БОЛЬШАЯ БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC (Thomas J. Bergin, editor). ARL-SR-93, Army Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army Ordnance Center & School, 2000. 168 p.

Abbate J. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, London: The MIT Press, 1999. 268 p.

Abramson, Albert. Zworykin, Pioneer of Television. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995. 319 p.

Vladimir K. Zworykin (1889-1982), the Russian/American electronics pioneer, who contributed to the early development of electron microscopes, photoelectric cells, facsimile machines, etc., as well as of television cameras and receivers.

Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the breaking of the Enigma Code to the birth of the modern computer. Michael Smith and Ralph Erskine (eds.). London, N.-Y.: Bantam, 2001. 543+xv p.

22 essays covering the BP story from the aftermath of World War I to the era of Cold War cooperation that BP's success made possible.... The editors provide short introductions to each essay, putting them in context.A great amount of new information on how things were achieved at Bletchley Park (B.P.). "Of special interest are the papers of the B.P. veterans, who reveal not only where they worked, but what they really did and how they achieved their successes.Best book ever written about code breaking at Bletchley Park (BP).... [C]hapters by some of Britain's outstanding historians, former code breakers and academics (plus two Americans) ... trace the legacy of BP from the innovative work that led to the breaking of Enigma and other wartime codes, to the invention of modern computing and its influence on Cold War code breaking

Agar J. The Government Machine: A Revolutionary History of the Computer. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2003. 576 p.

Akera A. Voluntarism and the Fruits of Collaboration: The IBM User Group, Share // Technology & Culture, vol. 42, 2001. P. 710-736.

Alan Turings Automatic Computing Engine. B. J. Copeland (Ed.). Oxford: University Press, 2004. 584 p.

Al-Kadi I. A. Origins of Cryptology: The Arab Contribution / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 93-122.

Allyn, Stanley C. My half century with NCR. McGraw-Hill, 1968. 209 p.

Aloisio M. The Calculation of Easter Day, and the Origin and Use of the Word Computer // AHC, vol. 26, № 3, July-September 2004. P. 42-49.

Anderson H. L. Metropolis, Monte Carlo and the MANIAC // Los Alamos Science, № 14, 1986. P. 96-108.

Andoyer H. Fundamental trigonometrical and logarithmic tables / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. L.: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 243-260.

André, Jacques and Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre (eds.) Actes du 7e colloque sur lHistoire de lInformatique et des Transmissions, Espacé Ferrie – École Supérieure et dApplication des Transmissions. Natl Inst. for Research on Informatics and Automation, 2004. 269 p.

[Proc. 7th Symp. on the History of Data Processing and Communications]

Andrews E. G. Telephone Switching and the Early Bell Laboratories Computers // AHC, Vol. 4, № 1, January 1982. P. 13-19.

Andrews E. G., Bode H. W. Use of the Relay Digital Calculator // AHC, Vol. 4, № 1, January 1982. P. 5-13.

Anonymous. History of Computer Developments in Romania // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 58-60.

Anthes E. Some Examples of Problems Philip Matthaus Hahn (1739-1790) Solved With His Calculating Machines // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 5. Inner Mongolia Press, 1995. P. 83-91.

Archibald R. C. First Published Compound-Interest Tables // Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 1, 1943/1945. P. 401-402.

Archibald R. C. Martin Wiberg, his tables and his difference engine // Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2, № 20, 1947. P. 371-373.

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Archibald R. C. P. G. Scheutz, Publicist, Author, Scientific Mechanician, and Edvard Scheutz, Engineer Biography and Bibliography // Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2, № 18, 1947. P. 238-245.

Archibald R. C. Bartholomäus Pitiscus (1561-1613) // Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 3, 1949. P. 390-397.

Archibald R. C. Rheticus, with special reference to his Opus Palatinum // Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 3, 1949. P. 552-561.

Archibald R. C. Mathematical Table Makers // The Scripta Mathematica Studies, № 3, 1948. 82 p.

Arden B. GAT: An Early Compiler and Operating System // AHC, Vol. 8, № 1, January-March 1986. P. 56-58.

Ascher M. The Logical-Numerical System of Inca Quipus // AHC, vol. 5, № 3, July-September 1983. P. 268-278.

Ascher M., Ascher R. Mathematics of the Incas: Code of the Quipu. Dover Publications, 1997. 176 p.

Unique, thought-provoking study discusses quipu, an accounting system employing knotted, colored cords, used by Incas to transmit information. Cultural context, mathematics involved, quipu-maker in Inca society - even how to make a quipu. Fascinating for anthropologists, ethnologists, students, general readers. Over 125 photos and illustrations.

Ashurst G. Pioneers of computing. London: Muller, 1983. 210 p.

Aspray W. F. The Scientific Conceptualization of Information: A Survey // AHC, Vol. 7, № 2, April-June 1985. P. 117-140.

Aspray W. International Diffusion of Computer Technology, 1945-1955 // AHC, Vol. 8, № 4, October-December 1986. P. 351-360.

Aspray W. An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Sources on the History of Software // AHC, Vol. 9, № 3/4, July-December 1987. P. 291-343.

Aspray W. Discussion: John von Neumann A Case Study of Scientific Creativity // AHC, Vol. 11, № 3, Fall 1989. P. 165-169.

Aspray W. John von Neumanns Contributions to Computing and Computer Science // AHC, Vol. 11, № 3, Fall 1989. P. 189-195.

Aspray W. John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computer. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990. 394 p.

Aspray W. Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: analog computing at Westinghouse // AHC, vol. 15, № 2, 1993. P. 35-52.

Aspray, W. The History of Computing within the History of Information Technology // History and Technology, vol. 1, № 1, 1994. P. 7-20.

Aspray W. The Intel 4004 Microprocessor: What Constituted Invention? // AHC, Vol. 19, № 3, July-September 1997. P. 4-15.

Aspray W., Beaver D. deB. Marketing the Monster: Advertising Computer Technology // AHC, Vol. 8, № 2, April-June 1986. P. 127-143.

Aspray W., Gunderloy M. Early Computing and Numerical Analysis at the National Bureau of Standards // AHC, Vol. 11, № 1, Spring 1989. P. 3-12.

Aspray W., Williams B. O. Arming American Scientists: NSF and the Provision of Scientific Computing Facilities for Universities, 1950-1973 // AHC, Vol. 16, № 4, Winter 1994. P. 60-74.

This article discusses the role of the US National Science Foundation in the provision of scientific computing facilities for colleges and universities in the period 1950 to 1973. In this period, the NSF played a major role in establishing computing facilities on American campuses for the purposes of scientific research and science education. By the end of this period, most of these programs at NSF had been disbanded, and the foundation was concentrating its support for computing not on the service of other scientific disciplines, but instead on the establishment of a theoretically oriented discipline of computer science. The primary focus here is on NSF institutional history, with only a few examples of the impact of NSF programs. But it is an

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important part of a larger story of the role of the federal government in establishing American hegemony in computing in this era.

Astrahan M. M., Jacobs J. F. History of the Design of the SAGE Computer The AN/FSQ-7 // AHC, Vol. 5, № 4, October-December 1983. P. 340-349.

Atanasoff J. V. Advents of Electronic Digital Computing // AHC, vol. 6, № 3, 1984. P. 229-282.

Auerbach I. L. The Start of IFIP Personal Recollections // AHC, Vol. 8, № 2, April-June 1986. P. 180-192.

Augarten, Stan. Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers. N.-Y.: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. 324 p.

Austrian G. D. Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. N.-Y.: Columbia University Press, 1982. 418 p.

Automatic Computing Engine, The: Papers by Alan Turing and Michael Woodger. Introduction by B. E. Carpenter and R. W. Doran. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1986. 125 p.

Babcock, Bruce E. George Washington Richardsons Direct Reading Slide Rules // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 1, № 1, February 1992. P. 9-13.

Babcock, Bruce E. A Guided Tour of an 18th Century Carpenters Rule // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 3, № 1, March 1994. P. 26-34.

A Coggeshall type folding rule, one arm of which is a slide rule.

Babcock, Bruce E. Some Notes on the History and Use of Gunters Scale // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 3, № 2, September 1994. P. 14-20.

Babcock, Bruce E. Two Noble Attempts to Improve the Slide Rule // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 4, № 1, March 1995. P. 41-45.

Baber R. L. Comparison of Electrical “Engineering” of Heavisides Times and Software “Engineering” of Our Times // // AHC, Vol. 19, № 4, October-December 1997. P. 5-17.

Backus J. The History of Fortran I, II, and III // AHC, Vol. 20, № 4, 1998. P. 68-78.

Barkley R. J. Highlights of the History of the Lambda-Calculus // AHC, Vol. 6, № 4, October-December 1984. P. 337-349.

Barkley Fritz W. ENIAC A Problem Solver // AHC, Vol. 16, № 1, Spring 1994. P. 25-45.

Barkley Fritz W. The Women of ENIAC // AHC, Vol. 18, № 3, Fall 1996. P. 13-28.

Barnes S. B. Douglas Carl Engelbart: Developing the Underlying Concepts for Contemporary Computing // AHC, Vol. 19, № 3, July-September 1997. P. 16-26.

Barry P. D. George Boole: A Miscellany. Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press, 1969. 78 p.

Bashe C. J. The SSEC in Historical Perspective // AHC, Vol. 4, № 4, October-December 1982. P. 296-312.

Bashe Ch., Johnson L., Palmer J., Pugh E. IBMs early computers. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985. 738 p.

Bauer F. L. Ries und Schickard // Informatik Spektrum 15, 1995. P. 225-228.

Bauer F. L., Wossner H. The “Plankalkül” of Konrad Zuse: A Forerunner of Todays Programming Languages // Communications of the ACM, vol. 15, № 7, July 1972. P. 678-685.

Baxandall D. (ed.) Calculating Machines and Instruments: Catalogue of the Collection in the Science Museum, South Kensington, Mathematics I. London: Chapman, 1926.

Beard M., Pearcey T. The Genesis of an Early Stored-Program Computer: CSIRAC // AHC, Vol. 6, № 2, April-June 1984. P. 106-115.

Beauchamp K. A History of Telegraphy. London: P. Peregrinus / Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001. 440 p.

This book records the growth of telegraphy over two centuries, depicting the discoveries and ingenuity of the experimenters and engineers involved, the equipment they designed and built, and the organization, applications and effects on society. The two main phases - cable-based techniques that began in the early 19th Century and then wireless transmission in the 20th - parallel the changes in voice and information communications seen recently. Modern methods of

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data compaction, coding and encryption in today's communications all have their routes in the techniques of the telegraph pioneers.

Beauclair W. de. Alwin Walther, IPM, and the Development of Calculator/Computer Technology in Germany, 1930-1945 // AHC, Vol. 8, № 4, October-December 1986. P. 334-350.

Beckman B. An Early Cipher Device: Fredrik Gripenstiernas Machine // Cryptologia, vol. XXVI, № 2, April 2002. P. 113-123.

Beckmann P. A History of Pi. N.-Y.: St. Martins Griffin, 1976. 208 p.

Beeching, Wilfred A. Century of the Typewriter, new edition. Bournemouth: British Typewriter Museum Publishing, 1990. 276 p.

Belden T. G. The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1962. 332 p.

The official biography of Watson, which is less sanitized than one might expect, and which includes useful data on the development of IBM.

Benington H. D. Production of Large Computer Programs // AHC, Vol. 5, № 4, October-December 1983. P. 350-361.

Berkovich, Simon. Reminiscences of superconductive associative memory research in the former Soviet Union // AHC, Vol. 25, № 1, January-March 2003. P. 72-75.

Воспоминания бывшего сотрудника ИТМ и ВТ АН СССР, относящиеся к 1960-м годам.

Berlin, Leslie. The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley. Oxford University Press, 2005. 402 p.

Berry J. R. Clifford Edward Berry, 1918-1963: His Role in Early Computers // AHC, Vol. 8, № 4, October-December 1986. P. 361-369.

Bertrand G. Enigma, ou la Plus Grande Enigme de la Guerre 1939-45. Paris: Plon, 1973.

Betker M. R., Fernando J. S., Whalen S. P. The History of the Microprocessor // Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 2, № 4, Autumn 1997. P. 29-56.

Bien R. Gauß and Beyond: The Making of Easter Algorithms // Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Vol. 58, № 5, 2004. P. 439-452.

It is amazing to see how many web pages are devoted to the art of finding the date of Easter Sunday. Just for illustration, the reader may search for terms such as Gregorian calendar, date of Easter, or Easter algorithm. Sophisticated essays as well as less enlightening contributions are presented, and many a doubt is expressed about the reliability of some results obtained with some Easter algorithms. In short, there is still a great interest in those problems. Gregorian Easter algorithms exist for two centuries (or more?), but most of their history is rather obscure. Some reasons may be that some important sources are written in Latin or in the German of Goethe s time, or they are difficult to discover. Without being complete, the following paper is intended to shed light on how those techniques emerged and evolved. Like a microcosm, the history of Easter algorithms resembles the history of any science: it is a story of trials, errors, and successes, and, last but not least, a story of offended pride.

Biles G. E., Bolton A. A., DiRe B. M. Herman Hollerith: Inventor, Manager, Entrepreneur A Centennial Remembrance // Journal of Management, vol. 15, № 4, 1989. P. 603-615.

Herman Hollerith developed electric tabulating machines to be used in compiling, aggregating, and totaling data items for the 1890 United States census. Hollerith's innovative genius and success with the electric tabulation of complex data laid the foundation for the computer industry and contributed to the development of management information systems.

Billings, Charlene W. Grace Hopper, Navy Admiral and Computer Pioneer. Enslow Publishers, 1989. 128 p.

Birkenstock J. W. Pioneering: On the Frontier of Electronic Data Processing, a Personal Memoir // AHC, Vol. 22, № 1, January-March 2000. P. 4-47.

Black E. IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and Americas Most Powerful Corporation. Crown Pub, 2001. 528 p.

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Bloch G. Enigma Before ULTRA: Polish Work and the French Contribution / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 373-386.

Bloch G. Enigma Before ULTRA: The Polish Success and Check / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 387-394.

Bloch G. Enigma Avant ULTRA (Enigma Before ULTRA) / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 395-402.

Blohm H., Beer S., Suzuki D. Pebbles to Computers: The Thread. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987. 112 p.

It is a work of art that describes the human ability to create meaningful connections between individual points and meaningful patterns from among them. The route we have taken from using pebbles to calculate to the highly complex computers of today is described and illustrated in a fascinating way and in amazingly easy to understand stages, using stunning photographs.

Bockslaele P. P. Adrianus Romanus and the trigonometric tables of Georg Joachim Rheticus / Amphora: Festschrift for Hans Wussing on the occasion of his 65th birthday. S. S. Demidov et al. (eds), Basel-Boston-Berlin: 1992. 782 p. P. 55-66.

Booth, Andrew D. Reflections on the Difference Engine // AHC, Vol. 27, № 4, October-December 2005. P. 89-91.

Воспоминания английского компьютерного пионера о работе над его релейной вычислительной машиной ARC, первой машине с памятью на магнитном барабане (1947 г.).

Bowers B. Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS 1802-1875, 2nd edition. London: P. Peregrinus / Institution of Electrical Engineers (in association with The Science Museum, London), 2001. 256 p.

This fascinating biography celebrates the bicentenary of Wheatstone's birth, and draws on information about the family business as well as letters, including correspondence with Cooke and Faraday, which were not available for the first edition. Charles Wheatstone was one of the leading electrical engineers of the mid-nineteenth century, and began his career in the family musical instrument firm where studying the workings of musical instruments gave him a taste for physics. He was responsible for the introduction of the electrical telegraph where his scientific understanding enabled him to turn it into a practical technology. This book will be of particular interest to scientists and historians interested in the work of this pioneering engineer.

Bowker G., Giordano R. Interview with Tom Kilburn // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 17-32.

Bowles M. D. U.S. Technological Enthusiasm and British Technological Skepticism in the Age of the Analog Brain // AHC, vol. 18, № 4, Winter 1996. P. 5-15.

Brennan, Jean Ford. The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History. Armonk, N.-Y.: IBM, 1971. 68 p.

Brief History of AFIPS and Its Constituent Societies // AHC, Vol. 8, № 3, July-September 1986. P. 219-224.

Brillhart J. Derrick Henry Lehmer // Acta Arithmetica, Vol. 62, № 3, 1992. P. 207-213.

Brinkman W. F., Haggan D. E., Troutman W. W. A History of the Invention of the Transistor and Where It Will Lead Us // IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, № 12, December 1997. P. 1858-1865.

Brooks, John. Telephone: The First Hundred Years. Harpercollins, 1976. 369 p.

Brown G. S. Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980 // AHC, Vol. 3, № 1, January-March 1981. P. 4-12.

Brown L. C. Flyable TRADIC – The First Airborne Transistorized Digital Computer // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, October-December 1999. P. 55-61.

Brown P. H. John Napier of Merchiston / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 33-51.

Bruckheimer M., Salomon Y. Some comments on R. J. Gillings analysis of the 2/n table in the Rhind Papyrus // Historia Mathematica, vol. 4, November 1977. P. 445-452.

Bryden D. J. George Brown, Author of the Rotula // Annals of Science, vol. 28, 1972. P. 1-29.

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Статья о малоизвестной счетной машине шотландского священника Дж. Брауна, получившего на нее в 1698 г. патент сроком на 14 лет. Несколько сохранившихся экземпляров машины хранятся в Эдинбурге, в Национальном музее науки.

Bryden D. J. A didactic introduction to arithmetic, sir Charles Cotterells “Instrument for arithmeticke” of 1667 // History of education, vol. 2, 1973. P. 5-18 and 41-42.

Bryden D. J. Scotlands Earliest Surviving Calculating Device: Robert Davenports Circles of Proportion of c1650 // Scottish Historical Review, vol. 55, 1976. P. 54-60.

Bryden D. J. The Arithmetical Jewell or Jewell of Arithmetick // Quarto, vol. 23, 1985. P. 9-14.

Buck G., Hunka S. W. Stanley Jevons, Allan Marquand, and the Origins of Digital Computing // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, 1999. P. 21-27.

Buckland M. K. Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, and Vannevar Bushs Memex // Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 43, № 4, May 1992. P. 284-294.

Budiansky S. The Code War: The code-breaking machines of World War II took data-processing technology to its very limits in the era before computers // American Heritage of Invention and Technology. Summer 2000, vol. 16, № 1. P. 36-43.

Budiansky S. Codebreaking with IBM Machines in World War II // Cryptologia, Vol. XXV, № 4, October 2001. P. 241-255.

Bulow R. Three Inventors Scenes from Early German Computing History // AHC, Vol. 12, № 2, 1990. P. 109-126.

Биографии и характеристика работ трех немецких изобретателей, работавших в 1920-30 гг.: Э. Шиллинга (устройство для управления работой арифмометра, считывающее команды и данные с двух перфолент), Ф. Кампоса (механическая адресуемая память большого объема для бухгалтерских машин) и А. Вейгандта (специализированный релейный вычислитель).

Buonafalce A. Sir Samuel Morlands Machina Cyclologica Cryptographica // Cryptologia, vol. 28, № 3, July 2004. P. **-**.

Burke C. Information and Secrecy: Vannevar Bush, Ultra, and the Other Memex. Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994. 487 p.

Burke C. An Introduction to a Historic Computer Document: The 1946 Pendergass Report – Cryptanalysis and the Digital Computer / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 361-372.

Burks A. R. Who invented the Computer? The legal battle that changed computing history. Prometheus Books, 2002. 415 p.

Burks A. R., Burks A. W. The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988. 400 p.

Burks A. W., Burks A. R. First General-Purpose Electronic Computer. Atanasoff J. V., Brainerd J. G., Eckert J. P., Mauchly K. R., Randell B., Zuse K. Commentary (With Replies by the Authors) // AHC, Vol. 3, № 4, October-December 1981. P. 310-399.

Burnett C. Ocreatus / Vestigia mathematica: Studies in medieval and early modern mathematics in honour of H. L. L. Busard, ed. M. Folkerts and J. P. Hogendijk, Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA, 1993. P. 69-78.

Burnett C. Algorismi vel helcep decentior est diligentia: the Arithmetic of Adelard of Bath and his Circle / Mathematische Probleme im Mittelalter: der lateinische und arabische Sprachbereich, ed. M. Folkerts. Wiesbaden, 1996. P. 221-331.

Burnett C. Learning Indian Arithmetic in the Early Thirteenth Century // Boletín de la Asociación Matemática Venezolana, vol. IX, № 1, 2002. P. 15-26.

Burnett C. (ed.). Adelard of Bath: An English scientist and Arabist of the early twelfth century. London, 1987. (Warburg Institute Surveys and Texts 14). 208 p.

Burton, Christopher P. Replicating the Manchester Baby: Motives, Methods, and Messages from the Past // AHC, vol. 27, № 3, July-September 2005. P. 44-60.

Bush V. Pieces of the Action. N.-Y.: William Morrow and Co, 1970. 366 p.

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This autobiography of Vannevar Bush presents “The personal record of 60 event-filled years by the distinguished scientist who took an active and decisive part in shaping them” (book cover). The author served as Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and advisor to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman during World War II. He writes of organizations with which he was involved, stumbling blocks he overcame, his opinions of great men, and his experiences with inventing, teaching, and leadership. Bush also includes biographical notes on a multitude of his contemporaries that are useful in understanding his experiences and the events mentioned in the book.

Cailliau R., Gillies J. How the Web Was Born: Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 372 p.

How the Web Was Born, by CERN's James Gillies and Robert Cailliau, follows the trail from the dawn of ARPANet through the mid-90s, just as the Web boom was beginning to take off in earnest. That may seem like an odd ending point, but the post-1995 story has already been told ad nauseam, and the writers know how to quit while they're ahead. The story is told from widely varying viewpoints and across shifting timelines as the various players are introduced and observed; this adds some complexity to the narrative, but yields a truer picture of the team efforts required to devise and launch the Web. Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Marc Andreesen, Tim Berners-Lee (of course), and many more, figure prominently in the interwoven tales, and are briefly summarized in an abridged cast list at the end of the book, along with a paper and electronic bibliography. The book assumes some knowledge and interest on the part of the reader and saves its big-picture context for the end, but provides reader motivation both by its subject's inherent interest and the recurrent personalization of the story. Neither textbook nor CERN propaganda, How the Web Was Born offers an engagingly networked collection of characters that, like their invention, creates something larger than the sum of its parts.

Cajori F. History of the logarithmic slide rule. 1909. 88 p.

Cajori F. Algebra in Napiers Day and Alleged Prior Inventions of Logarithms / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 93-109.

Cajori F. William Oughtred, a Great Seventeenth-Century teacher of Mathematics. Chicago, London: The Open Court, 1916. 100 p.

Cajori, Florian. On the history of Gunters scale and the slide rule during the seventeenth century // University of California publications in mathematics, № 1 (9), February 1920. P. 187-209.

Cajori F. A History of Mathematical Notations (Two Volumes Bound As One. Notations in Elementary Mathematics, Vol. 1 / Notations Mainly in Higher Mathematics, Vol. 2). Dover Publications, 1993. 820 p.

This classic study notes the first appearance of a mathematical symbol and its origin, the competition it encountered, its spread among writers in different countries, its rise to popularity, its eventual decline or ultimate survival. The author’s coverage of obsolete notations - and what we can learn from them - is as comprehensive as those which have survived and still enjoy favor. Originally published in 1929 in a two-volume edition, this monumental work is presented here in one volume.

Caminer D. T., Aris J., Hermon P., Land F. LEO: The Incredible Story of the Worlds First Business Computer. N.-Y., McGraw-Hill, 1997. 392 p.

Caminer D. T. Behind the Curtain at LEO: A Personal Reminiscence // AHC, Vol. 25, № 2, April-June 2003. P. 3-13.

Campbell-Kelly M. "Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming Activity at the University of Cambridge // AHC, Vol. 2, № 1, January-March, 1980. P. 7-36. (Перепечатано: AHC, Vol. 20, № 4, October-December, 1998. P. 46-67.)

Campbell-Kelly M. Programming the Mark I: Early Programming Activity at the University of Manchester // AHC, Vol. 2, № 2, April-June 1980. P. 130-168.

Campbell-Kelly M. Programming the Pilot ACE: Early Programming Activity at the National Physics Laboratory // AHC, Vol. 3, № 2, April-June 1981. P. 133-162.

Campbell-Kelly M. The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955) // AHC, Vol. 4, № 2, April-June 1982. P. 121-139.

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Campbell-Kelly M. Christopher Strachey, 1916-1975: A Biographical Note // AHC, Vol. 7, № 1, January-March 1985. P. 19-42.

Campbell-Kelly M. ICL: A Business and Technical History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 409 p.

Campbell-Kelly M. Large-scale data processing in the Prudential, 1850-1930 // Accounting, Business and Financial History, 2, 1992. P. 117-139.

Campbell-Kelly M. The Airy Tape: An Early Chapter in the History of Debugging // AHC, Vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 16-26.

Campbell S. M. Beatrice Helen Worsley: Canadas Female Computer Pioneer // AHC, vol. 25, № 4, 2003. P. 51-62.

Campbell-Kelly M. From Airline reservation to Sonic the Hedgehog. A History of the Software Industry. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003. 388 p.

Campbell-Kelly M., Aspray W. Computer: a History of the Information Machine. N.-Y.: Basic Books, 1996. 332 p.

Campbell-Kelly M., Williams M. R. (eds.). The Moore School Lectures: Theory and Techniques for the Design of Electronic Digital Computers. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1985. 616 p.

Volume 9 in the Babbage Reprint Series makes the Moore School Lectures (1946) available for the first time. Delivered by such notable engineers and scientists as J.P. Eckert, J. Mauchly, H. Goldstine, A.W. Burks, and J. von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania as a direct response to crucial new developments in the design and construction of the early stored program computer, the ENIAC, the lectures provide a comprehensive overview of the history of computing devices and digital and analog computing mechanisms; machine elements, including arithmetic circuits and the Selectron; numerical mathematical methods; and a detailed presentation of the ENIAC, the parallel type EDVAC, and the serial acoustic binary EDVAC.

Caplan E. The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vincis Adding Machine // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, 1997. P. 62-63.

Carpenter B. E., Doran R. W. A. M. Turings ACE report of 1946 and other papers. Cambridge: The MIT Press/Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers, 1986.

Carroll C. M. The Great Chess Automaton. N.-Y.: Dover Books, 1975. 116 p.

Ceruzzi P. E. 1941 RPN Computer? // PPC Calculator Journal, vol. 7, № 3, April 1980. P. 25.

Ceruzzi P. E. The Early Computers of Konrad Zuse, 1935 to 1945 // AHC, Vol. 3, № 3, July-September 1981. P. 241-262.

Ceruzzi P. E. Reckoners. The prehistory of the digital computer: from relays to the stored program concept, 1935-1945. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1983. 186 p.

Ceruzzi P. Electronics Technology and Computer Science, 1940-1975: A Coevolution // AHC, Vol. 10, № 4, October-December 1988. P. 257-275.

Cerruzzi P. Beyond the Limits: Flight Enters the Computer Age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1989. 200 p.

Computers and flying machines are two dominant technologies of our time. Beyond the Limits shows the ways in which they interact, clearly illustrating the complex issues and devices involved in their mutual evolution. It describes and illustrates how computer technology has affected the theory and practice of the engineering and operations of aircraft and spacecraft from 1945 to the present.Paul Ceruzzi points out that the "revolution" in aerospace technology has been going on for at least forty years. For the first time, he tells how modern flight depends on computers, how this came about, and what its consequences are. He brings to light new facets of the individual stories of aerospace and computing, while also revealing more general themes about the dynamics and evolution of these modern technologies.Spacecraft and fighters make use of leading-edge computer technologies in their design, testing manufacture, navigation and operation; moreover pilots and astronauts rely on computer simulations throughout their training. Ceruzzi describes these technologies and their history. In separate chapters he focuses on Northrop ("midwife of the computer industry"), missile tracking,

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Whirlwind, Apollo, Minuteman, and the software involved. An appendix discusses the role that on-board and ground computers played in the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger.

Ceruzzi P. Crossing the Divide: Architectural Issues and the Emergence of the Stored Program Computer, 1935-1955 // AHC, Vol. 19, № 1, January-March 1997. P. 5-12.

Cerruzzi P. A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998. 416 p. (2nd ed. 2003. 459 p.)

This engaging history covers modern computing from the development of the first electronic digital computer through the dot-com crash. The author concentrates on five key moments of transition: the transformation of the computer in the late 1940s from a specialized scientific instrument to a commercial product; the emergence of small systems in the late 1960s; the beginning of personal computing in the 1970s; the spread of networking after 1985; and, in a chapter written for this edition, the period 1995-2001. The new material focuses on the Microsoft antitrust suit, the rise and fall of the dot-coms, and the advent of open source software, particularly Linux. Within the chronological narrative, the book traces several overlapping threads: the evolution of the computer's internal design; the effect of economic trends and the Cold War; the long-term role of IBM as a player and as a target for upstart entrepreneurs; the growth of software from a hidden element to a major character in the story of computing; and the recurring issue of the place of information and computing in a democratic society. The focus is on the United States (though Europe and Japan enter the story at crucial points), on computing per se rather than on applications such as artificial intelligence, and on systems that were sold commercially and installed in quantities.

Ceruzzi P. E. When Computers Were Human // AHC, Vol. 13, № 3, July-September 1991. P. 237-244.

Chabert J.-L., Barbin E. A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip. Springer-Verlag, 1999. 524 p.

A Source Book for the History of Mathematics, but one which offers a different perspective by focusing on algorithms. With the development of computing has come an awakening of interest in algorithms. Often neglected by historians and modern scientists, more concerned with the nature of concepts, algorithmic procedures turn out to have been instrumental in the development of fundamental ideas: practice led to theory just as much as the other way round. The purpose of this book is to offer a historical background to contemporary algorithmic practice.

Chandler W. W. The Installation and Maintenance of Colossus // AHC, Vol. 5, № 3, July-September 1983. P. 260-262.

Chase G. C. History of Mechanical Computing Machinery // AHC, Vol. 2, № 3, July-September 1980. P. 198-226.

Christopher Evans Conversation: J. M. M. Pinkerton // AHC, Vol. 5, № 1, January-March 1983. P. 64-72.

Clarke W. F. Bletchly-Park 1941-1945 / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 227-234.

Clymer A. B. The mechanical analog computers of Hannibal Ford and William Newell // AHC, vol. 15, № 2, 1993. P. 19-34.

Cohen J. A view of the origins and development of Prolog // Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, № 1 (Jan. 1988). P. 26-36.

Cohen I. B. The Use of “Bug” in Computing // AHC, Vol. 16, № 2, Summer 1994. P. 54-55.

Cohen I. B. Howard Aiken on the Number of Computers Needed for the Nation // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July/September 1998. P. 27-32.

Cohen I. B. Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1999. 412 p.

Cohen I. B., Welch G. W. (eds.). Makin Numbers: Howard Aiken and the Computer. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1999. 320 p.

Сборник статей. См. 1994, № 2. Анекдоты

Cohen G. L., Shannon A. G. John Wards Method for the Calculation of Pi // Historia Mathematica, vol. 8, May 1981. P. 133-144.

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Computers in Russia, the U.S. View, Part 1 (by Weiss E. A.); Part 2 (by Ware W. H., Holland W. B.) // AHC, Vol. 22, № 1, January-March 2000. P. 92-96.

Computing Before Computers, ed. by William Aspray. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990. 266 p.

Computing in Russia. The History of Computer Devices and Information Technology revealed. G. Trogemann, A. Y. Nitussov, W. Ernst (Eds.). Wiesbaden: VIEWEG, 2001. 350 p.

Первый развернутый очерк развития российской вычислительной техники, опубликованный на Западе. Около 50 статей и заметок.

Conant L. L. The Number Concept. Its origin and development. N.-Y. L.: Macmillan and Co, 1896. 218 p.

Coombs A. W. M. The Making of Colossus // AHC, Vol. 5, № 3, July-September 1983. P. 253-259.

Copeland B. J. Colossus and the Dawning of the Computer Age / Action This Day, R. Erskine and M. Smith, eds. N.-Y.: Bantam Book, 2001. P. 342-369.

Copeland B. J. Unfair to Aiken // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 35-37.

Copeland B. J. Colossus: Its Origins and Originators // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 38-45.

Copeland B. J. The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intellegence, And Artificial Life; Plus The Secrets Of Enigma. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 613 p.

Copeland J., Proudfoot D. On Alan Turings Anticipation of Connectionism // Synthese, vol. 108, № 3, March 1996. P. 361-377.

Copeland J., Proudfoot D. Alan Turings Forgotten Ideas in Computer Science // Scientific American, vol. 280, № 4, 1999. P. 98-103.

Neural networks and hypercomputation are hot ideas for transcending the limits of traditional algorithmic computing. What few realize, however, is that both concepts were anticipated in detail decades ago by Alan Turing, the British genius better remembered for laying the groundwork for artificial intelligence.

Copeland J., Proudfoot D. What Turing Did after He Invented the Universal Turing Machine // Journal of Logic Language and Information, vol. 9, № 4, 2000. P. 491-510.

Cortada J. W. An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Data Processing. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983. 215 p.

Cortada J. W. Historical Dictionary of Data Processing. Biographies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. 334 p., apps.

Cortada J. W. Historical Dictionary of Data Processing: Organizations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. 320 p., apps.

Cortada J. W. Historical Dictionary of Data Processing: Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. 428 p., apps.

Cortada J. W. A Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information Processing Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. 656 p.

Cortada J. W. Archives of Data-Processing History. A Guide to Major U.S. Collections. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. 195 p.

Cortada, J. W. The Computer in the United States: From Laboratory to Market, 1930 to 1960. Armonk, N.-Y.: M. E. Sharp, 1993. 183 p.

Cortada J. W. Second Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information Processing Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. 432 p.

Cortada J. W. Commercial Applications of the Digital Computer in American Corporations, 1945-1995 // AHC, Vol. 18, № 2, Summer 1996. P. 18-29.

Cortada J. W. Economic Preconditions That Made Possible Application of Commercial Computing in the United States // AHC, Vol. 19, № 3, July-September 1997. P. 27-40.

Cortada J. W. Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865-1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 376 p.

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Cortada J. W. The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 544 p.

Text combines detailed analysis with narrative history to provide a broad overview of computing's role in sixteen industries, accounting for nearly half of the U.S. economy. Provides a survey of how computers transformed the American economy. DLC: Automation - Economic aspects - United States.Product Description. This book describes how computers were used in 16 American industries over the past half century to determine what were the critical uses, how technologies came into these industries, and how they were changed by it. This book asserts that computing profoundly changed the nature of work in these industries, creating the bedrock of the Information Age.

Costello J. As the Twig is Bent: The Early Life of John Mauchly // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 45-50.

Cotter, Charles H. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) // Journal of Navigation, vol. 34, № 3, 1981. P. 363-367.

Cowlishaw M. The Early History of REXX // AHC, Vol. 16, № 4, Winter 1994. P. 15-24.

Craik, Alex D. D. The logarithmic tables of Edward Sang and his daughters // Historia Mathematica, vol. 30, February 2003. P. 47-84.

Edward Sang (1805–1890), aided only by his daughters Flora and Jane, compiled vast logarithmic and other mathematical tables. These exceed in accuracy and extent the tables of the French Bureau du Cadastre, produced by Gaspard de Prony and a multitude of assistants during 1794–1801. Like Prony's, only a small part of Sang's tables was published: his 7-place logarithmic tables of 1871. The contents and fate of Sang's manuscript volumes, the abortive attempts to publish them, and some of Sang's methods are described. A brief biography of Sang outlines his many other contributions to science and technology in both Scotland and Turkey. Remarkably, the tables were mostly compiled in his spare time.

Cragon, Harvey G. From Fish to Colossus: How the German Lorenz Cipher was Broken at Bletchley Park. Cragon Books, 2003. 158 p.

Croarken M. Early Scientific Computing in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 176 p.

Croarken M. The Emergence of Computing Science Research and Teaching at Cambridge, 1936-l949 // AHC, Vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 10-15.

