Production Logging.. Why ?With PL sensors, we getdowhole profile (zonal contribution)downhole ratesdownhole fluid properties (hold-up, densities, etc)

How do we convert to surface rates ?Fluid conversions using PVT properties

PVT properties Liquid PhasePressureVolumeP-V Phase Diagram of Single Componenthydrocarbon at constant temperatureLiquidPressure initially drops quickly due to lowcompressibility of the LIQUID

PVT properties - Bubble Point PressureP-V Phase Diagram of Single Componenthydrocarbon at constant temperatureAt bubble point pressure pressure is constant while the phase changes to GAS

PVT properties - Dew PointP-V Phase Diagram of Single Componenthydrocarbon at constant temperatureFor a single component fluid the Bubble Pointand Dew Point pressures are the same

PVT propertiesP-V Phase Diagram of Single Componenthydrocarbon at constant temperaturePressure drop is slower due to the higher gascompressibility

PVT propertiesThe Critical point is where the Bubble and Dew points are the sameThe liquid changes instantaneously to gas

PVT properties

Fluid Conversions Surface?Downhole (Calculated)

Fluid mechanics

Flow structures

MapFloOilMixingLayerWaterll = constant for a given pipe deviationl = 0 for a horizontal pipel = infinity for a vertical pipe

Flow structures domains

Flow structures domains

Flow map - 45deg pipe

Flow map - 70deg pipe

Flow map - 85deg pipe