pv 101 basic photovoltaics

PV 101 Basic PV

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n  Introductions, agenda, goals

n  Resources, definitions

n  PV Basics

n  System types, virtual tour

n  Movement of the sun, solar window, SPF

n  Ohms Law, general math, load profiles

n  Energy efficiency

n  Sizing systems

n  System pricing

Presentation Overview

Resources

Books • Photovoltaics Design and Installation Manual, SEI

• Photovoltaic Systems, American Technical Publishers

• Power from the Sun, Dan Chiras

• The Homeowner’s Guide to Renewable Energy, Dan Chiras

Resources

Periodicals

• Home Power Magazine

• Solar Today

• Solar Pro

• Sun & Wind Energy

Resources Websites • dsireusa.org

• http://www.quickmountpv.com/training/webinars/index.html?cur=0

• renewwisconsin.org

• midwestrenew.org

• http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/

• the-solarfoundation.org

• http://openpv.nrel.gov/index

• http://www.rbisolar.com/solar-calculator/

• http://solar-estimate.org/?page=estimatoroverview

• http://design.unirac.com/tool/project_info/solarmount/

?pitched=true#max-span-help

• http://www.energyperiscope.com/

Definitions

Watt (W) • Watts is a measure of power. • Volts X Amps = Watts • Indicates amount of power a module or PV system can produce or the amount of energy a device will consume

Definitions

kiloWatt (kW) •One thousand Watts (W) of power. • W / 1000 = kiloWatts

Definitions

kilo Watt hour (kWh) • Units in which power is bought and/or sold • kilo Watts X time = kilo Watt hour • 1 kW X 3 hours = 3 kWh

Definitions

Grid/Utility Grid

• Network of wires that run up and down the streets and highways of the US used for electrical distribution • Can be used to store excess electrons generated by a renewable source for future use.

Definitions

Net Metering Investor owned utilities are required by law to credit customer accounts for their over production of RE electricity at retail rates. • Maximum output varies from state to state • Amount of over production is usually based on nameplate output not kilowatt-hours/year

Definitions

Net Metering • WI - 20 kW • IL - 40 kW • NE – 25 kW (credited at avoided cost on next bill)

• OK - 100 kW or 25,000 kWh/yr of production whichever is less • IA - 500 kW • ON - 500 kW • WV – 25 kW residential, 50 kW commercial

Definitions

Net Metering • Maximum allowable system size, based on rated output REI 960 W PV 1,200 W PV 2,000 W PV 2,200 W PV 3600 W Wind

9,960 W rated output

10,040 W to go

Irradiance, Irradiation, and Insolation Solar irradiance – the power of solar radia3on per unit surface area. It is expressed in W/m2

Power (rate)

Solar irradia3on – the energy of solar radia3on over a given period of 3me. It is expressed in kWh/m2

Energy (quan3ty)

Insola3on– the measure of solar radia3on energy received on a given surface area in a given 3me. It is commonly expressed as average irradiance in kilowaE-‐hours per square meter per day, kWh/m2/day Peak Sun Hours

Definitions

Definitions

Standard Test Conditions (STC) • Manufactures specification for power output of a PV module. • Predicts output under ideal test conditions.

• 25˚ C (77˚F) • 1000 W/M2

• 1.5 AM (Sea level)

Air Mass

Source: Dunlop, Jim. Photovoltaic Systems.

Definitions

Rated Output Maximum amount of power a PV system will produce in full sun • Expressed in watts or kiloWatts • ten 100 W modules wired together would equal a 1000 Watt system

• May also be called Nameplate Rating

Solar Irradiation as a Function of Weather

Source: Peuser, Felix A., Remmers, Karl-‐Heinz, and Schnauss, Mar3n. 2002. Solar Thermal Systems: Successful Planning and Construc3on. Earthscan: Frieberg, Germany.

n  This graph shows the approximate global solar irradia3on values on a horizontal plane as a func3on of the weather. On clear days, there are very high levels of irradiance, which can be in the order of 800 to 1000 W/m2, while on completely overcast days, only 200 W/m2 or less are obtained. Seasons can also have an effect on irradiance levels.

Output as a Function of Solar Irradiation

Source: Solar Fast Track. IV Curve Temp. solarfasErack.com.

Module Label

Source: Sterling, Clay. KC Module Label Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PTC Performance Test Conditions Or PVUSA • 800 W/M2

• Sea level (1.5 AM) • 50°C (122°F)

Photovoltaic Cell

Source: Photovoltaic Effect. Clay Sterling, 2005.

Photovoltaic Module

Multicrystal

Amorphous String Ribbon

Monocrystal

Photovoltaic Module

Monocrystal • Single crystal grown • Silicon based • Most expensive process • Most efficient cell (18%) • Solid navy blue color

Photovoltaic Module

Multicrystal • Silicon based • Molten silicon is cast into mold • Cheaper manufacturing process • Cell efficiency up to 14% • More efficient use of surface area

Photovoltaic Module

String Ribbon • Silicon based • least expensive manufacturing process • Cell efficiency up to13%

Photovoltaic Module

Amorphous • Some are silicon based • Can be flexible • Inexpensive • Efficiency up to 9% • Poor track record

Photovoltaic Module

Source: Uni-‐Solar. “Power shingle.” uni-‐solar.com/products/residen3al-‐products powershingle-‐2/.

