarchy of Charles II recognized value of colonial traderecognized value of colonial trade

• Navigation Acts passed to regulate, Navigation Acts passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from protect, glean revenue from commercecommerce

Response to Economic Response to Economic CompetitionCompetition

• ““Mercantilism” a misleading term for Mercantilism” a misleading term for English commercial regulationEnglish commercial regulation

• Varieties of motivationVarieties of motivation– crown wants moneycrown wants money– English merchants want to exclude DutchEnglish merchants want to exclude Dutch– Parliament wants stronger Navy—Parliament wants stronger Navy—

encourage domestic shipbuilding industryencourage domestic shipbuilding industry– everyone wants better balance of tradeeveryone wants better balance of trade

MercantilismMercantilism

• An economic theory that shaped imperial An economic theory that shaped imperial policy throughout the colonial period, policy throughout the colonial period, mercantilism was built on the assumption mercantilism was built on the assumption that the world's wealth was a fixed supply. that the world's wealth was a fixed supply. In order to increase its wealth, a nation In order to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it needed to export more goods than it imported. Favorable trade and protective imported. Favorable trade and protective economic policies, as well as new colonial economic policies, as well as new colonial possessions rich raw materials, were possessions rich raw materials, were important in achieving this balance. important in achieving this balance.

The Navigation ActsThe Navigation Acts•MercantilismMercantilism

– Mother country benefits/ makes a profit Mother country benefits/ makes a profit from the coloniesfrom the colonies

•As colonies prospered, England As colonies prospered, England wanted to make sure it made profits!wanted to make sure it made profits!

•So…So…– England passed the Navigation Acts in England passed the Navigation Acts in

16511651

The Navigation ActsThe Navigation Acts•4 major requirements4 major requirements

– All goods had to be carried on English ships or ships made in All goods had to be carried on English ships or ships made in the coloniesthe colonies

– Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England or its coloniesto England or its colonies

– European imports to the colonies had to go through English European imports to the colonies had to go through English portsports

– Officials were to tax any colonial goods not shipped to EnglandOfficials were to tax any colonial goods not shipped to England

•Colonists were angryColonists were angry•Merchants ignored Acts when possibleMerchants ignored Acts when possible•Problems Problems

– SmugglingSmuggling– PiratesPirates

Atlantic TradeAtlantic Trade•3 Types of Trade3 Types of Trade

– With other coloniesWith other colonies– With EuropeWith Europe– Triangular Trade (involved slaves, rum, Triangular Trade (involved slaves, rum,

sugar, and molassessugar, and molasses

Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 The Navigation Act of 1660 • Ships engage in English colonial tradeShips engage in English colonial trade

– must be made in England (or America)must be made in England (or America)– must carry a crew at least 75% Englishmust carry a crew at least 75% English

• Enumerated goods Enumerated goods onlyonly to English ports to English ports– Certain essential raw materials produced in Certain essential raw materials produced in

the North American colonies, such as the North American colonies, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice specified in the tobacco, sugar, and rice specified in the Navigation Acts, which stipulated that Navigation Acts, which stipulated that these goods could by shipped only to these goods could by shipped only to England or its colonies. England or its colonies.

Regulating Colonial Trade: Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663The Navigation Act of 1663

• Goods shipped to English colonies Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through Englandmust pass through England

• Increased price paid by colonial Increased price paid by colonial consumersconsumers

Regulating Colonial Trade:Regulating Colonial Trade:Implementing the Acts Implementing the Acts

• Navigation Acts spark Anglo-Dutch Navigation Acts spark Anglo-Dutch trade wars trade wars

• New England merchants skirt laws New England merchants skirt laws

• English revisions tighten loopholesEnglish revisions tighten loopholes

• Navigation Acts eventually benefit Navigation Acts eventually benefit colonial merchantscolonial merchants

Civil War in Virginia: Civil War in Virginia: Bacon's RebellionBacon's Rebellion

• Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion, 1676Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion, 1676

• Rebellion allows small farmers, blacks Rebellion allows small farmers, blacks and women to join, demand reformsand women to join, demand reforms

• Governor William Berkeley regains Governor William Berkeley regains controlcontrol

• Rebellion collapses after Bacon’s deathRebellion collapses after Bacon’s death

• Gentry recovers positions, unite over Gentry recovers positions, unite over next decades to oppose royal governorsnext decades to oppose royal governors

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion•Nathaniel Bacon led Nathaniel Bacon led

group of angry settlersgroup of angry settlers•Demanded that governor Demanded that governor

help defend settlements help defend settlements in the west and stop in the west and stop favoring the elitefavoring the elite

•16761676– Bacon entered JamestownBacon entered Jamestown– Took control of House of Took control of House of

BurgessesBurgesses– Burned Jamestown to the Burned Jamestown to the

groundground

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion•Bacon got sick and suddenly diedBacon got sick and suddenly died

