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Slide 2 Q1. An ongoing coalition of interests joined together to try to get their candidates for public office elected under a common label Slide 3 A1. political party Slide 4 Q2. Election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence Slide 5 A2. party-centered politics Slide 6 Q3. Election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence Slide 7 A3. candidate-centered politics Slide 8 Q4. party competition Slide 9 A4. A process in which conflict over societys goals is transformed by political parties into electoral competition in which the winner gains the power to govern Slide 10 Q5. A political party organized at the level of the voters and dependent on their support for its strength Slide 11 A5. grassroots party Slide 12 Q6. An election or set of elections in which the electorate responds strongly to an extraordinarily powerful issue that has disrupted the established political order. The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period Slide 13 A6. party realignment Slide 14 Q7. critical election Slide 15 A7. An electoral earthquake whereby new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Critical election periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era (Critical election period is often use synonymous with party realignment) Slide 16 Q8. The pattern of voting in which the individual voter in a given election casts a ballot for one or more candidates of each major party Slide 17 A8. split ticket Slide 18 Q9. The pattern of voting in which the individual voter in a given election casts a ballot for candidates who are all of the same party Slide 19 A9. straight ticket Slide 20 Q10. Voting for a candidate because you agree and favor his or her ideas for handling issues Slide 21 A10. prospective voting Slide 22 Q11. Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office Slide 23 A11. retrospective voting Slide 24 Q12. two-party system Slide 25 A12. A system in which only two political parties have a real chance of acquiring control of the government Slide 26 Q13. A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition Slide 27 A13. multiparty system Slide 28 Q14. The form of representation in which only the candidate who gets the most votes in a district wins office. To get representation you must win a district Slide 29 A14. single-member districts Slide 30 Q15. A form of representation in which seats in the legislature are allocated proportionally according to each political partys share of the popular vote. This system enables smaller parties to compete successfully for seats Slide 31 A15. proportional representation Slide 32 Q16. party coalition Slide 33 A16. The groups and interests that support a political party Slide 34 Q17. party organization Slide 35 A17. The party organizational units at the national, state, and local levels; their influence has decreased over time because of many factors Slide 36 Q18. The designation of a particular individual to run as a political partys candidate in the general election Slide 37 A18. nomination Slide 38 Q19. A form of election in which voters choose a partys nominees for public office. In most states, eligibility to vote in this type of election is limited to voters who are registered members of the party Slide 39 A19. primary election (direct primary) Slide 40 Q20. service relationship Slide 41 A20. The situation in which party organizations assist candidates for office but have no power to require them to support the partys main policy positions Slide 42 Q21. Campaign funds given directly to candidates to spend as they choose. (subject to legal limits) Slide 43 A21. hard money Slide 44 Q22. Campaign contributions that are not subject to legal limits and are given to parties rather than directly to candidates. (These contributions are no longer legal) Slide 45 A22. soft money Slide 46 Q23. money chase Slide 47 A23. A term used to describe the fact that U.S. campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete successfully Slide 48 Q24. A term that refers to the professional consultants who run campaigns for high office Slide 49 A24. hired guns Slide 50 Q25. A term that refers to the fact that modern campaigns are often a battle of opposing televised advertising campaigns Slide 51 A25. air wars Slide 52 Q26. The situation in which separate groups are organized around nearly every conceivable policy issue and press their demands and influence to the utmost Slide 53 A26. single-issue politics Slide 54 Q27. A set of individuals who are organized to promote a shared political interest Slide 55 A27. interest group Slide 56 Q28. economic groups Slide 57 A28. Interest groups that are organized primarily for economic reasons but that engage in political activity in order to seek favorable policies from government Slide 58 Q29. Benefits that a group (most often an economic group) can grant directly and exclusively to individual members of the group Slide 59 A29. private (individual) goods Slide 60 Q30. material incentive Slide 61 A30. An economic or other tangible benefit that is used to attract group members Slide 62 Q31. Organized interests formed by individuals drawn together by opportunities to promote a cause in which they believe but that does not provide them significant individual economic benefits Slide 63 A31. citizens (noneconomic) groups Slide 64 Q32. purposive incentive Slide 65 A32. An incentive to group participation based on the cause (purpose) that the group seeks to promote Slide 66 Q33. Benefits that are offered by groups (usually citizens groups) as an incentive for membership but that are non-divisible (e.g., a clean environment) and therefore are available to nonmembers as well as members of the particular group Slide 67 A33. public (collective) goods Slide 68 Q34. The situation in which the benefits offered by a group to its members are also available to nonmembers. The incentive to join the group and to promote its cause is reduced because nonmembers receive the benefits (e.g., cleaner environment) without having to pay any of the groups costs Slide 69 A34. free-rider problem Slide 70 Q35. The process by which interest-group members attempt to influence public policy through contacts with public officials Slide 71 A35. lobbying Slide 72 Q36. Direct communication between organized interests and policymakers, which is based on the assumed value of close contacts with policymakers Slide 73 A36. inside lobbying Slide 74 Q37. A small and informal but relatively stable group composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. They are characterized by mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for the others Slide 75 A37. iron triangles Slide 76 Q38. An informal grouping of officials, lobbyists, and