• Building Integrated

Photovoltaic Module

Source: Uni-‐Solar. “Field applied.” soldonsun.com

• Field applied

Photovoltaic Module

• Building block of an array • Each cell .47 V • Each cell linked series/parallel • Rated output at STC in Watts

Make Up of a Module •  Frame •  Glass •  Cells •  Backer •  J Box •  Connec3ons

Module Variations

Curb Appeal •  Clear glass with an uncolored aluminum frame

•  Black frame with 3nted glass

•  Shapes vary

•  Peel-‐and-‐s3ck amorphous modules

•  Translucent modules for carport, walkway roof, awning, etc.

Module Variations Module Choices •  Clear backsheet

Source: Sharp Solar. “Clear module.”sustainablesolu3onscorpora3on.com.

Module Variations Module Choices •  Black frame •  Black backsheet

Source: Sharp Solar. “Black frame module.” www.wholesalesolar.com

Module Variations Module Choices •  Roof 3le

Source: Sole Power Tile, “Roof 3le.” solarenergygreenlifestyleforyou.com.

Module Variations Module Choices •  Slate roof 3le

Source: Solar Slate Ltd, “Roof slate.” solarslate-‐ltd.com.

Module Variations Module Choices •  Solar window

Source: Pythagoras Solar Windows, “Solar window.” gigaom.com/cleantech/the-‐vision-‐for-‐solar-‐windows/.

Photovoltaic Array

PV Mounting

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  L-‐foot mounted on

deck with lots of silicone

Source: Sterling, Clay. “L-‐foot.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  Stanchion on roof

deck without protec3on

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Stanchion.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting

PV Mounting Rail

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Rail.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting End Clamp

Source: Sterling, Clay. “End Clamp.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Mid Clamp

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Mid Clamp.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  Based on many factors:

•  Visibility •  Space constraints •  Shading •  Performance op3miza3on •  Security •  Cost •  Integrated architecture designs

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  Quick mount

•  Stainless steel 12” x 12” flashing •  Stainless steel hardware •  2,554 lbs. av. pullout

Source: Quick Mount. “Classic compost mount.” quickmountpv.com.

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  Quick mount

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Quick Mount install.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Moun3ng •  Fast Jack

•  Single bolt •  Proper

flashing •  Variable

height stanchion

Source: Solar Power Planet. “Fast Jack install.” solarpowerplanetearth.com.


Source: Sterling, Clay. “Fast Jack install.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting n Moun3ng •  Fast Jack


PV Mounting Moun3ng •  S-‐5 clamp •  Standing

seam

Source: S-‐5. “S-‐5-‐E.” s-‐5.com.

PV Mounting Flush-‐mount •  Subtle, low cost •  Requires adequate

roof space facing a southerly direc3on and no shading from adjacent structures

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Flush-‐roof moun3ng.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Pole-‐mount •  Good choice where the

array size is larger than available roof space

•  Easy to change 3lt angle •  Easy for snow removal •  Requires trenching

Source: Ammond, Chuck. “Pole mount.”

PV Mounting Ground Racking •  Simple structure •  Structural integrity •  Ease of access •  Simple founda3on •  Easy to change the 3lt angle for seasonal op3miza3on

Source: Ammond, Chuck. “Ground racking.”

PV Mounting Flat Roof Racking •  Able to use ballasted racks to

avoid roof penetra3ons for moun3ng

•  Ability to remove snow or dirt easily

•  Modules in a secure loca3on •  Hidden from outside view •  Only one penetra3on –

conduit with the wiring

Source: Ammond, Chuck. “Flat roof racking.”

PV Mounting Integrated Architecture Designs •  Awnings – take advantage of

passive solar •  Carport – used as primary

roof •  Translucent – allow sunlight

to filter in

Source: Ammond, Chuck. “Integrated Architecture, PV Awnings.”

PV Mounting Tracker •  Single or dual axis •  Tracks sun daily •  Adjusts for seasonal change in sun

angle •  25 – 30% more produc3on

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Dual axis trackers.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Mounting Tracker

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Dual axis trackers.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Angle of Incidence

System Types

U3lity Interac3ve System AKA: U3lity Inter3ed without BaEeries Simplest System

Bimodal System AKA: U3lity Inter3ed with BaEeries Power all the 3me

PV Direct System Power only when needed

Stand-‐Alone System You are your own u3lity

Utility Interaction

Source: Talbot-‐Heindl Chris. “U3lity Interac3ve Systems.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on

Utility Interactive

Utility Interactive

Source: “PV Array at The Center for Energy Educa3on Laboratory.” Sinclair Community College Energy Educa3on Center.