•Rebellion endedRebellion ended

•Governor hanged 23 of the followersGovernor hanged 23 of the followers

•King and House of Burgesses angry King and House of Burgesses angry with governorwith governor– Passed laws to prevent governor from Passed laws to prevent governor from

taking such power againtaking such power again

The Glorious Revolution in The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: King Philip’s the Bay Colony: King Philip’s

WarWar• 1675--Metacomet leads 1675--Metacomet leads

Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonistsagainst colonists

• Colonists struggle to unite, defeat Colonists struggle to unite, defeat IndiansIndians

• Deaths total 1,000+ Indians and Deaths total 1,000+ Indians and colonistscolonists

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War•Europeans believed land could be Europeans believed land could be

ownedowned

•Native Americans thought of land as Native Americans thought of land as available to the communityavailable to the community

•Conflicts over land resulted in warConflicts over land resulted in war

Fighting for SurvivalFighting for Survival•Native Americans Native Americans

were worriedwere worried– Loss of landLoss of land– Impact of European Impact of European

cultureculture

•1675-1676 uprising 1675-1676 uprising against Puritan against Puritan coloniescolonies

•King Philip was the King Philip was the English name for English name for Metacom- leader of Metacom- leader of Wamponoag tribeWamponoag tribe

Impact of WarImpact of War•Many tribes became involved on both sidesMany tribes became involved on both sides•12 Puritan towns destroyed12 Puritan towns destroyed•40 other towns including Plymouth and 40 other towns including Plymouth and

Providence were attackedProvidence were attacked•Pequot and Mohegan showed New Pequot and Mohegan showed New

Englanders how to track down and ambush Englanders how to track down and ambush the rebel tribesthe rebel tribes

•Many Native Americans were killed and Many Native Americans were killed and many others were sold to the West Indies many others were sold to the West Indies as slavesas slaves

•English settlers expanded farther west into English settlers expanded farther west into Native American land.Native American land.

What do these pictures tell What do these pictures tell us?us?

Glorious Revolution: The Glorious Revolution: The Dominion of New EnglandDominion of New England

• 1684--King James II establishes 1684--King James II establishes “Dominion of New England”“Dominion of New England”– colonial charters annulledcolonial charters annulled– colonies from Maine to New Jersey colonies from Maine to New Jersey

unitedunited– Edmund Andros appointed governor Edmund Andros appointed governor

• 1689--news of James II’s overthrow 1689--news of James II’s overthrow sparks rebellion in Massachusettssparks rebellion in Massachusetts

The Glorious Revolution in The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: Outcomesthe Bay Colony: Outcomes

• Andros deposed Andros deposed

• William III and Mary II give William III and Mary II give Massachusetts a new charter Massachusetts a new charter – incorporates Plymouthincorporates Plymouth– transfers franchise from "saints" to transfers franchise from "saints" to

those with propertythose with property

Contagion of WitchcraftContagion of Witchcraft

• Charges of witchcraft commonCharges of witchcraft common– accused witches thought to have made a accused witches thought to have made a

compact with the devilcompact with the devil

• Salem panic of 1691 much larger in Salem panic of 1691 much larger in scope than previous accusationsscope than previous accusations

• 20 victims dead before trials halted in 20 victims dead before trials halted in late summer of 1692late summer of 1692

• Causes include factionalism, Causes include factionalism, economics economics

The Glorious Revolution in The Glorious Revolution in New YorkNew York

• 1689--News of James II’s overthrow 1689--News of James II’s overthrow prompts crisis of authority in New prompts crisis of authority in New YorkYork

• Jacob Leisler seizes controlJacob Leisler seizes control

• Maintains position through 1690Maintains position through 1690

• March 1691--Governor Henry March 1691--Governor Henry Sloughter arrests, executes Leisler Sloughter arrests, executes Leisler

The Glorious Revolution in The Glorious Revolution in MarylandMaryland

• 1689--news prompts John Coode to 1689--news prompts John Coode to lead revolt against Catholic governorlead revolt against Catholic governor

• Coode's rebellion approved by King Coode's rebellion approved by King WilliamWilliam

• Maryland taken from Calvert controlMaryland taken from Calvert control

• 1715--proprietorship restored to the 1715--proprietorship restored to the Protestant fourth Lord Baltimore Protestant fourth Lord Baltimore

COMMON EXPERIENCES, COMMON EXPERIENCES, SEPARATE CULTURES SEPARATE CULTURES

Purpose Families Ethnicity Economy

New England

Religious Nuclear families

Mostly English

Family farms

Middle Colonies

Mixed Nuclear families

Mixed European

Family farms

Chesapeake Gain wealth

Extended families

English (majority)& African

Market plantations (tobacco)

Lower South Gain wealth

Extended families

English & African (majority)

Market plantations (rice, indigo)

Local Aspirations Within an Local Aspirations Within an Atlantic EmpireAtlantic Empire

• By 1700 England’s attitude toward By 1700 England’s attitude toward the colonies had changed the colonies had changed dramaticallydramatically

• Sectional differences within the Sectional differences within the colonies were profoundcolonies were profound

• They were all part of Great Britain They were all part of Great Britain but had little to do with each otherbut had little to do with each other