qhxr (e .e.) - ddceutkal.ac.inddceutkal.ac.in/syllabus/ma_hindi/paper-13.pdf · unit - iii (h$)...

$: qhXr (E .E.) - ddceutkal.ac.inddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_HINDI/Paper-13.pdf · Unit - III (H$) {d{dY àH$ma H$ AZdmX ... EH$ ñd` gnUy gm{hpË`H$ H${V$
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DDCE Utkal UniversityqhXr (E_.E.)M.A. (Hindi)

Semester - IIIPAPER - XIII

AZwdmX : {gÕm§V Am¡a à`moJ

boIH$S>m°. e§H$abmb nwamo{hV

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{df` gyMr

AZwdmX : {gÕm§V Am¡a à`moJ

Unit - I (H$)AZwdmX n[a^mfm, joÌ Am¡a gr_mE±

(I)AZwdmX H$m ñdê$n : H$bm AWdm {dkmZ

Unit - II (H$)AZwdmX H$s à{H«$`m Am¡a à{d{Y {díbofU (I) AZwdmX VWm g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V

Unit - III (H$) {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX : gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX- H$m`m©b`r AZwdmX (I) AZwdmX H$s gmW©H$Vm Am¡a àmg§{JH$Vm

A§H$ {d^mOZ :VrZ AmbmoMZmË_H$ àíZ 3×12 = 36

VrZ bKyÎmar àíZ 3×8 = 24

Xmo A{VbKyÎmar àíZ 2 × 5 = 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Hw$b = 70

gÌr` H$m`© = 30

_____________________

Hw$b A§H 100

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`w{ZQ> -1

(H$) AZwdmX n[a^mfm, joÌ Am¡a gr_mE±

(I)AZwdmX H$m ñdê$n : H$bm AWdm {dkmZ

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`w{ZQ> -I

efJe<e³e met®eer

1.0 ^y{_H$m

1.1 AZwdmX H$s n[a^mfm

1.2 AZwdmX H$s gr_mE±

1.3 AZwdmX H$e joÌ

1.4 gmam§e

1.5 {dkmZ AWdm H$bm

1.6 gmam§e

1.7 DeY³eeme àíZ

1.8 mene³ekeÀ J«§W

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`w{ZQ> -1

H$) AZwdmX n[a^mfm, joÌ Am¡a gr_mE±

1.0 ^y{_H$m :AZwdmX H$s MMm© H$aVo g_` AmnZo gm{hË` Am¡a ^mfm Ho$ ~mao _| H$m\$s AZw d àmá H$a

{b`m h¡ Ÿ& A~ CgH$m àm`mo{JH$ ê$n gm_Zo h¡ Ÿ& h_mao gm_Zo ^mfm {Z_m©U - ^mfm JR>Z H$s EH$_O~yV Ztd ~Z MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË` H$m EH$ nj BgH$m {dñVma h¡ Ÿ& joÌr` hr Zht, mdmË_H$ ê$n _|^r AnZr gr_m bm§KZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AnZr, AnZo joÌ H$s , AnZo Xoe Am¡a AnZo g_` H$sg§nXm (~m¡{ÕH$) H$mo mfm JV Xm`ao go {ZH$mb H$a d¥hÎma joÌ _| Cgo àX{e©V H$aZm AZwdmX H$m _w»`bú` h¡ Ÿ&

àmMrZ ^maV _| Jwé {eî` na§nam _| Jwé go gwZH$a {eî` J«hU H$aVm Wm Ÿ& `h AZwdmX H$màma§{^H$ ê$n h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw npíM_ _| Q>m§gboQ> H$mo n[adhZ go Omo‹S> H$a n[adhZ H$m n`m© ~Zm`m Ÿ& AZwdmX `mZoQ>m§gboQ> (n[adhZ) H$aZm Ÿ& AW©V² EH$ ^mfm _| a{MV gm_J«r H$mo boH$a AÝ` ^mfm joÌ _| nh±þMmZmAZwdmX H$hbmVm Wm Ÿ& Bg ì`mnH$ n[a^mfm _| AZwdmX H$m H$m`© ~hþV ~‹S>m hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

1.1 n[a^mfm :^V¥©h[a Zo AZwdmX H$m AW© "XmohamZm' m nwZH©$WZ' {b`m h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² Omo ~mV H$hr Om MwH$s

h¡ Cgo Cgr mfm _| m Xygar mfm _| ì`º$ H$aZm m Xwham XoZm, AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> eãXm| Ho$ hoa \o$a Ho$gmW AmO gmam npíM_r OJV r Bgr n[a^mfm Ho$ AmYma na AZwdmX H$m`© H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ&

^maV _| d¡{XH$ ^mfm Ho$ ~mX Omo n[adV©Z Am`m, dh kmZ {\$a EH$ ~ma bmoJm| VH$ nh±þMmZohoVw CgH$s Q>rH$m, AW©, mfm ì`m»`m Am{X H$m`© {H$`m J`m Ÿ& g§gma _| `h AZwdmX H$m gd©àW_ê$n Am¡a à`moJ h¡ Ÿ&

dhr hmb npíM_ _| ~mB~b H$mo boH$a hþAm Ÿ& _yb mfm {h~«y H$mbH«$_ _| AZwn`wº$ hmo JB©

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Vmo ~mB~b H$mo àM{bV J«rH$, {\$a A§J«oOr _| CVmaZm n‹S>m Ÿ& AmO VH$ `h A§VaU Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ&Bg{bE Zht {H$ h H$m_ AYyam ahm m Aàm_m{UH$ Wm Ÿ& daZ {dÛmZm| Ed§ ~mB{~b Ho$ AÜ`oVmAm| Zogyú_ go gyú_Va ñVa na CVaH$a CgH$mo JhamB© go àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ& qhXr _| `h H$m`© à_wIV: \$mXaH$m{_b ~wëHo$ Zo {H$`m Omo ^maV _| gdm©{YH$ àM{bV Ed§ AmXaUr` _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡{XH$ Ed§Cn{Zf{XH$ ì`m»`m H$s b§~r na§nam h¡ Ÿ& mñH$, e§H$amMm`© Am{X H$s b§~r na§nam h¡ Ÿ&

AmYw{ZH$ AZwdmX emó Ho$ npíM_r AmbmoMH$m| _| ZmBS>m Iy~ àM{bV h¢ -

"Translating consists in to reducing one language the closest natural equivalent to the

message of the source language first in meaning and secondly in style.

ZmBS>m Zo AW© Am¡a e¡br XmoZm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIZo H$s ~mV H$hr h¡ Ÿ& _yb mfm H$mo bú` mfm_| AW© Am¡a e¡br XmoZm| Ñ{ï> go g_Vwë` hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& ZmBS>m AZwdmX H$s ^mdmË_H$ Ñ{ï> H$s CnojmZht H$aVo *Ÿ&

Cgr àH$ma H¡$Q>>\$moS>© Zo H$hm -

"Replacement of textual material in one lenguage by equivalent textual materinl in

another language."

`hm± {g\©$ eãXm| H$m A§Va h¡ Ÿ& bJ^J EH$ hr ~mV XmoZm| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&

Ý`y_mH©$ Q>oŠgQ> H$s ~Om` g§Xoe H$s MMm© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm H$m g§Xoe Xygar mfm _| àñVwVH$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

AWm©V² VrZm| {dÛmZm| Zo H$hm -AZwdmX _| òmoV ^mfm (Source language ) H$s gm_J«r H$mobú` mfm (Target language) _| àñVwV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ&

A~ hm± XoIVo h¢ {H$ _yb nmR> _| mfm Am¡a {df` XmoZm| h¢ Ÿ& mfm _| CgH$s e¡br, eãXm| H$mñVa Am{X AmVo h¢ Ÿ& gm_J«r _| {df` dñVw Am¡a md, gm¡ÝX`©, H$bmË_H$ {deofVm Am{X hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$ mfm Ho$ gmao d¡ d H$mo XoIVm h¡ Am¡a {df` H$s ì`mnH$Vm öX`§J_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& BgoboH$a bú` ^mfm _| EH$ Z`o nmR> _| Cg _yb gm_J«r H$mo V¡ ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gOmVm -g§dmaVm h¡ Ÿ& `hrAZwdmX H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ ^md Ho$ Abmdm dh {df` H$mo g§ào{fV H$aZo na nyam Ü`mZ H|${ÐV H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm go Xygar mfm _| g_PmZm h AZwdmX H$m _yb bú` h¡ Ÿ& Mmho gm{hpË`H$ hmo AWdmH$`m©b`rZ AWdm d¡km{ZH$ AZwdmX, gd©Ì {df` hr à_wI hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&---------------------------------------------------------------------

* Thery and practice of translation - Naida and taber P. 13

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Xygao eãXm| _| H$hVo h¢ - AZwdmXH$ AnZo à`mg _| eãXmdaU oX H$a Cg nmR> Ho$ gyú_ mdVH$ nh±þ>M H$a AnZr ^mfm _| ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh _yb Ho$ ^mfmJV AmdaU H$m _moh N>mo‹S> H$a bú`_| EH$ AmdaU àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ht na bú` _| CgH$s _m¡{bH$Vm àH$Q> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| g¥OZmË_H$Vm{XIVr h¡ Ÿ& A~ _yb N>mo‹S> Xo, AZy{XV H¥${V H$s Amoa Jm¡a H$a| - Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o, eãX, dmŠ`, _whmdaoAm{X, Omo‹S> H$a ~ZmB© JB© H$moB© dñVw Zht, EH$ ñd`§ g§nyU© gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V {XI ahr h¡ Ÿ& ñdm^m{dH$Ed§ ghO g¥OZ bJ ahm h¡ Ÿ& `hr AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ&'

1.2 AZwdmX H$s gr_mE± :

H$) AmO Vmo AZwdmX joÌ H$m {dñVma gr_mVrV hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& H$bm-{dkmZ hr Zht qMVZ Am¡aOrdZ H$m ha {~ÝXw AnZo joÌ go {ZH$b ~mha AmZo H$mo AmVwa h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU Zo Bg BÀN>m H$mo Am¡a rJ{V àXmZ H$s h¡ Ÿ& {díd AJa N>moQ>m Jm±d ~Z J`m Vmo nmg-n‹S>mog _| AmZm -OmZm ~hþV ghO ^mdh¡ Ÿ& AV: BgH$s ì`mnH$Vm _| {dñVma Am`m h¡ Ÿ&

Cgr àH$ma AmO d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s àJ{V Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ hmW _| AZoH$ Am¡Oma r Am J`oh¢ Ÿ& Ho$db eãX > hr Zht, mdm| H$s JhZ nh±þM VH$ AmgmZ hmo JB© Ÿ& EH$ Am`m_ _erZr AZwdmX Zo{X`m h¡ Bggo AZwdmX H$m joÌ ~‹T>m h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ gr_mE± Qy>Q>r h¢ Ÿ& gmYZ {_bZo na AZnh±þM joÌm| Am¡añWmZm| VH$ AZwdmX nh±þM ahm h¡ Ÿ&

_Zwî` Xya VH$ Am¡a JhamB© go gmoMZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^r ~hþV gMoVZ hmoJ`m Ÿ& gVhr g_mZmWu AZwdmX H$mo dh ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm Jhao CgHo$ md, {dMma, bú` ñVa na^r AZwdmX Cgo g§Vwï> H$ao V~ dh ñdrH$m`© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma h_ O~ AZwdmX H$s gr_m na MMm© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa {dñVma {XI ahm h¡ Ÿ& XygarAmoa g§H$moM hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& joÌ _| Bgo {damQ> {díd {_b ahm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ñVa H$mo XoI| Vmo gr_m g§H$moMhmoVm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$m H$ht _ob Zht Ÿ& Xmo AbJ -AbJ joÌ h¢ Ÿ& {\$a r XmoZm| Ho$ gmW hmoZona r gr_m {ZYm©[aV g§ d h¡ Ÿ&

E) ^mfmB© gr_m :AZwdmX H$m`© _| ñWyb ê$n _| gdm©{YH$ g§~§Y ^mfm go h¡ Ÿ& AV: CgH$s Á`mXmVa gr_m`|

^mfm hr {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _w»`V: ^mfm Xmo Vah H$s (AZwdmX Ho$ g§X^© _|) hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& {ZH$Q>dVuCËn{Îm, {df`dñVw H$mo boH$a, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñ{ï> go dh AJa Amgnmg Ho$ joÌ H$s h¡ Vmo CgH$s gr_m

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{^Þ hmoJr Ÿ& na§Vw {^Þ Xoe, {d^Þ H$mb, {^Þ Om{V-Y_© go g§~Õ h¡ Vmo gr_m {^Þ hmo OmòJr Ÿ&CXmhaU Ho$ {bE {hXr - Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX H$s dmo gr_mE± Zht hm|Jr Omo qhXr -O_©Z `m Amo{‹S> m -OmnmZr AZwdmX H$s hm|Jr Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma H$mbJV A§Va ^r AZwdmX H$s gr_mE± {ZYm©aU H$aVer h¡ Ÿ&g_H$mbrZ ^mfm Am¡a Xmo -Mma gm¡ df© nwamZr ^mfm go AZwdmX _| Omo gr_m AmVr h§¡ dh ~mB~b Ho$AZwdmX _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm _| à`wº$ eãX (O¡go ~oQ>m, nwÌ, b‹S>H$m) hr Zht CgHo$ dmŠ` ^r gr_m V` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&H$ht {d{^Þ mdmoÔrá dmŠ`, H$ht I§{S>V dmŠ`, Vmo H$ht b§~o dmŠ` AZwdmX H$s gr_m V` H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&H$ht dmŠ` _| H$Vm© A§V _| AmVm h¡, H$ht na ZH$mamË_H$ eãX ^r A§V _| (O¡go dh J`m Zht) AmòVmo AZwdmXH$ H$mo gr_m _| ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma eãXm| Ho$ H$moeJV AW© H$s OJh ^mdZm{VaoH$_| {deof AW© hm| Vmo do AbJ hr gr_m àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| ñZoh, ì`§½`, hmñ`, H«$moY, ào_ Am{X{d{dY mdm| Ho$ AYrZ eãXm| Ho$ AnZo AW© ~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ& g¥OZmË_H$ mfm _| ~hþYm H$moe go AmJo{deof AW© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: gr_m H$mo Ü`mZ _| aI AZwdmX H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

~r) gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ gr_m :O~ AZwdmX H$s XmoZm| mfmAm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYma {OVZo Xya hm|Jo AZwdmX H$s

gr_m`| r CVZr ~‹T>Vr Om`|Jr Ÿ& maVr` mfmAm| Ho$ Amngr AZwdmX _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ {ZH$Q>Vm ahZo Ho$H$maU AZwdmX ghO hr H$a nmVo h¢ Ÿ& yamonr` joÌ _| bo Om`| Vmo dhm± Ho$ AmMma-{dMma, Mmb-MbZ~hþV {^Þ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± H$s ^mfm _| àñVwV H$aZm ~‹S>r gr_m n¡Xm H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^maV _| ^r ~m§½bmna§nam Am¡a JwOamVr gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| {^ÞVm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& n§Om~ Am¡a Ho$ab -H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nd©-Ë`m¡hmam| _| {^ÞVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX H$s gr_m ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

V{_b _| H§$~Z H$s am_mÙ H$m qhXr AZwdmX Am¡a {hÝXr H$s am_M[aV _mZg H$m V{_b _|AZwdmX Eogo Xmo CXmhaU bo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AWdm ~bam_ Xmg (Amo{‹S> m) a{MV Xm§S>r am_mÙ H$m qhXr_| AZwdmX H$s ~mV H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Amo{‹S>em _| Omo nhZmdm h¡, Omo ImZ-nmZ h¡, {ddmh Ho$ g_` H$sbm¡{H$H$ -emñÌr` {d{Y-{dYmZ h¢ .... Eogr AZoH$ ~mV| bo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& CÎma maV (qhXr mfmB© joÌ)_| Hw$N> ar{V-[admO {_bVo h¢, Hw$N> Zht Ÿ& H$B© ar{V-[admO ^r EH$ O¡gr h¢ , nd©-Ë`m¡hma ^r EH$O¡go h¢ {hÝXyAm| Ho$ ^JdmZ EH$ h¢ Vmo ar{V-[admO ^r EH$ hr hm|Jo Ÿ& na CZHo$ AbJ-AbJ Zm_ Xo{Xò h¢ Ÿ& O¡go CÎma maV _| "VrO' h¡ Vmo hm± Amo{‹S>em _| "aO' nd© h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| hr dfm© F$Vw Ho$ Ama§_| H§$dm[a`mo| Ho$ AmZ§Xmoëbmg Ho$ nd© h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m AZwdmX ~‹S>r gVH©$Vm H$s _m§J H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Hw$N>

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dñVwAm| H$m CëboI a H$a XoZo go dh AZy{XV Zht hmo OmVm Ÿ& dñVw, {H«$`m, md Am{X Ho$ Zm_ dhm±H$s na§nam _| Kwbo {_bo h¢ na§Vw CZH$mo qhXr _| {bIZo go nmR>H$ VH$ dh g§àofU Zht hmo nmVm & `hAZwdmX H$s gr_m h¡ Ÿ&

Hw$N> g§~moYZ ñZohm{YŠ` AWdm H«$moY de {^Þ AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ (O¡go _m±, ~mn, XmXm,ZmZm Am{X) na AZwdmX _| BZH$m _yb Ame` boH$a VXZwê$n AZwdmX AnZr {deof gr_m àñVwV H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma "lÕm' eãX Amo{‹S> m _| {Og md H$mo ,_yu` H$mo boH$a à wº$ hmoVm h¡, qhXr _| bJ^Jdh ^md Am¡a nwéf Zht aIVm Ÿ& Amo{‹S>em _| ~‹S>m| H$s N>moQ>mo§ Ho$$ à{V ñZoh, AZwH§$nm, ghmZy y{V,A§Va§JVm, ^{º$ Am{X H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aVo g_` "lÕm' eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw qhXr _|"lÕm' H$s {deof ì`m»`m AmMm`© am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Bgr erfH©$ {Z~§Y _| H$s h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw dhm± Eogr H$moB©~‹S>o-N>moQ>o H$s mdZm, ñZoh_`, md Ymam H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& h gm§ñH¥${VH$ MbZ H$s gyú_ pñW{VhmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a à`moJ H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX _| g§ñH¥${V H$m EH$ {deof VËd Xygar _| Z {_bZm Am_ ~mV h¡ Ÿ& V~ AZwdmXH$à{VñWmnZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ~mV V^r g§ d h¡ O~ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$n go XmoZm| {ZH$Q> h¢ Ÿ& `hm± na nyU©g_Vm Vmo g§ d Zht Ÿ& Am§{eH$ g_mZVm H$mo boH$a Second Best H$s Vah AZwdmX H$m`© g§nÞ H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& Bg ^mfm g§~§Yr éH$mdQ> Ho$ H$maU do AdYmaUm`| O¡gr nhMmZr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& - _yb ^mfm _|,AZwdmX _| dh ê$n Zht {_boJm Ÿ& h AZyR>mnZ AmëhmX, AmíM`© àXmZ H$aVm h¡, na§Vw _yb H$mo nyU©ê$n _| àñVwV Zht H$a nmVm$ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ XmoZm| H$s g_mZVm Ho$ {ZpíMV _mZX§S> ñnï> Zht h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$maHo$ AZwdmXH$ Am¡a {\$a nmR>H$ Û§Û _| nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AJa ~hþV H${R>Z bJo Vmo AZwdmXH$ BZ A§em|H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n `h gd© {ZH¥$ï> nW h¡ Ÿ& na AZÝ`monm` hmo dh BÝh| Ë`mJ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$BZH$m AmZÝX Zht bo nmVm Ÿ& AnZr gr_m _| Eogo A§e ~§Y H$a ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± gm_mÝ` nmR>H$ H$mÜ`mZ aIVo hþE gm_mÝ` AZwdmX _| Eogo A§e| go OyPZo H$s Oê$aV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ _| `h àUmbr AnZr gr_m Ho$ ~mdOyX, AË`§V _hËdnyU© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± AZwdmX _| "Q>r Eb' H$s e¡br na {dMma H$a boZm C{MV hmoJm Ÿ& qhXr ê$nm§VaU _| qhXrAZoH$ ~mo{b`m| H$m g_yh h¡ (d¡go Vmo ha Mma-nm§M _rb na ~mobr _| A§Va Am OmVm h¡) - ^moOnwar,AdYr, _¡{Wbr, amOñWmZr, nhm‹S>r,N>ÎmrgJ‹T>r, _bmdr... AZoH$ ~mo{b`m| H$m g_mhma h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ghr ^mfm Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ g_` Bg {demb {dH$ën pñW{V _| CbP OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© _mJ©Xeu {gÕmÝVZht nmVm Ÿ! Eogo _| ^mfm Ho$ {H$g ~mobr ê$n H$mo J«hU H$ao m {\$a CXy© Am{X H$m ghmam bo, `h {damQ>{dH$ën_` Ñí` C^` AZwdmXH$ Am¡a nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE gr_m ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

10

AZwdmXH$ g§aMZm _| àXÎm gm§Ho${VH$ {~ÝXw H$mo nH$‹S>o Ÿ& h g§Ho$VmË_H$ eãX H$moe _| Ty>§T>Zo goZht {_bVm Ÿ& dmŠ` g§aMZm _| h g§Ho$V Nw>nm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g§doXZerb AZwdmXH$ Bgo ghO hr nhMmZnmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h ÜdÝ`mË_H$ ê$n AZwdmX Ho$ g_` AZwdmXH$s` {d{eï>Vm H$s nhMmZ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&boIH$ Ûmam à`wº$ ^mfme¡br nH$‹S> H$a Cg_| àñVwV H$aZm {deof gr_m aIVr h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX H$m`© gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& `h d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s Ho$ ê$n _| Zmn-Vm¡b H$a H$aZmg§ d Zht Ÿ& EH$ Ord§V H¥${V H$mo AÝ` ^mfm -g§ñH¥${V joÌ _| Ord§V H¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZmn‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ _yb Ho$ àmUm| go n[a{MV hmo Am¡a bú` _|OrdÝ`mg Xo, `h CgH$s g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& BªQ>-Jmao H$m T>m§Mm _H$mZ Zht hmoVm, Ka(Home)~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Cg_| n[adma Mm{hE Ÿ& d¡go hr AZwdmX H$s àmUdÎmm CgH$s gr_m h¡, gm¡ÝX © h¡, d¡{eï²>Am¡a WmW© h¡ Ÿ&

