qa-0786--automatic control of railway gate using magnetic switches

8/9/2019 Qa-0786--Automatic Control of Railway Gate Using Magnetic Switches

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Welcome

To

Lords institute of engineering and technology

Mechanical DepartmentBatch 2006-10



Mini project

on

utomatic control of rail!ay

gate



Embedded System "

#omputer $nside a %roduct

II In built



&m'edded (ystem

&m'edded system is com'ination of hard!are )soft!are for specific application*

&m'edded system means the processor is em'eddedinto that application*

n em'edded product uses a microprocessor or

microcontroller to do one tas+ only*

$n an em'edded system, there is only one applicationsoft!are that is typically 'urned into .M*



/o! an em'edded system

!or+s** $t !or+s !ith the help of 'oth the hard!are

and soft!are reuirements

/ard!are processor, memories, peripherals,

po!er supply etc**,

(oft!are assem'ly language program 3L%4

li+e c, c55 **,



Types of em'edded systems

(imple em'edded system

e small electrical euipments

completes its !or+ !ith in theapproimated time

#omple em'edded system e used in military missiles for

target 'ased system



Examples of embedded systems

7 &lectronic de8ices in the +itchen

&*g* 'read machines, food processors,

micro!a8e o8ens

7 Li8ing ooms

&*g* tele8isions, stereos, remote controls

7 Wor+ places

&*g* fa, pagers, laser printers, cash

registers, credit card readers



Automotive & Industrial



#hapter -2

Micro controller



Micro controller

The first micro controller !as implemented in

196: 'y a car company !ol8es !agons in

their cars*

The 1st micro controller 3:0;:4 !as de8eloped

'y $ntel in 19<6*



=ound in 19:;*

#orporate headuarters located in (an >ose, #alifornia*

? 'asic architecture !as de8eloped 'y t!o students @lf-

&gil BogenAand @?egard WollanA at the or!egian $nstitute

of Technology*

$% #ore !as sold to tmel 'y lf and ?egard



ATMEL

T:9#, T90(, T Mega, T#

AT Mega

T Mega : , T Mega :C1C

T Mega :CC, T Mega 16 T Mega 2, T Mega 162,EEEE



AT Mega Microcontroller

T represents the name of the manufacturing

company FTM&LG*

TM&L

d8anced Technology Memory &nd Logic

M&H

#loc+ =reuency of the micro controller 31M/I4



=eatures of TMega:C1C

;0 %in $#, %D$% pac+age

/igh-performance, Lo!-po!er ? :-'it Microcontroller $(# rchitecture

10 %o!erful $nstructions J Most (ingle #loc+ #ycle&ecution 2 : Heneral %urpose Wor+ing egisters

%rogram and Data Memories

:K Bytes of $n-(ystem (elf-programma'le =lash

C12 Bytes &&%.M

&ndurance 100,000 Write&rase #ycles

C12 Bytes $nternal (M

C %rogramma'le $. Lines



%in configuration From 1-40

ATMEGA

8515

Port A

Port B

Port C

Port D

Reset

XTAL2XTAL1

GD

!""

#C1B

ALE$CP

%&1

8

'

1&

1(

18

1'

2& 21

282'

)&

)1

)2

)'



Memory Mapping of

Data Memory $0000

G. P. R

I/ORegisters

SRAM

*&&1+

*&&2&

*&&5+

*&&,&

*&25+



Register Pairs /

Indirect Addressing

R r x pair R y pair

z pair

R27

R29

R31

R26

R28

R30

RalRa-

$025F

*&2 R2(*5+ R2,



Status Register

$t is an : 'it (pecial register !here each 'it in the

register represents a =lag*

Interrupt

BitStor

eHa!

"arry

Si#n

%er&o'

(e#ati%e )ero

)ero



#hapter -

$ sensors



Wor+ing of $ pairs

%o!er supply

IRtran*mitter

IR re"ei%er"omparato

r



DETETIO! FATORS:

(i factors typically affect the %ro'a'ility ofDetection 3%d4 of most area sur8eillance38olumetric4 sensors, although to 8arying degrees*

These are the 14 mount and pattern of emitted energy 24 (iIe of the o'ject

4 Distance to the o'ject ;4 (peed of the o'ject C4 Direction of mo8ement



SE!SORS APPLIATIO!S:

Most sensors ha8e 'een designed !ith a specificapplication in mind*

The en8ironment categoriIes these applications!here they are most commonly employed*

The t!o 'asic en8ironments or categories areeterior and interior*

&ach of the t!o 'asic categories has a num'er ofsu'-sets, such as fence, door, !indo!, hall!ay, androom*

The first t!o of the follo!ing set of graphics sho! aF=&& T&&G illustration of the sensors mostapplica'le to the these t!o en8ironments*



#hapter - ;

(tepper motor



(tepper Motor /istory

Definition

#onstruction and .peration

Types of (tepper Motor

eal World (tepper Motor



%icture of stepper motor



#ircuit connections



.peration principle of stepper motor

%&#NT$.



%&#NT$. $f the stepper motor mo8es slightly andor ueers hac+ and

forth, there are a num'er of possi'le causes*

$f you are using a 'attery po!er supply, the 'atteries may 'e too!ea+ to po!er the motor properly*

!ote Batteries !ear out uic+ly 'ecause the current dra! fromstepper motors is usually high*

$f you su'stituted another transistor for the T$%120 %transistor, the su'stitute transistor may not 'e s!itching

properly or the current load of the stepper motor may 'e toogreat* (olution use T$%.120 transistors*

Oou ha8e the stepper motor improperly !ired into the circuit*#hec+ the coils using an ohmmeter and re!ire if necessary*

The pulse freuency is too high* $f the pulses to the steppermoor are going faster that the motor can react, the motor !ill

malfunction*



#onclusion

This is to conclude that this project utomatic control

of rail!ay gate is useful to +no! !hen the train is

passes through the gate, and to close or open the gate

automatically as the train is a'out to reach the gate*Through !hich accidents can 'e a8oided as people

tend to cross the trac+ in spite the gate is 'eing closed

qa-0786--automatic control of railway gate using magnetic switches

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