Array •  Collec3on of modules •  Produce DC electricity •  Sized for needs or goals •  Generally, high-‐voltage configura3on

(250 – 400+ VDC)

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Combiner Box .” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Combiner Box •  Located at the array •  Combines strings of sub

arrays to form one large array

•  Allows one set of wires to go to the balance of system instead of mul3ple sets of wires in series/parallel strings

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Combiner Box Lid.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

•  Water3ght electrical box that contain touch safe fuses or breakers

•  Circuits are collected and connected in parallel

•  Circuits exit at a higher amperage through a single, larger conductor where it connects to the BOS

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Inverter on a PV Training Lab.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Inverter •  Converts high-‐voltage DC

electricity to u3lity-‐grade AC •  Maximum power point tracking

of array •  Monitor u3lity match the array

voltage and Hertz to u3lity •  Disconnect from u3lity during

u3lity outage (an3-‐islanding) •  Sine wave

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “DC Disconnect on a PV Training Lab.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Disconnects •  Isola3on of components to safely

service of equipment •  Provide overcurrent protec3on of

system

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Lightning arrestor on a PV Training Lab.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Lightning Arrestors •  Provide some protec3on of

electronics of a system from lightning

•  Required by most insurance companies

•  Cheap form of protec3on, may or may not prevent all damage

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Load center on a PV Training Lab.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Load Center •  Conven3onal breaker panel •  Loca3on where renewable energy

system will physically meet the u3lity

Utility Interactive

Source: Sterling, Clay. “U3lity meter on a PV Training Lab.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

U3lity Meter •  Accountant of consump3on and/or

produc3on •  Interconnec3on Agreement

Utility Interactive – System Cost

Installed Cost •  Simple u3lity interac3ve, fixed mount -‐ $4-‐6/waE •  Simple u3lity interac3ve, tracking array -‐ $5-‐7/waE

Prices change as the industry changes Check The Open PV Project for updated costs: hEp://openpv.nrel.gov/

Utility Interactive – System Cost

Installed Cost •  Building Integrated simple u3lity interac3ve -‐ $8-‐11/waE •  Simple u3lity interac3ve, fixed mount -‐ $7-‐10/waE •  Simple u3lity interac3ve, tracking array -‐ $8-‐12/waE


Bimodal

Bimodal System - Components

Array •  Produces DC electricity •  May be low-‐ or high-‐voltage (24 or 48

VDC or greater) •  Sized for the loads or goals of the owner

Source: “PV Array at The Center for Energy Educa3on Laboratory.” Sinclair Community College Energy Educa3on Center.


n  Charge Controller •  Regulates baEery voltage during

charging process •  Protects baEeries from

overcharge, maintains baEery at 100%, can ini3ate equalizing cycle

•  Can transform array high-‐voltage to baEery low-‐voltage

•  Can maximum power point tracking

•  Can be simple to very complex •  Brain of a system

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Charge controller.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Source: RV Solar. “PWM charge profile.” Rvsolarnow.com.

BaEery Charging PWM (pulse width modula3on)

High speed connec3on and disconnec3on between baEeries and charging source A series of short charging pulses are sent to baEery depending on state of charge Low baEery long pulse, charged baEery short pulse Juggling electrons

Maximum Power Point Tracking-MPPT

Source: Ecodirect. “MPPT Chart.” ecodirect.com.

MPPT charge controllers trick PV module, by adding resistance to the circuit, to increase maximum voltage output


BaEeries •  Storage of electrons for

cri3cal loads •  Maintained at 100% •  Usually flooded lead acid •  Needs ven3ng for hydrogen •  Large footprint, spill

containment, significant owner par3cipa3on

Source: Sterling, Clay. “BaEery bank.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Inverter •  More sophis3cated, must

interact with u3lity and as stand-‐alone during power outage

•  Sine wave •  Will charge baEeries off of

u3lity when solar resource not available

•  An3-‐islanding

Source: Sterling, Clay. “OutBacks.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Load Center and Cri3cal Load Center •  Cri3cal load center •  Loads you need to run during a typical power outage •  Need a transfer switch to manually disconnect from u3lity

panels to cri3cal loads panel


Other Components •  Lightning arrestors •  AC and DC Disconnects •  Combiner Boxes •  Interconnec3on agreement


Installed Cost •  Bimodal, fixed mount -‐ $9-‐12/waE •  Bimodal tracking, -‐ $10-‐13/waE


Stand Alone

Stand Alone – Components

Array Sized for needs of the home, sized different than other system types

Seasonal 3lt angle is cri3cal

Array voltage generally matches baEery voltage, can be high-‐voltage

Source: Sterling, Clay, Dawson Array. Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Charge Controller •  Charges, regulates, and protects

baEeries •  Regulates baEery voltage during

charging process •  Can maximum power point

tracking •  Can be simple to very complex •  Brain of a system

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Charge controller.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


BaEeries •  Sized for three-‐five days of

autonomy •  Usually flooded lead acid

baEeries •  Always require back-‐up

Source: Sterling, Clay. “BaEery bank.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


BaEeries Metering •  Gas gauge of system •  Real 3me readings •  Historic informa3on

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Trimetric.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Inverter •  Can be of lesser quality

wave form •  Can have auto func3ons to

turn on generator or divert loads

•  Sized for maximum loads and start-‐up

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Inverter.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Back-‐Up •  Gas generator •  Wind machine •  Micro-‐hydro

Source: Talbot-‐Heindl, Chris. “Wind Turbine on Tower.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.


