qfl-0342 substituição nucleofílica reação de … 342...•the reaction of tert-butyl chloride...

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Reação de Substituição Nucleofílica (S N 2) em sistemas biológicos QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica

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Page 1: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reação de Substituição Nucleofílica (SN2)

em sistemas biológicos

QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica

Page 2: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution

Nucleophilic substitution reactions in biological systems:

This reaction is called methylation because a CH3 group is transferred from

one compound (SAM) to another (:Nu¯).

Page 3: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Tipos de reações ?

3

Page 4: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Mecanismo

4

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5

Conversão de álcool em haletos de alquila

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6

Three components are necessary in any substitution reaction.

General Features of a Substitution Reaction

Page 7: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reações de Substituição Nucleofílica:

Dois tipos principais de mecanismos associados à

estrutura do material de partida

SN2 mechanism (one step)

Page 8: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

SN1 mechanism (2 steps)Rate = k [RX]

First order rate equation

Page 9: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

+ H2O +

+ other products

acetoneCH

3C CH

3

CH3

Br

CH3

C CH3

CH3

OH

H Br

Page 10: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

• The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with

Hydroxide Ion: An SN1 Reaction

The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration and depends only on concentration

of tert-butyl chloride

SN1 reaction: Substitution, nucleophilic, 1st order (unimolecular)

– The rate depends only on the concentration of the alkyl halide

– Only the alkyl halide (and not the nucleophile) is involved in the transition state of

the step that controls the rate

Page 11: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Energy Diagram for a SN1 reaction

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12

Page 13: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration
Page 14: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration
Page 15: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Caracteristicas da reação de SN1

• Haletos terciários são altamente reativos;

• Aspecto central: estabilidade do carbócátion

Page 16: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Estabilidade de carbocátions conjugados

(há dispersão da deficiência)

Page 17: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Allylic and Benzylic Halides

• Allylic and benzylic intermediates stabilized by

delocalization of charge

– Primary allylic and benzylic are also more reactive in

the SN2 mechanism

Page 18: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Exemplo de uma reação de SN1:Consequencias na estereoquímica dos

produtos

Mistura racêmica

Page 19: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Consequencias estereoquímicas da formação de carbocátion

como intermediário nas reações de SN1: racemização

Page 20: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Consequencias estereoquímicas da formação de carbocátion

como intermediário nas reações de SN1: racemização

Page 21: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Efeito do solvente em SN1

• Stabilizing carbocation also stabilizes

associated transition state and controls rate

Solvation of a carbocation by water

Page 22: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Solventes polares promovem a ionização e

estabilizam cátions formados

Page 23: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution

Nucleophilic substitution reactions in biological systems:

?

Page 24: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reações de Substituição Nucleofílica:

Dois tipos principais de mecanismos associados à

estrutura do material de partida

SN2 mechanism (one step)

Page 25: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

• Kinetics of a Nucleophilic Substitution

Reaction: An SN2 Reaction

Page 26: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

• An energy diagram of a typical SN2 reaction

Page 27: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

27

Effect of substrate structure on SN2 reaction

Page 28: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Exemplo do efeito da estrutura do substrato sobre a

velocidade de reação via mecanismo SN2

Page 29: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Quais seriam as diferenças nos níveis energéticos

dos estados de transição entre

RX metílico e um secundário?

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Page 31: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Consequências estereoquímicas da SN2

Page 32: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

32

Consequências estereoquímicas da SN2

Page 33: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Inversão de Walden (1896)

Ác. málico [a]D -2,3o

Ác. málico [a]D +2,3o Ác. (-)-clorosuccínico

Ác. (+)-clorosuccínico

P. Walden (1896). "Ueber die gegenseitige Umwandlung optischer Antipoden". Berichte der

deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 29 (1): 133–138. doi:10.1002/cber.18960290127.