Croarken M. The Beginnings of the Manchester Computer Phenomenon: People and Influences // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 9-16.

Croarken M. Case 5656: L. J. Comrie and the origins of the Scientific Computing Service // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, October-December 1999. P. 70-71.

Croarken M. L. J. Comrie: A Forgotten Figure in the History of Numerical Computing // Mathematics Today, Vol. 36, № 4, August, 2000. P. 114-118.

An excellent summary of Comrie’s life and work.Croarken M. Computing in Britain During World War II / IEE History of Technology Summer Meeting 6th July 2002, London, 2002.

Croarken M. Tabulating the Heavens: Computing the Nautical Almanac in 18th-Century England // AHC, 2003, № 3. P. 48-61.

Croarken M. Mary Edwards: Computing for a Living in 18th-Century England // AHC, 2003, № 4. P. 9-15.

Croarken M., Campbell-Kelly M. Beautiful Numbers: The Rise and Decline of the British Association Mathematical Tables Committee, 1871-1965 // AHC, Vol. 22, № 4, October-December 2000. P. 44-61.

Crosby K. HPs Early Computers (interview with Bernard M. Oliver) // The Analytical Engine, Vol. 2, № 3, May 1995. P. 5-14.

Crowe G. D., Goodman S. E. S. A. Lebedev and the birth of Soviet computing // AHC, vol. 16, № 1, Spring 1994. P. 4-24.

Crowther-Heyck, Hunter. Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 420 p.

Анализ трудов нобелевского лауреата Герберта Саймона, одного из отцов искусственного интеллекта.

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Curtiss J. H. The National Applied Mathematics Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards // AHC, Vol. 11, № 2, Summer 1989. P. 69-98.

DaCosta R. The History of Ada // Defense Science and Electronics. March 1984. P. **-**.

Dahl A. The Last of the First // Datamation, June 1978. P. 145-149.

Описание последней машины UNIVAC II.

Darby, Edwin. It all adds up: The Growth of Victor Comptometer Corporation. Chicago, IL: Victor Comptometer Corporation, 1968. 243 p.

Interesting company history looking at the Victor Adding Machine Company, and the Comptometer Corporation which merged in 1961. One of their innovations was the first handwritten message to and from outer space via the Telstar communications satellite on October 18, 1962.

Darwin C. G. Douglas Rayner Hartree 1897-1958 // Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol. 4, 1958. P. 103-116.

Davies, Donald. Early Computer Development at NPL // Resurrection: The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society, № 8, Winter 1993. P. 8-16.

Davies, Donald. The Bombe – a Remarkable Logic Machine // Cryptologia, vol. 23, № 2, April 1999. P. 108-138.

Davies, Donald. Effectiveness of the Diagonal Board // Cryptologia, vol. 23, № 3, July 1999. P. 229-239.

Davies D. W. Charles Wheatstones Cryptograph and Pletts Cipher Machine // Cryptologia, vol. 9, № 2, April 1985. P. 155-161.

Davies D. W. The Lorenz Cipher Machine SZ42 / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 517-540.

Davis M. The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing. Norton, 2000. 256 p.

Deavours C. A. How the British Broke Enigma // Cryptologia, vol. IV, № 3, July 1980. P. 129-132.

Deavours C. A. The Autoscritcher // Cryptologia, vol. XIX, № 2, April 1995. P. 137-148.

Deavours C. A., Kruh L. Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1985. 276 p.

Deavours C., Kruh L. The Turing Bombe: Was it Enough? / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 403-422.

Deavours C. A., Reeds J. The Enigma // Cryptologia, vol. I, № 4, Oct. 1977. P. 381-391.

DeBrosse J., Burke C. The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of Americas Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes. Random House, 2004. 304 p.

Delire, Jean-Michel. Lexpression des grands nombres dans lArenaire dArchimede // Memoires et Publications de la Societe des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Hainaut, vol. 96, 1992. P. 1-18.

Denning P. J. Origin of Virtual Machines and Other Virtualities // AHC, Vol. 23, № 3, July-September 2001. P. 73.

De Marco G., Mainetto G., Pisani S., Savino P. The Early Computers of Italy // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, October-December 1999. P. 28-36.

Detlefsen, Max. Polnische Rechenmaschinenerfinder des 19. Jahrhunderts // Wissenschaft und Fortschritt, 26 (1976). P. 86-90.

Статья о работах А. Штерна, Х. З. Слонимского и А. И. Штаффеля – трех изобретателей механических счетных машин польского происхождения, работавших в XIX в.

De Villiers, Melius. The numeral-words, their origin, meaning, history and lesson. London: Witherby, 1923. 124 p.

Contents: The Numeral-Words in English & In Kindred Languages; The Persistence of Form of Numeral-Words; Gesture-Language: & the Relation in General of Hands & Fingers to Numeral-Words; The Art of Reckoning Amongst Savages; Origin & Meaning of the Aryan Numeral-

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Words; Representation of Numeral-Words by Means of Figures; Use & Advantage of Numeral-Words & Figures; Derivation of Other Words from the Numeral Words; conclusion. An extremely rare book on the true history of numerology which will be a welcome addition to anyone interested In the subject.

Di L. On the Transmission of the Hand-Operated Drum Calculator in China in the 19th Century // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 26-27.

Di L., Shangshu B., Williams M. R. Chinese Calculators Made During the Kangxi Reign in the Quing Dynasty // AHC, vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 63-67.

Dickson L. E. History of the Theory of Numbers. Vol. 1: Divisibility and Primality. N.-Y.: Chelsea Publishing Company, 1952. 486 p.

The first volume of Dickson's History covers the related topics of divisibility and primality. This long book is sort of the equivalent of an extremely long review paper, with innumerable references. It is the only work of its kind on Theory of Numbers. Written in the early 1920s, it is still the only place where one can find information on who did what in various topics of number theory, and many of those topics are still fertile ground for further research. So if one wants to do research on any topic in theory of numbers, or on related aspects of algebra, topology, Ramsey Theory, theory of graphs, etc. one must have Dickson's book handy.

Dorfman R. The Discovery of Linear Programming // AHC, Vol. 6, № 3, July-September 1984. P. 283-295.

Dorsch H. The Development of the First Electronic Analog Computer by Helmut Hoelzer in 1941 // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 49-54.

Douglas, Sandy. Some Memories of EDSAC I: 1950-1952 // AHC, Vol. 1, № 2, October 1979. P. 98-99, 208.

Doyle R. The US Navys First Online Crypto System // AHC, Vol. 23, № 1, January-March 2001. P. 17-21.

Drake S. Galileo and the First Mechanical Computing Device // Scientific American, vol. 234, № 4. April 1976. P. 104-113.

Dujnic J., Frištacký N., Molnár L., Plander I., Rovan B. On the History of Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Computer Technology Development in Slovakia // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 38-48.

Earls, Alan R. Digital Equipment Corporation. Arcadia Publishing, 2004. 128 p.

Early Meetings of the Conference on Data Systems Languages // AHC, Vol. 7, № 4, October-December 1985 P. 316-325.

Early years in machine translation: memoirs and biographies of pioneers. Edited by John Hutchins / Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series III: Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, vol. 97. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. 400 p.

Eckdahl D. E., Reed I. S., Sarkissian H. H. West Coast Contributions to the Development of the General-Purpose Computer: Building Maddida and the Founding of Computer Research Corporation // AHC, Vol. 25, № 1, January-March 2003. P. 4-33.

The story told here is of the members of a computer group-established by Northrop Aircraft in the mid-1940s to develop a guidance system for a US Air Force missile-who subsequently founded a company that designed and built a general-purpose, digital computer. Successful, but in need of funds, the company was eventually absorbed by a larger enterprise.

Eckert J. P. A Survey of Digital Computer Memory Systems // AHC, Vol. 20, № 4, October/December 1998. P. 15-28.

Eckert W. J. Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computations. N.-Y.: Columbia University Press, 1940. (Переиздано: Los Angeles and Cambridge, Mass.: Tomash Publishers and The MIT Press, 1984. 160 p.)

Eckstein P. J. Presper Eckert // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 25-44.

Edwards A. W. F. Cogwheels of the Mind: The Story of Venn Diagrams. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 136 p.

Edwards P. N. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1997. 464 p.

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Eklund, Jon. The Reservisor Automated Airline Reservation System: Combining Communications and Computing // AHC, Vol. 16, № 1, Spring 1994. P. 62-69.

Ellenberger, Michel. La machine à calculer de Blaise Pascal. Paris: Nathan, 1993. 77 p.

Elzen B., MacKenzie D. The Social Limits of Speed: The Development and Use of Supercomputers // AHC, Vol. 16, № 1, Spring 1994. P. 46-61.

Ende, Jan van den. Tidal calculations in the Netherlands, 1920-60 // AHC, vol. 14, № 3, 1992. P. 23-33.

Ende, Jan van den. The Number Factory: Punched-Card Machines at the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics // AHC, Vol. 16, № 3, Fall 1994. P. 15-24.

Endrei, Walter. Jean Errard (1554-1610) und sein Maschinenbuch // Technikgeschichte, vol. 61, 1994. P. 1-10.

A French book on instruments and machines published in 1584.

Engelmann M. Philip Matthaus Hahn. Berlin: Schmidt, 1923. 273 S.

ERA High Speed Computing Devices. N.-Y.: McGraw Hill, 1950. (Переиздано: Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1984. 451 p. Рус. пер.: Быстродействующие вычислительные машины. Пер. с англ. Под ред. Д. Ю. Панова. М.: ИЛ, 1952. 431 с.)

Erskine, Ralph. The Soviets and Naval Enigma: Some Comments // International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 4, № 3, July 1989. P. 503-511.

The article disputes the hypothesis in Geoff Jukes, "More on the Soviets and Ultra," Intelligence and National Security 3, no. 2 (Apr. 1988), 233-247, that the Soviets deciphered Admiral Dönitz' instructions (sometimes called the JW 55B message) to Scharnhorst (Rear Admiral Bey) on 25 December 1943 and that this indicates that the Soviets could break the Naval Enigma.

Erskine, Ralph. The First Naval Enigma Decrypts of World War II // Cryptologia, vol. 21, № 1, January 1997. P. 42-46.

This article includes both Erskine's commentary and reproductions of "the first text derived from naval Enigma signals" at Bletchley Park. The decrypts are part of the six days of traffic (22-27 April 1940) initially read by the British. It would be early August 1941 before Bletchley would be able to read the main cipher of the Kriegsmarine on an almost continuous basis.

Erskine, R., Freeman P. Brigadier John Tiltman: One of Britains Finest Cryptologists // Cryptologia, vol. 27, № 4, October 2003. P. 289-318.

The authors term Tiltman "Bletchley Park's finest cryptanalyst on non-machine ciphers." He worked with GCCS/GCHQ from 1920 until his retirement in 1954, but then continued work with GCHQ until 1964. After that, he served as a researcher and consultant with NSA until 1980

Essinger J. Jacquards Web: How A Hand-Loom Led To The Birth Of The Information Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 302 p.

Estrin G. The WEIZAC Years (1954-1963) // AHC, Vol. 13, № 4, October-December 1991. P. 317-339.

Evans B. O. System/360: A Retrospective View // AHC, Vol. 8, № 2, April-June 1986. P. 155-179.

Evans, Christopher Riche. The Making of the MICRO: A History of the Computer. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Computer, 1981.

This book had a lot to do with math and calculators. It was very interesting to see how hard it was to add without using a calculator. Some things that are taken for granted are using email now. If you think about it computers run on 1s and 0s. Just to say "17' and not even display it the computer reads 10001. Letters are more complex to display. Some times it takes millions of 1s and 0s. This is a great book for people interested in computers.

Evans G. R. Introductions to Boethiuss “Arithmetica” of the tenth to the fourteenth century // History of Science, vol. 16, № 31, 1, 1978. P. 22-41.

Evans G. R. A commentary on Boethiuss “Arithmetica” of the twelfth or thirteenth century // Annals of Science, vol. 35, № 2, 1978. P. 131-141.

Everett R. R., Zraket Ch. A., Benington H. D. SAGE A Data Processing System for Air Defense // AHC, Vol. 5, № 4, October-December 1983. P. 330-339.

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Evesham H. A. Origins and Development of Nomography // AHC, Vol. 8, № 4, October-December 1986. P. 324-333.

Evolution of C++, The: Language Design in the Marketplace of Ideas Ed. by Jim Waldo. Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1993. 291 p.

Feazel, Bobby. Palmers Computing Scale // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 3, № 1, March 1994. P. 9-17.

Aaron Palmer's cardboard and printed-paper circular slide rules, 1840s.

Feely W., Schure C. The Fuller Calculating Instrument // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 4, № 1, March 1995. P. 33-40.

Cylindrical slide rule invented by George Fuller in 1878, and made by Stanley until the 1970s.

Feely W., Schure C. Thacher Slide Rule Production // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 3, № 2, September 1994. P. 38-42.

Cylindrical slide rule invented by Edward Thacher in 1881, and made by Stanley, London, and Keuffel & Esser, New York, until the 1930s or later.

Fehr E. The Invention of the First Computer by Konrad Zuse // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 44-48.

Felt D. E. Mechanical Arithmetic or the History of the Counting Machine. Racine, Wis.: Whitman Publishing Co, 1916.

Fischer C. F. Reminiscences at the end of the Century // Molecular Physics, vol. 98, № 16, 2000. P. 1043-1050.

Fischer C. F. Douglas Rayner Hartree: His Life in Science and Computing. Singapore: World Scientific Publishers Co, 2003. 244 p.

Fitzpatrick A., Malinovsky B. N. The MESM and the monastery // AHC, Vol. 24, № 2, April-June 2002. P. 91-93.

Flegg G., Hay C., Moss B. (eds.). Nicolas Chuquet, Renaissance Mathematician: A Study With Extensive Translation of Chuquets Mathematical Manuscript Completed in 1484. Dordrecht; Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984. 400 p.

Flowers T. H. The Design of Colossus (foreword by Howard Campaigne) // AHC, Vol. 5, № 3, July-September 1983. P. 239-252.

Folkerts M. Eine bisher unbekannte Abhandlung über das Rechenbrett aus dem beginnenden 14 Jahrhundert // Historia Mathematica, vol. 10, November 1983. P. 435-447.

Folkerts M. Early Texts on Hindu-Arabic Calculation // Science in Context, vol. 14, 2001. P. 13-38.

This article describes how the decimal place value system was transmitted from India via the Arabs to the West up to the end of the fifteenth century. The arithmetical work of al-Khwarizmi's, ca. 825, is the oldest Arabic work on Indian arithmetic of which we have detailed knowledge. There is no known Arabic manuscript of this work; our knowledge of it is based on an early reworking of a Latin translation. Until some years ago, only one fragmentary manuscript of this twelfth-century reworking was known (Cambridge, UL, Ii.6.5). Another manuscript that transmits the complete text (New York, Hispanic Society of America, HC 397/726) has made possible a more exact study of al-Khwarizmi's work. This article gives an outline of this manuscript's contents and discusses some characteristics of its presentation.

Forbes E. G. The astronomical work of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) // Historia Mathematica, vol. 5, November 1978. P. 167-181.

Fowler D. H., Tarner E. G. Higes Papyrus I 27: An Early Example of Greek Arithmetical Notation // Historia Mathematica, vol. 10, August 1983. P. 344-359.

Fowler H. Biographical Notice of the late Mr Thomas Fowler of Torrington with some account of his inventions // Report in the Trans. Devon Assoc. Advancement of Science, vol. 7, 1875. P. 171-178.

Воспоминания сына английского изобретателя-самоучки, создателя первой в истории троичной механической вычислительной машины.

Frana P. L. Before the Web There Was Gopher // AHC, Vol. 26, № 1, January-March 2004. P. 20-41.

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Freiberger P., Swaine M. Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade, 2nd

edition, 1999. 463 p.

Gaddy D. W. The Cylinder-Cipher / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 331-338.

Galle A. Mathematische Instrumente. Leipzig-Berlin: Druck und Verlag von B. G. Teubner, 1912. 188 p.

Gardner D. W. Curtain Act at RCA // Datamation, № 3, 1972. P. 34-41.

К истории корпорации RCA, прекратившей выпуск компьютеров.

Gardner D. W. Will the inventor of the first digital computer please stand up? // Datamation, № 2, 1974. P. 84-90.

Gardner D. W. An Wangs Early Work in Core memory // Datamation, № 3, 1976. P. 161-164.

Gardner, Martin. Logic Machines and Diagrams. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1983. 165 p.

The Ars Magna of Ramon Lull, Logic Diagrams, A Network Diagram for Propositional Calculus, The Stanhope Demonstrator, Jevons Logic Machine, Marquand’s Machine, Window Cards, Electrical Logic Machines, The Future of Logic Machines.

Garfinkel, Simson L. Architects of the Information Society: Thirty-Five Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1999. 86 p.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) has been responsible for some of the most significant technological achievements of the past few decades. Much of the hardware and software driving the information revolution has been, and continues to be, created at LCS. Anyone who sends and receives email, communicates with colleagues through a LAN, surfs the Web, or makes decisions using a spreadsheet is benefiting from the creativity of LCS members.LCS is an interdepartmental laboratory that brings together faculty, researchers, and students in a broad program of study, research, and experimentation. Their principal goal is to pursue innovations in information technology that will improve people's lives. LCS members have been instrumental in the development of ARPAnet, the Internet, the Web, Ethernet, time-shared computers, UNIX, RSA encryption, the X Windows system, NuBus, and many other technologies.This book, published in celebration of LCS's thirty-fifth anniversary, chronicles its history, achievements, and continued importance to computer science. The essays are complemented by historical photographs.

Gerovitch, Slava. “Mathematical Machines” of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s // Social Studies of Science, vol. 31, April 2001. P. 253-287.

Gerovitch, Slava. “Russian Scandals”: Soviet Readings of American Cybernetics in the Early Years of the Cold War // Russian Review, vol. 60, October 2001. P. 545-568.

Gerovitch, Slava. From Newspeak to Cyberspeak. A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 2002. 378 p.

Gibson G. A. Napiers Logarithms and the Change to Briggss Logarithms / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 111-137.

Gibson C. A., Newton F. Pandulf of Capuas “De calculatione”: An Illustrated Abacus Treatise and Some Evidence for the Hindu-Arabic Numerals in Eleventh-century South Italy / Mediaeval Studies, vol. 57, 1995. P. 293-335.

Giloi W. K. Konrad Zuses Plankalkül: The First High-Level, “non von Neumann” Programming Language // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, April-June 1997. P. 17-24.

Giordano R. Institutional Change and Regeneration: A Biography of the Computer Science Department at the University of Manchester // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 55-62.

Gladwin, Lee A. Alan Turing s Visit to Dayton // Cryptologia , vol. 25, № 1, January 2001. P. 11-17.

Gladwin, Lee A. Alan M. Turings “Critique of Running Short Cribs on the U.S. Navy Bombe” // Cryptologia, vol. 27, № 1, January 2003. P. 50-54.

Glaisher J. W. L. Logarithms and computations / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 63-80.

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Glaser A. History of Binary and Other Nondecimal Numeration. Los Angeles, CA: Tomash Publishers, 1981. 218 p.

Glusker, Mark. Thomas Fowlers Ternary Calculating Machine: How a 19th Century Inventors Departure from Decimal Presaged the Modern Binary Computer // Journal of the Oughtred Society, Vol. 11, № 2, Fall 2002. P. 48-49.

Glusker M., Hogan D. M., Vass P. The Ternary Calculating Machine of Thomas Fowler // AHC, vol. 27, № 3, July-September 2005. P. 4-22.

Godfrey M. D., Hendry D. F. The Computer as von Neumann Planned It // AHC, Vol. 15, № 1, January-March 1993. P. 11-21.

Goetz M. Memoirs of a Software Pioneer: Part 1 // AHC, Vol. 24, № 1, January-March 2002. P. 43-56.

Goetz M. Memoirs of a Software Pioneer: Part 2 // AHC, Vol. 24, № 4, October-December 2002. P. 14-31.

Goldberg S. Inventing a Climate of Opinion: Vannevar Bush and the Decision to Built the Bomb // Isis, vol. 83, 1992. P. 429-452.

Goldstein B. R., Chabás J. Ptolemy, Bianchini, and Copernicus: tables for planetary latitudes // Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Vol. 58, № 5, 2004. P. 453-473.

The study of planetary theory in Ptolemaic astronomy has concentrated on the models and tables for planetary longitudes, and considerably less attention has been paid to Ptolemy's models and tables for planetary latitudes. Our plan is first to give a brief survey of the history of tables for planetary latitude, particularly those that include, for Venus and Mercury, columns for the deviation. Then we will describe Bianchini's tables for planetary latitude in detail. Finally, we will discuss Copernicus's copy of Bianchini's tables for planetary latitude.

Goldstine H. H. The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993. 378 p.

Goldstine H. H. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School, 1943-1946 // Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 136, № 1, 1992. P. 73-78.

Goldstine H. H., Goldstine A. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 10-16.

Good I. J. Early Work on Computers at Bletchley // AHC, Vol. 1, № 1, 1979. P. 38-48.

Graf K. D. Calculating Machines in China and Europe in the 17th Century – the Western View // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 16-23.

Grattan-Guinness I. How Bertrand Russell discovered his paradox // Historia Mathematica, vol. 5, November 1978. P. 127-137.

Grattan-Guinness I. Work for the Hairdressers: The Production of de Pronys Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables // AHC, 1990, № 3. P. 177-185.

Grattan-Guinness I. The Correspondence Between George Boole and Stanley Jevons, 1863-1864 // History and Philosophy of Logic, vol. 12, 1991. P. 15-35.

Gray G. Engineering Research Associates and the Atlas Computer (UNIVAC 1101) // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 3, № 3 June 1999. (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

Gray G. The UNIVAC 1102, 1103, and 1104 // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 6, № 1 January 2002. (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

Gray G. UNIVAC I: The First Mass-Produced Computer // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 5, № 1 January 2001. . (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

Gray G. The UNIVAC File Computer // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 2, № 2 December 1993. (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

Gray G. Remington Rand Tabulating Machines // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 4, № 1 May 2000. (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

Gray G. UNIVAC and ALGOL // Unisys History Newsletter, Vol. 6, № 2 June 2002. (Private edition). http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore.

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Gray G. T., Smith R. Q. Sperry Rands Transistor Computers // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July-September 1998. P. 16-26.

Gray G. T., Smith R. Q. Sperry Rands Third-Generation Computers 1964-1980 // AHC, Vol. 23, № 1, January-March 2001. P. 3-16.

Gray G. T., Smith R. Q. Sperry Rands First Generation Computers, 1955-1960: Hardware and Software // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 20-34.

Gray G. T., Smith R. Q. Before the B5000: Burroughs Computers, 1951-1963 // AHC, Vol. 25, № 2, April-June 2003. P. 50-61.

Greibach S. A. Formal Languages: Origins and Directions // AHC, Vol. 3, № 1, January-March 1981. P. 14-41.

Grier D. A. The ENIAC, the Verb “to program” and the Emergence of Digital Computers // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 51-55.

Grier D. A. Gertrude Blanch of the Mathematical Tables Project // AHC, Vol. 19, № 4, October-December 1997. P. 18-27.

Grier D. A. The Math Tables Project of the WPA: The Reluctant Start of the Computing Era // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July/September 1998. P. 33-49.

Grier D. A. Agricultural Computing and the Context for John Atanasoff // AHC, vol. 22, № 1, 2000. P. 48-61.

Grier D. A. The Rise and Fall of the Committee on Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation // AHC, Vol. 23, № 2, April-June 2001. P. 38-49.

Grier D. A. When Computers Were Human. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 424 p.

A wonderful book, filled with fascinating facts about important people and activities that most of us have never heard about. I hope it makes more people aware that the original point of electronic computers was to do computing, to speed up the essential work that had been done by human computers for centuries. We often say that electronic computers can do in seconds what used to take months. This book describes what it was like for human computers to actually spend months doing it. Like all good history, this book teaches us that the legacy of human achievement that we enjoy did not grow on trees.

Grier D. A., Campbell M. A Social History of Bitnet and Listserv, 1985-1991 // AHC, Vol. 22, № 2, April-June 2000. P. 32-41.

Grosch H. R. J. Computer: Bit Slices From a Life. Novato, CA: Third Millennium Books, 1991.

Grove, Andrew S. Swimming Across: A Memoir. Warner Books, 2002. 304 p.

Gruenberger F. J. The History of the JOHNNIAC. Memorandum RM-5654-PR, October 1968. Santa Monica, CAL.: The RAND Corporation, 1968. 138 p.

Gruenberger F. J. The History of the JOHNNIAC // AHC, Vol. 1, № 1, 1979. 49-64.

This reprint of an early RAND Memorandum by the author describes the thirteen-year life of the JOHNNIAC computer, a Princeton-class machine designed and built at The RAND Corporation in 1953. The history presented here is based on documents and recollections of the individuals involved in the creation of JOHNNIAC.

Gruenberger F. J. A Short History of Digital Computing in Southern California // AHC, Vol. 2, № 3, July-September 1980. P. 246-250.

Gvozdanovic, Jadranka C. (ed.) Indo-European Numerals. Berlin, N.-Y.: Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 1992. 944 p.

Hafner K., Lyon M. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet. N.-Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1998. 304 p.

В том числе история Arpanet. At last, Hafner and Lyon have written a well-researched story of the origins of the Internet substantiated by extensive interviews with its creators who delve into many interesting details such as the controversy surrounding the adoption of our now beloved "@" sign as the separator of usernames and machine addresses. Essential reading for anyone interested in the past - and the future - of the Net specifically, and telecommunications generally

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Hagelin B. C. W. The Story of the Hagelin Cryptos / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 477-516.

Haigh T. I. Bernard Cohen // AHC, Vol. 25, № 4, October-December 1996. P. 89-92.

Haigh T. Inventing Information Systems: The Systems Men and the Computer, 1950-1968 // Business History Review, vol. 75, 2001. P. 15-61.

Haigh T. Multicians.org and the History of Operating Systems // Iterations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History, vol. 1, September 13, 2002. P. 1-9.

Hall E. C. From the Farm to Pioneering with Digital Control Computers: An Autobiography // AHC, Vol. 22, № 2, April-June 2000. P. 22-31.

Hamadanizadeh, Javad. The Trigonometric Tables of Al-Kashi in his Zij-I Khaqani // Historia Mathematica, vol. 7, February 1980. P. 38-45.

Hamer D. H., Sullivan G., Weierud F. Enigma Variations: An Extended Family of Machines // Cryptologia, vol. 22, № 3, July 1998. P. 211-229.

Hamilton F. E., Kubie E.C. The IBM Magnetic Drum Calculator Type 650 // AHC, Vol. 8, № 1, January-March 1986. P. 14-19.

Harlow F. H., Metropolis N. Computing and Computers: Weapons Simulation Leads to the Computer Era // Los Alamos Science, № 7, 1983. P. 132-141.

Harris J. R. The Earliest Solid-State Digital Computers // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, October-December 1999. P. 49-54.

Hartree D. Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and Their Impact on Mathematical Physics, and Calculating Instruments and Machines. Introduction by Maurice V. Wilkes. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1984. 200 p.

A theoretical physicist at Cambridge, Douglas Hartree is best known for his work in numerical methods and the machines that could be used to calculate them with increasing speed and sophistication.This reprint of Hartree's principal work also includes his inaugural Cambridge lecture, Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and Their Impact on Mathematical Physics, which is extremely difficult to obtain and which makes ideal preliminary reading for the main set of lectures presented in Calculating Instruments and Machines. In these, Hartree provided the first comprehensive survey of the significant developments in computation that were going on at the time-the main directions of development in storage systems, serial machines, and parallel programming and coding, and particularly with high-speed automatic digital machines that were precursors of the modern stored program computer.Calculating Instruments and Machines was originally published in 1949 by the University of Illinois Press. It is Volume VI in The Babbage Institute Reprint Series.

Hawkins W. F. The First Calculating Machine (John Napier, 1617) // AHC, 1988, № 1. P. 37-51.

Hayashi, Takao. Aryabhatas Rule and Table for Sine-Differences // Historia Mathematica, vol. 24, November 1997. P. 396-406.

This paper gives both a new interpretation of Ариабхатаs rule for sine-differences prescribed in the second chapter of his “Ариабхатиа” (A.D. 499/510), one of the oldest astronomical texts in India, and a hypothesis about the origin of his table of sine-differences given in the first chapter of the same work

Head R. V. Univac: A Philadelphia Story // AHC, Vol. 23, № 3, July-September 2001. P. 60-63.

Head R. V. ERMAs Lost Battalion // AHC, Vol. 23, № 3, July-September 2001.P. 64-72.

Head R. V. Getting Sabre off the Ground // AHC, Vol. 24, № 4, October-December 2002. P. 32-39.

Heide L. Shaping a Technology: American Punched Card Systems 1880-1914 // AHC, Vol. 19, № 4, October-December 1997. P. 28-41.

Heide L. From Invention to Production: The Development of Punched-card Machines by F. R. Bull and K. A. Knutsen 1918-1930 // AHC, Vol. 13, № 3, July-September 1991. P. 261-272.

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Heims, Steve Joshua. John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From mathematics to the technologies of life and death. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1982. 568 p.

Hellige H. D. From Sage via Arpanet to Ethernet: Stages in Computer Communications Concepts between 1950 and 1980 // History and Technology, vol. 11, № 1, 1994. P. 49-79.

Hendry J. Innovating for Failure: Government Policy and the Early British Computer Industry. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990. 260 p.

Hensch, Kurt. IBM History of Far Eastern Languages in Computing, Part 1: Requirements and Initial Phonetic Product Solutions in the 1960s // AHC, vol. 27, № 1, January-March 2005. P. 17-26.

This article begins a three-part series, presenting an overview of events in IBM that preceded today’s versatility in handling Far Eastern languages in the IT arena. Here, Part 1 analyzes the complexities and characteristics of the Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Thai, and other Far Eastern languages in the context of 1960s technologies and early IT products that emerged.

Hensch, Kurt; Igi, Toshiaki; Iwao, Masumi; Takeshita, Toru. IBM History of Far Eastern Languages in Computing, Part 2: Initial Efforts for Full Kanji Solutions, Early 1970s // AHC, vol. 27, № 1, January-March 2005. P. 27-37.

The authors describe the intricacies of character encoding, processing, and printing involved in IBM’s successful efforts to develop the first commercial general Kanji computer system. Later during this time frame, the first commercial Kanji system was introduced. IBM was also launching development of the first computerized newspaper publishing system to offer Kanji capability.

Hensch, Kurt; Igi, Toshiaki; Iwao, Masumi; Oda, Akira; Takeshita, Toru. IBM History of Far Eastern Languages in Computing, Part 3: IBM Japan Taking the Lead, Accomplishments through the 1990s // AHC, vol. 27, № 1, January-March 2005. P. 38-55.

This article describes the coordination of worldwide efforts in IBM that were launched in the 1970s to ensure implementation of Far Eastern language requirements with IBM products, in order that IBM would maintain its leading role in the IT industry.

Hernelink, Heinrich. The earliest reckoning books existing in the Persian language // Historia Mathematica, vol. 2, August 1975. P. 299-303.

Higgins W. H. C., Holbrook B.D., Emling J. W. Electrical Computers for Fire Control // AHC, Vol. 4, № 3, July-September 1982. P. 218-244.

Hill, George Francis. The development of Arabic numerals in Europe exhibited in sixty-four tables. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1915. 125 p.

Hiltzik Michael A. Dealers of Lightning: Xerox Parc and the Dawn of Computer Age. HarperBusiness, 2000. 480 p.

Hinsley F. H., Stripp A. Code Breakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 360 p.

History of Computing Software Issues. Hashagen U., Keil-Slawik R., Norberg A. L. (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2002. 350 p.

This book is based on the international conference "Mapping the History of Computing: Software Issues", held in April 2000 at the Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum in Paderborn, Germany.The primary objective of the conference was to review our present understanding of the history of software and to establish an agenda for further research. By exploring our current understanding of software and its history, speakers and commentators investigated the fundamental elements of software. The problems and questions addressed at the conference ranged from purely technical to societal issues. Thus, the articles presented in this book offer a fresh view of this history with new categories and interrelated themes, comparing and contrasting software with artefacts in other disciplines, so as to ascertain in what ways software is similar to and different from other technologies.

History of Mathematical Programming: A Collection of Personal Reminiscences. Lenstra, Jan Karel (ed.). Cwi, 1991. 141 p.

History of Mathematical Tables, The. From Sumer to Spreadsheets (Ed. by M. Campbell-Kelly and others). Oxford: University Press, 2003. 300 p.

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History of Programming Languages. N.-Y.: Academic Press, 1981. 758 p.

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History of Programming Languages, Volume 2. Thomas J. Bergin and Richard G. Gibson, Jr., editors. ACM Press and Addison-Wesley Professional, 1996. 864 p.

Proceedings of the April 1993 Second ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference, containing presentations on 13 programming languages that have been in use for at least 10 years, including ALGOL, APL, COBOL, JOVIAL, and SNOBOL, as well as a keynote address on language design and discussion sessions. Each chapter includes a transcript of the presentation and the following question and answer session and remarks.

Hoddesson L., Daitch V. True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen. National Academies Press, 2002. 352 p.

Hodges A. Alan Turing: The Enigma. London: Burnett Books Ltd & Hutchinson Publishing Group, 1983; London: Vintage, 1992; N.-Y.: Walker and Co, 2000. 608 p.

Hodges A. Alan Turing / Cambridge Scientific Minds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 253-268.

It was deliberately written not as a short chronological biography, but as a more thematic and allusive discussion of Turing's place in Cambridge scientific culture.

Hodges A. Electronic Spin: A feature on Alan Turing // PC Pro magazine, issue 105, July 2003. P. **-**.

Hodges A. The Military Use of Alan Turing / Conference Mathematics and War 2003.

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Об алгебраическом инструменте Лейбница.

Hogendijk J. Thabit ibn Kurra and the Pair of Amicable Numbers 17296 and 18416 // Historia Mathematica, vol. 12, August 1985. P. 269-277.

Hollerith, Virginia. Biographical sketch of Herman Hollerith // Isis, vol. 62, 1971. P. 69-78.

Holmevik J. R. Compiling SIMULA: A Historical Study of Technological Genesis // AHC, Vol. 16, № 4, Winter 1994. P. 25-37.

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Holst P. A. Svein Rosseland and the Oslo Analyzer // AHC, vol. 18, № 4, 1996. P. 16-26.

Holzmann G. J., Pehrson B. The Early History of Data Networks. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994. 304 p.

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Otis King cylindrical slide rules, 1923 to 1970s.

Hopp, Peter M. Slide Rules: Their History, Models, and Makers. Astragal Press, 1999. 310 p.

Hopper G. M. The First Bug // AHC, Vol. 3, № 3, № 2, July-September 1981. P. 285-286.

Hopper G. M. The Education of a Computer // AHC, Vol. 9, № 3/4, July-December 1987. P. 271-281.

Howlett J. The Atlas Computer Laboratory // AHC, Vol. 21, № 1, January-March 1999. P. 17-23.

Høyrup, Jens. Investigations of an Early Sumerian Division Problem, c. 2500 B.C. // Historia Mathematica, vol. 9, February 1982. P. 19-36.

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Hughes T. P. ENIAC: Invention of a Computer // Technikgeschichte, Bd. 42, № 2, 1975. P. 148-165.

Humphrey W. S. MOBIDIC and Fieldata // AHC, Vol. 9, № 2, April-June 1987. P. 137-182.

Hurd C. C. Early IBM Computers: Edited Testimony // AHC, Vol. 3, № 2, April-June 1981. P. 163-182.

Hurd C. C. A Note on Early Monte Carlo Computations and Scientific Meetings // AHC, Vol. 7, № 2, April-June 1985. P. 141-155.

Huskey H. D. The National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) // AHC, Vol. 2, № 2, April-June 1980. P. 111-121.