1.3 AZwdmX H$e joÌ :

AZwdmX H$m joÌ ~hþV {dñV¥V h¡ Ÿ& h H«$_e: {dñV¥V hmoVm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s ewê$AmV Y_©J«§Wm| Ho$ bmoH$ ^mfm _| àñVwV H$aZo AZwdmX H$m à`moJ hþAm Wm Ÿ& {díd H$s g^r ^mfmAm| _| `hrpñW{V Wr Ÿ& H«$_e: BgH$m {dñVma hmoZo bJm Ÿ& gm{hË` Ho$ AÝ` ê$nm| H$m bmoH$ ^mfm _| AZwdmX Ho$_mÜ`_ go A§VaU {H$`m OmZo bJm Ÿ& `h H$m`© EH$ joÌ, EH$ Xoe hr Zht gmao {díd _| àM{bV hmoZobJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma gm{hË` Xoe H$s gr_m bm§K _hmXoem| _| \¡$b d¡pídH$ hmoZo bJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma{dMma, ^md Ed§ MoVZm Ho$ {dñVma _| AZwdmX H$m à`moJ H«$_e: gr_m`| Vmo‹S>Zo bJo Ÿ&

doX, Cn{ZfX, ~«m÷U J«§Wm| H$mo AmO h_ AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go öX`§J_ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& AÝ`Wmd¡{XH$ ì`mH$aU Vmo Xya, nm{UZr VH$ H$mo g_PZm BVZm AmgmZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~ma-~ma JrVm, ^mJdV,_hm^maV, am_m`U Ho$ AZwdmX hmoZo bJo Ÿ& Bggo H$WmZH$ _| H${d à{V^m Ow‹S> H$a Zd-ZyVZ AW© Am¡aZyVZ ^md {dñVma hmoZo bJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma h_mar na§nam, h_mar g§ñH¥${V, h_mao OrdZ, h_mao àmUm| _|ZyVZ md aVr ahr Ÿ& AmO r h Ymam àM{bV h¡ Ÿ& BZ A_a J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX Omar h¡ Ÿ& npíM_Ho$ EH$ "~mB~b' Ho$ AZwdmX _| hOmam| g§ñWm`| Ed§ hOmam| bmoJ bJo h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$m joÌAmO {dñVma nm H$a ~hþV ~‹S>m hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& "B©gmBV' Ho$ BVZo {d{dY ê$n _V, Am¡a ^oX {_b ahoh¢ Ÿ& na _yb B©ída MoVZm EH$ h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m AmYma ~mB~b AZwdmX Ho$ AmYma na {d{^Þ Ñ{ï>H$moU XoVmh¡ Ÿ& Hw$amZ H$s _yb ^mfm ha _wgb_mZ Ho$ {bE n{dÌ h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CgH$m g§Xoe Cgo AnZr ^mfm _|AZwdmX H$aZo go hr g_P AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$amZ H$s Am`Vm| H$m AW© CgHo$ OrdZ H$m A§e V^r ~ZVm h¡O~ dh Cgo g_P H$a CgHo$ AZwgma AmMaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `ht AZwdmX H$m joÌ Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

11

kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ joÌ _| AZwdmX H$m EH$ {^Þ joÌ h¡ Ÿ& `hm± H$bm-g§ñH¥${V H$s gyMZm Am¡a{dkmZ H$m {dñVma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm _| CnbãY kmZ-{dkmZ H$mo AZwdmX go hr {dñVma {_b ahmh¡ Ÿ& {díd Ho$ {H$gr H$moZo _| CX² mdZm hmo, AZwdmX go ha joÌ _| dh erK« \¡$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ^mfmBVZm ~‹S>m ~moP dhZ Zht H$a gH$Vr, dh Mmho A§J«oOr hmo `m MrZr Ÿ& BgH$m _mÜ`_ ao{S> mo, Q>rdr,{gZo_m, B§Q>aZoQ>, _mo~mBb Am¡a AÝ` BboŠQ>m{ZH$ _r{S> m hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g~ _| AZwdmX {H$gr Z{H$gr ê$n _| A{Zdm`© Amdí`H$Vm ~Z MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma kmZ-{dkmZ Ed§ AÝ` gyMZm àgma Ho$_mÜ`_ nÌ-n{ÌH$m`| ^r AZwdmX {~Zm n§Jw ~Z OmVr h§¡ Ÿ& ÐþVJ{V go AZwdmX H$a gyMZm `m g§dmX{díd _| {d{^Þ _mÜ`_m| go àgm[aV, àMm[aV Am¡a {dkm{nV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² {dkmZ H$m joÌ rAZwdmX Ho$ {bE An[ahm`© ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& gyMZm àXmVm joÌ go gyMZm `m g§dmX `m {dkmnZ boH$aAZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {díd Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| VH$ nh±þMm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {XZm| H$m H$m_ M§X goH§o$S>m| _| hmo ahmh¡ Ÿ& hOmam| H$m H$m_ Hw$N> hmWm| go hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

A§Vàm©ÝVr` ñVa na AZwdmX `wJm| go hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& A§V: amï>r` AZwdmX ~hþV nwamZm Zht h¡ Ÿ&A~ {dYmZg^m, nmb©_|Q>, `y EZ Am{X {d{^Þ ~¡R>H$m| _| AZwdmX Ho$ {~Zm H$m_ Zht Mb gH$Vm &A~ AmdmO CR> ahr h¡ gdm gm¡ H$amo‹S> ^maVr`m| H$m ñda `yEZ _| qhXr _|$ gwZm Om`Jm Ÿ& AWm©V²^maVr` à{V{Z{Y Ho$ qhXr ñda H$mo y EZ _| boH$a AÝ` òmoV ñdrH¥$V ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_go d¡pídH$ ~Zm`m Om gHo$Jm Ÿ& g§ mdZm CÁdb hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> joÌ qhXr Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| {Û_VaI| Ÿ& na§Vw AZwdmX H$s Cn`mo{JVm go BZH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& AV: Cggo AnZm CÔoí` {gÕ H$aVoh¢ Ÿ&

Bgr àH$ma ì`mnma, {ejm, Q>odb, _oZoO_|Q, >AmB©Q>r, amOZr{V .... Am{X OrdZ Ho$ joÌm| _|AZwdmX An[ahm`© hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& A§Vam©ï>r` g§~§Ym| H$s Ztd AZwdmX na {Q>H$Vr h¡ Ÿ& {díd H$mo ½bmo~b~ZmZo _| AZwdmX H$s y{_H$m g~go A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& {d{dYVmAm| H$mo bm§KZo Am¡a g_Vm Ho$ Xe©Z H$amZo m{dñVma H$aZo _| AZwdmX H$m _hËd ~hþV A{YH$ ahm h¡ Ÿ& {díd _| g§Mma _mÜ`_m| H$s J{V {XZ na {XZ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& n[adhZ Ho$ gmYZ gñVo, {dídgZr` Am¡a ÐþV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Amngr g_P-~yP, n[aM`, ñZoh - ào_, nmañn[aH$ gm¡hmÐ© H$s Xw{Z`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE AZwdmX H$m {demb joÌ h¡ Ÿ&nhbo {ddmh H$a b‹S>H$s ggwamb OmVr Vmo ES>OñQ> hmoZo _| g_` bJVm, A~ Zht Ÿ& na n‹T>Zo, [agM©H$aZo, {deofkVm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE Z`o BbmHo$ _| OmH$a AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go mfm Ed§ na§nam OmZH$a VoOr go AnZo bú` VH$ nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO h Oê$aV ha Va\$ _hgyg hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ì`{º$Xg ^mfm`| Zht grI gH$Vm Ÿ& na CZ_| {bIr AnZr Oê$ar nwñVH|$ AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àmá H$agH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& {gZo_m amVm| amV AZy{XV hmoH$a {díd ^a _| àgm[aV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

12

AmO {díd _| _erZ H$mo bmH$a AZwdmX H$m joÌ Am¡a {dñV¥V {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& ì`mH$a{UH$O{Q>bVmAm|, ^mfmJV `y{ZH$ {\$Ma Ho$ H$maU EH$ joÌ H$m kmZ AWdm AZw d Xygao joÌ _| OmZo _|éH$mdQ> Am ahr h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Yrao-Yrao g~ {~ÝXw Vbme H$a BZ A‹S>MZm| H$mo Xya {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& kmZO¡gm gab {df` ^mfmB© brH$m| _| CbP H$a amoH$m Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ& gmao {díd Ho$ {bE AZwdmXZr`gm_J«r àñVw{VH$aU Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo$ d¡ídrH$aU {g\©$ ~mOmarH$aU H$m joÌ a Zht ahoJm Ÿ& Bg_|g§ñH¥${V, H$bm, gm{hË`, na§nam, B{Vhmg, ^yJmob, amOZr{V ... gmao joÌm| H$mo d¡pídH$ YamVb na{b`m Om gH$oJm Ÿ& Bg_| J{V _erZ a XoJr Ÿ& _erZr AZwdmX _| r ì`mnH$ g\$bVm {_b gHo$Jr Ÿ&h_ AmO H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ Ho$ AZwdmX H$mo ~‹S>r g\$bVm _mZ ~¡R>Vo h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$AJ{UV AÝ` joÌ AZwdmX Ho$ MamJmh h¢ Ÿ& dhm± H$s gm_J«r AnZo -AnZo joÌ go {ZH$b {díd Xa~ma_| nh±þMZo bJoJr V~ AZw d hmoJm {H$ h_ g~ _Zwî` h¢ Ÿ& _mZdVm -{díd ~§YwËd Am¡a gdm}n[a maVH$m hOmam| df© H$m g§H$ën "H¥$Êdohmo {díd_m`©_²' AWdm "OJV CÕma hoC' ( Amo{‹S> m H${d r_ moB©)gmH$ma hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ&

1.4 gmam§e :Bg àH$ma Bg BH$mB© _| h_Zo "AZwdmX' H$s g§H$ënZm na {dMma {H$`m Ÿ& "AZwdmX' H$m

{d{^Þ wJm| _| {d{^Þ AWm] _| à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Z`o wJ Ho$ {dÛmZm|, {deof H$a nmíMmË` _Zr{f`m| Zo Bgna Š`m qMVZ {H$`m, Bg na {ddoMZ {H$`m Ÿ&

AZwdmX go$ ~hþV Amem | H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw h_ yb OmVo h¢ {H$ h H$moB©"gdm}f{Y' Zht h¡ Ÿ&BgH$s AnZr gr_m | h¢ Ÿ& gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZ¡{VH$, gm{hpË`H$ Am{X {d{^Þ joÌm| _| A§VaU m g_Vwë`^md -{dMma gyMZm H$mo àñVwV H$aZm g§ d Zht hmoVm Ÿ& AV: Cg na ~hþV A{YH$ {Z^©a H$aZo _|gVH©$ ahZm hmoJm Ÿ& O¡go h_oem AZwdmX {Z^©a Om{V H«$_e: n§Jw hmoZo bJVr h¡, _m¡{bH$ aMZm, g¥OZAm¡a Ñ{ï> e{º$ Xw~©b hmoZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ ~mVm| na namoj ê$n _| àH$me S>mbZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& kmZ-{dkmZ H$mo AZwdmX H$a ^§S>ma ^aZm EH$ Ñ{ï> go R>rH$ h¡, na§Vw Cgr na {Z^©a H$aZo go _m¡{bH$Vm na(Amo[a{OZ) na à^md n‹S>Zo H$s g§ mdZm go BZH$ma Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ&

AZwdmX H$m joÌ h_mar AmemAm| Am¡a AnojmAm| go ^r A{YH$ {dñV¥V h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$ {damQ>\$bH$ H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Am¡a a§J aZo _| AZwdmX H$s y{_H$m AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU H$mo Ho$db~mOmarH$aU Zht, dmñVd _| _mZdr` EH$sH$aU Ho$ joÌ _| AZwdmX H$s y{_H$m na àH$me S>mbm J`mh¡ Ÿ& kmZ-{dkmZ -H$bm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| AZwdmX H$s Oê$aV hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& maV H$m d¡ídrH$aUH$m AnZm Ñ{ï>H$moU BgrHo$ _mÜ`_ go g\$b hmoJm, Bg na ^r {dMma {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

13

I)AZwdmX H$m ñdê$n

1.5 {dkmZ AWdm H$bm :AZwdmX H$m`© gmar Xw{Z`m _| hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& AV: `h àíZ d¡pídH$ h¡ {H$ `h H$m`© {dkmZ h¡

AWdm H$bm ? `hm± {dkmZ Am¡a H$bm Ho$ g§~§Y _| EH$ YmaUm ñnï> H$a b| Ÿ&

{H$gr H$m`© _| {dkmZ H$s Vah d¡km{ZH$ e¡br H$m AZwgaU H$aVo h¢ Vmo dh {dkmZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_|à`moJembm _| m AÝ` {d{Y go n[aUm_m| H$s àË`j Om§M g§ d hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Bg_| mdm| H$m à^mdAWdm mdwH$Vm àYmZ e¡br Z hmo, daZ VÏ` àYmZ e¡br m dñVw{Zð>Vm H$mo _hËd {X`m Omò Ÿ& H$Vm©Jm¡U hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$m`© Ho$ AZwgma J{V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg_| {H$gr e¡br Ho$ do[aòeZ H$s H$moB© OJhZht ahVr Ÿ& 2+2 = 4 H$s Vah AZwdmX H$m amñVm grYm hmoJm Ÿ& H$ht {dH$ën H$m g§e` Zht Ÿ& AWdmgm¡ÝX`©erb MoVZm Ho$ H$maU Ab§H$aU àYmZ Z hmo H$a {df`mZwgma {ZU© , {Zînj gË` H$m H$WZhmoJm Ÿ& A{^^yV hmoZo O¡gr njYaVm H$mo ñWmZ Zht hmoJm Ÿ& {dH$ënm| m d¡km{ZH$ ê$n _| {Z`§ÌU hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& _erZ à`moJ H$a CgH$m g_mYmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "J«o AmoqQ>Ja' _mZVo h¢ {H$ AZwdmX EH$ d¡km{ZH$à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& _erZ à`moJ H$a g\$b AZwdmX H$s {Xem _| ~hþV àJ{V H$s h¡ Ÿ& hm± _mZd _pñVîH$ H$s~Om` _erZ ~«oZ ñWmZmnÞ mfm àñVwV H$aZo H$s {Xem _| à`ËZerb h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| nyar g\$bVm Z {_bZmCgo Ad¡km{ZH$ Zht H$h gH$Vo Ÿ& AmO Zht Vmo H$b, mfmB© KQ>H$m| H$s nhMmZ H$a EH$-Xygar mfm _|bmZm bo OmZm d¡go hr hmo Om`Jm O¡go A~ ~mobm hþAm nmR> Q>mBn hmoZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& AWdm EH$ {d{Y _|Q>mBn gd©Ì g_ ê$n _| CnbãY h¡ (O¡go wZrH$moS> _| à`mg Omar h¡) {díd {dkmZ _| àJ{V H$a AZwdmXà{H«$`m H$s gmar O{Q>bVm gwbPmZo _| bJm h¡ Ÿ&

Hw$N> h¢ Omo AZwdmX H$_© _| H$bmË_H$ gyú_VmAm| Ho$ H$maU Cgo "H$bm' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& hm± gO©H$H$bmH$ma H$s Vah AZwdmXH$ Xygao mfm joÌ _| Z`m ê$n XoVm h¡ Ÿ& h ~mV Á`mXmVa H${dVm, H$hmZr,ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg Am{X Ho$ AZwdmX na bmJy hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ g¥OZmË_H$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ AZwdmX _| {df`,^mfm, e¡br, AZwJy§O Am{X ^mfm go BVa ~mV| Cgo _hËd aIVr h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwdmX _| AZwdmXH$ H$sg¥OZ j_Vm hr Cn`moJr hmoJr Ÿ& eãX Xa eãX m dmŠ` Xa dmŠ` g_mZ gm§Mm| H$m AZwdmX g§ d ZhthmoJm Ÿ& AJa H$a ^r b| Vmo dh ZB© àmUd§V aMZm Zht ~Z nmVr Ÿ& Bgr{bE "am~Q>© \«$mñQ'> H$m `hH$WZ _hËdnyU© h¡ - gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V H$s AnZr EH$ {deofVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| Cgo ~Zmò aI nmZmghO Zht ah nmVm Ÿ& ~hþV gmam A§e mfm _| {bnQ>m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AZmZy{XV ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h Ny>Q>m

14

A§e hr H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& JmonrZmW _hm§{V Ho$ "naOm' (C{‹S> m) CnÝ`mg _| naOm OrdZ Ho$ nd©-Ë`m¡hma,dZ-nd©V OrdZ H$s AZw y{V`m± Am¡a ì`döV gm_J«r ~hþV Hw$N> A§J«oOr _| AZy{XV Zht hmo nmB© Ÿ&AmbmoMH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ dh A§e ^r CnÝ`mg Ho$ àmUm| H$m A§e h¡ Ÿ& AV: dhm± H$bm Ho$ ñVa naAZwdmX Am§{eH$ g§ d hþAm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ ê$n _| Cgo N>mZ H$a H$m\$s A§e A§J«oOr _| àñVwV H$a^mfmB© H$bmË_H$Vm go CgH$s anmB© H$a Xr JB© Ÿ& Bg_| dh H¥${V nmR>H$-AmbmoMH$ Ho$ {bE J«hUr`~Z JB© Ÿ& Bg àH$ma h A§J«oOr H$s Ord§V H¥${V H$bmË_H$ _mZm| na r Iar CVar h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ H$mo Ny>Q>ohþE na H$moB© A\$gmog Zht ahm Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Zo H$bm gmnoj nwZ:g¥OZ H$m H$m`© Iy~ MVwamB© go {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bggo g§àofU Ho$ _wÔo na dh J«§W AË`§V _hËdnyU© ~Z J`m Ÿ& nmR >H$s g§aMZm Am¡a ~ZmdQ> H$moAZwdmX Ho$ EH$X_ {^Þ joÌ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ Z`r AmYma^yV g§aMZm Am¡a ~wZmdQ> àñVwV H$aZo H$sj_Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡ Ÿ& e¡br H$m _wÔm ^r ghOVm go gwbPm`m Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$bm Ho$Xmào _| ghr CVaVm h¡ Ÿ& AJa H$ht Hw$N> Ny>Q>m h¡ Vmo AZwdmX Ho$ nmR>H$ H$m Cggo H$^r gm~H$m Zhtn‹S>oJm Am¡a dh Omo àmá hþAm CgrHo$ AmZÝX _| g§Vwï> h¡ Ÿ& Cgo _yb H$s dh nwZ: g§a{MV H¥${V _yb H$mAmZÝX àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Cgo {H$gr nwamVËd{dX `m dZdmgr AÜòVm H$s Vah AÜ``Z ZhtH$aZm Ÿ& CZHo$ g§àoî` A§e go ê$~ê$ hmoH$a dh g§Vwï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hr AZwdmX H$bm H$m joÌ h¡ Ÿ& hm±na "Ny>Q>Zm `m Omo‹S>Zm' nmn Zht _mZm OmVm Ÿ& `h "b{bV H$bm' Ho$ Xmào _| AmH$a {H$VZmA{^ì`º$, {H$VZm g§Ho${VV Eogo à{VeV H$m {hgm~ Zht ah OmVm Ÿ& `hm± _yb EH$H$ Am¡a AZy{XVH¥${V EH$H$ ê$n _| gm_Zo ahVr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| H$s AnZr ñdm`ÎmVm, ñdm`§ wdVm AZwdmXH$ Ho$ AnZo AmYmago ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go _yb H$bmH$ma gO©Z H$aVm h¡, OrdZmZw dm| H$mo EH$ H¥${V H$m ê$n XoVm h¡, CgràH$ma AZwdmXH$ BZ AZw dm| H$m AmË_r` ~Z H$a BÝh| AnZm ~ZmH$a {\$a g¥OZ ê$n XoVm h¡ Ÿ& BÝht_| mfm, md, N>§X, e¡br, g§Ho$V AW©N>{d Am{X CâVr J‹T>r OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s g¥OZ à{V^m Ho$ ~bna `h ZB© H¥${V àñVwV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `ht CgH$s H$bm H$s naI hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± EH$ eãX "Flowering" Ho$ AZwdmX H$mo b| Ÿ& H$m{_b ~wëHo$ Bgo "\y$b AmZm' {bIVo h¢ Ÿ&

hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Bgo "nwînZ' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw Ako Zo "Hw$gw_Z' H$hm Ÿ&

VrZm| ghr h¢ Ÿ& na Ako _| BgH$m nwZg¥©OZ h¡ Ÿ&

bo{H$Z AmbmoMH$ XmoZm| _Vmo go g§Vwï> Zht h¢ Ÿ& Z AZwdmX nyar Vah d¡km{ZH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡aZ h H$bmË_H$Vm Ho$ {~Zm g§ d h¡ Ÿ& kmZ-{dkmZ H$m {df` hmo AWdm gyMZm gm_J«r, g~ H$mo mfm_| bo H$a hr AZwdmX {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> {df` d¡km{ZH$ gmYZm go ^md {ZYm©[aV hmoZo Ed§ AW© ^r{ZYm©[aV (VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr H$s Vah ..) hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ê$nm§VaU g§ d h¡ {\$a ^r H$ht H$htH$bmJV gyú_Vm H$mo Omo‹So> {~Zm ghr ñVa àmá Zht hmoJm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma g¥OZmË_H$ H¥${V _| d¡km{ZH$

15

{dH$moS>rH$aU {~Zm `h ghr ê$n _| AZy{XV Zht hmoJr Ÿ& {df` H$ht H$m H$ht Mbm Om`oJm Ÿ& `hm±_erZ {OVZr XjVm bmJy Z hmo na§Vw AZwdmXH$ H$mo AmQ>moZmo_r XoH$a AamOH$ pñW{V ^r Zht ~ZmgH$Vo Ÿ& Hw$N> {ZYm©[aV gr_mAm|, {Z`_m| _| H$m_ H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& hm± na AZwdmXH$ H$mo "{eën' H$s Amoabo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| Cn`moJr H$bm(Functional Art) H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& h b{bV H$bm _mÌ Zht Ÿ& daZ ~ohVaê$n _| "Mmé H$bm' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& BgH$s {ejm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m AZwdmXH$ Aä`mg r H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& V~AnZm ñVa ~Zm nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Xm¡amZ AZwdmXH$ H$m gm¡ÝX`© ~moY {dH${gV hmoVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡goVwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢ -"~mbH$nZ _| am_ H$Wm gwZr Ÿ& V~ _¢ ahoC AMoV' Am¡a {\$a ~‹S>o hmo OmZo,AÜ``Z, {ejU Am¡a Aä`mg Ho$ ~mX "am_M[aV _mZg' aMr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma H$h gH$Vo h¢ - AZwdmX g§píbï> Am¡a O{Q>b à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {d{^Þ MaUm| naAZwdmXH$ {d{^Þ y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË`H$ma H$s gO©ZmË_H$ à{V^m, d¡km{ZH$ H$s VH©$Um e{º$Am¡a Cn`moJr H$bm _| nm`r OmZo dmbr {eënJV XjVm Am{X g^r JwUm| H$s Anojm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&(AZwdmX {dkmZ H$s ^y{_H$m : Ho$. Ho$. Jmoñdm_r) na§Vw {df` {^Þ hmoZo na BZ VrZm| {^Þ-{^Þj_VmAm| H$m à`moJ {^Þ ê$n _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$Q> {OamëS> Am¡a h[a~m~y H§$gb Ho$ H$m`m] _| A§Va Bg~mV H$mo ñnï> H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² AZwdmX dh gm_J«r Ho$ AZwgma {^Þ -{^Þ joÌm| _| (H$bm -{dkmZ-{eën) {^Þ AmH$ma YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

1.6 gmam§e :`hm± g§jon _| h_Zo "AZwdmX' H$s n[a^mfm na {dMma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ed§

H¥${V`m| H$m CXmhaU XoH$a ñnï> {H$`m Ÿ& "H$bm-{dkmZ Am¡a {eën' dmbr ~mV boH$a AZwdmX H$m`© naMMm© H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& b{bV gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s gm_J«r Ho$ AZwdmX _| {^ÞVm naMMm© H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& _erZr AZwdmX Ho$ bm^ Am¡a gr_mAm| na g§Ho$V {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

16

Ÿ

1.7 Aä`mg àíZ

{ZåZ Ho$ XrK© CÎma Xr{OE :1.AZwdmX H$s n[a^mfm Xr{OE Ÿ&

2. npíM_r qMVH$m| H$s AZwdmX g§~§Yr YmaUm na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

3. AZwdmX H$m joÌ n[a^m{fV H$s{OE Ÿ&

4. AZwdmX H$m`© H$s gr_mAm| na {dMma H$s{OE Ÿ&

{ZåZ Ho$ g§{já CÎma Xr{OE :i. AZwdmX H$s g§ñH¥${V gr_m na {dMma S>m{bE Ÿ&

ii) Š`m AZwdmX H$m`© d¡km{ZH$ H$m`© h¡ ?

iii) amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| AZwdmX H$m Š`m _hËd h¡ ?

iv) maV _| àmMrZ AZwdmX na§nam H$m n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&

1.8 ghm`H$ J«§W :1. gm{hË`mZwdmX - g§dmX Am¡a g§doXZm : Amagy , dmUr àH$meZ, ZB© {Xbr

2. AZwdmX {dkmZ H$s ^y{_H$m : Ho$.Ho$. Jmoñdm_r - amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr

3. AZwdmX {gÕm§V Am¡a à`moJ : Or. JmonrZmWZ , bmoH$^maVr, BbmhmdmX

4 . Art of translation - R. Raghunath. - Bharatiya Anuvad parished , New Delhi

5. Art of translation - Theodare Savary - Cape, London

17

`w{ZQ>-II(ŸH$) AZwdmX à{H«$`m Am¡a à{d{Y {díbofU

(I) AZwdmX VWm g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V

18

`w{ZQ> -II

efJe<e³e met®eer

2.1 ^y{_H$m

2.2 AZwdmX à{H«$`m H$m AW©

2.3 AZwdmX Ho$ MaU

2.4 AZwdmX - nwZarjU/{díbofU

2.5 nwZarjU Ho$ gmonmZ

2.6 AZwdmX VWm g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V

2.7 Amo{‹S>em _| AZwdmX H$s na§nam

2.8 gmam§e

2.9 DeY³eeme àíZ


19

`w{ZQ>-II Ÿ

H$) AZwdmX à{H«$`m Am¡a à{d{Y

2.1 ^y{_H$m :AZwdmX {H$gr r H$m © H$s Vah EH$ {ZpíMV {d{Y-{dYmZ nyd©H$ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hmbm{H$$

h_mao Xoe _| AmO r AZwdmX {gImZo H$s {d{YdV H$moB© g§VmofOZH$ ì`dñWm Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~g, Hw$N> A§eH${dVm/ H$hmZr/ZmQ>H$/ CnÝ`mg CR>m H$a H$b_ MbmZo ~¡R> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma "_maJ gmoB© OmH$a_Z mdm' H$s Vah g~ AnZo -AnZo T>§J go EH$-EH$ _mJ© Imob XoVo h¢ Ÿ& V^r BVZr Aì`dñWm \¡$brhþB© h¡ Ÿ& X{jU Ho$ AZwdmXm| H$mo CÎma dmbo H$moB© _hËd Zht XoVo Ÿ& nyd© Ho$ AZwdmX npíM_ _| n‹T>o ZhtOmVo Ÿ& npíM_ Ho$ AZwdmX M{M©V hmoH$a ^r gr_m _| ~§Yo ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Amngr gm§ñH¥${VH$ An[aM`O¡go H$m V¡gm ~Zm ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZy{XV nmR> EH$ Am¡a AZñdrH$m`© nmR> ~Z H$a ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gmaml_ ì`W© hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX H$_© hoVw Xj Am¡a g_{n©V AZwdmXH$ Z {_b|, Vmo ^r ^mfm Ed§g§ñH¥${V go n[a{MV, ì`mH$aU Ho$ ñWyb {Z`_m| go n[a{MV bmoJ Vmo hm| ! _yb Ho$ dmÀ`mW© Ho$ gmWCgH$m ì`m»`mW© Am¡a bú`mW© Zht AmVm h¡ Vmo dh H¡$gm AZwdmX h¡ ?

h_mao Xoe Ho$ g¥OZerb ì`{º$ AZwdmX H$aVo Wo Ÿ& do Am¡gV go H$ht A{YH$ _oYmembr,kmZdmZ Am¡a g_{n©V hþAm H$aVo Wo Ÿ& CZH$m AZwdmX Am_ AZwdmX Zht H$hbmVm Ÿ& do _m¡{bH$H¥${VH$ma Ho$ nX na ~‹S>o AmXa go {damO_mZ h§¡ Ÿ& h pñW{V _Ü`H$mbrZ gm{hË` Ho$ ~hþV ~‹S>o A§e nagd©Ì bmJy hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw AmO dh pñW{V Zht Ÿ& CÝh| AZwdmX Ho$ g§~§Y _| _yb^yV à{H«$`m (àmogog)Am¡a à{d{Y H$s OmZH$mar hmoZm Oê$ar hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO npíM_ _| b§~r Am¡a JhZ à{ejU nÕ{V ~ZMwH$s h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$aZo Zht, {gImZo Am¡a {díbofU Ho$ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g§ñWmZ ~Z MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& {díd{dÚmb`m|_| "AZwdmX {d^mJ' _| n§Ðh -~rg àmo\o$ga {Z`{_V ê$n go {Z`wº$ h¢, H$m_ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& h_mao Xoe go_oZoO_|Q>, {dkmZ, ì`dgm`, VH$ZrH$ grIZo Vmo hOmam| N>mÌ dhm± OmVo h¢, bo{H$Z AZwdmX grIZoàm`V: H$moB© Zht OmVm Ÿ& O~ {H$ h_mao `hm± AZwdmX grIZo H$s àd¥{Îm hr Zht {_bVr Ÿ& ha ì`{º$AnZo H$mo AnZr ^mfm H$m OmZH$ma Am¡a AÝ` ^mfm H$s gm_J«r AZwdmX H$aZo _| g_W© g_PVm h¡ Ÿ&Cgo H$moB© h Zht ~Vm nmVm {H$ AZwdmX _| mfm ì`dhma H$s gm_mÝ` {H«$`m Zht h¡ Ÿ& H${dVm-H$hmZr{bIZo H$s Vah hr h ^r g¥OZmË_H$ à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& h g¥OZe{º$ hr AZwdmX H$mo gmW©H$ ê$n àXmZ

20

H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: AmBE Bg AÜ`m` _| AZwdmX H$aZo Ho$ {d{^Þ $ gmonmZm| na MMm© H$a| Ÿ& Bg nad¡km{ZH$ T>§J go qMVZ-_ZZ, {díbofU-{ddoMZ npíM_ _| Á`mXm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AV: npíM_r {dÛmZm| H$o{dMmam| H$mo hm± Á`mXm _hËd {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

2.2 AZwdmX à{H«$`m H$m AW© :AZwdmX H$m`© _| Xmo mfmAm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ g_PVo Am¡a öX`§J_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Xygar

_| g_PmVo Am¡a öX`§J_ H$amVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg gmao H$m`© H$m Zm_ h¡ "AZwdmX à{H«$`m' Ÿ& Bg_| Xwhar àUmbrhmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _yb ^mfm H$s g§aMZm XoI| - Bg_| _w»`V: Üd{Z, ñda, Aja, eãX, nX~§Y Am¡a dmŠ`hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$mo ì`dpñWV H$aZo H$s EH$ {ZpíMV {Z`_mdbr, ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo Cg ^mfm H$mì`mH$aU H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah {Og_| AZwdmX H$aZm hmoVm h¢, CgH$s r AnZr BH$mB`m± hmoVr h¢Am¡a {\$a CZH$m Amngr KQ>H$m| H$mo Am_Zo -gm_Zo bmH$a à`moJ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go A§J«oOr Ho$dmŠ`m| _| EgdrS>r (H$Vm©, {H«$`m, H$_©) Ho$ ê$n _| m {\$a H$Vm© H$m {dñVma, {H«$`m Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ ê$n_| H$_© H$m {dñVma Am¡a {\$a dmŠ` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX$ Ho$ g_` Xygar mfm _| h dmŠ` H«$_ ~Xb H$a à`moJ H$aVm h¡ - H$Vm© H$m {dñVma,H$_© H$m {dñVma, A§V _| {H«$`m H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h AZwdmX H$s à{H«$`m H$m AmYma h¡ Ÿ& BgHo${d{^Þ MaUm| na gw{dYm Ho$ ê$n _| MMm© H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&

2.3 AZwdmX Ho$ MaU :

`yOoZ ZmBS>m Zo AZwdmX Ho$ VrZ MaU ~Vm`o h¢ Ÿ&

1) {díbofU

2) A§VaU

3) nwZJ©R>Z

* {díbofU A) ^mfm Ho$ ñVa :AZwdmXH$ gd©àW_ _yb nmR> hmW _| boVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g_` dh nmR> Ho$ eãX-dmŠ`-nX Ho$ ñVa

na AW© J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& O{Q>b Am¡a AZoH$mWu dmŠ`m| H$s nhMmZ H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ì`mH$a{UH$g§aMZm na {dMma H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& _yb H$m EH$ ê$n dh nhMmZ boVm h¡ Ÿ& h H$m`© mfm Ho$ ñVa na hmoVm

21

h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| h_mar ghm`Vm mfm H$s ~ZmdQ> H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _yb nmR> H$m g§Xoe Bgr_| {Z{hV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_|bmj{UH$ Am¡a ì`§OZmË_H$ AW© ^r hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXm| Ho$ ñVa na CZHo$ AZoH$mWu ê$n na Ü`mZ {X`mOmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma eãX Ho$ nañna gmW AmZo na Z`m AW© AmVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw g_ñV (g_mg {H$`oJE) eãX H$m H$moeJV AW© H$^r Vmo gwa{jV {_b OmVm h¡, H$^r Cg A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ g§X^© _| Nw>nmhmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h {deof AW© H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma _whmdam| Ho$ AW© Ho$db nagJ© bJm H$a~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

O¡go : ({H$gr H$s) Am±I bJZm - ZtX AmZm

({H$gr go) Am§°I bJmZm - ào_ H$aZm

({H$gr na ) Am±I bJZm - bbMm OmZm Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma ^m{fH$ A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ g§Ho$VmW© H$m H$moeJV AW© Ho$ Abmdm ì`§OZm _| h¡ Ÿ& Bgog_P H$a ghr g§Xoe àmá {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± dmŠ` H$s AW© ì`dñWm Am¡a AW© joÌ na Ü`mZ aIZmhmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Am) {df`dñVw Ho$ ñVa na : AZwdmXH$ ^mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Cg {df` H$mo J«hUH$aVm h¡ Omo Cg_| {Z{hV h¡, Am¡a g§Ho${VV$ h¡ AWdm Úmo{VV h¡ Ÿ& AJa dh d¡km{ZH$ `m VH$ZrH$s{df` h¡ Vmo Cgo g_PZo bm`H$ kmZ Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& {deofk Mmho Z hmo, Cgo g_PZo bm`H$ AmYma^yV kmZVmo hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&

O¡go (Transfer) eãX H$m

1) hñVm§VaU

2) ñWmZmÝVaU

XmoZm| g§X^© XoI H$a AZwdmX H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma (Communication) eãX H$m ~hþAWu à`moJ XoI|

1) nÌmMma (H$m`m©b` _|)

2) g§Mma (n«ofU Ho$ AW© _| )

3) g§àofU (gm{hË` Ho$ AW© _| )

BgH$s ghr {df`dñVw J«hU H$aZo hoVw AZwdmXH$ H$mo g§X^© Am¡a n[a{ñW{V na {dMma H$aZmhmoVm h¡ Ÿ& eãX AnZo Amn_| ~hþV gr{_V AW© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Vmo CgH$m joÌ, dhn[apñW{V, do nmÌ Am¡a dh dmVmdaU g~_| AnZm AW© {dñVma H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moe Vmo EH$ Ñ{ï> XoVm

22

h¡ Ÿ& ì`dhma Vmo Agr_ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± CgH$s nh±þM ~hþV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& eãX Xygao eãXm| Ho$ gmW g§~§Y nXHo$ _mÜ`_ go Z`r N>m`m _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ A{^Zd \$sëS> àñVwV H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {d{^ÞnJS>§{S> m| _| go EH$ MwZZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Omo Cgo amO_mJ© go AZm`mg Om {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& `h A§Va dmŠ`g§~§Y mfm H$s VmH$V ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& g§ñH¥${V Am¡a na§nam H$m dmhH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ~hþkVm H$m_ AmVrh¡ Ÿ& Cg_| ghr MwZmd H$a AW© {~R>mZm AË`§V _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h ^mfm H$s VmH$V {XImVm h¡ Ÿ&

dZdmgr OrdZ, J«m_ OrdZ Am¡a ehar OrdZ _| {df` Ed§ dñVw H$s {d{dYVm ~‹T>Vr OmVrh¡ Ÿ& _erZrH$aU go BgH$m ñVa Am¡a ^r D±$Mm hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ Amngr g§ moJ go AZwdmX H$mXm`am Iy~ {dñV¥V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$s nh±þM dhm± hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Cgr Vah "ag' eãX H$mgm{hË` _| Omo AW© h¡, agm`Z emó _| {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma Ho${_H$b go {^Þ AW© Am¡f{Yemó _|Am`wd}X Ho$ n§{S>V ~VmVo h¢ ( O¡go ~g§V Hw$gw_mH$a ag) Ÿ& AWm©V² {df` Ho$ AW© J«hU _| CgHo$ g§X^©H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIZm {Zhm`V Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&

Bg eãX H$s g_P go _yb ^mfm Am¡a bú` ^mfm H$m g§~§Y ñnï> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma ~mWJoQ> (Studies of Translation model 1980) Zo AbJ nwñVH$ {bIZo go nyd©Ý`y_mH©$ Ho$ gmW (Theory and craft of translation in 1978) {bI H$a AZwdmX H$mo AmYw{ZH$^md J«hU H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go mfm {gÕm§V aIm Ÿ& eãX à{VeãX AWm©V² (Inter successive transla-

tion) H$s ~mV H$hr Ÿ& Á`mXmVa AZwdmXH$ Bg nÕ{V H$mo AnZmVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXm| Ho$ AZwdmX boVo hþEAmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& na Bg_| AZwdmXH$ nyar Vah nmR>moÎmaU Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ& eãXm| H$s ~Om` AZwdmXH$ nyaonmR> H$mo AnZo _mZg _| J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo dh nmR> Ho$ gmW _mZ{gH$ Vm¡a na Ow‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& eãXm| goàmá kmZ AmJo ~‹T> H$a Cg ^mfm _| {Z{hV ^md, e¡br, àmU Am{X Ho$ gmW g_P ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgn[aM`, AmË_r`Vm go EH$ Vah H$m g_Ýd` (~mWJoQ> Ho$ eãXm| _|) ñWm{nV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

S>m @. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar Zo qhXr _| Bgo "nmR> nR>Z' H$hm h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ _yb H$m nR>Z(AÜ``Z Study ) H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m. adrÝÐZmW lrdmñVd Am¡a S>m. H¥$îU Hw$_ma Jmoñdm_r Bg AÜ``ZH$mo EH$ Am¡a {Xem _| AmJo ~‹Tm>Vo h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm H$mo àVrH$ _mZ H$a CZH$m àVrH$m| Ho$ ñVa na {díbofUhmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h àVrH$ hr g§àofU H$m AmYma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo g_P H$a AZwdmXH$ AnZo H$mo àñVwV H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& g_¥Õ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {df` H$mo AZw d H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s JhamB© VH$ nh±þMVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXà{H«$`m H$m hr àW_ MaU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àñVw{V H$aU _| AZwdmXH$ _yb H$s mfm, md, N>§X, g§Ho$VAm{X {d{dY AmYmam| H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: h AË`§V _hËdnyU© joÌ h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ {ÛdmJreHo$ ê$n _| `hm± àW_ dmH²$ `mZo _yb H$mo YmaU H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& _yb nmR> H$m dh AÀN>m Am¡a gmW©H$nmR>H$ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr nyar g_P, kmZ, H$m¡eb Ho$ gmW _yb H$m nmR> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `hr CgH$m EH$

23

Vah go àñVw{V nd© h¡ Ÿ& AZw d g§nÞ Am¡a Zm¡{g{Iò AZwdmX H$m `hm± ~‹S>m A§Va hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db^mfm kmZ go H$m_ Zht MbVm Ÿ& CgHo$ __© VH$ nh±þMZo H$s j_Vm r hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& nmR> Ho$db eãXm|_| hr Zht ahVm He must be able to read between the lines h AZwdmXH$ H$s nmR> J«hU H$s j_VmH$m {ZXe©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g¥OZerb gm{hË` _| ^mfm H$m Deeper structure AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE ~‹S>rMwZm¡Vr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Surfase strueture _| dh nmR> Ho$ EH$ ñVa VH$ AmgmZr go nh±þM OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na g¥OZHo$ JhZ VH$ àdoe H$s j_Vm hr AZwdmXH$ H$s Agb narjm K‹S>r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgo "H$mì` mfm' Am¡a"gm_mÝ` ^mfm' Ho$ A§Va H$mo g_PVo hþE nmR> H$s H$mì` ^mfm (gm{hpË`H$ {deof ñVa) VH$ nh±þMH$a Cgo J«hU H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX à{H«$`m H$m h àW_ n`m© h¡ Ÿ& Bgo ghr T>§J go nma {H$ò {~Zm^«{_V hmoZo H$s g§ mdZm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

* ^mfmÝVa/A§VaU : Bg gmao àñVw{VH$aU AWdm àñVw{V nd© go AZwdmXH$ Zò joÌ _| N>bm§J bJmZo H$mo àñVwV

hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& (O¡go n¥Ïdr go MÝÐ_m na CVaZo Ho$ {bE EñQ>moZm°Q> V¡ ma hmoVm h¡, Cg Vah Zht) nwar _|lrOJÞmW Jw§{S>Mm (AnZr _m¡gr Ho$ `hm± OmZo) `mÌm H$aZo go nyd© 108 K‹S>m| go ñZmZ H$aVo h¢ & Cgrg_` CÝh| OwH$m_ hmo OmVm h¡ ŸVmo CZH$s ~r_mar m ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE EH$m§Vdmg H$a emar[aH$ ñdñWVmàmá H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ~mø ê$n _| ~‹S>Xm§S> na aWm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& nh§S>r {~Oo H$a CÝh| aWm| _| bo OmH$aJw§{S>Mm _§{Xa _| ~Zr A§Va~oXr na {~R>m`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡go Bg A§Va~oXr na {damO_mZ _hmà^w Ho$Xe©Z H$m {deof _mhmËå` h¡ Ÿ& AV: º$ ~‹S>r g§»`m _| AmVwaVm go I‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m gmam {ZË`Z¡{_{ÎmH$H$_© MbVm h¡ Ÿ& CYa agmo~‹S>m g{H«$` hmo CR>m h¡ Ÿ& d¡go hr A^‹S>m(AÞ -ì`§OZ Am{X) H$s àñVw{Và{H«$`m ewê$ hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& Mmam| Amoa AmZÝX hr AmZÝX âm h¡ Ÿ& h A^‹S>m Vmo lr_§{Xa H$s {deofVmh¡ ! na AmS²>n _§S>n _| O~ {damO_mZ hmo MwHo$ h¢, Vmo `hm± ^r dhr ì`dñWm bmJy hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&Xmb,^mV, ~oga, IQ>m, _hþa, m§{V-^m§{V H$s gpãO`m±, g~ Hw$N> d¡gm hr R>mR> ! ~‹hr AmS>§~a !

àmV: ~mb moJ go boH$a AY© am{Ì _| nm¡‹T> VH$ _| H$moB© H$_r Zht ahoJr Ÿ& d¡go hr doe n[adV©ZAm¡a doe YmaU hmoJm Ÿ& {\$a ZmZm ûm¥§Jma hm|Jo Ÿ& dóm yfUm| H$s N>Q>m {deof ! Xya-Xya go Amò º$ Xe©ZH$a YÝ` hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& nhbo {XZ go gmV {XZ VH$ Vmo {ZË` Z¡{_{VH$ Xe©Z H$s na§nam MbVr h¡ Ÿ& ~rM_| EH$ {XZ bú_r MwnMmn AmH$a _mZ _| a bm¡Q> MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& _hm~mhþ VH$ gmar I~a nh±þM MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&nVm hr Zht Mbm {H$ gmV {XZ ~rV JE Ÿ& AmO AmR>dm§ {XZ h¡ Ÿ& _hmdoXr na Ÿ& gm`§H$mb AmaVr H$m{deof Am`moOZ h¡ Ÿ& Am‹S>n _§S>n _| AX² wV gmOg‚mm hþB© h¡ Ÿ& H$Vma _| ^º$ Xe©Z hoVw I‹S>o h¢ Ÿ&

24

AV: Ûma IwbZo _| {dbå~ hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& gm§Ü`doe _| gOo _hmà^w Ho$ gm§Ü` Xe©Zm| H$s ~mV AZmoIr h¡ Ÿ&dmñVd _| Am‹S>n _§S>n _| AmO gm§Ü` doe Am¡a g§Ü`m AmaVr Xe©Z hoVw ~hþV ~‹S>r g§»`m _| Xe©ZCnpñWV h¢ Ÿ& ^º$m| H$m CËgmh H$moB© gr_m Zht _mZVm Ÿ& AmO _hmà^w Ho$ AYam| na ~§{H$_ _wñH$mZ^wdZ_mo{hZr h¡ Ÿ& _hmà^w amOamOoída doe YmaU H$a MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& º$ r r‹S> _| CPH$-CPH$ H$a {Zhmaaho h¢ Ÿ& ~ƒm| H$mo H§$Ym| na {~R>m Xe©Z H$am aho h¢ Ÿ& Xoa amV JE VH$ mar ^r‹S> bJr ahr h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© nmgHo$ Jm§d go ~¡bJm‹S>r na ~¡R> H$a Am`m h¡ Ÿ& ~y‹T>r _m± H$mo bm`m h¡ - gm§dao R>mHw$a Ho$ Am‹S>n _§S>n _| Xe©ZH$am bo Ÿ& A§{V_ {XZm| _| gm§Ü` Xe©Z H$m gm¡ m½` H$moB© _m_ybr ~mV h¡ Ÿ& `h "gmhmU _obm' (OZgmYmaU Ho$ {bE Xe©Z) h¡ Ÿ& º$ Am¡a JdmZ Ho$ ~rM H$s gmar Xyar {_Q> MwH$s h¡ ! H$moB© ì`dYmZ BgK‹S>r Zht ah OmVm Ÿ& àË`j à^w Ho$ ^º$ Xe©Z H$aVm h¡, dmVm©bmn MbVm h¡ ! Am{Ia n[adma Ho$gXñ` h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© ì`dYmZ Bg K‹S>r Zht MbVm Ÿ& Bggo Z ~{V`m`| Vmo {\$a H$~ Eogm Adga {_boJm Ÿ&gmao H$m_ N>mo‹S> H$a nYmao h¢ OJV Ho$ ZmW - OJÞmW -^º$ àda - gm§dao gaH$ma ! CÝh| ào_ go H$hmo,ê$R>> H$a H$hmo Ÿ& Jwñgo _| Jmbr -Jbm¡O H$a H$hmo Ÿ& g~ EH$ g_mZ h¡ Ÿ& à^w H$s brbm Eogr hr h¡ Ÿ& hAm‹S>n _§S>n H$s brbm, Xa~ma brbm BVZr A§Va§J h¡ - Bgo Omo XoIo, Omo OmZo gmo hr g_Po Ÿ& Bg_|{d{Y {ZfoY go Á`mXm ~‹T> H$a gÝ_wI I‹S>o hmoZm h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| hmW D$na H$a nyU© g_n©U ^md ^º$ ì`º$H$a X| Ÿ& ~g, BVZo _| g~ {d{Y-{dYmZ g§nÞ hþ o g_P b| Ÿ& hm± emó, doX, nwamU, _§Ì, V§Ì H$Wm,ÔZ, OUmU g~ nrN>o Ny>Q> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& ò gm§dao R>mHw$a Vmo Z`Zm| go hr H$mZm| H$m H$m_ boVo h¢ Ÿ& Z`Z _|hr öX` g_m`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg {demb Z`Zm| (MH$mZ`Z, MH$mS>mobm) _| hr BZH$m gdmªJ EH$s^yV h¡ Ÿ& AV:Am±I| Imob MH$mZ`Z Ho$ Xe©Z H$a bmo Ÿ& Or aVm hr Zht Ÿ& ~ma-~ma Am±I| CZ ZoÌm| _| ~§Y OmVr h¡§ Ÿ&~mînmHw$b ZoÌ Hw$N> Zht XoI nmVo Vmo ^º$ Pw§Pbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ò Am±gy H$hm± Nw>no Wo ? ò ^r Xe©Z H$aZoCVa AmVo h¢ Ÿ& ^º$ ~ma-~ma nm|N>Vm h¡ - hWobr CbQ>m H$a - na Am±gy {dH$b hmo {\$a CVa AmVo h¢- gm§dao g§Jr --- BZ Ho$ XagZ {~Z H$moB© H¡$go Nw>nm aho !!! VZ -_Z ,AmË_m g~ YÝ` hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& H¡$grAZyR>r h¡ h gm§Ü` ~obm Ÿ& Bg Xe©Z _| g~ Hw$N> H$s àm{á ar h¡ Ÿ& MVwd©J© Vmo ~hþV H$_ n‹S> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&BZ Xe©Z _| - Am‹S>n _§S>n Ho$ Bg gm§Ü` Xe©Z _| ^º$ EH$ n[anyU©Vm àmá H$a boVm h¡ ! _Üàm{Ì VH$Vm§Vm bJm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go {dam_ {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& º$, Omo Zht nh±þM nmò, Xe©Z ZhtH$a nmVo, H$Vma _| nrN>o ah OmVo, do bm¡Q> aho h¢ Ÿ& {Zamem Zht h¡ Ÿ& g§ mdZm ~Zr h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© ~mV Zht_hmà^w Ho$ {dlm_ H$m dº$ hmo J`m Ÿ& H$b àmV: Vmo Bg ~oXr H$mo Ë`mJ ~mha Am aho h¢ Ÿ& àmV: aWmê$‹T>hm|Jo hr Ÿ& V~ A~mY Xe©Z H$a|Jo Ÿ& aW a‚my H$mo Ny> H$a, ItM H$a, aW MmbZ Ho$ ^mJr ~Z|Jo ! OrdZYÝ` hmo OmòJm Ÿ& H$moB© {d_Z md Zht Ÿ& hm± _hmà^w H$s {dÚ_mZVm _| H$moB© Š`m| hVme hmoJm ? g~AmZÝX _Z go bm¡Q> aho h¢ Ÿ& AmO d¡gm {XZ A{dñ_aUr` h¡ Ÿ&

25

gZ_wI hmo{h Ord _mo{h O~qh Ÿ&

OZ_ H$mo{Q> AK Zmgqh V~qh Ÿ&&

Bg [dJ«h H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hmoZm hr ~hþV h¡ -

àmV: dhr Mhb-nhb ewê$ Ÿ& `h ~mhþ‹S>m (àË`mJ_Z) `mÌm H$m {XZ Ÿ& Ûma IwbVo hrÛmanmb nyOm, gy ©nyOm, gy © hmo_ Am{X àmV:H$mbrZ nyOmM©Z g§nÞ H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& doe n[adV©Z {H$`mOmVm h¡ Vm{H$ `mÌm Ho$ {bE CÝh| gwg{‚mV H$a b| Ÿ& V~ ^moJ bJVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ewê$ hmoVr h¡ nh§S>r !EH$-EH$ H$a Cgr H«$_ _| {dJ«hm| H$mo bmH$a aWmê$‹T> H$aVo h¢ {Og H«$_ _| lr_§{Xa Ho$ gm_Zo aWmê$‹T>{H$`m Wm Ÿ& A~ JOn{V _hmamO N>oam nham(aWm| na gmoZm H$s _yR> H$s Pm‹Sz> bJmZm) H$a aWm| H$mo mÌmhoVw àñVwV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dhr VrZm| aWm| na OmH$a nyOm -AM©Zm H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mR> Ho$ Kmo‹S>o(àVrH$ñdê$n) OmoVo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dhr b§~r apñg`m± g§ wº$ H$a Xr OmVr h§¡ Ÿ& _hmà^w Ho$ Xe©ZmW© ~‹S>Xm§S> nabmoH$maÊ` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO nhbo dmbm {db§~ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Kmog mÌm dmbo {XZ go AmO H$s mÌm_| Hw$N> A§Va Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& lr_§{Xa, aËZ{g§hmgZ Am¡a gdm}n[a _hmbú_r H$m ñ_aU hmo AmVm h¡ Ÿ&{H$VZo {XZ hþE BZ g~ H$mo N>mo‹S>o ! `hm± H$s brbm _| Hw$N> ñ_aU hr Z ahm !

~mhþ‹S>m `mÌm Ho$ {XZ ha H$m_ _| EH$ AO~-gr \w$Vu {XI ahr h¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>Xm§S> na CnpñWV^º$JU apñg`m| H$mo boH$a Mb n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& nyam à`mg hmoVm h¡ Ÿ{H$ g§Ü`m VH$ VrZm| aW qgh Ûma VH$nh±þM Om`| Ÿ& Bgr OëX~mOr _| aWm| Ho$ n{h`o Hw$N> BYa CYa hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& S>mhþH$ aW na go nVmH$m{hbm g§Ho$V H$a aW amoH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a {Xem grYr H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhr dmÚm| H$m {ZZmX, _hmà^w H$mO¡H$mam .... Am¡a VrZm| aW EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ H$a X{jUm{^_wIr Mb n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$, AJag~ `Wmar{V Mbm Vmo, gy m©ñV go nyd© VrZm| aW Am H$a lr_§{Xa Ho$ gm_Zo I‹S>o hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AJa{db§~ hmo hr J`m, Vmo {\$a AJbo {XZ àmV: VrZm| H$mo qghÛma Ho$ gm_Zo nh±þMZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& g~ H$mAnZm-AnZm Xm{`Ëd Ÿ& AmH$f©U h¡ Ÿ& Hw$b {_bm H$a X{`Vmn{V Ho$ VËdmdYmZ _| Bg {damQ> mÌm H$mogwMmê$ ê$n go g§nÞ H$aZm h¡ Ÿ&

BVZr b§~r `mÌm ! {\$a R>mHw$am| H$mo aWm| go AdVmaU H$a lr_§{Xa _| nh§S>r H$s OëXr ZhtahVr Ÿ& º$m| Ho$ {Z{_Îm ~‹S> Xm§S> na gmoZmdoe hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& lr_§{Xa _| Vmo gmb _| Mma ~ma ñdU©~oe_| g{‚mV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw dhm± g~ CZHo$ Xe©Z Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& `o g~ XBVmn{V H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

AmnZo XoIm lr_§{Xa go ñd`§ R>mHw$aOr H$mo AnZo qghmgZ go AdVaU H$am lrJw§{S>Mm _§{Xabo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& lr_hmà^w _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht Ÿ& CZHo$ Xe©Z, CZH$s X¡Z§{XZ {d{Y-{dYmZ g~ WmdVMbVm h¡ Ÿ& ~g, dhm± nyOm ~«m÷U H$aVo h¢, `hm± AnZo na dh Xm{`Ëd X¡ Vmn{V na Ý`ñV ahVm h¡ Ÿ&

26

`h lr_§{Xa go lrJw§{S>Mm H$s mÌm hr _yb mfm go bú` mfm H$s mÌm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {df` dñVw àmUdVh¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _yb {dJ«h H$mo Xygao _§{Xa _| `WmdV ñWm{nV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& _Ja R>mHw$aOr ~‹S>o hR>rbo hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&gm§dao gaH$ma H$^r ghO AmO OmVo h¢ Ÿ& H$^r H$ht A‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Q>g go _g Zht hmoVo Ÿ& AZwdmXH$OmZVm h¡ {H$ _yb {df` H$mo ~«÷ H$s Vah {H$VZo AmXa, ñZoh -__Vm Ho$ gmW bmZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ dhm±nyOm-AM©Z H$m AmZÝX .. CËgmh Am¡a CËgd àmá hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ AZwdmX H$aVo g_` Bgrà{H«$`m go JwOaVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a dhr AmZÝX -CËgmh Am¡a CËgd àmá H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& h mÌm AZwdmXH$ Ho${bE {H$gr n{dÌ mÌm (aW`mÌm) H$s Vah hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Cg_| nyar Vah AmñWm -{dídmg Am¡a g_n©UHo$ gmW S>y~ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _yb boIH$ Ho$ gmW-gmW nyar `mÌm g§nÞ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bgr àH$ma h_ mfmÝVaU Ho$ {damQ> joÌ _| C^` mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s Ñ{ï> go OmVo h¢ Ÿ& nhbo^mfm _| Š`m H$aVo h¢ Bg na {dMma H$a b| Ÿ&

1) nyU© nwZ{d©Ý`mg - EH$ mfm _| H$hr JB© ~mV CgHo$ md H$mo Xygar mfm _| ì`º$ H$aZo hmoVoh¢ Ÿ& dhr gyMZm XoZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

Ü`mZ _| aho {H$ _yb H$s A{^ì`§OZm Am¡a e¡br H$mo _hËd {X`m Om` ( O¡go ì`§½`mË_H$ h¡,CnXoemË_H$ h¡, {dZ`mË_H$ A{^ì`{º$ h¡ ) `hm± na "_yb nmR>' H$s ~mV Ü`mZ _| ahVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ZònmR>H$ Ho$ {bE ~moYJå` hmo Am¡a A{YH$ go A{YH$ g§àofUr` hmo Ÿ& Bg{bE H$ht Hw$N> N>mo‹S>Vm h¡ Vmo Hw$N>Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& à{gÕ AZwdmX {deofk Ow{b`mZm hmCg Bgo namoj "AZwdmX' H$s loUr _| aIVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_|Omo nmR> ~ZH$a AmVm h¡ dh AZwdmX O¡gm bJoJm hr Zht Ÿ& _m¡{bH$ H$m AmZÝX XoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg H$m`© _| VrZ {dH$ën hmoVo h¢ :

E) _yb Ho$ eãX O¡go Ho$ V¡go {b{n ~Xb H$a aI {Xò OmVo h¢ -

School - ñHy$b

Office - Am{\$g

Sir - ga

~r) eãXm| H$m {díbofU H$aHo$ AZwdmX -

Cardiologist - öXàmoJ {deofk

Post Mortem ed ì`dÀN>oX H$aZm

gr) _yb Ho$ {deof nX Ho$ {bE AZwdmX ^mfm _| Cn`wº$ AW© Ho$ gmWdmbm eãX MwZZm -

Lion's share - à_wI ^mJ

Head on Collission - Am_Zo gm_Zo Q>H$amZm

27

S>r) _yb Ho$ {bE Z`m eãX J‹T> boZm -

àM{bV YmaUm hoVw EH$X_ Z`m eãX XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

~g§Vam KQ (~¡gmI Ho$ _hrZo _| Vwbgr Ho$ nm¡Yo Ho$ D$na EH$ N>moQ>r-gr hm§S>r _| N>oX H$a Pwbm{X`m OmVm h¡ {Oggo Yrao -Yrao Vwbgr Ho$ nm¡Yo _| nmZr {JaVm aho Ÿ& ) Eogm H$B© joÌm| _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$htZht Ÿ& Vmo BgH$m AZwdmXH$ Š`m H$ao ? Bg{bE Eogo eãXm| H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| aI {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hH$h H$a "~mg§Vr KQ>' aIm J`m Ÿ&

Radio - AmH$medmUr

Television - XyaXe©Z

B©) _yb H$mo ghO H$aZo Hw$N> Am¡a eãX `m eãXm§e Omo‹S> XoZm -

Functional - à`moOZ _ybH$

~‹S>Xm§S> - OJÞmW _§{Xa Ho$ gm_Zo "{demb nW'

E\$) H$^r -H$^r _yb ^mfm H$s ê$‹T> A{^ì`{º$ H$m AZwdmX g§ d Z hmo, {H$gr àH$mag§àofUr` C{º$ àñVwV g§ d Z hmo Vmo Cgo N>mo‹S> {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma h_ XoIVo h¢ AZwdmX H$_© _| g~go O{Q>b H$m_ Bgr ñVa na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJH$hVo h¢ `hm± AZwdmXH$ naH$m`m àdoe H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw "_yb H$s H¥${V H$mo AmË_m _| àdoe H$amZm'Á`mXm C{MV hmoJm Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$ht Zht OmVm, dh Vmo _yb H$mo AmË_ñW H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a CgH$mnwZéËnmXZ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$m`© _| AZwdmXH$ AnZo mfm kmZ H$m ghmam boVm h¡ Ÿ& g§aMZm àñVw{V_| ~‹S>m H$m¡eb àXe©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h _mZ{gH$ ê$n _| H$m\$s l_ H$s _m§J H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$sA{YH$m§e ^mfmZwJV, g§ñH¥${VJV, na§namJV, àMbZ JV g_ñ`m`| Bgr ñVa na CgHo$ nm§dm| _|éH$mdQ> ~ZVr h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw AZwdmXH$ {d{^Þ Cnm` Adb§~Z H$a amñVm {ZH$mb CZgo gmhg Ho$ gmWOyPVm h¡ Ÿ& ha H¥${V AnZo T>§J H$s AZyR>r MwZm¡Vr boH$a AmVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m AZw d Cg dº$gm_Zm H$aZo _| gmhg àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Z`o joÌ _| dh AnZo H$m¡eb -~b go AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& ZB©A{^ì`{º$ _| dh ZB© aMZm àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± eãXm| H$m à`moJ hr Zht nyar mfm à`moJ Ho$ ñVa naCgo H$m`© H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ nyao ^mfm joÌ _| n¢Vam _ma H$a Z`o Ho$ {bE àñVwV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

""~g, Bgo boH$a CgH$s {JañVr, gmam Hy$‹S>m-H$aH$Q> Ÿ& _Ja `h Hy$‹S>m Cgo bm bJVm h¡ Ÿ&N>mZ Vbo ZmH$-H$mZ am¢YVm KZm-KZm YyAm± Cgo bm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ g~ CgH$m h¡, Bg{bE Ÿ&''*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*"naOm' H$m `h N>moQ>m -gm A§e h¡, n¥. -10