Other Components •  Standard issue load center •  Lightning arrestors •  AC and DC Disconnects •  Combiner Boxes

Stand Alone – System Costs

Installed Cost •  Stand-‐alone, fixed array -‐ $12-‐16/waE


PV Direct System

Source: Talbot-‐Heindl, Chris. “PV Direct System.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

PV Direct System - Components

Array •  Sized for func3on

Source: Grid Be Gone. “Aqc fan.” gridbegone.com.

PV Direct System - Components

Device or Appliance •  Fans •  Lights •  Circula3on pumps

PV Direct - System Cost


MREA Carport

10 – 230 W MAGE Solar

Source: Sterling, Clay. “Car port array.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

Virtual Tour

MREA Carport

10 – 230 W MAGE Solar Rated output?


Virtual Tour

MREA Carport

10 – 230 W MAGE Solar 10 x 230 = 2,300 W


Virtual Tour

MREA Carport

Solar Edge Op3mizer ¨  DC to DC converter ¨  Tune individual module

output to the array ¨  Any fault goes to 1 volt


Virtual Tour

MREA Carport

Solar Edge Inverter ¨  3,300 W


Virtual Tour

MREA Carport

Load Center


Virtual Tour

MREA Training Roof 10 – 225 W Kyocera


MREA Training Roof 10 – 225 W Kyocera Rated output?


MREA Training Roof 10 – 225 W Kyocera 10 x 225 = 2,250 WaEs


MREA Training Roof SolaDeck

Source: Sterling, Clay. “SolaDeck.” Midwest Renewable Energy Associa3on.

MREA Training Roof DC Disconnect


MREA Training Roof Inverter – Magnatek (Power One)


MREA Training Roof U3lity Disconnect


MREA Training Roof Load Center


13 kW Central Waters Brewery

NWMC Enphase Install

Van Meter Inc Iowa City

1000 W, 30-32 W Arco modules

Battery Pack

Low Voltage BOS

Load Center

PV Direct

BIPV, Exelon Pavilion, Millennium Park Chicago 459 – 75 W modules, 34.5 kW array est. 16,175 kWh/yr, actual 2,967 kWh 10 months 2009 http://www.illinoissolarschools.org/solar-projects/exelon-pavilions-randolph/

Solar Window

Solar Window Seasonal Changes

Source: The German Solar Energy Society. 2005. Planning and Installing Solar thermal Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects, and Engineers. Frieburg: Earthscan.

Solar Window

Source: Foreman, Claudia. 1989 ASHRAE Fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Hea3ng, Refrigera3on and Air Condi3oning Engineers, Inc. 1989. 27.21.

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Custer WI Latitude = 45 deg N Fall/Spring = 45 deg, Summer = 30 deg, Winter = 60 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Iowa City, IA Latitude = 41 deg N Fall/Spring = 41 deg, Summer = 26 deg, Winter = 56 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Traverse City, MI Latitude = 45 deg N Fall/Spring = 45 deg, Summer = 30 deg, Winter = 60 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Parkersburg, WV Latitude = 39 deg N Fall/Spring = 39 deg, Summer = 24 deg, Winter = 54 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Decatur, IL Latitude = 40 deg N Fall/Spring = 40 deg, Summer = 25 deg, Winter = 55 deg

Solar Window PV Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Custer, WI Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 30 deg = 1127 kWh/year summer angle 31 deg = 1129 kWh/year 32 deg = 1130 kWh/year 33 deg = 1130 kWh/year 34 deg = 1131 kWh/year 35 deg = 1131 kWh/year 36 deg = 1131 kWh/year 37 deg = 1130 kWh/year 38 deg = 1129 kWh/year 39 deg = 1128 kWh/year 40 deg = 1127 kWh/year 45 deg = 1116 kWh/year fall/spring angle 60 deg = 1046 kWh/year winter angle

Solar Window PV

Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Custer, WI Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 4.0 SH 30 deg = 1127 kWh/year Lat – 15 deg (summer angle) 37 deg = 1130 kWh/year Lat – 8 deg Optimal year round angle 45 deg = 1117 kWh/year Latitude (fall/spring angle) 60 deg = 1046 kWh/year Lat + 15 (winter angle)

Solar Window PV

Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Traverse City, MI Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 4.0 SH 30 deg = 1,137 kWh/year Lat – 15 deg (summer angle) 37 deg = 1,134 kWh/year Lat – 8 deg (Optimal year round angle Custer) 45 deg = 1,116 kWh/year Latitude (fall/spring angle) 60 deg = 1,034 kWh/year Lat + 15 (winter angle)

Solar Window PV

Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Iowa City, IA Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 5/12, 22 deg = 1,225 kWh/year flush mount 27 deg = 1,240 kWh/year Lat – 15 (summer angle) 34 deg = 1,247 kWh/year Lat – 8 deg Optimal year round angle 42 deg = 1,237 kWh/year Latitude 57 deg = 1,165 kWh/year Lat + 15 (winter angle)

Solar Window PV

Optimal azimuth angle year round fixed mount: Iowa City, IA Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles E 90, 5/12, @ 22 deg = 1,015 kWh/year flush mount S 180, @ 22 deg = 1,225 kWh/year W 270, @ 22 deg = 1,030 kWh/year