Huskey H. D. From ACE to the G-15 // AHC, Vol. 6, № 4, October-December 1984. P. 350-371.

Huskey H. D. Derrick Henry Lehmer // AHC, Vol. 17, № 2, 1995. P. 64-68.

Huskey H. D. SWAC Standards Western Automatic Computer: The Pioneer Day Session at NCC July 1978 // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, April-June 1997. P. 51-61.

Huskey, Harry D. Harry D. Huskey: His Story. Book Surge. 149 p.

Harry Huskey was born in the Smokey Mountain area of North Carolina and grew up in Idaho. He received his Bachelor's degree at the University of Idaho, his Master's and Doctorate at The Ohio State University. He married Velma Roeth and they had four children; Carolyn, Roxanne, Harry Jr. and Linda. He worked part time on the ENIAC [first general purpose electronic computer], designed and managed the construction of the SWAC and designed the G15 which was manufactured and sold by Bendix. He spent a year working on computers at the National Physical Laboratories in England. After five years at the National Bureau of Standards he joined the faculty of the University of California first at Berkeley and then Santa Cruz. He spent two years in India working on computers with Ford Foundation and USAID support. With UNESCO support he supplied technical support to the Rangoon University in Burma. At age 70 he retired from the University of California. Velma died in 1991 and Harry married Nancy Grindstaff in 1994. They now live in Sun City Hilton Head in South Carolina.

Huskey H. D., Thorensen R., Ambrosio B. F., Yowell E. C. The SWAC Design Features and Operating Experience // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, April-June 1997. P. 46-50.

Ibbett R. N. The University of Manchester MU5 Project // AHC, Vol. 21, № 1, January-March 1999. P. 24-33.

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Ifrah G. The Universal History of Computing. From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. (Volume II). Transl. from the French … N.-Y.: John Wiley & Sons, 2000. 410 p.

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Jackson, Tim. Inside Intel: Andrew Grove and the Rise of the World's Most Powerful ChipCompany. Dutton Adult, 1997. 424 p.

Jacob L. F. G. Le Calcul Mécanique. Paris: Octave Doin et Fils, 1911.

Jeseen, Eike. Origin of the virtual memory concept // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 71-72.

Jevons H. W. Wiliam Stanley Jevons: His Life // Econometrica, vol. 2, 1934. P. 225-231.

Воспоминания сына выдающегося английского экономиста и математика, одного из создателей современной математической логики и автора известной механической логической машины.

Johansson M. Early Analog Computers in Sweden // AHC, vol. 18, № 4, 1996. P. 27-33.

John Atanasoff. The Father of the Computer. Ed. by Prof. Dimitar Shishkov. TANGRA, 2001. 191 p.

Johnston, Stephen. Making the arithmometer count // Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, vol. 52, 1997. P. 12-21.

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Подробная история арифмометра Тома де Кольмара, анализ его места в истории вычислительной техники.

Jones A. Five 1951 BBC Broadcasts on Automatic Calculating Machines // AHC, Vol. 26, № 2, April-June 2004. P. 4-15.

Jones W. D. Watson and Me: A Life at IBM (ed. by Dan Black) // AHC, vol. 25, № 3, 2003. P. 4-18.

Jones W. J. MGDPs and DSDPS Two Stages of an Early Operating System // AHC, Vol. 11, № 2, Summer 1989. P. 99-108.

Jukes, Geoff. More on the Soviets and Ultra // Intelligence and National Security, vol. 3, № 2, April 1988. P 233-247.

Hypothesis, that the Soviets deciphered Admiral Dönitz' instructions (sometimes called the JW 55B message) to Scharnhorst (Rear Admiral Bey) on 25 December 1943 and that this indicates that the Soviets could break the Naval Enigma.

Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes, 1939-1943. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991. 336 p.

Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. Revised ed. N.-Y.: Scribner. 1996. 1200 p.

Kahn D. An Enigma Chronology / Selections from Cryptologia: history, people, and technology. Deavours Cipher A., ed. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. P. 423-432.

Kangsheng, Shen. Mutual-subtraction algorithm and its applications in ancient China // Historia Mathematica, vol. 15, May 1988. P. 135-147.

In traditional Chinese mathematics the mutual-subtraction algorithm, which appeared early in the first century A.D., was used to find the greatest common factor and least common multiple of integers; to calculate the common period of fractional periods; and to obtain best approximations of decimals as well as to solve congruences and indeterminate equations of first degree. These various operations have both international and practical significance. The mutual-subtraction algorithm and the Euclidean algorithm are well matched. Zhu Chongzhi's approximation =355/113 was possibly made by the algorithm. Around 1800 the European mathematicians L. Euler, J. L. C. Lagrange, and C. F. Gauss discovered a solution for congruences of first degree which is the same as the corresponding Chinese method using the algorithm, but the latter is about 600 years older.

Kaplan R., Kaplan E. The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 240 p.

Karpinski, Louis Charles. The History of Arithmetic. N.-Y.: Russel & Russel, 1965. *** p.

Kaufman, Henry N. Some Uses for the Hollerith Machines // Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, vol. 11, 1909-10. P. 276-295. (Обсуждение статьи. P. 545-549).

Kay A. C. The early history of Smalltalk // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 69-95.

Keen, John. Harold “Doc” Keen and the Bletchley Park bombe. Baldwin, 2003. 89 p.

Воспоминания сына о создателе английской “Бомбы”.

Keet, Ernest E. (“Lee”). A Personal Recollection of Softwares Early Days (1960-1979): Part 1 // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 46-61.

Keet, Ernest E. (“Lee”). A Personal Recollection of Softwares Early Days (1960-1979): Part 2 // AHC, Vol. 27, № 4, October-December 2005. P. 31-45.

Kehrbaum A. The Calculating Devices of Samuel Morland and Rene Grillet // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 1-15.

Kehrbaum A., Korte B. Calculi: Images of Computing in Olden and Modern Times. Bonn: Special publication of the Academy of Sciences of Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1995.

Kemeny J. G., Kurtz T. E. Back to Basic: The History, Corruption, and Future of the Language. Addison-Wesley, 1985. 141 p.

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Kennedy E. S. Applied Mathematics in the Tenth Century: Abul-Wafa Calculates the Distance Baghdad-Mecca // Historia Mathematica, vol. 11, May 1984. P. 193-206.

Ketner, Kenneth Laine and Stewart, Arthur W. The Early History of Computer Design, Charles Sanders Peirce and Marquands Logical Machines // The Princeton University Library Chronicle, vol. XLV, № 3, Spring 1984. P. 187-222.

Kidwell P. A. The Webb Adder // Rittenhouse, Vol. 1, № 1, 1986. P. 12-18.

Биография Чарльза Г. Уэбба (1835-1905), известного американского журналиста, писателя и изобретателя, а также описание карманного сумматора его конструкции, который стал первым коммерчески успешным счетным прибором в США.

Kidwell P. A. Nystroms Calculating Rule // Rittenhouse, Vol. 1, № 4, 1987. P. 102-105.

Kidwell P. A. Elizur Wrights Arithmeter. An Early American Spiral Slide Rule // Rittenhouse, Vol. 4, № 13. P. 1-4.

Kidwell P. A. American Scientists and Calculating Machines From Novelty to Commonplace // AHC, Vol.12, № 1, 1990. P. 31-40.

Kidwell P. A. Adders Made and Used in the United States // Rittenhouse, Vol. 8, № 31, 1993. P. 78-96.

В статье характеризуются многочисленные суммирующие устройства, запатентованные и производившиеся в США начиная с середины XIX в.

Kidwell P. A. Ideology and Invention: The Calculating Machine of Ramón Verea // Rittenhouse, Vol. 9, № 34, 1994. P. 33-41.

Живший в США изобретатель испанского происхождения Рамон Вереа запатентовал в 1878 г. вычислительную машину с прямым умножением. В статье также рассказывается о жизни Вереа, получившего известность как журналист и романист.

Kidwell P. A. American Parallel Rules: Invention on the Fringes of Industry // Rittenhouse, Vol. 10, № 39. P. 90-96.

На многочисленных примерах показывается постепенное проникновение цифровых (арифмометры, сумматоры) и аналоговых (логарифмические линейки, гармонические анализаторы) вычислительных устройств в практику деятельности научных учреждений США. Статья охватывает период с 1865 г. по 1920 г.

Kidwell P. A. Stalking the Elusive Computer Bug // AHC, Vol. 20, № 4, October/December 1998. P. 5-9.

Kidwell P. A. Thomas Hill: Minister, Intellectual and Inventor // Rittenhouse, Vol. 12, № 48, 1998. P. 111-119.

Биография и работы американского священника, президента Гарвардского университета Томаса Хилла, автора первой двухразрядной суммирующей машины с клавишным вводом (1857 г.).

Kidwell P. A. The Adding Machine Fraternity at St. Louis: Creating a Center of Invention, 1880-1920 // AHC, Vol. 22, № 2, April-June 2000. P. 4-21.

Анализ деятельности крупнейших американских изобретателей, работавших в Сент-Луисе (Ф. Болдуин, У. Бэрроуз, братья У. и Г. Гопкинсы), компании которых заложили основу рынка суммирующих машин.

Kidwell P. A. “Yours for Improvement” The Adding Machines of Chicago, 1884-1930 // AHC, Vol. 23, № 3, July-September 2001. P. 3-21.

Подробный анализ деятельности чикагских изобретателей суммирующих машин (Д. Ю. Фельт и др.) и основанных ими компаний в период с 1884 г. по 1930 г.

Kidwell P. A., Ceruzzi P. E. Landmarks in Digital Computing: A Smithsonian Pictorial History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. 152 p.

The book began as a response to the many requests we get, at both museums, for information about our collections of computing machinery and especially for photographs. It is not a comprehensive catalog--indeed, no such catalog exists although there are computerized records of both museums' collections in computing. To produce such a catalog would critically depend on a

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number of assumptions about the criteria for inclusion; i.e., what exactly constitutes a "computing machine." Some of these intellectual issues are discussed in the Preface, reproduced below.

Kilby J. S. Invention of the Integrated Circuit // IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-23, № 7, July 1976. P. 648-654.

King D. A. On medieval Islamic multiplication tables // Historia Mathematica, vol. 1, August 1974. P. 317-323.

King D. A. Supplementary Notes on Medieval Islamic multiplication tables // Historia Mathematica, vol. 6, November 1979. P. 405-417.

King J., Shelly W. A. A Family History of Honeywells Large-Scale Computer Systems // AHC, Vol. 19, № 4, October-December 1997. P. 42-46.

Kirsch R. A. SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards // AHC, Vol. 20, № 2, April-June 1998. P. 7-13.

Kirstein, Peter T. Early Experiences With the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom // AHC, Vol. 21, № 1, January-March 1999. P. 38-44.

Kistermann F. W. Abridged Multiplication The Architecture of Wilhelm Schickards Calculating Machine of 1623 // Vistas in Astronomy, vol. 28, 1985. P. 347-353.

Kistermann F. W. The invention and development of the Hollerith punched card: in commemoration of the 130th anniversary of the birth of Herman Hollerith and for the 100 th anniversary of large scale data processing // AHC, vol. 13, 1991, № 3. P. 245-259.

Kistermann F. W. Die Rechentechnik um 1600 und Wilhelm Schickards Rechenmaschine / Friedrich Seck (ed.). Zum 400. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Schickard ... (Contubernium ..., vol. 41), Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1995. P. 241-272.

Kistermann F. W. The Way to the First Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator: The 1935 DEHOMAG D 11 Tabulator // AHC, Vol. 17, № 2, Summer 1995. P. 33-49.

Kistermann F. W. The Slow Acceptance of Mechanical Calculating Machines – Some Reflections and Remarks // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 6. Inner Mongolia Press, 1996. P. 32-43.

Kistermann F. W. Locating the Victim: The Nonrole of Punched Card Technology and Census Work // AHC, vol. 19, № 2, April-June 1997. P. 31-45.

Kistermann F. W. Blaise Pascals adding machine, novel findings and conclusions // AHC, vol. 20, № 1, January-March 1998. P. 69-76.

Kistermann F. W. When Could Anyone Have Seen Leibnizs Stepped Wheel? // AHC, Vol. 21, № 2, 1999. P. 68-72.

Kistermann F. W. Leo Wenzel Pollak (1888-1964): Czechoslovakian Pioneer in Scientific Data Processing // AHC, Vol. 21, № 4, October-December 1999. P. 62-68.

Kistermann F. W. How to use the Schickard calculator // AHC, vol. 23, № 1, January-March 2001. P. 80-85.

Kistermann F. W. Hollerith Punched Card System Development (1905-1913) // AHC, vol. 27, № 1, January-March 2005. P. 56-66.

The author traces the development of the Hollerith tabulating machine, what is part of the Hollerith Punched Card system during the years 1905 until 1913, and describes the machine's applications of most interest to customers at that time. Hollerith added the plug-board for flexible wiring to his tabulating machine for different applications, as a result of customer demand.

Kita C. I. J. C. R. Lickliders Vision for the IPTO // AHC, Vol. 25, № 3, July-September, 2003. P.62-77.

Kleene S. C. Origins of Recursive Function Theory // AHC, Vol. 3, № 1, January-March 1981. P. 52-67.

Klimenko S. V. Computer Science in Russia: A Personal View // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 16-30.

Knapp, Hans Georg. Zahl als Zeichen zur “technisierung” der arithmetik im mittelalter // Historia Mathematica, vol. 15, May 1988. P. 114-134.

This article deals with the impact of the concept of calculation on arithmetic during the Middle Ages. This intellectual process is presented in the context of the conception of a sign in the Middle

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Ages, and the beginnings of technical ways of thought set against the background of the way of life at that time.

Knorr W. Techniques of Fractions in Ancient Egypt and Greece // Historia Mathematica, vol. 9, May 1982. P. 133-171.

Knott C. G. Edward Sang and His Logarithmic Calculations / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 261-268.

Knott, John V. Fowler & Company 1898-1988 // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 4, № 2, October 1995. P. 16-17.

Makers of Fowler's circular slide rule.

Knuth D. E. Von Neumanns First Computer Program // Computer Surveys, vol. 2, № 4, December 1970. P. 247-260.

Охарактеризованы основные свойства архитектуры и система команд компьютера EDVAC, описанного Дж. фон Нейманом в отчете 1946 г., а также усовершенствования, предложенные им впоследствии на основе анализа эффективности работы программы сортировки, написанной фон Нейманом.

Knuth D. E. Ancient Babylonian algorithms // Communications of the ACM, vol. 15, 1972. P. 671-677.

Knuth D. E. The IBM 650: An Appreciation from the Field // AHC, Vol. 8, № 1, January-March 1986. P. 50-55.

Knuth D. E., Pardo L. T. Early Development of Programming Languages / Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Vol. 7. N.-Y.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1977. P. 419-493.

Könekamp R. William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882): Some Biographical Notes // Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies, vol. 30, № 3, 1962. P. 251-273.

Koss A. M. Programming on the Univac 1: A Womans Account // AHC, Vol. 25, № 1, January-March 2003. P. 48-59.

Koss A. M. Programming at Burroughs and Philco in the 1950s // AHC, Vol. 25, № 4 October-December 2003. P. 40-50.

Kowalski R. A. The early years of logic programming // Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, № 1, January 1988. P. 38-43.

Kozaczuk, Wladyslaw. Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two. Frederick: University Publications of America, 1984. 348 p.

This book tells how the Polish broke the code using mathematics (not a captured machine as is commonly thought) and details the methods used to decrypt messages when settings were changed. There is a lot of (Polish) patriotic pride in this book which occasionally gets in the way of the content, but it is an excellent book nonetheless. It includes an appendix in which the mathematician who originally broke Enigma explains exactly how he did it which is especially interesting.

Kranakis E. Early Computers in the Netherlands // CWI Quarterly, Vol. 1, № 4, December 1988. P. 61-84.

Krasner, Glen. Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice. Addison-Wesley, 1983. 344 p.

Kruh L. The Genesis of the Jefferson/Bazeries Cipher Device // Cryptologia, vol. 5, № 4, October 1981. P. 193-208.

Kruh L., Deavours C. The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography // Cryptologia, Vol. XXVI, № 1, January 2002. P. 1-14.

Krull F. N. The Origin of Computer Graphics within General Motors // AHC, Vol. 16, № 3, Fall 1994. P. 40-56.

Kuester J. R., Moceyunas A. K. Patents for Software-Related Inventions // Iterations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History, vol. 2, April 4, 2003. P. 1-14.

Land F. The First Business Computer: A Case Study in User-Driven Innovation // AHC, Vol. 22, № 3, July-September 2000. P. 16-26.

Larson E. Findings of facts, conclusions of law and order for judgment // U.S. Patent Quarterly 180. P. 673-773.

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Текст решения судьи по делу о патенте ENIAC.

Lavington S. H. History of Manchester Computers. Manchester: NCC Publications, 1975.

Lavington S. H. Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the Men Who Built Them. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980. 141 p.

Lavington S. H. Manchester Computer Architectures, 1948-1975 // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 44-54.

Lavington S. H. The Pegasus Story: the History of a British Vintage Computer. London: Science Museum, 2000. 64 p.

Layer H. A. Microcomputer History and Prehistory An Archaeological Beginning // AHC, Vol. 11, № 2, Summer 1989. P. 127-130.

Leaders of the Information Age. Edited by David Weil. 2004. 626 p.

Leclerc B. From Gamma 2 to Gamma E.T.: The Birth of Electronic Computing at Bull // AHC, Vol. 12, № 1, 1990. P. 5-22.

Lee J. A. N. The Rise and Fall of the General Electric Corporation Computer Department // AHC, Vol. 17, № 4, Winter 1995. P. 24-45.

Lee J. A. N. Computer Pioneers. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. 1995. 816 p.

Lee J. A. N. Richard Wesley Hamming // AHC, Vol. 20, № 2, April-June 1998. P. 60-62.

Lee J. A. N. Howard Aikens Third Machine: The Harvard Mark III Calculator or Aiken-Dahlgren Electronic Calculator // AHC, Vol. 22, № 1, January-March 2000. P. 62-81.