28

`h ~hþV N>moQ>m-gm A§e _hm§Vr Ho$ _hmZ CnÝ`mg "naOm' Ho$ àma§ _| h¡ Ÿ&

{hÝXr H$s dmŠ` aMZm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw `h {H$gr ê$n _| I‹S>r ~mobr Zht H$h gH$Vo Ÿ& Š`m Oê$aVn‹S>r Eogr EH$ J¡añQ>mÊS>S>© qhXr S>mbZo H$s ? AZwdmXH$ Zo nhMmZm h¡ {H$ "naOm' Amo{‹S>em Ho$ Kmoanhm‹S> O§Jbm| H$s {Zdmgr Om{V h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm, na§nam, OrdZ e¡br Amo{‹S> m Om{V H$s "_mZH$'Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr Ÿ& BgHo$ qhXr ê$nm§VaU _| JmonrZmW Or Zo e¡br H$mo Am¡a ñVa H$mo gå_mZ XoVo hþE{JañVr (J¥hñWr), KZm(Jm‹T>m), O¡g¡ eãX aIm Ÿ& "^bm bJVm' Eogo {H«$`m à`moJ CZH$s {ZarhVmAm¡a gabVm Xem©Zo dmbo nX h¢ Ÿ& g~ CgH$s g§km H$_© {H«$`m na§nam go hQ> H$a h¡ Ÿ& AmO ñd`§{díbofU H$aZo na bJVm h¡ JmonrZmW _hm§Vr Zo CZ Aja VH$ Z OmZZo dmbo g_wXm`, H$mo Amo{‹S> m^mfm _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m nhbm à`mg, {H$g àH$ma Z`r Amo{‹S> m _| aMm Ÿ& Cgr H$mo Ü`mZ _| aI H$aAZwdmX _| Bg 1943 B©. H$s qhXr e¡br _| dh OrdZ àñVwV H$a ahm h¡, _mZmo Cgo ~hþV H$ƒr qhXrAmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h qhXr H$ƒr Zht, na§Vw qhXr ~mo{b`m| H$m EH$ {_bmOwbm ê$n h¡ Omo BgHo$ AmOmXr Ho$R>rH$ nhbo ì`döV hmoVm Wm Ÿ& na§Vw Bg_| g§àofU Ho$ ñVa na H$moB© {XŠH$V AmO ^r Zht AmVr Ÿ&AV: Eogo ^mfm ñdê$n H$mo ghf© ñdrH¥${V Xr JB© h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ Bg ñVa na ^mfm à`moJ Xem©Zo Ho${bE h CXmhaU {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ J«§W _| Bgo nwZJ©{R>V {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s MMm© AJbo A§e_| H$s Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| {H«$`mAm| H$m g_o{H$V ê$n Bg \$mBZb AZwdmX _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& A~AJbo MaU _| `h {dMma {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&

gm{hË` AH$mXo_r Zo AmJo Mb H$a nwañH¥$V gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX H$aZo H$s _hVr `moOZm~ZmB© Ÿ& na§Vw Bg_| ~hþV Hw$N> loð> gm{hË` AZy{XV hmoZo go ah OmVm Ÿh¡ & Bgr na§nam _| EH$ _hmZCnÝ`mg "N>: _mU AmR> JwÊR>' (\$H$sa_mohZ goZmn{V) AmVm h¡ Ÿ& gM H$hm Om`o Vmo BgH$s aMZmào_M§X go r H$m\$s nhbo hmo MwH$s Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z mfmJV ~§YZ Ho$ H$maU dh Ho$db Amo{‹S>em a _| ahJ`m Ÿ& AV: gm{hË` EH$mXo_r H$m Ü`mZ Eogr aMZmAm| H$s Amoa ewê$ _| hr Mbm J`m Ÿ& Cg dº$AZwdmXH$m| H$s ~hþV ~‹S>r H$_r Wr Ÿ& Omo AmO VH$ Mbr AmB© h¡ Ÿ& AV: MmhVo hþE r dh nyar Zht hmonmB© Ÿ& "N>: _mU AmR> JwÊR'> {H$g n[apñW{V _| wJ{OV Zdnwar H$mo AZwdmX hoVw Xr JB© h H$hZm ~‹S>mH${R>Z hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ bmoJ Zdbnwar Or Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| ^r Hw$N> Zht ~Vm nm aho h¢ Ÿ&CZH$s mfm kmZ g§~§Yr n¥ð> y{_ OmZ nmZm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& BVZm Vmo ñnï> h¡ {H$ do _w{º$~moY Ho$ H$m\$s Ag}VH$ gh`moJr aho Ÿ& do O~ Amo{‹S>em Am`o Vmo AZgy m àgmX nmR>H$ go K{Zð>Vm ~Zr Ÿ& Cgr _| Amo{‹S> mAZwdmX H$m Jham {_Ì gh`moJr Ho$ ê$n _| CnbãY hmo J`m Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm `h ^r H${R>Z h¡ {H$ZdbnwarOr Zo Amo{‹S> m {H$Z n[apñW{V`m| _|, H$hm± Am¡a {H$g ñVa VH$ grIr Ÿ& BZHo$ H$m`© H$mnwZ:{ZarjU ^r hþAm `m Zht, `h H$hZm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CnÝ`mg Ho$ Zm_ H$mo ~Xb {Og {hÝXr

29

_whmdao _| S>mbm, Cggo BVZm Vmo ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdbnwarOr H$s {hÝXr na nH$‹S> ~hþV AÀN>r Wr Ÿ& `hrH$maU h¡ {H$ AmJo MbH$a JmonrZmW _hm§{V Ho$ H$mbO`r CnÝ`mg "A_¥V g§VmZ' Ho$ AZwdmX H$m àíZAm`m Vmo AH$mXo_r Zo CÝh| hr AZw~§{YV {H$`m Ÿ& na§Vw A~ ZdbnwarOr Zo CnÝ`mg H$m Zm_ Zht~Xbm Ÿ& bo{H$Z "A_¥V g§VmZ' Am¡a "N>: ~rKm O_rZ' XmoZm| _| YaVr nwÌm| H$s H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& `o maVr`gm{hË` _| J«m_ OrdZ Ho$ Xmo _hmH$mì` hr h¢ Ÿ& ^bo hr aMZm {dYmZ Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ e¡br _| h¡§, Am¡aZdbnwar Or H$mo Eogr H${dVmAm| H$s Jhar nH$‹S> Wr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo XmoZm| CnÝ`mgm| _| OrdZ H$s JhamB© VH$OmH$a {hÝXr H$m ghr _whmdam MwZm Ÿ& Xw m©½` go AmbmoMH$m| H$s ZOa Zht n‹S>r Ÿ& bå~o Aago VH$ XmoZm|N>nH$a JmoXm_m| _| n‹S>o aho Ÿ& Zm_daOr, {dÚm{Zdmg {_l Or O¡go {hÝXr Ho$ _yY©Ý` {dÛmZm| Zo BZH$mZmo{Q>g {b`m Ÿ& V~ OmH$a BZ XmoZm| H$mo maVr` gm{hË` _| Hw$N> ñWmZ {_bm Ÿ& XmoZm| H¥${V`m± gbrHo$ gonwZ: _w{ÐV hmoH$a àH$me _| Am`r Ÿ&

* nwZJ©R>Z : A~ VH$ h_Zo Á`mXmVa {díbofU nmR> Ho$ nR>Z H$m {H$`m Ÿ& {\$a nmR> Ho$ {díbofU H$m

Am`moOZ {H$`m Ÿ& V~ OmH$a Cgo ^mfm Ho$ joÌ go {ZH$mb bú` ^mfm _| H$m¡eb nyd©H$ AdVaU{H$`m Ÿ& hm± mfm H$m ê$n MwZm J`m Ÿ& _whmdam| -H$hmdVm| H$s ImoO H$s JB© Ÿ& Ed§ ZB© mfm H$m MmoJm"BñÌr H$a' AWdm {g\©$ "Ymo-gm\$' H$a A§VaU {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg_| hmo gH$Vm h¡ H$ht IwaXamnZ AmOm`o Ÿ& bú` ^mfm H$m ñd^md Z nH$‹S>m hmo Ÿ& `h "AZ{\$ëQ>S>© ñQ>oO' _| dhm± _yb H$s H$B© ~mV| AmOmVr h¢, CZ na AZwdmXH$ H$s ZOa ahVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ Cgo Vrgao MaU _| Hw$N> H$m_ H$s Oê$aV n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&{dÛmZm| Zo Bgo AZwdmX H$s {d{^Þ ñVam| na nwZì`©dñWm _mZm h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± nhbo "ì`mH$a{UH$ nwZì`©dñWm - XoI b| ' Amo{‹S> m _| (Negative) AWdm ZH$amË_H$eãX A§V _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go-

"go Jbm Zmqh'

_w§ E H$m_ H$[a nm[a{~ Zmht Ÿ

_Zm H$[a{~ Zm{h Ÿ&

EoVo {XZ Ho${h ~§{M~ Zmht Ÿ&

go EVo am{e _§Owa H$[a~mao gj_ Zwh| Ÿ&

D$na Ho$ dmŠ`m| _| nm§M {^Þ -{^Þ àH$ma H$s ZH$mamË_H$ pñW{V`m± h¡ Ÿ& qhXr ì`mH$aU

30

ì`dñWm _| BÝh| {H«$`m go nyd© aIZm hmoJm Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ ~mX h nwZJ©R>Z AË`mdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& AV: BZH$mqhXr ê$n h¡ :

dh Zht J`m Ÿ&

_¢ `h H$m_ Zht H$a gHy§$Jm Ÿ&

BZH$ma Zht H$é§Jm Ÿ&

BVZo {XZ H$moB© Zht OrVm

dh BVZr am{e _§Oya Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ&

dmŠ` Ho$ nwZJ©R>Z H$s à{H«$`m _| b§~o Am¡a O{Q>b dmŠ` H$mo g§{já H$aZm Vmo ~hþV Oê$ar hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| Mma -nm§M n§{º$ H$m dmŠ` {bIZm Am_ ~mV h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m qhXr H$aVo g_` A§V goCR>mH$a ewê$ _| bmZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Am¡a nyar Vah nwZJ©R>Z H$aVo hþE CgHo$ EH$m{YH$ dmŠ` àñVwV H$aZon‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m Ho$ "_mQ>r _Q>mb' CnÝ`mg H$m nhbm dmŠ` hr ~rg bmBZ H$m nyam noamJ«m\$ EH$dmŠ` h¡ CgHo$ AmR> n¡amJ«m\$ Am¡a bJ^J Mmbrg dmŠ` {d{^Þ AmH$ma Ho$ ~ZmZo n‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& BZ_|JmonrZmWr _hmH$mì`mË_H$ e¡br Vmo Zht ah gH$s Ÿ& daZ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| _| Cg b` H$mo nwZJ©{R>VH$a Cgo nwZ: EH$ ZB© VmZ-^md Ho$ gmW {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Ý`yZV_, g§emoYZ Am¡a n[adV©Z go^r AZwdmX g§ d h¡ Ÿ& hm± "`o njr {OgH$m ì`mH$aU' _| g§H${bV gmabmXmg H$s OJÞmW d§XZm H$mEH$ A§e CÕ¥V H$a aho h¢ -

O` ZrbmMb ZmW AJ{V VmaU Ÿ&

O` a_mn{V à^w _mZ CÕmaU Ÿ&

ho H$_bm H$a _wI nm§S>d ajH$

gmo _wI Xe©Z go nmn Z aho A§{V_ Ÿ&

~‹S>o Xodb _| {damOVo ~O«ñZohr

C‹S>m aho h¢ nVmH$m n{VVnmdZr Ÿ&

_¢ n{VV _oar {dZVr gwZZo _| Aj_,

Šdm h±ÿ à^w AOm{_b go ^r AY_ Ÿ&

{Ogo Vma {X`m H$Q>mj _mÌ _| à^w

d¡go hr Ñ{ï> H$a| _wP na ho à^w Ÿ&& ( `o njr {OgH$m ì`mH$aU, n¥. 19)

`h A§e boIH$ Am¡a à^w Ho$ ~rM grYm g§dmX h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ^mfm H$m dh Am§V[aH$ AZJ‹T>,

31

AYyamnZ Am¡a AH$mì` ê$n {_b ahm h¡ Ÿ& gmabmXmg H$s n§pŠV`m± Jm`H$ Ho$ {bE ~hþV Hw$N> g§ dZmE±N>mo‹S> XoVr h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| BVZr Z hmo Vmo ^r Jm`H$ Ho$ {bE Hw$N> ñH$mon ~Mm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo eãX {JZH$anyam Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX _| Cgo AYyam na ~o_ob bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Jm`H$ Ho$ {bE ~Mm h¡ Ÿ&dh AnZo gwa-VmZ, Jm`H$s go nmQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& V~ gmabmXmg H$mo qhXr _| H$mì`ê$n _| n‹T>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&Bg g§H$bZ _| bJ^J Mmbrg OZ, OUmU, AmaVr, {ZdoXZ Am{X H${dVmE± h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m aMZmH$mbnm§M g{X`m| VH$ ì`má h¡ Ÿ& AV: BZHo$ AZwdmX _| N>§X, `{VnmV, ^mdm{^ì`§OZm Am¡a eãX g§ moOZAm{X AZoH$ ~mV| AZwdmX _| ê$H$mdQ> S>mbVr h¢ Ÿ& Eogo _| g~ N>§X, Ab§H$ma ^mfm à^md ~Xbm h¡ Ÿ&CZH$m {ZdoXZ AjwÊU aho Bg na {deof Ü`mZ ahm Ÿ& ^mfm go ~‹T> H$a ^mde~bVm H$m ê$nm§VaU H$aaho h¢ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m AZwdmX H$a Zht gH$Vo Ÿ& md Vmo mfm ê$nr dmhZ na gdma hmo H$a MbVm h¡ Ÿ& hm±qhXr na AmamohU H$a CgH$m nwZJ©R>Z H$aVo hþE BVZm g\$a V` {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ò H${dVmE± AnZo-AnZo `wJ H$m AmË_{ZdoXZ h¢ Ÿ& _hmà^w Ho$ AmJo {d{^Þ ^md boH$a {ZdoXZ H$a ahr h¢ Ÿ& AV: qhXrH$s Ymam _| AZyR>m AQ>nQ>m m AZhmoZm ê$n Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~hþV ghO md go Hw$N> AmJo nrN>o H$a àñVwV H$aaho h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m nwZJ©R>Z mJ BZ H${dVmAm| H$mo qhXr Ho$ {bE nR>Zr` ~Zm ahm h¡ Ÿ& H$mo{ee ahr h¡{H$ _yb H$m AW© Am¡a A{^àm` XmoZm| grYo, àË`j Am¡a ghO md go ì`§{OV hmo aho h§¡ Ÿ& _yb mfm _|ÔZ, OUmU, àmW©Zm .... dhr AW© J«hU hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& n§{º$`m| H$m AZwdmX `h {ZdoXZ -AmdoXZ _|g_W© h¡ Ÿ& g_Vwë` Ho$ {dH$ënm| H$s Oê$aV Á`mXm Zht n‹S>Vr Ÿ& nmR>H$ BÝh| ~w{Õ go Zht, öX` go J«hUH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& grYo öX` H$m g§nH©$ H$aVr h¢ Ÿ&

na§Vw Xygar Amoa \$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V H$s mfm EH$X_ {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& do H$WmZH$m| _| hmñ`-ì`§½`n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE VrúU JwU dmbo Q>o‹T>o eãX à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: AZyR>m à`moJ {H$ò JE h¢ Ÿ&AZwdmXH$ CZHo$ Ame` H$mo bo H$a qhXr nwZJ©R>Z H$a H¡$go àñVwV H$aVm h¡, EH$ N>moQ>m-gm CXmhaU Xoaho h¢ -

""ß`mO Im boZo Ho$ àm`píMÎm Ho$ ê$n _| í`m_ Zo Vmo ~«m÷U moOZ H$am`m, na _§JamO Ho$ KaH$s Am¡a M§nm H$mo hmQ> oO H$a Omo ß`mO _§JmVr h¢, CgH$m Š`m hmoVm h¡ ? ~mVm| Ho$ MŠH$a _| n‹S>H$a h_`h _mZ JE {H$ M§nm ß`mO _mob bo AmVr h¡ Ÿ& na BVZo go Š`m hmoVm h¡ ? _mob Vmo {b`m na ImZo H$mH$m¡Z-gm à_mU h¡ ?'' nbm§S> Jw§OZ M¡d' H$mo ImZm hr Vmo _Zm {H$`m h¡ _Zw Zo {H$ Am¡a Hw$N> ? _mobboZo go hr H$moB© n{VV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m {dYmZ H$hm± h¡ emó _| ? ^Ð Kam| H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$XmofmXmof H$s AmbmoMZm H$aZo dmbo qZXH$m| H$s ~mVm| H$m CÎma XoZo H$mo h_ aÎmr a r V¡ ma Zht h¢ Ÿ&''(N>¡ ~rKm O_rZ -\$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V -AZwdmXH$ - `wJOrV Zdbnwar - gZ² 1959)

^mfm H$m qhXr _| EH$X_ ewÕ ê$n h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw \$H$sa _mohZ H$s ì`§½`mË_H$Vm H$mo r Zdbnwar Zo

32

gwÝXa T>§J go ~aH$ama aIm Ÿ& Bg A§e Ho$ A§{V_ dmŠ` _| ì`§{OV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m EH$ Am¡a ñnï>CXmhaU hm± XoZm g_rMrZ bJ ahm h¡ Ÿ& AJbo A§em| _| ì`§½` H$mo {H$g àH$ma mfm nwZJ©{R>V A§Va _|VrIo ^md â aho h¢ -

""Xmonha H$mo _§JamO MmbmZ hþE Ÿ& hmWm| _| hWH$‹S>r Wr Ÿ& Mm¡H$sXma Am¡a ~aH§$XmO Koao Mbaho Wo Ÿ& ~rM _| _§JamO {ga na A§JmoN>m S>mbo _w±h ZrMm {H$ò Mb aho Wo Ÿ& Jm§d Ho$ bmoJ `mÌm _|{ZH$br H$mbr Ho$ Owbyg H$s Vah XoI aho Wo Ÿ& AmJo -AmJo XmamoJm Wm, nrN>o-nrN>o _w§er Ÿ& _§JamO H$sBg XwX©em H$mo XoIH$a Jm§d H$m H$moB© AmX_r ì`mHw$b hþAm Wm {H$ Zht, `h R>rH$ -R>rH$ ~VmZo _| h_{ZVm§V Ag_W© h¢ Ÿ&'' (N>¡ ~rKm O_rZ - \$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V -AZw. `wJOrV Zdbnwar)

`h A§e _§JamO Ho$ nVZ H$m àma§ gy{MV H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& goZmn{V H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU `hm± naZdbnwar Zo qhXr qgQ>oŠg Ho$ {bhmO go nwZJ©{R>V H$a gmam ì`§½`, AmH«$moe, g§doXZm, ghmZw y{V g~H$mogwa{jV aIm h¡ Ÿ& `h _hËd H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m `h JwU {deof ~Vm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& daZm _hmZH¥${V Ho$ gmW Ý`m` Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& _hmZ H¥${V _| g§aMZm Ho$ ñVa na ^r ò ~mV| A§V: ~mø hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&CZ g~H$mo AZwdmXH$ MwZm¡Vr H$s Vah boH$a gwa{jV aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Z`r g§aMZm _| ñWm{nV H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&V^r dh AZwdmX _| ^r _hmZVm Ho$ JwU àñVwV H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& AÝ`Wm AZwdmX gVhr hmo H$a H¥${VCnojUr` ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

A~ VH$ ì`mH$a{UH$ nwZJ©R>Z H$aVo aho Ÿ& hm± mfm Ho$ ê$n, AmH$ma, gm¡ÝX`©, d¡{eï²> Am{XH$mo boH$a MMm© Ed§ CXmhaU XoVo aho Ÿ& Wmo‹S>m -gm Cg H¥${V Ho$ A§VaV_ _| r P>m§H§o$ Ÿ& h nj mfm gohQ> H$a md, {df`dñVw AWdm A§VamË_m go Ow‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& qhXr -Amo{‹S> m _| Bgo ~hþV Xya H$m Zht _mZVo Ÿ&Amo{‹S> m-JwOamVr _| Xyar Á`mXm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah qhXr A§J«oOr go r qhXr -{h>~«y m qhXr -\«|$M _| h¡ Ÿ& hm±g§ñH¥${V nj H$m A§Va g§e` n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& "~§Jmb _| ~ƒo IobVo h¢, _N>br nH$‹S>Zo H$s J§Y _|CN>bVo h¢' A~ Bgo JwOamVr _| Š`m H$h| ? dhm± Ho$ nmR>H$ H$mo _N>br H$s J§Y go C~H$mB© hmoZo bJVrh¡ Ÿ& nwZJ©R>Z H$s Ny>Q> X|Jo Vmo dhm± bS²>Sy> ~ZZo Am¡a CgH$s _hH$ H$s ~mV _| CN>bZo H$m àg§J nwZJ©{R>VH$aoJm Ÿ& h CgHo$ A§V:H$aU _|, A§VamË_m _| ah H$a nwZJ©{R>V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g~ Bg Ñ{ï> go gh_V ZhteãXm§e AZwdmX _| _N>br H$m _N>br MboJm Ÿ&

na§Vw "_m§ ao E nQ>Hw$ Am' hm± Amo{‹S> m _| ~oQ>r H$mo ñZohde "_m§' H$hm Ÿ& AmJo ~oQ>o H$mo "~mnm'^mB© H$mo "ZZm' Am{X g§~moYZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& h g§~moYZ e¡br qhXr AZwdmX _| gVH©$Vm Ho$ gmW br OmVrh¡ Ÿ& BgH$m H$moe Ho$ gmW g§~§Y Zht Ÿ& e¡br Am¡a Am§V[aH$ A{^ì`{º$ _w»` h¡ Ÿ& AV: qhXrAZwdmXH$ BZ g~ g§~moYZm| H$mo ghr n[aàoú` _| aI H$a nwZJ©{R>V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

"Vw_' eãX H$m à`moJ C^` "Vw_' Am¡a "Amn' Ho$ {bE H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw qhXr _| AmXa Ho$

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{bE "Amn' hmoJm, H$^r "Vw_' Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& d¡go hr "lÕm' eãX AZwOm| Ho$ {bE à`wº$ hmoJm qhXrAZwdmX _| Eogm A§Va Zht hmoVm Ÿ& "lÕm' ~‹S>o -N>moQ>o g~ Ho$ {bE à`wº$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& hm± na C{MV Ed§g§JV XoIH$a nwZJ©R>Z H$aZo _| hr AZwdmXH$ H$s gMoVZVm ñnï> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& daZm gmam à`ËZ ~oT>§Jm Am¡a~oVaVr~ hmo OmòJm Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m CÔoí` H$^r g\$b Zht hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ&