Solar Window PV

Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Traverse City MI Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles E 90, 5/12, @ 22 deg = 954 kWh/year flush mount 165, 5/12, @ 22 deg = 1,117 kWh/year S 180, @ 22 deg = 1,124 kWh/year 195, 5/12, @ 22 deg = 1,121 kWh/year W 270, @ 22 deg = 963 kWh/year

Solar Window PV

Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Decatur, IL Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 4.8 SH 25 deg = 1262 kWh/year Lat – 15 deg (summer angle) 32 deg = 1271 kWh/year Lat – 8 deg Optimal year round angle 40 deg = 1269 kWh/year Latitude (fall/spring angle) 54 deg = 1193 kWh/year Lat + 15 (winter angle)

Solar Window PV Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Tucson AZ Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 17 deg = 1613 kWh/year summer angle 18 deg = 1619 kWh/year 19 deg = 1625 kWh/year 29 deg = 1660 kWh/year 30 deg = 1662 kWh/year 31 deg = 1662 kWh/year 32 deg = 1663 kWh/year fall/spring angle 33 deg = 1663 kWh/year 34 deg = 1662 kWh/year 45 deg = 1626 kWh/year 46 deg = 1620 kWh/year 47 deg = 1614 kWh/year winter angle

Solar Window PV Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Charleston SC Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 17 deg = 1304 kWh/year summer angle 18 deg = 1308 kWh/year 19 deg = 1313 kWh/year 28 deg = 1335 kWh/year 29 deg = 1336 kWh/year 30 deg = 1336 kWh/year 31 deg = 1336 kWh/year 32 deg = 1336 kWh/year fall/spring angle 33 deg = 1336 kWh/year 34 deg = 1335 kWh/year 45 deg = 1303 kWh/year 46 deg = 1299 kWh/year 47 deg = 1293 kWh/year winter angle

Solar Window PV Optimal tilt angle year round fixed mount: Charlotte NC Outputs for a 1 kW array at various angles 20 deg = 1293 kWh/year summer angle 21 deg = 1297 kWh/year 22 deg = 1301 kWh/year 30 deg = 1318 kWh/year 31 deg = 1319 kWh/year 32 deg = 1319 kWh/year 33 deg = 1319 kWh/year 34 deg = 1319 kWh/year 35 deg = 1318 kWh/year fall/spring angle 36 deg = 1317 kWh/year 48 deg = 1280 kWh/year 49 deg = 1275 kWh/year 50 deg = 1269 kWh/year winter angle

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Lac du Flambeau WI Latitude = 46 deg N Fall/Spring = 46 deg, Summer = 35 deg, Winter = 61 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Charlotte NC Latitude = 35 deg N Fall/Spring = 35 deg, Summer = 20 deg, Winter = 50 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Charleston SC Latitude = 32 deg N Fall/Spring = 32 deg, Summer = 17 deg, Winter = 47 deg

Solar Window

Seasonal Tilt Angles: Summer = Lat – 15 deg, Winter = Lat + 15 deg, Fall/Spring = Lat Ex. Tucson AZ Latitude = 32 deg N Fall/Spring = 32 deg, Summer = 17 deg, Winter = 47 deg

Solar Window

Source: Foreman, Claudia. 1989 ASHRAE Fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of Hea3ng, Refrigera3on and Air Condi3oning Engineers, Inc. 1989. 27.21.

Solar Window Solar Hot Water Systems Need Sun!

NREL 2010

Solar Window Sun Hours/Day State City High Low Avg AK Fairbanks 5.87 2.12 3.99 AZ Tucson 7.42 6.01 6.57 CO Boulder 5.72 4.44 4.87 DC Washington 4.69 3.37 4.23 FL Miami 6.26 5.05 5.62 GA Atlanta 5.16 4.09 4.74 IA Ames 4.80 3.73 4.40 IL Chicago 4.08 1.47 3.14 IN Indianapolis 5.02 2.55 4.21 MN St. Cloud 5.43 3.53 4.53 MO St. Louis 4.87 3.24 4.38 NC Greensboro 5.05 4.00 4.71 NE Omaha 5.28 4.26 4.90 NV Las Vegas 7.13 5.84 6.41 NY Schenetady 3.92 2.53 3.55 NY New York City 4.97 3.03 4.08 OH Cleveland 4.79 2.69 3.94 SC Charleston 5.72 4.23 5.06 SD Rapid City 5.91 4.56 5.23 WI Madison 4.82 3.28 4.29 WY Lander 6.81 5.50 6.06 WV Charleston 4.12 2.47 3.65

Site Assessment Tools

Solar Pathfinder ~ $290 Solmetric ~ $2200

Solar Window

WI SPF Chart. Midwest Renewable Energy Association. February 2011

NC, SC, AZ SPF Chart. Midwest Renewable Energy Association. February 2011

Performing a Site Assessment

Starting Point

20 ft. (from starting point)

40 ft. (from starting point)

60 ft. From starting point

Sighting Considerations

• Neighbors

•  Distance to BOS

•  Future construction

•  Aesthetics

•  Vegetative growth

WI SPF Chart. Midwest Renewable Energy Association. February 2011

SPF Exercise

SPF Exercise

Dec. 2+3+7+3+2= 17% Shade = 100-17=83% Sun

SPF Exercise

Dec. 2+3+7+3+2= 17% Shade = 100-17=83% Sun Jan. 2+3+7+3+2=17% Shade = 100-17= 83% Sun Nov. 1+2+3+7+3+2+1= 19% Shade = 100-19 = 81% Sun Feb. 1+2+3+7+7+3+2+1=25% Shade = 100-25=75% Sun

SPF Exercise

Using PVWatts Online, free sotware from Na3onal Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) •  Calculates the output of a PV array of essen3ally any

waEage and any eleva3on angle, at any azimuth angle •  Generates a report that gives produc3on numbers for every

month of the year •  Does not account for snow shading •  Helps size an array to meet the load requirements and site

condi3ons

Using PVWatts

Using PVWatts

Dec = 83% Sun

.83 x 40 = 33.2 kWh

Using PVWatts

.81 x 51 = 41.3

.83 x 40 = 33.2

.83 x 57 = 47.3

.75 x 81 = 60.8

Using PVWatts

.81 x 51 = 41.3

.83 x 40 = 33.2

.83 x 57 = 47.3

.75 x 81 = 60.8

1,070.6

General Math

General Math Problems 24 V (E) X 15 A (I) = _____________ Watts ________ Watts X 12 hours/day run time = _________ Watt hours/day _________ Watt hours/day X 7 days/week = __________ Watt hours/week __________ Watt hours/week X 4 weeks/month = Watt hours/month ___________ Watt/hours/Mo / 1000 = ___________ kWh/month kWh/Mo. X $0.16 = $__________ to operate device/ month

360 360 4320

4320 30,240 30,240 120,960 120.96

19.35

General Math 1. 115 V (E) 5 A (I) 2.5 hours/day run time. Find: __________ W __________Wh/d 2. 75 W 115 V (E) Find: __________ A (I) 3. 110 V (E) 15 A (I) 12 hours run time Find: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ Watt hours/month 4. 120 Wh/d 2 A (I) 3 hrs/day Find: __________ W __________ V (E) 5. 2 – 60 watt incandescent lights run 5 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week

575 1437.5

.65

1,650 19,800 594,000

40 20

600 4200

General Math 1. 115 V (E) 5 (I) 2.5 hours/day run time. Find: __________ W __________Wh/d 2. 75 W 115 V (E) Find: __________ A (I) 3. 110 V (E) 15 A (I) 12 hours run time Find: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ Watt hours/month 4. 120 Wh/d 2 A (I) 3 hrs/day Find: __________ W __________ V (E) 5. 2 – 60 watt incandescent lights run 5 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week

General Math

6. 4 – 40 watt incandescent lights run 3 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week 7. 3 – 75 watt incandescent lights run 3 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week 8. A pop machine has a label that says: 115 V 12 A. We know that the machine operates 12 hours per day. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d $ __________ /day to operate @ $0.16/kWh

480 3,360

675 4,725

1,380 16,560 16.6

2.65

General Math

6. 4 – 40 watt incandescent lights run 3 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week 7. 3 – 75 watt incandescent lights run 3 hours per day. Find: __________ Wh/day __________ Wh/week 8. A pop machine has a label that says: 115 V 12 A. We know that the machine operates 12 hours per day. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d $ __________ /day to operate @ $0.12/kWh

General Math

9. A swimming pool has a pump that operates 24 hours/day during the summer months. The nameplate on the motor says: 220 V 16 A. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d __________ kWh/month $__________ /month to operate @ $0.12/kWh 10. A refrigerator nameplate says: 115 V 6 A. We know that the refrigerator runs time is 10 hours each day. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d $__________ /day to operate @ $0.12/kWh 11. A 40 gallon electric water heater data sheet indicates that it consumes 4828 kWh per year and operates on a 220 V circuit. Calculate: __________ kWh/day consumption __________ Wh/day consumption

3,520 84,480 84.48 2,534.4 405.50

2,534.4 x 2 = 5,068.8 kWh/month

690 6900 6.9 1.10

13.2 13,200

General Math

9. A swimming pool has a pump that operates 24 hours/day during the summer months. The nameplate on the motor says: 220 V 16 A. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d __________ kWh/month $__________ /month to operate @ $0.12/kWh 10. A refrigerator nameplate says: 115 V 6 A. We know that the refrigerator runs time is 10 hours each day. Calculate: __________ Watts __________ Watt hours/day __________ kWh/d $__________ /day to operate @ $0.12/kWh 11. A 40 gallon electric water heater data sheet indicates that it consumes 4828 kWh per year and operates on a 220 V circuit. Calculate: __________ kWh/day consumption __________ Wh/day consumption

General Math

12. A 80 gallon electric water heater data sheet indicates that is consumes 5047 kWh per year and operates on a 220 V circuit. Calculate: __________ kWh/day consumption __________ Wh/day consumption 13. An 840 Watt wash machine does 6 loads per week .5 hours per load. Calculate: __________ Wh/load __________ Wh/load 14. Average the following monthly kWh consumption and find the following: __________ Average kWh/month __________ kWh/day __________ Wh/day Jun 410 kWh May 420 kWh Aug 620 kWh Jul 340 kWh Sep 490 kWh Oct 350 kWh Nov 400 kWh Dec 350 kWh Feb 440 kWh Jan 500 kWh Apr 370 kWh Mar 460 kWh