Lee J. A. N., Burke C., Anderson D. The US Bombes, NCR, Joseph Desch, and 600 WAVES: The First Reunion of the US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory // AHC, vol. 22, № 3, 2000. P. 27-41.

The code-breaking activities of the British Government Code & Cipher School at Bletchley Park have dominated our understanding of the secret war to infiltrate the message system of the German forces in Europe between 1939 and 1945. This is the story of the US Navy’s response to the need to gain intelligence to win the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941 and 1942, the competitive development of mechanical code-breaking systems, and the contributions of NCR engineer Joseph Desch and 600 Navy WAVES.

Lee J. A. N., Holtzman G. 50 Years After Breaking the Codes: Interviews with Two of the Bletchley Park Scientists // AHC, Vol. 17, № 1, Spring 1995. P. 32-43.

Lee J. A. N., Rosin R. The Project MAC Interviews // AHC, Vol. 14, № 2, April-June 1992. P. 14-35.

Lee J. A. N., Snively G. E. The Rise and Sale of the General Electric Computer Department: A Further Look // AHC, Vol. 22, № 2, April-June 2000. P. 53-60.

Leeuw, Karl de. The Dutch Invention of the Rotor Machine, 1915–1923 // Cryptologia, vol. 27, № 1, January 2003. P. 73-94.

Legacy of John Von Neumann, The (Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, Vol. 50) by James Glimm, John Impagliazzo, Isadore Singer. American Mathematical Society, 1990. 334 p.

From Book News, Inc.

Handsome proceedings of a conference which took place in May 1988 at Hofstra U. (Hempstead, NY). Contains the texts of twenty-two presentations by persons (Peter Lax, George Mackey, Donald Ornstein, Francis Murray, Jack Cowan, many others) who were privileged to know John von Neumann. Some speak mainly about the man himself, others about recent developments in fields into which he breathed life. Includes photos, and the previously unpublished text of a paper (1946) by Herman Goldstine & John von Neumann "On the principles of large scale computing machines". (NW) Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

Product Description:

The ideas of John von Neumann have had a profound influence on modern mathematics and science. One of the great thinkers of our century, von Neumann initiated major branches of mathematics---from operator algebras to game theory to scientific computing---and had a

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fundamental impact on such areas as self-adjoint operators, ergodic theory and the foundations of quantum mechanics, and numerical analysis and the design of the modern computer.

This volume contains the proceedings of an AMS Symposium in Pure Mathematics, held at Hofstra University, in May 1988. The symposium brought together some of the foremost researchers in the wide range of areas in which von Neumann worked. These articles illustrate the sweep of von Neumann's ideas and thinking and document their influence on contemporary mathematics. In addition, some of those who knew von Neumann when he was alive have presented here personal reminiscences about him. This book is directed to those interested in operator theory, game theory, ergodic theory, and scientific computing, as well as to historians of mathematics and others having an interest in the contemporary history of the mathematical sciences. This book will give readers an appreciation for the workings of the mind of one of the mathematical giants of our time.

Lehmer D. N. Hunting big game in the theory of numbers // Scripta Mathematica, 1, 1933. P. 229-235.

Lehmer D. H. The History of the Sieve Process / Metropolis N., Howlett J., Rota G.-C., eds. A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. Academic Press, Inc., N.-Y. 1980. P. 445-456.

Lesourne J., Armand R. A Brief History of the First Decade of SEMA // AHC, Vol. 13, № 4, October-December 1991. P. 341-349.

Levey M., Petruck M. Kushyâr ibn Labbân: Principles of Hindu Reckoning. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1965. 114 p.

Levitt, Gerald M. The Turk, Chess Automaton. McFarland & Company, 2000. 258 p.

Lévy, Pierre. The Invention of the Computer / Michel Serres (ed.). A History of Scientific Thought: Elements of a History of Science. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. P. 636-663.

Lewin C. G. An Early Book on Compound Interest // Journal Institute of Actuaries, vol. 96, 1970. P. 121-132.

Lewin R. Ultra Goes to War: The first account of World War IIs greatest secret based on official documents. N.-Y.: McGrow-Hill, 1978. 397 p.

Light J. When Computers Were Women // Technology & Culture, vol. 40, 1999. P. 455-483.

Lindgren M. Glory and Failure: The Difference Engines of Johann Muller, Charles Babbage, and Georg and Edvard Scheutz. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990. 415 p.

This book is the first to provide a unified picture of the difference engines that were the mechanical predecessors of today's digital computer, to emphasize them as part of the history of numerical tables, and to give equal weight to the technical and social aspects of their creation.The story of Georg and Edvard Scheutz is a well written and entertaining scientific book. A young schoolboy, Edvard Scheutz, succeeds in his kitchen to construct a difference engine that works better then that of the famous Charles Babbage. The story of how father and son struggle together to make their difference engine a profitable invention is incredibly interesting both in a technical and economical aspect but also in a social aspect. Interesting is of course also why a genious invention like theirs becomes such a financial failure.

Lindsay, David. Talking Head // American Heritage of Invention and Technology, vol. 13, 1997. P. 57-63.

“Говорящая голова” Йозефа Фабера.

Lindsey C. H. A history of ALGOL 68 // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 97-132.

Liskov B. A history of CLU // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 133-147.

Locke L. L. The history of modern calculating machines, and American contribution // American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 31, 1924. P. 422-429.

Logue J. C. From Vacuum Tubes to VLSI Integration: A Personal Memoir // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July-September 1998. P. 55-68.

Longo B. Edmund Berkeley, Computers, and Modern Methods of Thinking // AHC, Vol. 26, № 4, October-December 2004. P. 4-18.

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Edmund Berkeley established himself as an influential force in the early development of computer science. This article examines Berkeley’s work with symbolic logic and explores how this knowledge shaped his ideas about early electronic computers. It further explores how Berkeley applied symbolic logic and human reasoning to the design of relay computers, especially machines designed for the insurance industry.

Luebke D. M., Milton S. Locating the Victim: An Overview of Census-Taking, Tabulation Technology, and Persecution in Nazi Germany // AHC, vol. 16, 1994, № 3. P. 25-39.

Lukaszewicz, Leon. On the Beginnings of Computer Development in Poland // AHC, Vol. 12, № 2, 1990. P. 103-107.

Lukoff, Herman. From Dits to Bits: A Personal History of the Electronic Computer. Portland, OR: Robotics Press, 1979. 219 p.

Lundstrom, David E. A Few Good Men from UNIVAC. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1987. 300 p.

In this personal memoir, electrical engineer David Lundstrom recalls the heyday of early computing - the rise of Control Data out of the Univac division of Sperry Rand, such milestone computer systems as the Univac and the Naval Tactical Data System the exploits of CDC's top designer Seymour Cray, and the gradual corporate shift from the exciting and technically interesting world of computer design to internal politics and clumsy bureaucracy.

MacHale, Desmond. George Boole: His Life and Work. Dublin, Ireland: Boole Press Limited, 1985. 304 p.

Mackenzie C. E. Coded Character Sets, History and Development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979. 513 p.

Mackenzie D. The Influence of the Los Alamos and Livermore National Laboratories on the Development of Supercomputing // AHC, Vol. 13, № 2, April-June 1991. P. 179-201.

MacRae, Norman. John Von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More. American Mathematical Society, 1999. 405 p.

This volume is the reprinted edition of the first full-scale biography of the man widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the century after Einstein.

Mahoney M. S. The History of Computing in the History of Technology // AHC, Vol. 10, № 2, April-June 1988. P. 113-125.

Maier J. H. Thirty Years of Computer Science Developments in the Peoples Republic of China: 1956-1985 // AHC, vol. 10, № 1, January-March 1988. P. 19-34.

Malone, Michael S. The Microprocessor: A Biography. Springer, 1995. 347 p.

Maney K. The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. Wiley, 2003. 416 p.

Maor E. e: the Story of a Number. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. 232 p.

Maor E. Trigonometric Delights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. 256 p.

Marciszewski W., Murawski R. Mechanization of Reasoning in a Historical Perspective. Amsterdam/Atlanta, GA: Rodopi 1995. 267 p.

Marcus M., Akera A. Exploring the Architecture of an Early Machine: The Historical Relevance of the ENIAC Machine Architecture // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 17-24.

Marczynski R. W. "The First Seven Years of Polish Digital Computers // AHC, Vol. 2, № 1, January-March, 1980. P. 37-48.

Marguin, Jean. Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante, 1642-1942. Paris: Harmann, 1994. 200 p.

An incredible book, probably the most comprehensive contemporary book in it's coverage of the subject. It has incredible photographs of items which can been seen in museums only.

Marks S. L. JOSS: Conversational Computing for the Nonprogrammer // AHC, Vol. 4, № 1, January-March 1982. P. 35-52.

Martin E. Die Rechenmaschinen und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte. Pappenheim, 1925. (Англ. перевод: The Calculating Machines: Their History and Development, ed. P. A. Kidwell and M. R. Williams, 1992. 412 p.)

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This book examines how location decisions have contributed to the global dominance of U.S. firms in the hard disk drive industry. In analyzing the industry since its beginnings some forty years ago, the book explains how American leadership in disk drives has rested on the formation of two complementary industrial clusters. Fundamental research and product development has been located almost entirely in the United States, principally California. Manufacturing has been concentrated in Southeast Asia (initially in Singapore and later in Thailand and Malaysia as well). This duality has proven key to the successful competitive position of the U.S. disk drive industry.

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The thesis of this article is that Bede's great work on time reckoning, the De temporum ratione (A.D. 725), contains the seeds of later calendar reform. The year 664 was distinguished not only by the Synod of Whitby, after which the Northumbrian Church conformed to the Roman method of calculating Easter, but by an event of computistical significance - the solar eclipse on 1 May. Since this date showed the Roman reckoning to be inaccurate, it was altered to 3 May. Bede knew of this alteration and was uneasy about it. He at first attempted to justify the ecclesiastical dating, although eyewitness accounts showed it to be wrong, and later, by referring to the Acta synodi, a document used by the Irish to justify their Easter reckoning, implied how a solution to the problem might be found. In the eleventh century, Gerland spelled out the heterodox ideas at which Bede had only hinted.

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Development of the thermionic valve. Historical survey of early research in semiconductors. Development of the transistor. Major technical processes used in semiconductor device fabrication. Review of major factors affecting the growth of the United States semiconductor industry. Review of the factors affecting the growth of the Japanese and South Korean semiconductor industries. Review of the European semiconductor industry.

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Norberg A. L. Computers and Commerce. A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005. 384 p.

Between 1946 and 1957 computing went from a preliminary, developmental stage to more widespread use accompanied by the beginnings of the digital computer industry. During this crucial decade, spurred by rapid technological advances, the computer enterprise became a major phenomenon. In Computers and Commerce, Arthur Norberg explores the importance of these years in the history of computing by focusing on technical developments and business strategies at two important firms, both established in 1946, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) and Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company (EMCC), from their early activities through their acquisition by Remington Rand.Both ERA and EMCC had their roots in World War II, and in postwar years both firms received major funding from the United States government. Norberg analyzes the interaction between the two companies and the government and examines the impact of this institutional context on technological innovation. He assesses the technical contributions of such key company figures as J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Grace Hopper, and William Norris, analyzing the importance of engineering knowledge in converting theoretical designs into workable machines. Norberg looks at the two firms' operations after 1951 as independent subsidiaries of Remington Rand, and documents the management problems that began after Remington Rand merged with Sperry Gyroscope to form Sperry Rand in 1955.

Norberg A. L., ONeill J. E., Freedman K. J. Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. 384 p.

Examines the US Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency during its heyday, and the impact it had on developments in computer science and engineering. Analyzes the management of the office, the origins and growth of important programs, and the interaction of the staff with the academic and industrial research and development communities. Emphasizes the agency's Information Processing Techniques Office role in executing cutting-edge research, and shows how by the 1990s the results had been assimilated into practical use in both military and civilian society.

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Воспоминания известного английского инженера, одного из создателей манчестерского дифференциального анализатора (1936 г.).

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Poundstone's three-dimensional outline of game theory mathematics sketches the life of its inventor, John von Neumann, and his role in Cold War policy-making.

This very readable book is partly a biography of John von Neumann, partly a nontechnical history of the branch of mathematics known as game theory, and partly a description of some of the paradoxical findings that arise from that theory. Von Neumann was a brilliant mathematician who was the major figure in the Manhattan Project and later an active public figure. Thus, those portions of the book that deal with his life are interesting and informative. Those sections that deal with game theory use no mathematics beyond simple arithmetic and are thus fascinating, thought provoking, and easily accessible to the layperson. For all biography and science collections.

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Pugh E. W. Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1995. 432 p.

Building IBM tells the story of that company - how it was formed, how it grew, and how it shaped and dominated the information processing industry. Emerson Pugh presents substantial new material about the company in the period before 1945 as well as a new interpretation of the postwar era.Granted unrestricted access to IBM's archival records and with no constraints on the way he chose to treat the information they contained, Pugh dispels many widely held myths about IBM and its leaders and provides new insights on the origins and development of the computer industry.Pugh begins the story with Herman Hollerith's invention of punched-card machines used for tabulating the U.S. Census of 1890, showing how Hollerith's inventions and the business he established provided the primary basis for IBM. He tells why Hollerith merged his company in 1911 with two other companies to create the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, which changed its name in 1924 to International Business Machines. Thomas J. Watson, who was hired in 1914 to manage the merged companies, exhibited remarkable technological insight and leadership - in addition to his widely heralded salesmanship - to build Hollerith's business into a virtual monopoly of the rapidly growing punched-card equipment business.The fascinating inside story of the transfer of authority from the senior Watson to his older son, Thomas J. Watson Jr., and the company's rapid domination of the computer industry occupy the latter half of the book. In two final chapters, Pugh examines conditions and events of the 1970s and 1980s and identifies the underlying causes of the severe problems IBM experienced in the 1990s.

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Pugh E. W., Johnson L. R., Palmer J. H. IBMs 360 and Early 370 Systems. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991. 844 p.

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Randell B. The Colossus / A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G. C. Rota, Eds.), N.-Y.: Academic Press, 1980. P. 47-92.

Randell B. From Analitical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush // AHC, vol. 4, 1982, № 4. P. 327-341.

Randell B., ed. The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1982. 580 p.

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Randell B. The Origins of Computer Programming // AHC, vol. 16, № 4, Winter 1994. P. 6-14.

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Redmond K. C., Smith T. M. From Whirlwind to MITRE. The R & D Story of the SAGE Air Defense Computer. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000. 547 p.

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Riordan M., Hoddeson L. The origins of the pn junction // IEEE Spectrum, June 1997. P. 46-51.

1. Ritchie D. The Computer Pioneers: The Making of the Modern Computer. N.-Y.: Simon and Shuster, 1986. 238 p.

Ritchie develops his argument by looking at computers and advances in computing that date from the Second World War – British machines with colloquial names, built especially for codebreaking, that have since become legendary such as the Bombe, Heath Robinson and the Collossus. He also discusses other computers built from the 1930s to the 1950s, which although not especially built for the war effort, were spurred on by the same technological developments of the time. These include the Harvard Marks I, II & III, the ABC, and ENIAC and its descendents. By so doing, Ritchie gives us a sense of the excitement present in this era in computing, and of the great leaps of faith required to couple new technology with old ideas and problems.

The Computer Pioneers begins with a brief overview of the work of Babbage, Leibniz and Kelvin, jumps from there to the “Hollerith tabulator” of the 1880s, and from there to the work of Vannevar Bush (famous later for his idea of the Memex) and Bush’s tackling of Kelvin’s unfinished problems. Ritchie then goes on to the war years, and ends with a description of EDVAC and IAS, IBM projects of the late 1940s and ‘50s. Although his depictions of the machines are fascinating and easy to digest, Ritchie puts most of his emphasis on the people involved, describing not only their ideas but their personalities and physical appearances. Bush, for instance, “wore spectacles perched on a long and bony nose and resembled a beardless Uncle Sam” (23). This makes for compelling and fast reading, although I occasionally wished for more technical description. One nice feature is the “appendix of machines” that Ritchie includes in the back of the book; this is a list of 17 of the early machines and brief descriptions of them. Although The Computer Pioneers is almost two decades old, since it ends its account in the 1950s it remains accurate (except for the comparisons of early machines to “modern home computers”)

2. Ritchie D. M. The development of the C language // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 201-208.

3. Rodrigues A. L. Biografia de D. Leonardo Torres Quevedo. Santander, 1974.

4. Rogers, William H. THINK; A biography of the Watsons and IBM. Stein and Day, 1969. 320 p.

5. Rojas R. On Basic Concepts of Early Computers in Relation to Contemporary Architectures // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 5. Inner Mongolia Press, 1995. P. 60-70.

6. Rojas R. Sixty Years of Computation: The Machines of Konrad Zuse. Berlin: Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, 1996.

7. Rojas R. Konrad Zuses Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, April-June 1997. P. 5-16.

8. Rojas R. How to Make Zuses Z3 a Universal Computer // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July-September 1998. P. 51-54.

9. Rojas R. Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. VIII, 221 S.

10. Rojas R., Hashagen U. (eds.) The First Computers – History and Architectures. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2000. 471 p.

11. Rojas R. Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001. 950 p.

The Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History provides a complete A-to-Z reference guide to computers, their development, and their usage in today's world. Beginning with "Abacus," this two-volume set provides over 900 pages of facts, definitions, biographies, histories, and explanations of a remarkable variety of computer-related subjects. The Encyclopedia's 600 entries--many of which represent the first reference treatment of their subjects--address the diverse topics that form the backbone of the information revolution. Entries include essays on major corporations, computing machines, software, networking, computing concepts, research, laboratories, and pioneering individuals in computing history. In addition to these essays, each entry is also followed by a helpful list of further reading on that subject. Contributors to the Encyclopedia represent a wide cross-section of accomplished scholars in the fields of computer science and scientific history. Their informative, accessible essays enable readers to learn about computer history in a non-intimidating way.

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An invaluable addition to any library collection, the Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History is an indispensable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and anybody with an interest in, or question about, computers.

12. Rojas R., Darius F., Guktekin C., Heyne G. The Reconstruction of Konrad Zuses Z3 // AHC, vol. 27, № 3, July-September 2005. P. 23-32.