Page 34: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reação SN2 em sistemas cíclicos

Page 35: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Efeito da Nucleofilicidade

• Nucleófilos básicos (aniônicos) são mais reativos do que oscorrespondentes neutros

Page 36: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

SN2 Reaction: nucleophilicity

Basicity Nucleophilicity

Page 37: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration
Page 38: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Ex of protic solvents:

Page 39: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

39

The Solvent

• Solvents that can donate hydrogen bonds (-OH or –NH) slow SN2 reactions by associating with reactants

• Energy is required to break interactions between reactant and solvent

• Polar aprotic solvents (no NH, OH, SH) form weaker interactions with substrate and permit faster reaction

Page 40: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

WWU -- Chemistry

SN2 Reaction: solvents

SN2 reactions are retarded (slowed) in polar, protic

solvents. Protic solvents have O-H groups.

Why are reactions retarded? Nucleophile is

hydrogen bonded to solvent!

Et O H O

Et

The nucleophile ishydrogen bondedto ethanol - reducesnucleophilicity

Page 41: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

41

• Polar aprotic solvents also exhibit dipole—dipole

interactions, but they have no O—H or N—H bonds. Thus,

they are incapable of hydrogen bonding.

Examples of polar aprotic solvents

Page 42: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

42

• Polar aprotic solvents solvate cations by ion—dipole interactions.

• Anions are not well solvated because the solvent cannot hydrogen bond

to them. These anions are said to be “naked”.

Page 43: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration
Page 44: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

44

Estrutura do grupo abandonador

(leaving group)

H- (hidreto)

ou CH3- carbânion)

R-Nu +

Piores grupos

Abandonadores:

Page 45: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

45

Mecanismos

Not

good

LG

Page 46: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Facilidade relativa de alguns gruposabandonadores:

LG

Bons

LG

ruins

Podem ser

sonvertidos

aos produtos

abaixo

Page 47: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Mecanismo

47

Page 48: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Como evitar os rearranjos ?

48

Adição de cloreto de zinco ou ácido de Lewis

Page 49: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reação de álcool com PBr3 ou

SOCl2

49

Page 50: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

50

Page 51: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Mas como substituir ROH ?(converta-o em um bom LG)

S CH3

OR

O

O

S BrOR

O

O

para-Toluenesulfonate Tosylate

para-Bromobenzenesulfonate Brosylate

R OTs

R OBs

Page 52: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Tosilatos, Mesilatos e triflatos:

grupos abandonadores derivados de

álcool

52

Page 53: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Tosylate leaving group

(S)-(+)-1-Phenyl-2-propanol

(S)-(+)-1-Methyl-2-phenylethyl

tosylate

C2H5O

2-Ethoxy-1-phenylpropane

Is this ether (R) or (S)?

C OH

CH2

CH3

H

CH3

S Cl

O

O

C O

CH2

CH3

HTs

C O

CH2

CH3

HTs

CH2

CH O CH2

CH3

CH3_

+ H-Cl

Retention of configuration

Retention or inversion?

[Ts-Cl]

Page 54: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Inversion of Configuration

CH2

CH

CH3

O S

O

O

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH2

O C

CH2

HCH

3

+ CH3

S O

O

O

(S)

(R)

_

O_ CH3

Page 55: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Kenyon and Phillips 1920’s and 1930’s

Interprete o esquema abaixo:

Page 56: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

• Organic Synthesis: Functional Group Transformations

Using SN2 Reactions

Page 57: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Formação de novas ligações

carbono-carbono via SN2

Page 58: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Reação de alcoóis com bases:

preparação de alcóxidos

Page 59: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Síntese de Williamson de éteres (SN2)

Page 60: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration
Page 61: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Quais seriam os produtos formados:

Page 62: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

62

• The strong nucleophile favors an SN2 mechanism.

• The weak nucleophile favors an SN1 mechanism.

Page 63: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

SN1 Reactions: some biological effects

R+: carbocátions - espécies altamente alquilantes que podem ser atacada

por biomoléculas como o DNA.

CH3Br

bromometano

CH3

SN2

Page 64: QFL-0342 Substituição nucleofílica Reação de … 342...•The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An S N 1 Reaction The rate is independent of hydroxide concentration

Qual o mecanismo da SN envolvido na formação de terpenos?