Bgr KQ>H$ _| `h H$aZm g_rMrZ h¡ Ÿ{H$ AZy{XV A§e H$mo gOmZm g§dmaZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgoghO Am¡a Z¡g{J©H$ ê$n àXmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo A~ _yb H$m joÌ N>mo‹S> H$a AZy{XV^mfm -^md Ho$ OJV _| ñWm{nV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& `ht na AmJm-nrN>m gOmZm -g§dmaZm, Omo‹S>Zm, Vmo‹S>Zm,gwbPmZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± na H$bm nj {deof hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m H$bm H$marJar H$m d¡{eï²>Câ H$a H¥${V H$mo {deof ñWmZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ {Z`_ ~hþV Hw$N> AZwdmXH$ AnZo Zr{V{Z`_mZwgma hr {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| AZwdmXH$ H$m g¥OZerb aMZmH$ma H$m XOm© hrà{H«$`m _| {_b nmVm h¡ Ÿ& `ht Omo Ny>Q> boH$a H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Z Ho$db CgH$s é{M daZ CgH$s j_Vmgm¡ÝX`© {à`Vm Ed§ md{d^moaVm H$m r ñVa Iwb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo ñnï>V: AnZm nj ImobZmn‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& gmao AdJw§R>Z CI‹S> OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gM H$h| Vmo AZwdmXH$ Bg ñVa na nmaX{e©Vm Ho$ O[aò_m¡{bH$ aMZmH$ma Ho$ ZOXrH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

2.4 AZwdmX - nwZarjU/{díbofU :_yb AW©, md Ed§ g§doXZm H$mo AjwÊU aI _yb H$s Üd{Z VWm Wmg§ d AmH$ma H$mo _ybdV

aI , _yb H$s A mË_m H$m à{Vê$n ~Z OmZo dmb m A ZwdmX H¡$g o hmo? Bg_| nwZarj U A m¡a _yë` m§H$Z( Vetter

& Evaluator)H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ahVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ AnZo àdmh _| VWm {d{^Þ X~md Ho$A§VJ©V AZwdmX H$m`© H$aVm MbVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m {Z`§ÌU$ , {Xem g§emoYZ Ed§ {hV¡fr Omo h¡, dh h¡nwZarjH$ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ {X öX` h¡ Vmo nwZarjH$ CgH$m {ddoH$ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {MÌ H$s «{_V C‹S>mZH$mo, öX` Ho$ Kmo‹S>m| H$r A{Z §{ÌV Xm¡‹S> H$mo nwZarjH$ {Z`§ÌU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

dmñVd _| XoIm Om` Vmo nwZarjH$ AZwdmX H$m g§emoYZ, g§dY©Z, n[adY©Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ~¢H$ _|énò XoZo go nhbo CÝh| Xmo ~ma {JZ boVm h¡ Ÿ& H$_r `m Ìw{Q> aho Vmo Cgo gwYma boVm h¡ Ÿ& `h "VrgarAm±I' H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$s XmoZm| Am±I go Hw$N> Ny>Q> Omò Vmo AZwdmXH$ H$s Vrgar Am±IBgo nH$‹S> bo Ÿ& `hm± EH$m§CQ>o{~{bQ>r AZwdmXH$ Ho$ gmW-gmW nwZarjH$ na r Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

nhbo H$_© nwéf AZwdmXH$ h¡ Am¡a Xygam Cgo n[aîH$ma XoZo dmbm H$_© nwéf nwZarjH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&`{X g§ d hmo Vmo Vrgam EH$ Am¡a H$_© nwéf hmoVm h¡ : _yë`m§H$H$ Ÿ& dh _yb Am¡a AZwdmX H$mVwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$a C{MV-AZw{MV, J«mø - AJ«mø H$m {ZU© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& nwZarjH$ {Zð>mdmZ,

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g_{n©V ^md Am¡a VQ>ñW {dMma`wº$ hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& _yë`m§H$Z H$s g~go ~‹S>r Amdí`H$Vm Cg H$s{df` Am¡a ^mfm na XjVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo gm_Zo gm_J«r h¡, gm{YH$ma Cg na {ZU© XoZo H$s j_Vm hmoZrMm{hE Ÿ& `h H$m`© H$aZo hoVw CgH$m H$X ^r D§$Mm hmo Am¡a H$mR>r R>mog hmo Ÿ& daZm CgH$s aMZmË_H$AmbmoMZm H$mo AWdm n[adV©Z g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo AZwdmXH$ ñdrH$ma hr Zht H$aoJm Ÿ& dh CnojmH$aoJm m Rw>H$am XoJm Ÿ& AnZo H$mo AZwdmXH$ H$^r "AHw$eb H$marJa' _mZ hr Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& Cgr Vah_yë`m§H$Z _| ^r `h ^md H$VB© Z hmo {H$ ha hmb _| H$ht Z H$ht Ìw{Q> {ZH$mb H$a AnZo H$mo {deofà{Vnm{XV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& AJa àñVwV nmR> J«mø h¡ Am¡a AnZr Ñ{ï> go EH$ ñVa H$mo Ny> ahm h¡, Vmo CggoN>o‹S>N>m‹S> H$s Oê$aV Š`m h¡ ?

EH$ nmR> Ho$ Xmo AZwdmX hmo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Ana H$s Ñ{ï> H$mo _hËd XoZm n‹So>Jm Ÿ& AnZo H$mo hr hH$h H$a {H$ "YaVr H$m ~rM hr h¡, Mmho {OYa _mn b|, h_Zo Vmo o Iy§Q>m Jm‹S> {X`m Ÿ&' gd©k H$m T>mobnrQ>Zo Ho$ {bE _yë`m§H$Z H$aZo na H${R>ZmB© n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _yë`m§H$Z H$mo H$ñQ>_ A{YH$mar H$hm J`mh¡ Omo AnZr Am±I H$m BñVo_mb EŠgao _erZ H$s Vah H$aoJm {H$ {dXoe go Am`o gm_mZ H$mo nmaXeuOm§M H$a dmam-Ý`mam H$a Xo Ÿ&

EH$ nmR> H$m AZwdmX H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwdmXH$ H$B© Vah H$s nÕ{V`m± AnZm gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& (O¡go"h[a AZ§V h[a H$Wm AZ§Vm' H$m CXmhaU {X`m OmVm h¡ ) Bg_| {H$gr EH$ AZwdmX H$mo A§{V_ nmR>Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& loð>Vm H$s H$moB© D§$MmB© Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& EH$ AZwdmX H$mo AmYma ~Zm _yë`m§H$ZXygam nmR> àñVwV H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV: nwZarjU Am¡a nwZarjH$ H$s gr_mE± Am¡a e{º$`m± ñnîQ> ahZrMm{hE Ÿ&

1. nwZarjH$ H$mo g~go _hËdnyU© ^md na Ñ{ï> {Z~Õ H$aZr hmoJr Ÿ& ^md H$s ajm hþB© `mZht ? AZwdmX _| H$ht AZwdmXH$ ^mdm| H$s Ñ{ï> go ñd`§ hmdr hmoH$a _yb Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo S>mBë`yQ> H$aAZmdí`H$ N>o‹S>N>m‹S> Vmo Zht H$a ahm Ÿ? dh AnZo Ah§ Ho$ der^yV hmoH$a Xr JB© "Vmo‹S>-\$mo‹S>' j_VmH$m Xwén`moJ Z H$aZo nm`oŸ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo ^mdm| H$m g§nmXZ H$aZo H$s Ny>Q> n«m`: Zht hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

2. Omo ^md Cø aIm h¡, AZwdmX _| Cgo ^r eãX H$m¡eb go Cø aIZo H$m à`mg H$aZmMm{hE Ÿ& h _yb H$s _§em hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a Bg_| dh gm{hpË`H$ Hw$ebVm H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m_| `h ~hþYm XoIm OmVm h¡ {H$ dº$m dmŠ`m| _| AnZm qbJ ñnï> Zht H$aVm - nwéf h¡ `m ór Ÿ& {hÝXrAZwdmX _| Bgo Cø aIZm bJ^J Ag§ d h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw nwZarjH$ Cgo Hw$N> amh ~Vm gH$Vm h¡ `hm±nwZarjH$ "R>rH$' Zht H$aVm, "gQ>rH$' ~ZmZo H$m _mJ© VbmeVm h¡ Ÿ&

3. _yë`m§H$H$ H$mo ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na Jhar naI hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Q>r Eb (Target Lan

guage) _| AZwdmXH$ àm`: AnZr am¡ _| ~hH$ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AWdm g~go ~‹S>m IVam _yb Ho$ mfmB© T>m§Mo H$m

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hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s eãXmdbr, nX~§Y, dmŠ` g§aMZm, e¡brJV d¡{eï²> go nhbm g§nH©$ AmVm h¡ Ÿ&ì`{º$JV ê$n _| é{M Ho$ AZwê$n CZHo$ ào_ _| n‹S> ~hþV gr MrO| dh J«hU H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| doeãX, nX, dmŠ` {~Zm N>Zo hþE (Unfiltered) Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Q>rEb _| CZH$s CnpñW{V na AZwdmXH$ CVZmgMoV Zht ah nmVm Ÿ& (Š`m|{H$ _yb H$s CZ dñVwAm| go Cgo ào_ Omo h¡) AV: nwZarjH$ Am¡a _yë`m§H$H$ XmoZm|H$mo BZ àË oH$ ñVa na AnZr ~o~mH$ {Q>ßnUr XoZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& h gmam H$m © ì`mH$a{UH$ ñVa na mfmB© T>m§Mo(Lan guage structure) H$mo XwéñV H$aZm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& h gyú_ñVa (Microlevel) na {H$`mH$m © h¡ Ÿ&

4. _yë`m§H$H$$ _| d¥hX² Ñ{ï> (Macrolevel) H$s r Oê$aV n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& EgEb H$s g§ñH¥${V hm±AjwÊU h¡ `m Zht Ÿ& _yb Ho$ na§namJV _yë`m| H$s H$ht AZXoIr Vmo Zht hmo ahr Ÿ& nwZarjU _| `hgagar {ZJmh S>mbZo na ^r ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg [aíVo-ZmVo, N>moQ>o-~‹S>o H$m ì`dhma, nd©-Ë`m¡hma,Hw$N> H$_©H$m§S> (O¡go OÝ_, {ddmh, _aU) Hw$N> _mÝ`VmAm| (O¡go B©ída g§~§Yr, AmË_m, n¥Ïdr,AmH$me, nwZO©Ý_, AmË_m Ed§ M§Ð_m Ho$ qbJ, àmU, Am±I Ho$ dMZ Am{X _mÝ`VmAm|)Ho$ à{V Ñ{ï>gm\$ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& _yb eãX H$m dMZ AZwdmX _| H¡$go ê$nm§V[aV hmo, AJa _yb eãX ñd`§ AZwdmX_| ñdrH$ma h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah H$s Hw$N> gd©_mÝ` ~mVm| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm nwZarjH$ Ho$ Xmào _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ&

5. g§àofUr`Vm na nwZarjH$ `m _yë`m§H$H$ H$s H$‹S>r ZOa ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Am{Ia nmR>H$ VmoAZwdmX hr n‹T>oJm Ÿ& _yb VH$ OmZo H$m Adga CgHo$ nmg em`X hr H$^r Amò Ÿ& AV: Q>rEb H$s mfm_| Omo gm_J«r àñVwV h¡ dh A~ Q>rEb H$s h¡, EgEb (source Language)H$s N>ÌN>m`m Z aho Ÿ& Eogo_| Q>rEb H$m nmR> g§àofUr` hmoZm ~hþV Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ VH${OVZm A{YH$ g§àofUr` hmoJm, AZwdmXCVZm hr g\$b _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go AZwdmX Ho$ à`mgm| H$mo "gmZ M‹T>mZo' (To polish)H$mo rnwZarjH$ `m _yë`m§H$H$ H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± nwZarjH$ Ho$ AnZo IOmZo _| Š`m h¡, Bgo Ü`mZ _| aImOmò Ÿ& g§Xoe Am¡a _yb H$s Ñ{ï> (Message and stance) XmoZm| H$mo AZwdmXH$ Q>rEb _| bmVm h¡ Ÿ&nwZarjH$ H$m H$m_ `hm± gdm©{YH$ _hËd aIVm h¡ {H$ `h g§Xoe Am¡a `h Ñ{ï> Q>rEb Ho$ nmR>H$VH$ nh±þM Omò Ÿ& Bg_| Am`r éH$mdQ>m| H$m nVm bJm H$a dh CÝh| Omo‹S>-Vmo‹S> H$a g_Vb ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&AJa gm§ñH¥${VH$ A§Va§JVm Ho$ CÔoí` go AZwdmX {H$`m J`m h¡ V~ Vmo BgH$s Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a r ~‹T>OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

6. Cnamoº$ Ñ{ï> go `h ~mV Câ H$a AmVr h¡ {H$ Š`m ha nmR> H$m AZwdmX {H$`m OmZmMm{hE ? AmO ^r X`mZ§X gañdVr Ho$ _hmZ J«§W Ho$ Xmo AÜ`m`m| H$mo {H$gr AZwdmX _| Zht Omo‹S>mOmVm Ÿ& gaH$ma Ûmam {Z{fÕ gm_J«r H$m Vmo d¡go r AZwdmX H$mZyZZ AnamY h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s MMm© Zht H$aaho Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJm| H$s gmoM Eogr r h¡ - _¢Zo Omo {bIm dh AnZo nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$a {hÝXr

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nmR>H$ VH$ nh±w>Mo `h Xygao ñVa H$s AWdm Jm¡U ñVa H$s ~mV h¡ Ÿ& `h ~mV CZH$s AnZr Ñ{ï> go R>rH$h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw gm{hË` H$m g§Xoe Am¡a {df` d¥hÎma joÌ _| nh±w>M H$a AnZr nhMmZ Xo Ÿ& dmñVd _o| gm{hË`AnZo ñdmW© Ho$ {bE Zht, na (Mmho do AnZo g§~§Yr hm| `m Xya Xoe Ho$) g_mO Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h`wJm| go AmXe© _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm na hm± {dMma H$s Oê$aV Zht Ÿ& na§VwEH$ ~mV ñnï> h¡ - EH$ nmR> AnZo joÌ, AnZo g_wXm` H$mo g§~mo{YV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ Cg_| H$B© Vah Ho$AZw d, C{º$`m±, hmñ`, ì`§J, H$Qw>Vmde Am OmVr h¡§, n[apñW{V OÝ` Hw$N> H$R>moa à{V{H«$`mE± CgnmR> _| {_b OmVr h¡§ Ÿ& gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y Ñ‹T> H$amVo g_` BZH$s Š`m Cn`mo{JVm ah OmVr h¡ Ÿ? Xygao,{hÝXr nmR>H$m| H$mo CZ à{V{H«$`mAm| H$mo namogZo go Š`m dh CÔoí` gm{YV hmo gHo$Jm ? hm± CXmhaUmW©- _ah{R> m T>§J, _madm‹S>r m _mZwf, {H$gr ~§Jmbr H$m dº$ì` "Amo{‹S> m EH$ mfm Zm`', {H$gr VobwJyH$s Amo{‹S> m Ho$ n«{V ì`§½`mË_H$ _whmdam`wº$ C{º$, N>ÎmrgJ‹T>r Ho$ gab ì`dhma na {dÐÿn^md Amamon`wº$ C{º$.... Eogo AZoH$ Adga {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ ~hþYm {Zñn¥h ah AZwdmX H$aVm OmVm h¡,nwZarjH$ m _yë`m§H$Z hm± na g§Ho$V H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> H$Qw> C{º$`m± A~ AnZm g§X^© Imo MwH$s h¢,Hw$N> _| gm_m{OH$ H$Qw>Vm ~‹T>Zo H$s g§ mdZm ahVr h¡, AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CZH$m {dñVma Z H$aZm{dkVm H$m n[aMm`H$ hmoJm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~ÕVm _| r ghm`H$ hmoJm Ÿ& Bg na hm± H$moB© ~§Ym-~§Ym`m{Z`_ AWdm _mÝ`Vm CnbãY Zht h¡ Ÿ& h _yë`m§H$H$ Ho$ ñd{ddoH$ H$s g~go Á`mXm _m§J H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go h EH$ _hËdnyU© _wÔm h¡ {Og na _yë`m§H$H$m| m nwZarjH$m| Zo àm`: Ü`mZ Zht {X`mh¡ Ÿ& nyar AZwdmX à{H«$`m na `h {H$gr {deof A§Hw$e H$s ~mV Zht h¡ Ÿ& `hm± Hw$N> C{º$`m± AWdmàmo{º$`m± h¢ Ÿ& g§gma _| H$moB© gm{hË`H$ma K¥Um, Ûof, N>tQ>mH$gr AWdm Xama n¡Xm H$aZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&_yb boIZ Ho$ g_` _| do dMZ m C{º$ gmW©H$ ahr hm|, _hËd aIVr ahr hm|, Vmo r A~ AZwdmX Ho$g_` CÝh| _hËd Z XoZo na _yb H¥${V H$s H$moB© hm{Z {H$gr Ñ{ï> go Zht hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX H$m _ybbú` nmZo Ho$ {bE AZwdmXH$, nwZarjH$/Ÿ _yë`m§H$H$ (Ohm± Oê$aV hmo) H$mo Hw$N> Ny>Q> XoZo na {dMma{H$`m OmZm Mm{h`o Ÿ& g§jon _| H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ - nwZarjH$ nhbo ñd`§ _| {ZåZ ~mV| XoI b| :

1. EgEb Ed§ Q>rEb _| nyam A{YH$ma h¡ Ÿ&

2. AZwdmX Ho$ nwarjU bm`H$ YraO, {Zð>m hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&

3. Cg_| VQ>ñW^md ({Zanoj ê$n _| {ZU© Xo gH$Zo H$s j_Vm) hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&daZm A{VdmXr (nj-{dnj) Ñ{ï> go AZwdmX Ho$ à{V AÝ`m` H$a XoJm Ÿ&

4. e¡br H$s ~mV AmZo na nwZarjH$ XoIo {H$ AZwdmXH$ H$s OJh _yb H$s e¡br H$modmYm Xo ahm h¡ m Zht Ÿ&

37

5. nwZarjH$ g§emoYZ Ed§ g§nmXH$ ~ZZo H$s j_Vm aIVm h¡ Vm{H$ Cgo {ZImao Am¡a^mfm{X H$s Ñ{ï> go n[aîH¥$V H$ao Ÿ&

6. _yb H$s gm{hpË`H$ ~mar{H$`m| H$s ajm hmoZr Mm{hE, Cø aIZo dmbr ~mVm| H$mIwbmgm Z H$a VXZwê$n go CÝh| Cø aIZo H$m à`mg H$ao Ÿ&

7. eãX M`Z, ì`mH$a{UH$ ñVa, dmŠ` gm¡ð>d, dmŠ`m| H$s ApÝd{V, AdVaUm| H$sg§aMZm, mfm H$m mdmZwHy$bZ, {dMma àdmhZ, md-àdU pñW{V`m| Ho$ g§X^©_| nwZarjH$ _| OmJê$H$Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&

8. ^mfm {díbofU H$s j_Vm hmo Vm{H$ AZwdmX _| mfmJV d¡{eï²> m| H$s ajm g§ d hþB©`m Zht, Bg na Ñ{ï> aI gHo$ Ÿ& Cg_| AJa H$ht A{^YmË_H$ à`moJ h¢, ì §½`mW©H$C{º$`m± h¢, CZ na ~marH$s go {ZJmh aIo Ÿ& daZm mfm H$mo AJa AZwdmXH$ gnmQ>~Zm XoVm h¡, gyú_ mfm H$mo AZwdmX _| BH$har ~Zm S>mbVm h¡ Vmo {\$a nwZarjH$m| Ho$hñVjon bm`H$ pñW{V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

9. AZy{XV gm_J«r H$s N>m`m, eãX `m _whmdam| na n‹S> ahr h¡ Vmo nwZarjH$ agmñdmXZ_| AmZo dmbr dh dmYm Xya H$aZo bm`H$ hmo Ÿ&

10. AJa AZwdmXH$ EH$ {deof bú` go AZwdmX H$a ahm h¡ (O¡go amï>r` g§{hVm, Amngr^mB©Mmam, AnZr _yb H$s Apñ_Vm H$s amï>r` _mZ{MÌ _| nhMmZ) Vmo dhm± nwZarjH$m|H$mo Amdí`H$ ~mYH$ C{º$`m|, AZwJ«h {ZWmaZo _| nrN>o Zht hQ>Zm Mm{hE Ÿ& AJaAZwdmX _| Eogm A§e Am ^r J`m hmo Vmo nwZarjH$ AnZo {ddoH$ H$m à`moJ H$a CZ_|CnbãY Mw Z, Am§M, Iamg na {deof Ü`mZ Xo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo AZwdmXH$ H$mbú` nyam hmoZm hr gw{ZpíMV hmoJm Ÿ&

dmñVd _| AZwdmXH$ Ho$ hmW _| Mm~wH$ Zht, Hw$åhma Ho$ hmWm| H$s Vah MmH$ na Jrbr _mQ>rg§dmaZo H$s pñW{V hmoZr Mm{h`o Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE nwZarjH$ Am¡a AZwdmXH$ _| Amngr [aíVm g§h{VnyU© hmo Ÿ&dh `m| hr CbQ>-nwbQ> H$a Cgo AnZr gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$a XoVm h¡ Vmo `h OmVr` hm{Z hmoJr Ÿ&CbQ>o AJa (AS>§Jo) S>mbZo H$s àd¥{Îm AnZm bo Vmo ^r Cgr Vah OmVr` j{V H$aoJm Ÿ& Amo{‹S> mCnÝ`mgm| _| ~hþVm| H$mo nwZajrH$ H$s H$b_ go JwOaZo H$m gm¡ m½` Zht {_bm Ÿ& Hw$N> Eogo h¢ Omo nwZarjH$H$s Q>o~wb na ~ag-Xmo ~ag n‹S>o aho Ÿ& Omo hmo BZ A{VdmXr pñW{V`m| go AZwdmX H$m A{hV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&AV: Eogr CXmaVm nwZarjH$ _| hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&

`h boIH$s` ñdrH¥${V r CZ g~ Ho$ {bE Oê$ar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡go H$Wm àdmh ~m{YV Z hmo h_yb boIH$ Oê$a MmhoJm Ÿ&