13. Rollo, Lindsey. The typography of tables. A note on L. J. Comrie // Kotare: A Journal of New Zealand Studies. Vol. Four, Number One, 2001. P. 21-31.

14. Rollo, Lindsey. A Benevolent Astronomer: Further notes on L. J. Comrie // Kotare: A Journal of New Zealand Studies. Vol. Five, Number One, 2004. (Electronic resource).

15. Rosen S. Recollections of the Philco Transac S-2000 // AHC, Vol. 26, № 2, April-June 2004. P. 34-47.

In 1954, engineers at Philco Corporation invented the surface barrier transistor, the first transistor suitable for use in high-speed computers. Philco set up a computer activity - eventually a computer division - and in 1957 introduced the Philco Transac S-2000, the first largescale, transistorized scientific computer system offered as a product by a computer manufacturer. In the spring of 1958, I was hired by Philco to organize a programming systems department to provide software support for the new computer system. This article presents part of the history of the Philco computer effort from one participant’s point of view. Despite a number of successful installations, the Philco computer division lacked adequate resources to remain competitive in an area dominated by IBM, and Philco withdrew from the general-purpose computer field in 1965.

16. Rosinska G. Tables Trigonometriques de Giovanni Bianchini // Historia Mathematica, vol. 8, February 1981. P. 46-55.

17. Ross I. M. The Foundation of the Silicon Age // Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 2, № 4, Autumn 1997. P. 3-14.

18. Rubinstein R. D. H. Lehmers Number Sieves // The Computer Museum Report, v. 4, Spring 1983. Marlboro, Mass.

19. Russo S. A., Schure C. The Calculating Engines of Frank S. Baldwin // Rittenhouse, Vol. 11, 1994. P. 93-96.

20. Russo, Thomas A. Antique Office Machines: 600 Years of Calculating Devices. Schiffer Publishing, 2002. 224 p.

Great pictures, companion volume to Russo's typewriter guide. There are timelines, historical sections, and chapters covering adding machines, slide rules, and so on. Quite informative.

21. Rutland D. Why Computers are Computers. The SWAC and the PC. Wren Publishers, 1995. 208 p.

22. Rutland D. Memories of the SWAC // AHC, Vol. 19, № 2, 1997. P. 63-69.

23. Saidan A. S. The earliest extant Arabic arithmetic // Isis, vol. 57, 1966. P. 475-490.

Использование десятичных дробей у аль-Уклидиси.

24. Saidan A. S. The Arithmetic of Abul Wafa // Isis, vol. 65, 1974. P. 367-375.

25. Saidan A. S. The Arithmetic of Al-Uqlîdisî. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, 1978. 509 p.

26. Sale, Anthony E. The Rebuilding of Colossus at Bletchley Park // AHC, vol. 27, № 3, July-September 2005. P. 61-69.

27. Sammet J. B. Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969. 785 p.

Главы с IV по IX содержат исторический очерк и характеристику около 120 основных языков программирования, созданных к концу 1967 года с учетом их классификации: языки для вычислительных целей, для коммерческих применений, для обработки строк и списков, универсальные языки, специализированные языки и др.

28. Sammet J. E. Brief Summary of the Early History of COBOL // AHC, Vol. 7, № 4, October-December 1985. P. 288-303.

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29. Sampson R. A. Bibliography of books exhibited at the Napier tercentenary celebration, July 1914 / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 177-242.

30. Santesmases J. G. Obra e Inventos de Torres Quevedo. Madrid: Instituto de Espana, 1980.

31. Santesmases J. G. Early Computer Developments in Madrid // AHC, Vol. 4, № 1, January-March 1982. P. 31-34.

32. Sarton G. Simon Stevin of Bruges (1548-1620) // Isis, vol. 21, 1934. P. 241-303.

33. Sarton G. The First Explanation of Decimal Fractions and Measures (1585), Together With a History of the Decimal Idea and a Facsimile (no. 17) of Stevins Disme // Isis, vol. 23, 1935. P. 153-244.

34. Saunders P. T. Alan Turing and Biology // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 33-36.

35. Schaaf W. L. The palpable arithmetic of Nicholas Saunderson // Journal Recreational Math., vol. 14, № 1, 1981-82. P. 1-3.

36. Schein E. H., Kampas P. J., Delisi P., Sonduck M. DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2003. 250 p.

37. Scheutz. La macchina alle differenze. Un secolo di calcolo automatico. A cura di Mario G. Losano. Milano: Etas Libri, 1974. 164 p.

38. Schmandt-Besserat D. Oneness, Twoness, Threeness // The Sciences, vol. 27, 1987. P. 44-48.

39. Schmitt W. F. The UNIVAC SHORT CODE // AHC, Vol. 10, № 1, January-March 1988. P. 7-18.

40. Schneiderman B. The Relationship Between COBOL and Computer Science // AHC, Vol. 7, № 4, October-December 1985. P. 348-352.

41. Scholz J. The Early Computer Design and Construction at the Dresden Institute of Technology // Proceedings of the Cultural History of Mathematics, vol. 5. Inner Mongolia Press, 1995. P. 71-82.

42. Schrader D. V. The Arithmetic of the Medieval Universities // Mathematics Teacher, vol. 60, 1967. P. 264-275.

The history of the notion of the liberal arts, particularly in the middle ages. The role of arithmetic (computational and theoretical). The abacus of Gerbert. The computation of Easter. The influence of the Arabic texts. Different attitudes towards arithmetic at different times and in different places. An excellent introduction to the mathematics of the middle ages, though of course it omits much on topics such as geometry and astronomy.

43. Schreyer H. T. An Experimental Model of an Electronic Computer // AHC, Vol. 12, № 3, 1990. P. 187-197.

44. Schure, Conrad. The Hart Equationor // Journal of the Oughtred Society, vol. 1, № 2, August 1992. P. 15-17.

An unusual circular slide rule invented by Walter Hart of New York in 1888.

45. Schwarz H. R. The Early Years of Programming in Switzerland // AHC, Vol. 3, № 2, April-June 1981. P. 121-132.

46. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. Enigma: The Battle for the Code. L.: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000. 403 p.

47. Seife Ch., Zimet M. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea. Penguin Books, 2000. 256 p.

48. Selections from Cryptologia: History, People, and Technology. Deavours, Cipher A. et al. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc, 1998. 552 p.

This compilation contains 35 contributions published in the journal Cryptologia from 1987 to 1996. For the most part, "the articles are of a high standard." However, some of the reminiscences ramble on, and add little to our knowledge.

49. Shallit J., Williams H. C., Morain F. Discovery of a lost factoring machine // Math. Intelligencer, vol. 17, 1995. P. 41-47.

50. Shapiro F. R. Etymology of the Computer Bug: History and Folklore // American Speech, vol. 62, 1987. P. 376-378.

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51. Shapiro F. R. Origin of the Term Software: Evidence from the JSTOR Electronic Journal Archive // AHC, Vol. 22, № 2, April-June 2000. P. 69-70.

52. Shasha D. E., Lazere C. Out of Their Minds: the lives and discoveries of 15 great computer scientists. N.-Y.: Copernicus, 1995. 291 p.

53. Shelburne B. J., Burton C. P. Early Programs on the Manchester Mark I Prototype // AHC, Vol. 20, № 3, July/September 1998. P. 4-15.

54. Shima M. Design Case History: Z8000 Microprocessor // Design Studies, vol. 2, April 1981. P. 97-106.

55. Simon H. A. Models of My Life. MA: The MIT Press, 1996. 416 p.

56. Simon H. A. Allen Newell (1927-1992) // AHC, Vol. 20, № 2, April-June 1998. P. 63-76.

57. Simon H. A., Newell A. Information Processing Language V on the IBM 650 // AHC, Vol. 8, № 1, January-March 1986. P. 47-49.

58. Simons L. G. Two Reckoning Tables // Scripta Mathematica, Vol. 1, 1932. P. 305-308.

59. Singh S. The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Anchor, 2000. 432 p.

60. Slater R. Portraits in Silicon. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 1987. 374 p.

61. Small J. S. General-purpose electronic analog computing: 1945-1965 // AHC, vol. 15, № 2, 1993. P. 8-18.

62. Smart Computing. People in Computing: Biographies of Technologys Pioneers (Computing Encyclopedia, vol. 5). Sandhill Publishing Company, 2002. 224 p.

63. Smillie K. People, Languages, and Computers: A Short Memoir // AHC, vol. 26, № 2, 2004. P. 62-74.

64. Smillie K. Kennet E. Iverson // AHC, vol. 27, № 4, 2005. P. 93-96.

65. Smith D. E. The Law of Exponents in the Works of the Sixteenth Century / Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1915. P. 81-91.

66. Smith D. E. Computing jetons. Numismatic Notes and Monographs, No. 9. N.-Y.: American Numismatic Society, 1921. 20 p.

67. Smith, David Eugène. Le Comput manuel de Magister Anianus. 1928. 108 p. (fac-sim. Documents scientifiques du XVe siècle, T. IV).

68. Smith C. S. A Seventeenth-Century Octonary Arithmetic // Isis, Vol. 66, № 233, September 1975. P. 390-394.

69. Smith D. E. History of Mathematics, 2 vols. Dover Publ. Co., 1958. 618p. + *** p.

70. Smith D. E. Rara Arithmetica: a Catalogue of the Arithmetics Written Before the Year Mdci With a Description of Those in the Library of George Arthur Plimpton of New York. 1908, 507 p. (Переизд. AMS Chelsea Publ. Co., 1970. 703 p.)

71. Smith D. E., Karpinski L. Ch. The Hindu-Arabic Numerals. Boston, London: Ginn and Company, 1911. 160 p.

72. Snyder, Samuel S. History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers. Washington: Department of Defense. 1964.

73. Snyder, Samuel S. ABNER: The ASA Computer. Part 1: Design // NSA Technical Journal, vol. 25, № 2, 1980. P. 49-67.

74. Snyder S. S. "Computer Advances Pioneered by Cryptologic Organizations // AHC, vol. 2, № 1, January-March, 1980. P. 60-70.

75. Speiser A. P. The Relay Calculator Z4 // AHC, Vol. 2, № 3, July-September 1980. P. 242-245.

76. Speiser A. P. IBM Research Laboratory Zurich: The Early Years // AHC, Vol. 20, № 1, January/March 1998. P. 15-28.

77. Spencer D. D. The Timetable of Computers: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Computers, 2nd ed. Ormond Beach, FL: Camelot Publishing Company, 1999. 191 p.

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78. Spicer D. The IBM 1620 Restoration Project // AHC, vol. 27, № 3, July-September 2005. P. 33-43.

79. Stachniak Z. The Making of the MCM/70 Microcomputer // AHC, Vol. 25, № 2, April-June 2003. P. 62-75.

80. Standage T. The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Centurys On-Line Pioneers. Berkley Publishing Group, 1999. 227 p.

81. Standage T. The Neptune File: A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting. Berkley Publishing Group, 2001. 240 p.

82. Standage T. The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. Walker and Co, 2002. 272 p.

83. Stanhope, Ghita. The Life of Charles, Third Earl Stanhope. L.: Longmans, Green and Company, 1914. 286 p.

Самая полная биография выдающегося изобретателя и политика XVIII в., написанная на основе документов из фамильного архива.

84. Starynkevitch, Dimitri. The SEA CAB 500 Computer // AHC, Vol. 12, № 1, 1990. P. 23-29.

85. Steele G. L., Gabriel R. P. The evolution of Lisp // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 231-270.

86. Steele R. (ed.). The Earliest Arithmetics in English. Boydell and Brewer Ltd, 2001. 102 p.

Переиздание London, Published for the Early English Text Society: Oxford University Press, 1922. Reprinted, (New York: Kraus, 1973). Contains: The crafte of nombrynge, a translation and amplification of one of the glosses on the De algorismo of Alexander de Villa Dei (Egerton ms. 2622) - The art of nombryng, a translation of John of Holywood's De arte numerandi (Ashmole ms. 396, fol. 48) - Accomptynge by counters, reprinted from the 1543 edition of Robert Record's Arithmetic, printed by R. Wolfe. - Appendix I. A treatise on the numeration of algorism (From a 14th century ms.) II. Carmen de algorismo, by Alexander de Villa Dei

87. Stern N. The BINAC: A Case Study in the History of Technology // AHC, Vol. 1, № 1, 1979. P. 9-20.

The BINAC, short for Binary Automatic Computer, was developed by John Presper Eckert, Jr. and John William Mauchly during the years 1947-1949 under a contract with the Northrop Aircraft Corporation. It became the first operational stored program computer completed in the United States. This paper provides an historical analysis of the BINAC and the issues relating to its development. It also considers factors relating to the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and its ultimate acquisition by Remington Rand.

88. Stern N. John von Neumanns Influence on Electronic Digital Computing, 1944-1946 // AHC, Vol. 2, № 4, October-December 1980. P. 349-362.

89. Stern N. From ENIAC to UNIVAC, An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Equipment Corporation, Digital Press, 1981.

90. Stibitz G. R. The Relay Computers at Bell Labs // Datamation, vol. 13, № 4, April 1967. P. 35-44; №5, May 1967. P. 45-49.

91. Stibitz G. R. Automatic Computing Machinery // AHC, vol. 4, № 2, April-June 1982. P. 140-142.

92. Stiller R., Marlowe J. Asunder: An Unauthorized History of the Origins of Java Programming Language. Briarwood Publications, 1997. 225 p.

93. Stolyarov G. K. Computers in Belarus: Chronology of the Main Events // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 61-65.

94. Stroustrup B. A history of C++: 1979-1991 // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 271-297.

95. Struik, Dirk I. Minoan and Mycenaean Numerals // Historia Mathematica, vol. 9, February 1982. P. 54-58.

96. Swetz F. J. Leibniz, the Yijing, and the Religious Conversion of the Chinese // Mathematics Magazine, vol. 76, № 4, 2003. P. 276-291.

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97. Szentgyörgyi Z. A Short History of Computing in Hungary // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 49-57.

98. Takahasi H. Some Important Computers of Japanese Design // AHC, vol. 2, № 4, October-December 1980. P. 330-337.

99. Takahashi S. Early Transistor Computers in Japan // AHC, Vol. 8, № 2, April-June 1986. P. 144-154.

100.Takahashi S. A Brief History of the Japanese Computer Industry Before 1985 // AHC, Vol. 18, № 1, Spring 1996. P. 76-79.

101.Takahashi S. The Rise and Fall of Plug-Compatible Mainframes // AHC, vol. 27, № 1, January-March 2005. P. 4-16.

The rise and fall of plug-compatible mainframes spanned more than 20 years. RCA, whose 1964 Spectra 70 System was compatible with the IBM System/360, chose another path altogether, so Amdahl in 1970 became the first true PCM manufacturer. Other companies--notably Fujitsu and Hitachi--soon followed, seeking to complete with IBM in the mainframe arena. This article traces the history of PCMs, which includes an intriguing incident of industrial espionage.

102.Tattersall J. J. Nicholas Saunderson: The Blind Lucasian Professor // Historia Mathematica, vol. 19, November 1992. P. 356-370.

103.Tedlow R. S. The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBMs Founding Father and Son. Harper Business, 2003. 352 p.

104.Telksnys L., Zilinskas A. Computers in Lithuania // AHC, Vol. 21, №. 3, July-September 1999. P. 31-37.

105.Teuscher C. (Ed.). Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. N.-Y.: Springer-Verlag, 2004. 542 p.

106.Thomas P. A. V. Solidac: An Early Minicomputer for Teaching Purposes // AHC, Vol. 15, № 4, October-December 1993. P. 79-83.

107.Thorndike L. The Arithmetic of Jehan Adam, 1475 A. D. // The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 33, № 1, January 1926. P. 24-28.

108.Thoren, Victor E. Prosthaphaeresis Revisited // Historia Mathematica, vol. 15, February 1988. P. 32-39.

109.Thornton J. E. The CDC 6600 Project // AHC, Vol. 2, № 4, October-December 1980. P. 338-348.

110.Tod, Marcus Niebuhr. Ancient Greek Numerical Systems. Chicago: Ares Publishers. 1979. vii+105 p.

No Classical or historical bibliography had an entry until now for a book examining the Ancient Greek Numerical Systems. Epigraphical hand-books and introductory works, when referring to this subject, listed the hard-to-find articles published by Marcus Niebuhr Tod from 1911 to 1954.

111.Tomash E., Cohen A. A. The Birth of an ERA: Engineering Research Associates, Inc.1946-1955 // AHC, Vol. 1, № 2, October 1979. P. 83-97.

An account is presented of the early years of a pioneering computer company, Engineering Research Associates, Inc. (ERA), which was formed in 1946 at St. Paul, Minnesota, with Navy encouragement. This company was merged into Remington Rand Inc., in 1952, as was Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation two years earlier. These mergers created the basis for what later became the Univac division of Sperry Rand Corporation, or Sperry Univac. ERA's technological contributions are discussed, along with the company's pre-merger growth and financing problems. There were post-merger problems, primarily of organizational integration, but solid groundwork was being laid for Sperry Rand's eventual success in the data processing industry.

112.Tomayko J. E. Helmut Hoelzers Fully Electronic Analog Computer // AHC, Vol. 7, № 3, July-September 1985. P. 227-240.

113.Trimble G. R. The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator // AHC, Vol. 8, № 1, January-March 1986. P. 20-29.

114.Trimble G. R. A Brief History of Computing: Memoirs of Living on the Edge // AHC, Vol. 23, № 3, July-September 2001. P. 44-59.

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115.Tropp H. S. Origin of the Term Bit // AHC, Vol. 6, № 2, April-June 1984. P. 152-155.

116.Truesdell, Leon E. The development of punch card tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890-1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs. Washington: US G.P.O., 1965. 221 p.

117.Turck J. A. V. Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. Ayer Co Pub, 1972. 196 p. (Первое издание: Chicago, 1921.)

118. Turing, Alan M. Critique of “Running Short Cribs on the U. S. Navy Bombe” // Cryptologia, vol. 27, № 1, January 2003. P. 44-49.

119.Turing S. Alan M. Turing. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1959. 157 p.