13.8 13,800

420 2,520

429.2 14.1 14,100

General Math

12. A 80 gallon electric water heater data sheet indicates that is consumes 5047 kWh per year and operates on a 220 V circuit. Calculate: __________ kWh/day consumption __________ Wh/day consumption 13. An 840 Watt wash machine does 6 loads per week .5 hours per load. Calculate: __________ Wh/load __________ Wh/load 14. Average the following monthly kWh consumption and find the following: __________ Average kWh/month __________ kWh/day __________ Wh/day Jun 410 kWh May 420 kWh Aug 620 kWh Jul 340 kWh Sep 490 kWh Oct 350 kWh Nov 400 kWh Dec 350 kWh Feb 440 kWh Jan 500 kWh Apr 370 kWh Mar 460 kWh

General Math

15. Average the following monthly kWh consumption and find the following: __________ Average kWh/month __________ kWh/day __________ Wh/day Jan 353 kWh Feb 428 kWh Mar 550 kWh Apr 431 kWh May 431 kWh Jun 444 kWh Jul 475 kWh Aug 311 kWh Sep 484 kWh Oct 518 kWh Nov 335 kWh Dec 651 kWh

450.9 14.8 14,800

General Math

15. Average the following monthly kWh consumption and find the following: __________ Average kWh/month __________ kWh/day __________ Wh/day Jan 353 kWh Feb 428 kWh Mar 550 kWh Apr 431 kWh May 431 kWh Jun 444 kWh Jul 475 kWh Aug 311 kWh Sep 484 kWh Oct 518 kWh Nov 335 kWh Dec 651 kWh

Load Profiles 6-60 W ___________ W X 3hrs/d ___________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 -25 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 2 – 65 W __________ W X 15 min/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 5 – 60 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ W X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ W X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 6 hrs/week = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 2 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ w X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk

=__________ _______________ total Wh/week

360 1080 7560 25 25 175 130 32.5 227.5 300 300 2100 100 600 4200 100 600 4200 240 240 1680

240 240 1440

480 3360 100 600 4200

29,142.5

Load Profiles 6-60 W ___________ W X 3hrs/d ___________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 -25 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 2 – 65 W __________ W X 15 min/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 5 – 60 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ W X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ W X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 1 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 6 hrs/week = _______________ Wh/wk 4 – 60 W __________ W X 2 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk 1 – 100 W __________ w X 6 hrs/d __________ X 7 days = _______________ Wh/wk

= _______________ total Wh/week

System Sizing Basics

• Add 12 months electrical bills = kWh/year • Divide by 365 days = kWh/day • kWh/day divided by solar resource for location = system size in kW • Divide system size by .80 (derate factor) = system size corrected

for inefficiencies

Load Profiles

= ______________________ total Wh/week _________________________ Wh/week

7 days = _________________________ Wh/d ________________________ Wh/d

4 Sun Hours = _________________________ W system _________________________W System /.80 (derating factor 20%)

= _________________________ W system size

29,142.5

4163

4163

1040.7

1041 1301.3

29,142.5

Load Profiles

= _______________ total Wh/week _________________________ Wh/week

7 days = _________________________ Wh/d ________________________ Wh/d

4 Sun Hours = _________________________ W system _________________________W System /.80 (derating factor 20%)

= _________________________ W system size

Load Profiles

Phantom Load Profile Cell phone charger 10 watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Cordless phone transformer 5 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Answering machine 10 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Radio battery charger 6 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Fax transformer 6 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Cable box 5 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Wall clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Wall clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Alarm clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk

= _______________ total Wh/wk

1680 840 1680 1008 1008 840 672 672 672

9072

Load Profiles

Phantom Load Profile Cell phone charger 10 watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Cordless phone transformer 5 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Answering machine 10 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Radio battery charger 6 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Fax transformer 6 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Cable box 5 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Wall clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Wall clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk Alarm clock 4 Watts 24 hrs/day X 7 days = __________ Wh/wk

= _______________ total Wh/wk

Load Profiles

Phantom Load Profile

= _______________ total Wh/wk _______________ Wh/wk 7 days = _______________ Wh/d _______________ Wh/d 4 Sun Hours = ________________ W system _______________ W system /.80 (derate factor 20%)

= _______________ W system size Energy Efficiency recommendations:

9,072 9,072 1,296

1,296 324

324 405

Load Profiles

Phantom Load Profile

= _______________ total Wh/wk _______________ Wh/wk

7 days = _______________ Wh/d _______________ Wh/d 4 Sun Hours = ________________ W system _______________ W system /.80 (derate factor 20%)

= _______________ W system size Energy Efficiency recommendations:

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency =

Doing the same work …

with less energy

Energy Efficiency Cost-Effectiveness of Efficiency

(4) 25 Watt PV panels (1) 100 Watt

Incandescent bulb

Energy Efficiency

Cost-Effectiveness of Efficiency

(1) 25 Watt PV Panel

(1) 25 Watt CFL (100 W Equivalent)