38

O¡go aMZmH$ma H$moB© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mbm§Va _| AZwdmXH$ Xygam H$moB© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a dh CgH$mnwZJ©R>Z H$a H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& na A§{V_ MaU nwZarjU H$moB© Vrgam H$ao Vmo Á`mXm AÀN>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$B©~ma Vmo ñd`§ _yb boIH$ AZwdmX H$m nwZarjU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± VH$ Hw$N> Ny>Q>OmZo H$m àíZ h¡, dhAmgmZr go nH$‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± AWm©ÝVa hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± ^r _yb nH$‹S> boVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw AZwdmX H$s^mfm na {Q>ßnUr H$aVo g_` _yb CVZm A{YH$ _hËdnyU© Zht ahoJm Ÿ& AZy{XV H¥${V H$s ^mfm _ybboIH$ H$s ^mfm H$^r Zht hmoVr Ÿ& AV: dh XjVm bJ^J Zht {_bVr Ÿ& AZmdí`H$ hñVjon goAZwdmX H$m ñVa ~XbZo H$s g§ mdZm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a r AZwdmX _| _yb H$m gh`moJ {H$gr r ñVa nahmo, gH$mamË_H$ hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| g§Xoh Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& nwZarjU _| r _yb boIH$ H$m búÀZwdmX Ho$ ñVa H$mo gwYmaZm hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw H$B© ~ma A{YH$ ñZoh de ~§X[a`m ~ƒo H$mo noQ> go{Mnm H$a aI, ^mJVr Xm¡‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& R>rH$ h¡ na ñZohde noQ> _| ^tM Xo Vmo ~§X[a`m H$m X_ KwQ> gH$Vmh¡ Ÿ& h AnZo Amn _| EH$ Ame§H$m ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: nwZarjU hoVw {H$gr Vrgao {Zînj ì`{º$ Ho$nmg ôOm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~‹S>o-~‹S>o gaH$mar - J¡agaH$mar g§ñWmZ Bg na {deof Ü`mZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {~ZmnwZarjU H$admò, do Cg go gH$mamË_H$ {Q>ßnUr {~Zm {~bHw$b Zht N>mn gH$Vo Ÿ& na§Vw Eogo gaH$marnwZarjH$ àm`: hbHo$ ñVa na Bg H$m_ H$mo boVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| Jhao Zht CVaVo Ÿ& \$bV: `h H$m_AYyam ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± npíM_r qMVH$m| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU r CëboIZr` h¡ Ÿ& S>aoS>m, Zm`S>m Ý`y_mH©$,Ho$Q>\$moS>© Am{X BgH$mo Amdí`H$ Zht _mZVo Ÿ& do g_PVo h¢ {H$ nwZJ©R>Z Ho$ ñVa na hr g§emoYZ nyam hmoOmVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$ ^maVr` qMVH$ Bggo gh_V Zht hmoVo Ÿ& do nwZarjU H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVo h¢ Ÿ&

nwZarjU H$m g~go ~‹S>m JwU S>mŠQ>a H$s Vah H¥${V go Vmo bJmd Am§V[aH$Vm go aIoJm Ÿ& na§VwH¥${VH$ma go {Zanoj hmoJm Ÿ& dh ~o~mH$s go CgH$mo XoIoJm Ÿ& ^mfm, ì`mH$aU, N>§X, Ab§H$ma, VwH$ `mb`, Üd{Z g_Vm -g_mZVm Am{X Ho$ ñVa na XoI^mb H$aoJm Ÿ& `hm± na CgH$s Ñ{ï> AmbmoMH$ H$sVah jra {ddoH$dmbr hmoJr Ÿ& Omo Ìw{Q> h¡, Cgo XoIH$a ñnï> g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw m½`de dh {Z_©_AWdm {^Þ_Vmdb§~r hþAm Vmo nwZarjU Ho$ ~hmZo dh j{V H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV: ghr ì`{º$ gonwZarjU hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Cgo H¥${V go bJmd hmo, H¥${VH$ma go Zht Ÿ& V^r Ý`m` H$a gHo$Jm Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$JwU-Xmofm| H$m {díbofU H$a ghr g§Ho$V {_b gH|$Jo Ÿ& V~ OmH$a CgH$m nwZb}IZ g§ d hmoJm Ÿ& dhEH$ ZB© aMZm ñd`§ g§nyU© hmoH$a _yb H$s dm{hH$m ~Z gHo$Jr Ÿ& {d{^Þ gmonmZm| H$s MMm© H$a aho h¢ :

2.5 nwZarjU Ho$ gmonmZ :i) nmR>-nR>Z : nwZarjU _| gd©àW_ XmoZm| nmR>m| H$m nR>Z Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& `hm± _yb Am¡a

AZy{XV nmR> H$m AZwdmX _| Am ahm h¡ Ÿ`m Zht Ÿ& H$ht Hw$N> AZOmZo Ny>Q> Vmo Zht ahm Ÿ& Vrgao eãX «_

39

_| n‹S> H$a H$ht dh Xya Vmo Zht Om ahm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$mo EH$ àm_m{UH$Vm àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&Cgr Vah _whmdao m H$hmdVm| Ho$ {bE Omo ê$n AnZm o OmVo h¢ CZ na Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gmYmaUV:CZH$mo J«hU H$aZo _| gVH©$Vm ~aVZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& daZm nwZarjH$ H$mo A§Jwbr {ZX}e H$a g§eo{YV ê$n~VmZm Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CXmhaU ñdê$n "KaS>rh' CnÝ`mg Ho$ A§V$ _| h¡ {H$ Cg Xohar na g§Ü`mXrnZht Obm Ÿ& `hm± AZwdmXH$ Zo Xohar H$s OJh nmoIa H$s gr‹T>r H$a {X`m Ÿ& nwZarjU Ho$ Xm¡amZ Cgog§emoYZ H$aZm n‹S>m {H$ `h nmoIaVQ> na Vwbgr Mm¢ham na Xrn ObmZo H$m àg§J Zht h¡ Ÿ& Kadmbr Zahr Vmo Ka _| g§Ü`mXrn H$m¡Z ObmòJm ? dh gm§ñH¥${VH$ àg§J hm± g{Þdo{eV h¡ Omo AZwdmXH$ AnZrYwZ _| yb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo gwYmaZo H$m H$m_ nwZarjH$ Ambñ` m Cnojm H$aVm h¡ Vmo H¥${V Ho$ à{V Ý`m`Zht H$aVm Ÿ& gmYmaUV: Hw$N> Zd{g{Iò r AZwdmX _| H$X_ aIVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ à{V o nwZarjU H$sghmZw y{V gOJVm Am¡a _mJ©Xe©Z _hËd aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr Aew{Õ$ Xya H$a AZy{XV nmR>m| Ho$ {bEgwYmaZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& ZdAZwdmXH$m| H$mo r àmoËgmhZ XoZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ Vmo nwZarjU AË`§V Amdí`H$h¡ Ÿ& à{V{ð>V AZwdmXH$ ^r AJa AnZo g_Jmoð>r go nwZarjU H$am bo Vmo Bgo hoR>r An_mZ `m hrZVmH$s ~mV Zht _mZr Om gH$Vr Ÿ& H¥${V Ho$ {hV _| Bgo Amdí`H$ _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

ii){df`JV A§Va :H$^r-H$^r AZwdmXH$ g§X^©JV {dMma {H$ò {~Zm {^ÞmW© eãX H$m à`moJ H$a ~¡R>Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go

h_Zo nrN>o "ag' eãX Ho$ H$B© AW© XoIo Ÿ& g§X^© na Ü`mZ {Xò {~Zm {df` go hQ> H$a Xygam eãX à`moJH$ao Vmo `h ^Q>H$ OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ OmZVo h¢ {H$ (Compound) eãX H$m agm`Z _| Omo AW© h¡, Ka Ho${bE "H§$nmC§S>dmb' _| H§$nmCÊS> H$m EH$X_ {^Þ AW© h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah O~ h_ "ñHy$b' eãX H$m à`moJ{dÚmb` go hQ> H$a qMVZYmam (School of philosothy ) _| H$aVo h¢ Vmo AbJ -AbJ joÌ h¢ Ÿ& CgrVah (Will) eãX H$m AW© {H«$`m Ho$ g§X^© _| AVrV dmMH$ AW© _| AmVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw H$moB© AnZrdgr`V {bIVm h¡ Vmo dhm± `h g§X^© Xygar OJh bo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma (Stand) eãX H$m {H«$`m_| AW© I‹S>o hmoZm h¡ Ÿ& _Ja g§km _| à`moJ H$aZo na dh "I§ m' ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h eãX Ho$ g§X^© {~Zm{df` H$s ghr gyMZm XoZo _| Ag_W© ahoJm Ÿ& à`moJ _| dh h_| JbV ñWmZ na nh±þMm XoJm Ÿ& AV:nwZarjU Ho$ g_` BZ gmar {d{dY pñW{V`m| na Ü`mZ aIZm Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AJa nwZarjH$ MyH$OmVm h¡ Vmo {\$a gwYma H$s Am¡a H$moB© pñW{V Zht AmVr Ÿ&

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iii) e¡br : h_Zo nhbo ^r XoIm {H$ {df` Ho$ AZwgma e¡br hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$s pñW{V d¡go hr ~XbVr

OmVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm H$m h M_H$sbmnZ AZwdmXH$ H$mo AnZo H$m`© _| {XImZm C{MV h¡ Ÿ& nwZarjU nmR>_| e¡brJV ê$n C^a AmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h CgH$m _w»` bjU h¡ Ÿ&

Jm¡a H$aZm hmoJm {H$ AË`§V J§ ra {df` H$m AZwdmX VXZwê$n J§ ra e¡br _| H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&CXmhaUmW© A§J«oOr H$m {Z_§ÌU nÌ h¡ Ÿ& A~ qhXr _| {ddmh H$m {Z_§ÌU nÌ Cgr Ho$ AZwdmX go Zht ~ZgH$Vm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ A§J«oOr e¡br _| dh Am¡nMm[aH$Vm _| h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| dh EH$ _m§J{bH$ H$m`©, Y_©H$m`©_| em{_b hmoH$a ew merf XoZo O¡gm H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& AV: mfmB© {dZ_«Vm, mfm _| Ym{_©H$ Ñ{ï> go àM{bVeãXm| H$m ì`hma, Hw$N> _§Jb {MÝh -ñdpñVH$, ›, lrJUoem` Z_:, àOmnV`o Z_: _§Ì (O¡go JUoeAWdm {dîUw g§~§Yr _§Ì, doX_§Ì Am{X H$m `WmñWmZ Cn`moJ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&) Bg àH$ma qhXr H$sgm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam, MbZ Am{X Ho$ AZwê$n n[adV©Z n[adÕ©Z Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& dhm± gabrH$aU H$a XoZo naEH$X_ AJ«mô` hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

Cgr Vah H$m`m©b`rZ mfm m ì`mdgm{`H$ mfm _| ~hþV A{YH$ {dZ_«Vm m {XIdm aIVo h¢Vmo dh EH$X_ Aì`mdhm[aH$ ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dhm± XoIZm h¡ {H$ ^mfm qhXr h¡ na§Vw CgH$m ê$n VËg_àYmZ h¡, g_mg e¡br _| h¡ m XoeO eãXm| Ho$ Cn`moJ go gabrH¥$V h¡ Ÿ& dhm± na AZwdmXH$ Zo VH$ZrH$seãXm| H$s Cnojm Vmo Zht H$a Xr h¡ Ÿ& A~ Vmo maV gaH$ma Ho$ {bE gwàr_H$moQ>© H$m AmXoe h¡ - amO^mfmqhXr _| AZwdmX AWdm AÝ` à`moJ Ho$ g_` VH$ZrH$s Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ eãXmdbr Am`moJ Ûmam {Z{_©VeãXmdbr H$m à`moJ hr _mZH$ hmoJm Ÿ& {^Þ-{^Þ amÁ`m| Ûmam AnZo T>§J go {Z{_©V n`m© dmMr dmbreãXmdbr Zht hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& `hm± e¡br Ho$ Zm_ na {d{dY ê$n A~ ñdrH$m`© Zht hm|Jo Ÿ& Eogo _|nwZarjH$ H$mo CZgo n[a{MV hmoZm hmoJm Ÿ& `WmpñW{V CZH$m g§emoYZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& àm_m{UH$VmbmZo Ho$ {bE `h {ZVm§V Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

~hþYm AZwdmXH$ ñd`§ AnZo H$m © H$m nwZarjU H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| CgH$m AnZm Ah§ (Ego)gwa{jV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw nmR> Ho$ {hV _| AÝ` Hw$eb AZwdmXH$ go nwZarjU H$amZm EH$ ~ohVa {dH$ënh¡ Ÿ& Bg_| "EH$ go ^bm Xmo' dmbr H$hmdV gmW©H$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& S>mŠQ>ar ^mfm _| Bgo H$hVo h¢ - " goH|$S>Amonr{Z`Z boZm' Ÿ& Hw$N> MrO| _yb Ho$ Ü`mZ _| Zht Am nmVr Ÿ& AV: Xygam nmR> H$am boZm ~ohVa hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Ah§ H$m àíZ Zht ahVm Ÿ& AZm`mg , AZOmZo ah JB© Ìw{Q> H$m g§emoYZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

gM H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ AZwdmX H$s Om§M hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& gwYma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ Am¡a Hw$N> hX VH$g§nmXZ ^r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: nwZarjU H$m n`m© AZwdmX H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

***

41

I) AZwdmX VWm g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V

2.6 AZwdmX VWm g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V :

npíM_r AZwdmX g§~§Yr qMVH$m| Zo AZwdmX Ho$ {d{dY njm| na ì`mnH$ {dMma Am¡a {díbofU{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo mfmJV Am¡a md AWdm {df`JV A§VaU XmoZm| na JhamB© go {dMma {H$`m Ÿ& H¥${VH$m eara hr Zht CgHo$ àmU AWdm AmË_m XmoZm| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| XmoZm| H$m A§VaU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& mfmnrN>o Ny>Q> OmVr h¡, na§Vw CgHo$ g§Ho$Vm| H$m dhZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmË_m AWdm àmU H$mo ZB© ^mfm Ho$ O[a`oAZwdmX nwZ:ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± {~hmar bmb H$m Xmohm ñ_aU _| AmVm h¡ -

""XwIr hmohþJo gab {h`, ~gV {Ì^§Jr bmb Ÿ&''

Jbo, H$_a, KwQ>Zm| -VrZm| OJh ~m§H$s _wÐm dmbo H¥$îU _oao gab(grYo) öX` _| H¡$go I‹S>ohm|Jo ? CÝh| H$ï> Zht hmoJm ? AV: _¢ AnZo öX` `m _Z H$mo ^r d¡go dH«$ ~Zm`o hy± Ÿ& AWm©V² CZHo$ñWmnZ hoVw d¡gm hr dH«$ AmH$ma {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

"g_Vwë`Vm' eãX h_ `hm± J{UV Ho$ eãX H$m à`moJ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& dhm± na (=) g_mZVm Ho${bE ì`dhma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go 3-2 = 2-1 H$mo H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| Cgr bhOo _| ~m§ r Va\$ _yb mfmAm¡a Xm{hZr Va\$ bú` ^mfm aI H$a {_bmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& V~ Cg_| H$_- A{YH$ H$s MMm© CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ&`h CÔoí` ~am~ar Ho$ ñVa na Zht Ÿ& hm± na {Xem g_mZ hmo, md g_mZ hmo Am¡a ñVa EH$ O¡gm hmo Ÿ&`hm± Jm{U{VH$ VwbZm H$s ~mV Zht h¡ Ÿ& hm± g§Xoe nh±þMmZo H$m _m_bm h¡ Ÿ& Ho$Q>\$moS>© Am¡a ZmBS>m Zo Omo{dMma aIo h¢ do A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ ñVa na VwbZr` h¢ Ÿ& _yb Am¡a AZwdmX H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$m mfm VWmAW© Ho$ ñVa {_bmZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ZmBS>m Zo nmR> _| {Z{hV AW© H$mo XmoZm| _| VwbZm H$a XoIm h¡ CgràH$ma e¡br na Jm¡a H$aVo hþE VwbZm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

BgHo$ Abmdm S>m. Ho$.Ho$. Jmoñdm_r Zo gm_m{OH$ -gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X^©, e¡brJV gm¡ÝX`© Am¡anmR> H$s {d{eîQ> y{_H$m H$s ~mV CR>m`r h¡ Ÿ& AV: CÝh| nmíMmË` qMVH$m| H$m dJuH$aU ñdrH$m`© ZhthmoVm Ÿ& do g§emoYZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXmZwdmX, AmJV eãX , eãX {Z_m©U, H«$_ n[adV©Z, ê$nm§VaU,AZwHy$bZ, qbß`§VaU, ^mdmZwdmX Am{X H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ñnï>V: ñdrH$aVo h¢ Ÿ& VXZwgma g_Vwë`VmH$s Mma {d{^Þ ñVam| na {dMma H$aZo H$s ~mV CÝhm|Zo H$hr h¡ :

42

1. ^mfmnaH$ g_Vwë`Vm :`hm± na mfm gm_J«r H$mo boH$a g_Vwë`Vm {ZYm©[aV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& òmoV mfm H$s$ VWm bj mfm

H$s -

eãX Am¡a eãX

nX~§Y nX~§Y

dmŠ` dmŠ`

BZ VrZm| ^mfmB© BH$mB`m| _| bú` ^mfm Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$a {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© "eãXm|' H$s h¡

Hw$N> eãXm | H$m AZwdmX eãX ñVa na g_Vwë` XoI gH$Vo h¢ :

qhXr Amo{‹S> m

Office H$m`m©b` H$m`m©b`

Production CËnmXZ CËnmXZ

Crowd ^r‹S> ^r‹S>

Sky AmH$me AmH$me

Cnamoº$ _| qhXr Am¡a Amo{‹S> m XmoZm| AZwdmX g_mZ h§¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr go XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmXH¡$go g_Vwë` hmo ahm h¡, `h XoIZo `mo½` h¡ Ÿ&

Bgr àH$ma "nXm|' H$m ê$nm§VaU ^r g_Vwë` XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ -

qhXr Amo{‹S> m

Chief Justice _w»`Ý`m`mYre _w»`Ý`m`mYre

General manger _w»` à~§YH$ _w»` à~§YH$

Govenrmemt School gaH$mar {dÚmb` gaH$mar {dÚmb`

Armed Forces g¡Ý` ~b g¡Ý` ~b

Old Generation nwamZr nr‹T>r nwéUm nr‹T>r

dmŠ` ñVa na g_VywbZmË_H$Vm {deof _hËd aIVr h¡ Ÿ&

I went home _¢ Ka J`m

This is his bag `h CgH$m W¡bm h¡

43

Dowry is not abolishid in India ^maV go XhoO g_má Zht hþAm Ÿ&

AJa _whmdaoXma dmŠ` Am OmVo h¢ Vmo bú` mfm _| H$B© ~ma {_b OmVo h¢, H$B© ~ma Cgr VahHo$ AÝ` _whmdam| go H$m_ MbmVo h¢

Mind and Matter O‹S> MoVZ

Leap and Bounds amV {XZ \$bZm \y$bZm

In long run b§~r Ad{Y _|

Fall in love ào_ H$aZm

To go to dogs ~a~mX hmoZm

_yb mfm Ho$ JÚ, nÚ, H$Wm, ZmQ>H$ Am{X _| ^r h ~mV em{_b h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s e¡br AZy{XVH¥${V _| {_bmZ H$a XoIZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

2. e¡br naH$ g_Vwë`Vm :2) e¡br naH$ g_Vwë`Vm : `hm± na A{^ì`{º$ H$s e¡br H$m _hËd h¡ Ÿ& Bgo AZwdmX

_| {_bm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

i) Am¡nMm[aH$$

ii) AZm¡nMm[aH$

iii) {b{IV

iv) _m¡{IH$

v) g_m{OH$

vi) à`w{º$naH$

`o N>: e¡{b`m± _w»` {_bVr h¢ Ÿ& `o e¡{b`m± ha ^mfm H$s AnZr -AnZr hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& BgobIZdr mfm _| "A§XmO' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m H$m`Xm m VarH$m {^Þ-{^Þ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$_| bú` _| g_mZ bhOm `m e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

CXy© qhXr

O¡go - Vear\$ bmBE ~¡{R>E, {~amO_mZ hmoBE

H¥$n`m nYm[aE -Please, come in.

JÚ-nÚ ZmQ>H$m{X$ H$s e¡{b`m| _| go `hm± EH$ H${dVm H$m CXmhaU XoZm C{MV hmoJm Ÿ&

44

à{gÕ é~mB`V D$_a Iæ`m_/ h[ad§e am` ~ƒZ Zo CZHo$ A§J«oOr ({\$Q>{OamëS> H¥$V) A§eH$m qhXr ê$n `hm± àñVwV h¡ :

With me along some strip of Herbage strowThat just divides the desert from the sown.While name of slave and sultan scarce is known

and pity sultian Mahamud on his throne.