120.Tweedale G. A Manchester Computer Pioneer: Ferranti in Retrospect // AHC, Vol. 15, № 3, July-September 1993. P. 37-43.

121.Tympas A. From digital to analog and back: the ideology of intelligent machines in the history of the electrical analyzer, 1870s-1960s // AHC, vol. 18, № 4, 1996. P. 42-48.

122.UNIVAC Conference. 17-18 May 1990. Charles Babbage Institute, 1990. 147 p.

The introduction of the UNIVAC computer is among those subjects in the history of computing that has received wide attention. The issues and sequence of events leading to the development of the UNIVAC have been covered in such writings as Nancy Stern's From ENIAC to UNIVAC and Herman Lukoff's From Dits to Bits, and was the subject of the 1981 AFIPS Pioneer Day. However, less attention has been devoted to the place of the UNIVAC from approximately 1952 to 1956, after its initial development. A two-day oral history conference was convened in May 1990 to examine the role and effect of the UNIVAC on computing and the computer industry in the mid-1950s.

123.Universal Turing Machine, The: A Half-Century Survey. 2nd ed. Herken R. (ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995. 611 p.

124.Urton, Gary. Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003. 202 p.

This is by far the most important monograph on Andean systems of information registry since the Ashers' volumes in the late 1970s. Urton provides a platform for a whole new generation of studies." - Frank Salomon, Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. In an age when computers process immense amounts of information by the manipulation of sequences of 1s and 0s, it remains a frustrating mystery how prehistoric Inka recordkeepers encoded a tremendous variety and quantity of data using only knotted and dyed strings. Yet the comparison between computers and khipu may hold an important clue to deciphering the Inka records. In this book, Gary Urton sets forth a pathbreaking theory that the manipulation of fibers in the construction of khipu created physical features that constitute binary-coded sequences which store units of information in a system of binary recordkeeping that was used throughout the Inka empire. Urton begins his theory with the making of khipu, showing how at each step of the process binary, either/or choices were made. He then investigates the symbolic components of the binary coding system, the amount of information that could have been encoded, procedures that may have been used for reading the khipu, the nature of the khipu signs, and, finally, the nature of the khipu recording system itself--emphasizing relations of markedness and semantic coupling. This research constitutes a major step forward in building a unified theory of the khipu system of information storage and communication based on the sum total of construction features making up these extraordinary objects.

125.Valley G. E. How the SAGE Development Began // AHC, Vol. 7, № 3, July-September 1985. P. 196-226.

126.Van Egmond, W. Practical Mathematics in the Italian Renaissance: a Catalog of Italian Abbacus Manuscripts and Printed Books to 1600. Firenze: Editrice Giunti Barbèra, 1981.

127.Varleys, Jana. Ralph Shaw and the Rapid Selector // Proc. of the 1998 Conference on the History and Heritage of Science Information Systems. P. 148-155.

128.Vass, Pamela. Rediscovering Thomas Fowler (1777-1843): Mathematician and Inventor // Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, 131 (December 1999). P. 11-25.

129.Vernay J. IBM France // AHC, Vol. 11, № 4, Winter 1989. P. 299-311.

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130.Volkov, Alexeï. Zhao Youqin and His Calculation of // Historia Mathematica, vol. 24, August 1997. P. 301-331.

The paper discusses the method used by Zhao Youqin (1271–?) in his treatise Ge xiang xin shuto confirm Zu Chongzhi's (429–500) approximate value 355/113 of . Zhao Youqin inscribed a square into a circle and performed an iterative procedure of calculation of one side of a 2n-sided inscribed polygon for n= 3, … , 14. Included is a biographical sketch of Zhao Youqin, who was an astronomer, mathematician, and physicist as well as a Taoist monk and alchemist. A translation of Zhao's description of his method is given in the Appendix.

131.von Neumann J. The Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines // AHC, Vol. 10, № 4, October-December 1988. P. 243-256.

132.von Neumann J. First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC // AHC, Vol. 15, № 4, October-December 1993. P. 27-75.

133.von Neumann J. Collected Works. Edited by A. Traube. 6 vols. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961-1963.

134.von Neumann J. Papers of John von Neumann on Computers and Computing Theory. Introduction by Arthur W. Burks. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1986. 640 p.

135.Vonneuman N. A. Biography of John von Neumann // Historia Mathematica, vol. 15, August 1988. P. 274-286.

136.Vonneuman N. John von Neumann: Formative Years // AHC, Vol. 11, № 3, Fall 1989. P. 171-175.

137.Vonneuman N. A. John von Neumann: as seen by his brother. Meadowbrook, PA, 1987.

Воспоминания брата о детских и юношеских годах Джона фон Неймана.

138.Waldrop M. M. The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. Penguin, 2002. 512 p.

139.Wang, An. (with E. Linden) Lessons: An Autobiography. Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley, 1986. 288 p.

140.Warren T. T. P. B. On the Application of the Calculating Machine of M. Thomas De Colmar to Electrical Computations // Journal Society Telegraph Engineers, vol. 1, № 2, April 10, 1972. P. 141-167.

Первый опыт применения арифмометра Томаса для инженерных вычислений. Был доложен на встрече Общества и вызвал большую дискуссию. Резюме – очень интересно.

141.Wassén, Henry. The Odhner history: An illustrated chronicle of “a machine to count on”. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of W. T. Odhners birth in 1845. Göteborg: Original-Odhner ab, 1951. 67 p.

142.Watson T. J. As A Man Thinks. International Business Machines Corporation, 1954. 183 p.

143.Watson T. J. , Petre P. Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. N.-Y.: Bantam Book, 2000. 480 p.

144.Weaver, David S. The English Gunners Caliper // Arms Collecting, vol. 33, № 4, November 1995. P. 111-125.

145.Weaver Fisher A., McKenney J. L. The Development of the ERMA Banking System: Lessons from History Amy // AHC, Vol. 15, № 1, January-March 1993. P. 44-57.

146.Weik M. H. The ENIAC Story. Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961.

147.Weiss E. A. Eloge: Arthur Lee Samuel (1901-1990) // AHC, Vol. 14, № 3, July-September 1992. P. 55-69.

148.Weiss E. A. Herman Holleriths Historic Hilltop Home // AHC, Vol. 19, № 1, January-March 1997. P. 63-64.

149.Weiss E. A. Eloge: Cuthbert Corwin Hurd (1911–1996) // AHC, Vol. 19, № 1, January-March 1997. P. 65-73.

150.Welchman G. The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. McGraw-Hill, 1982. 326 p.

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151.Welchman G. From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: The Birth of Ultra // Intelligence and National Security, vol. 1, № 1, January 1986.

152.Wess, Jane. The logic demonstrators of the 3rd earl Stanhope (1753-1816) // Annals of Science, Vol. 54, Iss. 4, 1997. P. 375-395.

153.Wheeler D. J. The EDSAC Programming Systems // AHC, Vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 34-40.

154.Wheeler J. M. Applications of the EDSAC // AHC, Vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 27-33.

155.Whitaker W. A. Ada – the project: the DoD high order language working group // The 2nd ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of programming languages, 1993. P. 299-331.

156.Whiting P. G., Pascoe R. S.V. A History of Data-Flow Languages // AHC, Vol. 16, № 4, Winter 1994. P. 38-59.

157.Wieselman I. L., Tomash E. Marks on Paper: Part 1. A Historical Survey of Computer Output Printing // AHC, Vol. 13, № 1, January-March 1991. P. 63-79.

158.Wieselman I. L., Tomash E. Marks on Paper: Part 2. A Historical Survey of Computer Output Printing // AHC, Vol. 13, № 2, April-June 1991. P. 203-222.

159.Wildes K. L., Lindgren N. A. A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1985. 480 p.

The book's text and many photographs introduce readers to the renowned teachers and researchers who are still well known in engineering circles, among them: Vannevar Bush, Harold Hazen, Edward Bowles, Gordon Brown, Harold Edgerton, Ernst Guillemin, Arthur von Hippel, and Jay Forrester.The book covers the department's major areas of activity - electrical power systems, servomechanisms, circuit theory, communications theory, radar and microwaves (developed first at the famed Radiation Laboratory during World War II), insulation and dielectrics, electronics, acoustics, and computation. This rich history of accomplishments shows moreover that years before "Computer Science" was added to the department's name such pioneering results in computation and control as Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyzer, early cybernetic devices and numerically controlled servomechanisms, the Whirlwind computer, and the evolution of time-sharing computation had already been achieved.

160.Wilkes M. Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1985. 200 p.

161.Wilkes M. V. The Genesis of Microprogramming // AHC, Vol. 8, № 2, April-June 1986. P. 116-126.

162.Wilkes M. V. The British Association Mathematical Tables Committee // Historia Mathematica, vol. 17, May 1990. P. 152-169.

163.Wilkes M. V. Edsac 2 // AHC, Vol. 14, № 4, October-December 1992. P. 49-56.

164.Wilkes M. V. Arithmetic on the EDSAC // AHC, Vol. 19, № 1, January-March 1997. P. 13-15.

165.Wilkes M. V. John Pinkerton and Lyons Electronic Office // IEE Computing and Control Engineering Journal, vol. 12, 2001. P. 138-144.

166.Williams, Bruce O. B.; Johnson, Roger G. Ready Reckoners // AHC, Vol. 27, № 4, October-December 2005. P. 64-80.

Обзор таблиц умножения, изданных в период с 1673 г.

167.Williams, Kathleen Broom. Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea. Naval Institute Press, 2004. 240 p.

168.Williams M. R. The Difference Engines // Computer Journal, vol. 19, № 1, 1976. P. 82-89.

169.Williams M. R. From Napier to Lucas: The Use of Napiers Bones in Calculating Instruments // AHC, 1983, № 3. P. 279-296.

170.Williams M. R. The Origins, Uses, and Fate of the EDVAC // AHC, Vol. 15, № 1, January-March 1993. P. 22-38.

171.Williams M. R. UTEC and Ferut: The University of Torontos Computation Centre // AHC, vol. 16, № 2, 1994. P. 4-12.

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172.Williams M. R. A History of Computing Technology: Revised Edition. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. 440 p.

New edition of a text/reference which describes the development of arithmetic and calculation tools from Egyptian stone carving to the IBM/360 computer. It includes discussion of important stages such as the invention of the zero, logarithms, the Babbage machines, analog, and the Zuse machines, and provides interesting stories about both the machines and the people who produced them.This second edition of the popular reference and textbook outlines the historical developments in computing technology. The book describes historical aspects of calculation and concentrates on the physical devices used to aid people in their attempts at automating the arithmetic process.A History of Computing Technology highlights the major advances in arithmetic from the beginning of counting, through the three most important developments in the subject: the invention of the zero, logarithms, and the electronic computer. It provides you with an understanding of how these ideas developed and why the latest tools are in their current forms. In addition, it tells many of the interesting stories about both the machines and the scientists who produced them. It focuses on the extraordinary accomplishments of those computer pioneers whose work will stand as proof of their genius and hard work.

173.Williams M. R., Tomash E. The Sector: Its History, Scales, and Uses // AHC, 2003, № 1. P. 34-47.

174.Williams R. V. The Use of Punched Cards in US Libraries and Documentation Centers, 1936-1965 // AHC, Vol. 24, № 2, April-June 2002. P. 16-33.

175.Winterbotham, Frederick W. The Ultra Secret. N.-Y.: Harpercollins, 1974. 199 p. (Сокр. русский перевод: Уинтерботтем Ф. Секрет Ультра. М.: Воениздат, 1978.)

176.Wolcott P., Dorojevets M. N. The Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology and the Elbrus Family of High-Speed Computers // AHC, Vol. 20, № 1, January/March 1998. P. 4-14.

177.Wood, Gaby. Living Dolls: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life. L.: Faber & Faber, 2002. 278 p.

Рассказ о трехвековой истории создания автоматов.

178.Worlton J. Pre-electronic aids to digital computation / Computers and their role in the physical science. Ed. by S. Fernbach and A. H. Taub. N.-Y.: Gordon and Breach, 1970. P. 11-50.

179.Worthy J. C. William C. Norris: Portrait of the Maverick. Ballinger Publication Co, 1987. 259 p.

180.Worthy J. C. Control Data Corporation: The Norris Era // AHC, Vol. 17, № 1, Spring 1995. P. 47-53.

181.Wright T. History and Technology of Computer Fonts // AHC, Vol. 20, № 2, April/June 1998. P. 30-34.

182.Yates D. Turings Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995. London: National Museum of Science and Industry, 1997. 348 p.

183.Yates, JoAnne. Information Technology and Business Processes in the 20th Century Insurance Industry // Business and economic history, Second Series, Volume Twenty-one, 1992. P. 317-325.

184.Yates, JoAnne. Co-evolution of Information Processing Technology and Use: Interaction between the Life Insurance and Tabulating Industries // Harvard Business History Review, vol. 67, Spring 1993. P. 1-51.

Punched-card tabulating equipment, an important commercial predecessor of the computer, was used for processing large amounts of data in many business firms during the first half of the twentieth century. Life insurance was an information-intensive business dependent on firms’ abilities to manage large quantities of data. This article examines both the role that tabulating machinery played in shaping insurance firms’ business processes and the simultaneous role that life insurance as a user industry played in shaping the development of tabulating technology between 1890 and 1950. The ongoing interaction between the life insurance and tabulating industries shaped both in significant ways, setting the stage for continued interaction between the two industries during the transition to computers beginning at mid-century.

185.Yates, JoAnne. Early Interactions Between the Life Insurance and Computer Industries: The Prudentials Edmund C. Berkeley // AHC, Vol. 19, № 3, July-September 1997. P. 60-73.

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186.Yates, JoAnne. Structuring the Information Age. Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 368 p.

Structuring the Information Age provides insight into the largely unexplored evolution of information processing in the commercial sector and the underrated influence of corporate users in shaping the history of modern technology. JoAnne Yates examines how life insurance firms - where good record-keeping and repeated use of massive amounts of data were crucial - adopted and shaped information processing technology through most of the twentieth century. The book analyzes this process beginning with tabulating technology, the most immediate predecessor of the computer, and continuing through the 1970s with early computers. Yates elaborates two major themes: the reciprocal influence of information technology and its use, and the influence of past practices on the adoption and use of new technologies. In the 1950s, insurance industry leaders recognized that computers would enable them to integrate processes previously handled separately, but they also understood that they would have to change their ways of working profoundly to achieve this integration. When it came to choosing equipment and applications, most companies ultimately preferred a gradual, incremental migration to an immediate and radical transformation. In tracing this process, Yates shows that IBM's successful transition from tabulators to computers in part reflected that vendor's ability to provide large customers such as insurance companies with the necessary products to allow gradual change. In addition, this detailed industry case study helps explain information technology's so-called productivity paradox, showing that firms took roughly two decades to achieve the initial computerization and process integration that the industry set as objectives in the 1950s.

187.Yeldham F. A. The Story of Reckoning in the Middle Ages. London: George G. Harrap, 1926. 96 p.

188.Yong, Lam Lay. The Development of Hindu-Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic // Chinese Science, vol. 13, 1996. P. 35–54.

189.Yost, Jeffrey R. A Bibliographic Guide to Resources in Scientific Computing, 1945-1975 (Bibliographies and Indexes in Library and Information Science). Greenwood Press, 2002. 272 p.

An overview of the changing practices in scientific computing during the first three decades after the advent of the electronic digital computer is followed by a summary of the methodologies used in selecting, structuring, and annotating the sources of the bibliography that follows. The bulk of the volume consists of a selected bibliography, organized into four parts: the physical, cognitive, biological, and medical sciences. In each section are contained resources for bibliographies, dictionaries, and other reference sources; books and reports; articles; serials; manuscript collections; and oral histories.An essential contribution to the study of the history of computers, this work identifies the computer's impact on the physical, biological, cognitive, and medical sciences. References fundamental to the understudied area of the history of scientific computing also document the significant role of the sciences in helping to shape the development of computer technology. More broadly, the many resources on scientific computing help demonstrate how the computer was the most significant scientific instrument of the 20th century.

190.Young J. S., Simon W. L. iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. Wiley, 2005. 368 p.

191.Zachary G. P. Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1999. 528 p.

As a young professor at MIT in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) did seminal work on analog computing and was a cofounder of Raytheon, whose initial success was based on long-lasting radio tubes. But he is best known for his role in Washington during World War II: as President Roosevelt's advisor, he organized the Manhattan Project and oversaw the work of 6,000 civilian scientists designing new weapons. His 1945 report "Science -- The Endless Frontier" spurred the creation of a system of public support for university research that endures to this day.Although he helped to give rise to the military-industrial complex, Bush was a skeptical observer of the interplay between science and politics. He warned against the dangers of an arms race and led a failed effort to halt testing of the hydrogen bomb. This balanced and gracefully written biography brings to life an American original and his times.

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192.Zemanek H. Datenverarbeitung vor 100 Jahren. Otto Schäffler (1838-1928), ein zu Unrecht vergessener Pionier der Nachrichten-und Lochkartentechnik // Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau 90, 11. 1973. S. 543-550.

193.Zemanek H. Otto Schäffler (1838-1928). Ein vergessener Österreicher / Jahrbuch des Österreichischen Gewerbevereines: Nachrichtentechnik und Datenverarbeitung zur Makartzeit. Wien, 1974. S. 71-89.

194.Zhmud, Leonid. Pithagoras as a Mathematician // Historia Mathematica, vol. 16, August 1989. P. 249-288.

195.Zorpette, Glenn. The Edison of Secret Codes // American Heritage of Invention and Technology, vol. 10, Summer 1994. P. 34-43.

196.Edward H. Hebern (1869-1952) and his pioneering cryptographic machine.

197.Zuse K. Über den Plankalkül // Elektron. Rechenanl. 1, 1959. S. 68-71.

198.Zuse. Lelaboratore nasce in Europa. Un secolo di calcolo automatico. A cura di Mario G. Losano. Milano: Etas Libri, 1975. xviii-184 p.

199.Zuse K. Installation of the German Computer Z4 in Zurich in 1950 // AHC, Vol. 2, № 3, July-September 1980. P. 239-241.

200.Zuse K. The Computer My Life. N.-Y.: Springer Verlag, 1993. 243 p.

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