Energy Efficiency


EQUAL LUMENS (light output)

100 Watt Incandescent 25 Watt CFL

4 - 25 W PV panels 1 - 25 W PV panel 4 X $150 = $600 1 X $150 = $150 1 – 100 W bulb = $0.25 1 CF bulb = $5 Total: $600.25 Total: $155.00

Energy Efficiency


(2) Refrigerators - one old, one new Both 18 cubic ft

Old 3.6 kWh/day X $0.11/kWh = $0.40/day X 365 = $146/ year New 1.3 kWh/day X $0.11/kWh = $0.14/day X 365 = $ 51.10/year

Energy Efficiency


Refrigerator scenario - PV System Size

Old 3.6 kWh/day X $0.11/kWh = $0.40/day X 365 = $146/ year 3600 Wh/day / 4 SunHrs = 900 W X $10/W = $9000 PV system New 1.3 kWh/day X $0.11/kWh = $0.14/day X 365 = $ 51.10/ year 1300 Wh/day / 4 SunHrs = 325 W X $10/W = $3250 PV system

Energy Efficiency


Every $1 spent on energy efficiency

can reduce system cost by $3 - $5!

Energy Efficiency


Opportunities for Energy Efficiency

• Water heating - 9% to 50% of load (varies greatly) • Refrigeration - typically 13% of load) • Lighting - 9% of load

Energy Efficiency

Phantom Loads

Appliances that are turned off, but are not really off!

Energy Efficiency

Phantom Loads

Computer TV Stereo DVD player CD player Cell phone chargers

Energy Efficiency

Stereo 3 w DVD player 2 w CD player 2 w TV 3 w Computer 21 w Cell phone charger 1 w

32 w

Phantom Loads

Energy Efficiency

Phantom Loads

32 W x 24 hrs/day = 768 Watt hours/day 0.768 kWh x 365 days = 280 kWh/year

280 kWh/yr x 30 people = 8,400 kWh!

Enough to power one WI home for 8 months

… free!

Energy Efficiency

Fuel Switching

Running an appliance with a cheaper fuel source

Energy Efficiency

Fuel Switching • Electric water heater to gas or gas and solar water • Electric stove to gas stove • Electric space heating to gas and/or wood heat • Electric dryer to gas dryer or clothes line

System Sizing Basics

• Add 12 months electrical bills = kWh/year • Divide by 365 days = kWh/day • kWh/day divided by solar resource for location = system size in kW • Divide system size by .80 (derate factor) = system size corrected

for inefficiencies

System Sizing Basics Example

Traverse City, MI sun resource = 4.0 Sun Hours/day Annual load = 5,876 kWh/year 5,876 kWh/year 365  = 16 kWh/day

16 kWh/day 4.0 sun hours/day = 4 kW system 4 kW .80 derate factor = 5.0 kW system

or 5,000 Watt system

System Sizing Basics Example

Custer WI sun resource = 4.5 Sun Hours/day (use 4) Annual load = 5,876 kWh/year 5,876 kWh/year 365  = 16 kWh/day

16 kWh/day 4.0 sun hours/day = 4 kW system 4 kW .80 derate factor = 5.0 kW system

or 5,000 Watt system

Estimated Residential Install Costs

Utility Intertied Battery Free, Fixed Mount $7-10/W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Tracking $8-12/W Utility Intertied with Batteries, Fixed $9-12 Utility Intertied with Batteries, Tracking $10-13/W Stand Alone $12-16/W * Summer 2010, FOE


Utility Intertied Battery Free, Fixed Mount $7-10/W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Tracking $8-12/W Utility Intertied with Batteries, Fixed $9-12 Utility Intertied with Batteries, Tracking $10-13/W Stand Alone $12-16/W


Utility Intertied Battery Free, Fixed Mount $4-6/W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Tracking $5-8/W Utility Intertied with Batteries, Fixed $6-10/W Utility Intertied with Batteries, Tracking $7-12/W Stand Alone $8-12/W

System Pricing Basics

System Size = 5,000 W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Fixed Mount $7-10/W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Tracking $8-12/W Utility Intertied with Batteries, Fixed $9-12 Utility Intertied with Batteries, Tracking $10-13/W Stand Alone $12-16/W System size X $/W install cost Ex. 6,000 W X $10/W - $50,000 installed

System Pricing Basics

System Size = 5,000 W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Fixed Mount $4-6/W Utility Intertied Battery Free, Tracking $5-8/W Bimodal, Fixed $6-10/W Bimodal, Tracking $7-12/W Stand Alone $12-16/W System size X $/W install cost Ex. 5,000 W X $5/W - $25,000 installed

PV Sizing - Exercise

Add 12 months of utility bills Jan 720 kWh Feb 550 Mar 540 Apr 327

May 390 Jun 357

Jul 363 Aug 402 Sep 560 Oct 446 Nov 623 Dec 598 Total: ???

PV Sizing - Exercise

Add 12 months of utility bills Jan 720 kWh Feb 550 Mar 540 Apr 327

May 390 Jun 357

Jul 363 Aug 402 Sep 560 Oct 446 Nov 623 Dec 598 Total: 5,876 kWh/year

pv 101 basic photovoltaics

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