policy specialists who are brought together temporarily by their shared interest in a particular policy problem. Participates might come from a variety of executive agencies, congressional committees, interest groups, and institutions such a universities or think tanks Slide 77 A38. issue networks Slide 78 Q39. A form of lobbying in which an interest group seeks to use public pressure as a means of influencing officials Slide 79 A39. outside lobbying Slide 80 Q40. grassroots lobbying Slide 81 A40. A form of lobbying designed to persuade officials that a groups policy position has strong constituent support Slide 82 Q41. The organization through which an interest group raises and distributes funds for election purposes. By law, the funds must be raised through voluntary contributions Slide 83 A41. political action committee (PAC) Slide 84 A42. news Slide 85 A42. The news medias version of reality, usually with an emphasis on timely, dramatic, and compelling events and developments Slide 86 Q43. Those print and broadcast organizations that are in the news-reporting business Slide 87 A43. press (news media) Slide 88 Q44. Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news in significant part follows the party line Slide 89 A44. partisan press Slide 90 Q45. A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of facts rather than opinions and that is fair in that it presents all sides of partisan debate Slide 91 A45. objective journalism Slide 92 Q46. The accepted responsibility of the media to alert the public to important developments as soon as possible after they happen or are discovered Slide 93 A46. signaler(signaling) role Slide 94 Q47. The power of the media through news coverage to focus the publics attention and concern of particular events, problems, issues, personalities, and so on Slide 95 A47. agenda setting Slide 96 Q48. The medias function as an open channel through which political leaders can communicate with the public Slide 97 A48. common-carrier role Slide 98 Q49. The accepted responsibility of the media to protect the public from deceitful, careless, incompetent, and corrupt officials by standing ready to expose any official who violates accepted legal, ethical, or performance standards Slide 99 A49. watchdog role Slide 100 Q50. A role whereby the media attempt to act as the publics representative Slide 101 A50. public-representative role Slide 102 Q51. A meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidates Slide 103 A51. caucus Slide 104 Q52. Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the Democratic National Convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses Slide 105 A52. superdelegates Slide 106 Q53. The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention. At one time, it was considered advantageous for a state to choose its delegates late in the primary season so that it could play a decisive role. However, in recent years, votes cast in states that have held late primaries have been irrelevant given that one candidate had already sewn up the nomination early on Slide 107 A53. frontloading Slide 108 Q54. Federal Election Campaign Act Slide 109 A54. A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions Slide 110 Q55. Presidential Election Campaign Fund Slide 111 A55. Money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns Slide 112 Q56. matching funds Slide 113 A56. Contribution of up to $250 are matched from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending Slide 114 Q57. rational-choice theory Slide 115 A57. A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives Slide 116 Q58. A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern Slide 117 A58. party machine Slide 118 Q59. patronage Slide 119 A59. One of the key inducements used by political machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. Slide 120 Q60. A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members Slide 121 A60. closed primary Slide 122 Q61. Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates (one ballot) from all the parties. Open to any party members Slide 123 A61. blanket primary Slide 124 Q62. Elections to select party nominees in which voters (any party member) can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests. Can only vote in one primary Slide 125 A62. open primary Slide 126 Q63. The meeting of party delegates every four years to nominate the partys presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the partys platform Slide 127 A63. national convention Slide 128 Q64. A group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends. Slide 129 Q64. coalition Slide 130 Q65. party dealignment Slide 131 A65. The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification Slide 132 Q66. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular vote in a state receives all the electoral votes of that state Slide 133 A66. winner-take-all Slide 134 Q67 electioneering Slide 135 A67. Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees (PACs Slide 136 Q68. Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated Slide 137 A68. class action lawsuits Slide 138 Q69. loaded language Slide 139 A69. Words that imply a value judgment, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument (media) Slide 140 Q70. right-to-work law Slide 141 A70. A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. State right-to-work laws were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 Slide 142 Q71. As opposed to the traditional broadcasting, the appeal to a narrow, particular audience by channels such as ESPN, MTV, and C-SPAN, which focus on a narrow particular interest Slide 143 A71. narrowcasting Slide 144 Q72. Information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy Slide 145 A72. trial balloon Slide 146 Q73. Short video clips of approximately 15 seconds, which are typically all that is shown from a politicians speech or activities on television news Slide 147 A73. sound bites Slide 148 Q74. 527 organizations Slide 149 A74. Organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes. 527 organizations can spend their money on politics so long as they do not coordinate with a candidate or lobby directly for that person Slide 150 Q75. The person already holding an elective office. Slide 151 A75. incumbent Slide 152 Q76. The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better- known candidate, such as the president Slide 153 A76. coattails Slide 154 Q77. Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them Slide 155 A77. independent expenditures Slide 156 Q78. political cue Slide 157 A78. A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her own political views on party agenda Slide 158 Q79. equal time rule Slide 159 A79. An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates