qc chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 2:
STATISTICS
DEFINITION
The science that deals with the collection, tabulation,
analysis, interpretation and presentation of quantitative.
DEFINITION
A collection of quantitative data pertaining to group, especially when
data are systematically gathered and collated.
Blood pressure
Football game score Accident statistic
There are two phases of statistics;
1. Descriptive or deductive statistics- Describe and analyze a subject or group.
2. Inductive statistics- Determine from a limited amount of data (sample) an important conclusion about a much larger amount of data (population)- Conclusions or inferences are not absolute certainty. (probability)
Data
Data that are collected for quality purposes are obtained by direct
observation and classified as either;
Variable : Quality char. that are measurable.
1. Continuous. 2. Discrete.
Attribute : Quality char. as either OK or Not OK
Data calculation
Normally there are two (2) different techniques
available for data calculation;
1. Ungrouped data
2. Grouped data
A listing of the observed value
A lumping together of the observed value
Data 1
Table 1: Number of Daily Billing Errors
Data 2Table 2: Steel Shaft Weight (Kilograms)
Fundamental Statistic Analysis
Data processing method:1. Tallying the frequency
Ungrouped Data Tally
Fundamental Statistic Analysis
Two technique to summarize data;
1.Graphical2.Analytical
UsedBOTH
Grouped Data Tally
Graphical
- Plot or picture of a frequency distribution to show summarization of how the data points occur.
Analytical- Summarize data by computing a
measure of central tendency , measure of the dispersion and Normal Curve.
Data Processing
GRAPHICALLY
Data processing 1
Table 1: Number of Daily Billing Errors
Ungrouped Data
Data processing 1Table 1: Number of Daily Billing Errors(Ungrouped Data)
Data processing 1
Data processing 2Grouped Data
Table 2: Steel Shaft Weight (Kilograms)
(Coded from 2.500 kg)
Data processing 2
To determine range of the cell boundaries is just by approximately use the range of 5 unit
Data processing 2
The histogram describes for the variation in the process;
1. Solve Problems.2. Determine process capability.3. Compare with specification.4. Suggest the shape of the population5. Indicates discrepancies in the d
Data Processing
ANALYTICALLY
Generally, There are three (3) principle analytical
methods of describing a collection of data;
Concept of Population and Sample;
Analyzing data.........Average
Ungrouped Data
Analyzing data.........Average
Grouped Data
Analyzing data.........Mode
Ungrouped Data
To illustrate;
1. The series of numbers 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, and 7 = Mode of
2. The series of numbers 105, 105, 105, 107, 108, 109, 109, 109, 110 and 112.they have two mode: and
5
105 109
Analyzing data.........Mode
Grouped Data
Mode
Analyzing data.........Range
Ungrouped Data
1. If the highest weekly wage in the assembly department is RM280.79 and the lowest weekly wage is RM173.54, determine the range.
2. 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 15, 15. Find the range.
Analyzing data.........Range
Grouped Data (Highest class value) – (lowest class value)
50.5 – 23.6= 26.9
Lowest classvalue
Highest class value
Analyzing data.........Standard Deviation
Standard
Ungrouped Data
Analyzing data.........Standard Deviation
Standard
Analyzing data.........Range
Ungrouped Data
Determine the standard deviation of the moisture content of a roll of craft paper.
The results of six readings across the paper web are 6.7, 6.0, 6.4, 6.4, 5.9 and 5.8%.
Analyzing data.........Standard Deviation
Standard
Grouped Data
Analyzing data.........Standard Deviation
Grouped Data
THE NORMAL CURVE
The normal curve is a tool a statistician can use to tell
how far the sample is likely to be off from the overall
population.
Normal distribution 1000 observations of resistance of an electrical device with µ = 90 ohms and σ = 2 ohms
Whenever you measure things like people's height, weight, salary, opinions or votes,
the graph of the results is very often a normal curve.
The Normal Distribution (Normal Curve) char.;
1. Symmetrical
2. Unimodal
3. Bell Shaped with mean, median and mode have the same value.
4. Extends to +/- infinity
5. Area under the curve = 1
In a normal distribution, we are able to find areas
under curves that represent as percentage of a
value occur by using ; and referring to Table A
, where
Z = Standard normal valueX = Individual valueµ = Meanσ = Population standard
deviation
Example 1Suppose you must establish regulations
concerning the maximum number of people who can occupy a
lift.
• You know that the total weight of 8 people chosen at random follows a normal distribution with a mean of 550kg and a standard deviation of 150kg.
• What’s the probability that the total weight of 8 people exceeds 600kg?
Solution.........
1. Sketch a diagram
2. The mean is 550kg and we are interested in the area that is greater than 600kg.
Solution.........
1. Operating formula
.
3. From table A, it is found that Z = 0.33 with the area of = 0.3707
The probability that the total weight of 8 people exceeds 600kg is 0.3707
Example 2
The mean value of the weight of a particular brand cereal for the past year is 0.297 Kg with a standard deviation of 0.024 Kg. Assuming normal distribution, find the percent of the data that falls below the lower specification limit 0f 0.274 Kg.
Steps:1. Sketch diagram (Total area = 1)2. Using formula and calculate 3. Refer Table A, then multiply with 100 (Z x 100)
Solution.........
.
From Table A found Z = - 0.96 Area1 = 0.1685 x 100
= 16.85%,
Thus, 16.85% of the data are less than 0.274 Kg
Solution.........
Using data from the previous, determine the
percentage of the data that fall above 0.347 Kg.
Example 3
From Table A found Z2 = 2.08,
Area1 = 0.9812
Area2 = AreaT – Area1
= 1.0000 – 0.9812
= 0.0188 (x 100)
Thus, 1.88% of the data are above the 0.347 Kg
Solution.........
A large number of test of line voltage to home
resistances show a mean of 118.5 V and a population
standard deviation of 1.20 V. Determine the
percentage of data between 116 and 120 V
Example 4
Solution.........
Solution.........
From Table A; Area2 = 0.0188 Area3 = 0.8944
Area1 = Area3 – Area2
= 0.8944 – 0.0188 = 0.8756 or 87.56%
Thus, 87.56% of the data are between 116 and 120 V
If it is desired to have 12.1% of the line voltage
below 115, how should the mean voltage be adjusted?
The dispersion is σ = 1.20 V.
Example 5
Solution.........
So the mean voltage should be centered at
116.4 V for 12.1% of the value be less than 115 V
Solution.........