Bg H$m ê$nnaH$ g_Vwë` AZwdmX (ZmBS>m H$s mfm _|) `hm± {X`m Om ahm h¡ :

""Mbmo Mb H$a ~¡R>| Cg R>m¡a,

{~N>r {Og Wb _I_b-gr Kmg Ÿ&

Ohm± na eñ` í`m_bm ^y{_

Ydb _é Ho$ ~¡R>r h¡ nmg,

Ohm± H$moB© Z {H$gr H$m ZmW,

^yn{V _h_yX {ghmE mJ,

Ohm± h_H$mo `{X XoIo gmW Ÿ&''

`hm± na _ybbú` à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm h¡ Bg e¡br _| qhXr `h àXmZ H$aZo _| gj_ h¡ Ÿ& EH$H¥${V Ho$ H$B© Vah go AZwdmX àñVwV H$aVo h¢ & e¡br H$mo boH$a `h {d{dYVm AmVr h¡ Ÿ& hm± AZwdmXH$Ho$ AZw d, j_Vm Am¡a Ñ{ï> H$m à^md {^Þ-{^Þ ê$n XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$mo _¡{Wbr eaU Jwá, gw{_ÌmZÝXZn§V, Ho$ed àgmX nmR>H$ Am{X Ho$ ê$~mB`V Ho$ AZwdmXm| go {_bm H$a {^ÞVm XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&e¡br ~Xb ahr h¡ Ÿ& _yb AW© Am¡a A{^>ì`{º$ H$m Ame` AjwÊU ahVm h¡ Ÿ& `h H${dVm _| Á`mXmà`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ZmQ>H$ `m H$Wm `m {Z~§Y _| CVZm ñnï> ê$n Zht ~ZVm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ H${dVm _|H$ënZmerbVm ~hþV A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& mfm _| aMZmH$ma {OVZr D±$Mr C‹S>mZ aVm h¡, AZwdmXH$ H$mobú` _| CVZm hr C‹S>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw mfml`r nmR> H$m AZwdmX ~hþV H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& Cn|Ð^§O H$m "d¡Xohre {dbmg' am_ H$Wm H$mar{Ve¡br _| a{MV _hmH$mì` h¡ Ÿ& o eãX Am¡a CZHo$ AW© d¡{MÍ` H$m gm¡ÝX`© Amo{‹S> m H$s {deofVm h¡ Ÿ&`hm± N>§X r Amo{‹S> m H$m AnZm h¡ Ÿ& {g\©$ H$mì` {díd{dlwV h¡ Ÿ& EH$-EH$ N>§X Ho$ H$B© AW© g§ d h§¡ Ÿ&Cgr Vah {~hmar Ho$ Xmohm| _| EH$-EH$ eãX Ho$ AW© ~Xb H$a CÝh| {^Þ YamVb na àñVwV H$a gH$Voh¢ Ÿ& AWm©V² §O Am¡a {~hmar H$mì` H$m g§Xoe AWdm H$Ï` CZH$s mfm _| nyar Vah {bnQ>m, Jw§Wm h¡ Ÿ&Eogr g§píbï> O{Q>b Am¡a ~hþ ñVar` ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ {H$ AZwdmXH$ EH$ AW© boH$a AZwdmX

45

H$ao Vmo Xygam H$mì`me` Ny>Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| AJa JÚmZwdmX H$ao Vmo Cg e¡br Ho$ {H$aM-{H$aM hmoOmVo h¢ Ÿ& gmao Ab§H$ma Am¡a N>§X Ho$ ñVa na à`mgm| na nmZr {\$a OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {bß`VaU H$aZo na ^r(My§{H$ ~hþV Hw$N> g§ñH¥$V{Zð> AKm¡a g_mg naH$ N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ h¡) nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE g§àofUr` Zht hmonmVm Ÿ& "Poetry cannot Be translated"

H$mì`mZwdmX g§ d Zht Ÿ& AJa H$aVm h¡ Vmo dh EH$ Z`m (AZy{XV mfm H$m) nmR> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&_yb H$mo AZwdmX _| Xwham`m Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ& Bg e¡br go Omo N>§X j{V hmoVr h¡, dh AË`§V hmñ`mñnXhmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _yb H$s J[a_m, J§ raVm Am¡a JhZVm H$mo AjwÊU aI nmZm Xwéh hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX Ho$ nyao joÌ _| `h ar{V naH$ H$mì` hr ha ^mfm _| g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&g¥OZVmË_H$ gm{hË` _| ^maVdf© am_M[aV _mZg (VwbgrXmg)Am¡a ^mJdV (OJÞmW Xmg) H$monmH$a Jm¡admpÝdV h¡ Ÿ& _mZg Ho$ {g\©$ Amo{‹S> m _| n§Ðh go A{YH$ àH$m{eV AZwdmX h¢ Ÿ& hmb hr àmo.amYmH$m§V {_l Zo Mm¡nmB©, N>§X _| Amo{‹S> m _| ê$nm§VaU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw mJdV H$m qhXr ê$n A~ VH$gm_Zo Zht Am`m Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ `h Zdmjar N>§X Amo{‹S> m _| gdm©{YH$ b{bV N>§X hmo J`m Ÿ& ^mJdV H$s^mfm H$m gabV_ ê$n, Jy‹T>V_ Xe©Z Ed§ b{bVbrbmAm| H$mo boH$a AVrd ghO J{V _| ~‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ&Bg e¡br H$m qhXr AZwH$aU Vmo g§ d h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw qhXr _| dh bm{bË` Am¡a dh _mYw © bmZm g§ dZht Ÿ& AV: ha à`mg JÚ _| CbP H$a ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma e¡br H$m gmJa nma H$a gabV_H$mì` H$mo EH$ joÌ go Xygao _| nhþ±MmZm ~hþV ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& àmo.amYmH$m§V g_Vwë` Amo{‹S> m à`moJ go_mZg H$mo g\$bVm nyd©H$ nh±þMm gHo$ h¢ Ÿ& mJdV H$s e¡br bmZm A^r ^r {H$gr qhXr AZwdmXH$ Ho${bE g§ d Zht hþB© Ÿ& h_ hm± na maVr` mfm Ho$ AZwdmX _| CXmhaU Ho$ ê$n _| Amo{‹S>em _| AZwdmXH$s Hw$N> MMm© H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&

2.7 Amo{‹S>em _| AZwdmX H$s na§nam :AmYw{ZH$ amOZ¡{VH$ Am{‹S>em H$m {MÌ 1 Aàob 1937 H$mo gm_Zo Am`m Ÿ& na§Vw CS>, CËH$b,

H$qbJ, {ÌH$qbJ ..... Am{X Zm_m| go `h y{_ Am`m©dV© _| àmH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ wJ go A{^Þ A§J ahrh¡ Ÿ& Am`m©dV© H$m B{Vhmg, hm± H$s H$bm, g§ñH¥${V, Y_©, na§nam Am{X H$moB© r MrO Bg y{_ Ho$ {~ZmAYyar ahr h¡ Ÿ& `wJ-`wJ _|, {deofH$a nyd©- Eo{Vhm{gH$ `wJ _| `hm± g_¥Õ _mZd g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à_mU{_bVo h¢ Ÿ& AmJo Mb H$a EH$ g_¥Õ - g§nÞ Am¡a Cƒ ñVa H$s gä`Vm Bg joÌ _| ahr h¡ Ÿ& `h ~mV^r {d{dY à_mUm| go ñnï> h¡ Ÿ& d¡{XH$ wJ _| AmH$a Bg y{_ Zo maVr` gä`Vm H$mo kmZ H$m A§e {X`mh¡ Ÿ& BgH$m à_mU doXm| H$s {nßnbmX emIm h¡ Ÿ& AmO r _`ya^§O {Obo _| Bg emIm Ho$ ~«m÷U Am¡aBg Ymam Ho$ kmVm CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& ^§S>maH$a B§ñQ>rÀ`yQ> _| O~ doXm| H$m g§nmXZ Mb ahm Wm V~ {nßnbmX

46

emIm H$m g§nmXZ H$m © wdZoída _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& V^r doXm| H$s AZwnbãY AZoH$ F$MmE± _hmZXr KmQ>r _|CnbãY hþB© Ÿ& Bg àH$ma CËH$b _| kmZ, Y_©, AmÜ`mË_, H$bm, H$m¡eb Am{X H$m àMbZ Am¡a{dñVma ^maVr` gä`Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW MbVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg `mÌm _| AZoH$ n‹S>md Am`o h¢ Ÿ& AmYo goA{YH$ {hñgm Vmo AmO r nhm‹S>m| Am¡a O§Jbm| Ho$ H$maU AJå` AWdm XwJ©å` ~Zm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$maH$s hOma MoîQ>mAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX Bg nd©Vr` Ed§ dZm§Mb _| {ejm H$m g_w{MV àMma-àgma g§ d Zhthmo gH$m Ÿ& bmoJ Cgr Xg hOma df© nwamZr e¡br _| OrdZ `mnZ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& \$H©$ BVZm hr n‹S>m h¡ {H$ImZ-nmZ _| ~Xbmd Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s ~mV `hm± g_rMrZ hmoJr Ÿ& ~mH$s npíM_ H$m g_Vb mJAm¡a nyd© Ed§ X{jU Ho$ CnHy$br joÌ n[adV©Z Ho$ Xm¡a go JwOao h¢ Ÿ& Ú{n nydu KmQ> nd©V_mbm Zo X{jUH$m amñVm amoH$m CÎma maVr`m| H$mo hm± AmZo _| _hmZXr, d¡VaUr Am{X Z{X`m± ImB© ImoX H$a I‹S>r hmoJB© Ÿ& {\$a r h joÌ EH$m§{VH$ AWdm AJå` H$Q>m hþAm BbmH$m H$^r Zht ahm Ÿ& gmao maV Ho$ gmWBgH$m g§nH©$ AQy>Q> ahm h¡ Ÿ& nhm‹S>m|, Z{X`m|, O§Jbm| Zo Xrdma `m ImB© I‹S>r Zht H$s Ÿ& BZHo$ H$maUamOZ¡{VH$ gr_mE± ~Zr Ÿ& na§Vw OZVm H$m maVr` OrdZ go EH$mË_H$ md h_oem ~Zm ahm h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hrZht Bg joÌ Ho$ bmoJm| H$m _Zmo~b gmJa ^r Zht Vmo‹S> gH$m Ÿ& H$qbJ dram| H$s Zm¡H$mE± amo_ VH$ aoe_nh±w>Mm`m H$aVr Wr Ÿ& nyd© _| ~mbr, Omdm, gw_mÌm, dmo{U© mo, í`m_ Am¡a WmBb¢S> VH$ H$qbJ d{UH$m|H$s Zm¡H$mE± A~mY J{V go `mÌm H$aVr Wr Ÿ& {g§hb Ûrn Vmo ~hþV H$ar~ H$m ì`dgm{`H$ hr Zht,gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m joÌ ~Zm ahm Ÿ& CZ {XZm| ~_m© maV H$m hr EH$ A§e Wm Ÿ&Bg àH$ma H$qbJ dram| H$m H$m`© joÌ X{jU Ho$ Mmob, nmÊS²> , amï>>Hy$Q> Am¡a H$B© bmoJm| H$s Vah Ob-ñWb C^` _| g_mZ ê$n go N>m`m hþAm Wm Ÿ& Bggo h_ AÝXmO H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ h gä`Vm EH$ g_`_| {díd _| {H$VZr _hmZ ~Zr hþB© Wr Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ (g§ dV:) lrH¥$îU Zo H${b`wJ _| gmjmVlrOJÞmW ê$n YmaU H$a brbm Ho$ {bE Bgr joÌ H$mo MwZm Wm ŸAm¡a lrOJÞmW Or Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX BgH$m _hËd m¡{VH$ go ~‹T>H$a AmÜ`mpË_H$, Ym{_©H$ ha Ñ{ï> go AVwbZr` ~Z J`m Ÿ&

BgHo$ ~mX Vmo lrOJÞmW ^y{_ g^r g§ñH¥${V$ Am¡a gä`VmAm| (^maV go ~mha, `yZmZr,BamZr, Am{X) Ho$ {bE AmH$f©U H$m H|$Ð ~Z J`r Ÿ& ^maVr` Y_m] _| Am¡a CZH$s emImAm| _| à{gÕO¡Z, ~m¡Õ, {gI g~Ho$ {bE `h AË`§V n{dÌ ñWb Am¡a CZH$s H«$s‹S>m ^y{_ ~Z J`m Ÿ& I§S>{J[a,CX`{J[a H$s Jw\$mE±, nwar Ho$ _R> Am¡a _§{Xa hOmam| df© go BZ na§namAm| H$mo dhZ H$aVo aho h¢ Ÿ& h joÌlrOJÞmW Or H$m gmå` Am¡a _¡Ìr H$m g§Xoe {díd H$mo `wJm| go XoVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU Ag§»``mÌr wJm| go hm± AmVo aho h¢ Ÿ& nVm Zht {H$g wJ H$s na§nam _| e§H$amMm`©, am_mZwO, qZ~mH©$, Am{Xg§V `hm± AmH$a lrOJÞmW Or H$m Xe©Z H$aVo aho Ÿ& BgH$s na§nam H$m {dñVma H$aVo aho h¢ Am¡a AnZrÑ{ï> `hm± go bo XoH$a {dH${gV H$aVo aho h¢ Ÿ& `h Ymam Jwê$ ZmZH$, H$~ra, lrM¡VÝ` _hmà^w, _ram,

47

Vwbgr go hmoVr hþB© {dÚm{Zdmg Am¡a Ako H$mo bo AmOVH$ AjwÊU h¡ Ÿ& aob MbZo Ho$ ~mX AmZo-OmZodmbo `m{Ì`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T> JB© Ÿ& na§Vw `hm± H$m gm{hË` ht nwZZ©drH¥$V hmoVm ahm Ÿ&

^mfm H$mbm§Va _| AàM{bV hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Cg kmZ-{dkmZ Am¡a H$bm, H$m¡eb H$moVËH$mbrZ mfm _| ê$nm§V[aV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Bg_| Cgr Vah H$s _hH$ AmVr h¡ O¡go doX lw{V wJ go CVaH$a {bß`ÝV[aV hmoVo hþE {b{IV ê$n _| CX²~wÕ hþB© Ÿ& h gm_J«r ê$nm§V[aV hmo h_mao gm_Zo O~ AmB©Vmo ZmW Am¡a {gÕm| H$m CÁdb ê$n gmao CËH$b _| N>m`m hþAm Wm Ÿ& V~ Hw$N> H$_ {e{jV bmoJm| Ho$hmW _| n‹S>H$a CZ_| H$B© OJh bm¡{H$H$ Am¡a ñWmZr` _m¡{IH$ (Oral culture) g§ñH¥${V H$m g_mdoe hmoJ`m Ÿ& Bg_| VËH$mbrZ {dH${gV mfm hr Zht ~hþV Hw$N> g_H$mbrZ na§nam H$m A§e r {_bH$a EH$-_oH$ hmoVm J`m Ÿ& `h n[adV©Z Hw$N> AWm] _| g_¥{Õ H$m gyMH$ Wm Ÿ& Vmo Hw$N> Ñ{ï> go õmg H$m g§dmhH$~Zm Ÿ& Bg H$mb _| {bIr JwUmT>ç H$s H$WmE± nyd© `wJ H$s na§nam H$m ZdrH$aU hr H$hr OmEJr Ÿ& CgràH$ma ZmW Am¡a {gÕm| H$s dm{U`m| _| ^r Á`mXmVa dhr àM{bV na§nam H$m ZdrH$aU {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ&O¡Z H¥${V`m| _| Omo n[adV©Z Am`m CgHo$ à_mU g§ dV: Amo{‹S>em _| bwá hmo JE Ÿ& Cgr Vah ~m¡Õm| H$sOmVH$ H$WmE± hm± Ho$ VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` _| {^Þ ê$n boH$a Or{dV ah gH$s Ÿ& O¡go nËWa H$s ~Zr ~wÕ_y{V© na OJh-OJh qgXya H$m bon XoH$a J«m_ XodVm ~Zm {X`m J`m Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma ~m¡Õ na§nam Ho$CXmhaU ao n‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& Bg gm{hË` H$mo AZwdmX Ymam go Omo‹S>Zo _| Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo Amn{Îm hmo gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&do Bgo _m¡{bH$ gm{hË` _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| N>ÝX, Ab§H$ma Ed§ H$mì` emór` AZoH$ _`m©XmAm| H$mo Ü`mZ_| aIH$a CÝh| Cƒ ñVar` gm{hË` H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> _| H$moB© {ddmX H$s Jw§OmBe Zht h¡ Ÿ&na§Vw `h ^r ñdrH$ma H$aZm hmoJm {H$ BZ ZmWm|, {gÕm| H$mo nyd©Om| go Omo Hw$N> {_bm h¡, dh H$_ ZhtŸh¡ & BZHo$ ê$n Am¡a AmH$ma _| hr Zht, AmË_m _| r BZHo$ nyd©Om| H$m Xe©Z g_m`m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU`h gm{hË` AZwdmX go _wº$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& BgH$s AZwdmX Ho$ gmW pñW{V Am¡a JhamB© AbJMMm© H$m {df` h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Ymam ht Zht éH$Vr Ÿ&

EH$ H¥${V O`Xod H$s "H¥$îU amYm' Ho$ ào_ H$m AX² wV ê$nm§VaU h¡ Ÿ& `h H$moB© _m¡{bH$A{^ì`§OZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& ~mX _| JrVJmo{dÝX Ho$ AZoH$mZoH$ CÎmam{YH$mar n¡Xm hmoVo aho h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| AZwdmXH$s EH$ CËH¥$ï> e¡br {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& amOm-_hmamOmAm|, gm_mÝ` H${d`m|, JrVH$mam|, bmoH$JrV Jm`H$m|Am{X g~Zo Bgo AnZm`m h¡ Ÿ& h Amo{‹S>em H$s AZwdmX Ymam H$m AZwn_ CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ&

JrVJmo{dÝX AnZo g_` _| hr lr_§{Xa go {ZH$bH$a amOñWmZ Ho$ CX`nwa VH$ nh±þM J`r Ÿ&~mX _| `h H¥${V JwOamV Am¡a ~§Jmb VH$ Mmam| Va\$ nh±þM J`r Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| ^maVr` gm{hË`H$m `h _rb H$m nËWa h¡ Ÿ& JrVJmo{dÝX Ho$ g§JrV_` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m ~hþV A{YH$ _hËd hmoOmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m EH$ Z`m Am`m_ `hm± Ow‹S> J`m Ÿ& A~ VH$ AZwdmXH$ ^mfm H$m hr H$bmH$ma

48

hmoVm Wm bo{H$Z JrVJmo{dÝX Ho$ ~mX AZwdmX Ho$ {bE g§JrVH$ma hmoZm CgH$m EH$ {d{eï> JwU _mZmJ`m Ÿ& A~ ñnï> hmo J`m AZwdmXH$ àm`mo{JH$ H$bmAm| _| AnZr nhMmZ ~Zm bo Vmo dh g_W©AZwdmXH$ ~Z gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

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Bg ^yI§S> _| ñd`§ JrVJmo{dÝX AZwdmX H$m {df` ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ AmYma na g§ñH¥$V _|AZoH$ aMZmE± {_br Omo BgH$s e¡br _| {bIr JB© h¡§ Ÿ& na§Vw Á`mXmVa _| Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ mJm| _| BgH$sQ>rH$mE± CnbãY hþB© h¢ Ÿ& AmJo Mb H$a {d{^Þ T>§J go BgHo$ Ñí` ag àñVwV {H$ò Jò Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$bmoH$ e¡br _| (g§ñH¥$V go hQ>H$a) ^r ~hþV Hw$N> JrVJmo{dÝX Ho$ AmYma na aMm J`m h¡ Ÿ& A~ Yrao-Yrao g§ñH¥$V go hQ>H$a àmH¥$V Am¡a An^§«e _| àdoe H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg wJ _| nyd©dVu aMZmAm| H$m {\$a EH$~ma g§ñH$ma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw BZ_| ZmQ>H$, ^mU, `mÌm ... A{X à_wI h¢ Ÿ& BZ g~_| {df` dñVw Cgrna§nam go br JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Z`m ~hþV H$_ {bIm J`m h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m ^mfm Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s `h àma§{^H$AdñWm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _w»`V: N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ñVw{VnaH$, àe§gm_ybH$ Ed§ {d^moa hmoH$a AmX©emË_H$ aMZmE±à_wI ahr Ÿ& BÝh| {H$gr nyd© Ymam H$m AZwdmX Vmo Zht H$h gH$Vo, na§Vw BZ_| VËH$mbrZ pñW{V Ho$AZwê$n nwZZ©drH$aU H$m à`mg {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| ~m¡Õ Am¡a O¡Z H$s Ym{_©H$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ MoVZm goà^m{dV aMZmE± A{YH$ h¢ Ÿ& H${dVm H$m ({deofH$a VwH$mÝV H${dVm) H$m à^md KQ>Zo Ho$ H$maU N>ÝXHo$ ~§YZ H${dVm na T>rbo hmoZo bJo Ÿ& AV: Bg wJ _| JÚ Am¡a H$mì` ~hþV H$ar~ Am Jò Ÿ& hm± VH$AdYyV ZmamÙ ñdm_r H$s aMZm H$mo AmO ^r JÚ `m nÚ H$hZo _| Ag_§Og hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H«$_e:Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg hmoZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Ú{n nwar Am¡a Amo{‹S>em g§ñH¥$V H$m J‹T> Wm na§Vw Yrao-Yrao Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` Zo dh ñWmZ A{YH$ma H$a {b`m Ÿ& Mm¡Xhdt gXr _| gmabm Xmg Zo AmH$a

49

AZwdmX H$mo Z`r {Xem Am¡a Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$s Ÿ& am_m`mU, _hm^maV maVr` AZwdmX gm{hË` H$mo wJ-`wJ _| Zò AW© àXmZ H$aVo aho Ÿ& 13dt -14dt eVmãXr _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m _mo‹S> Am`m Ÿ& OZ mfmAm| _|Bg {df` H$mo boH$a H$m\$s Hw$N> _§WZ hþAm Ÿ& _hm^maV hm± na dar`Vm àmá H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& _ybV: g§ñH¥$VH$m \«o$_ boH$a Amo{‹S> m _| H$Wm H$m a§J â J`m Ÿ&

AmO ^r {dÛmZm| _| Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a _VôX h¡ {H$ _hm^maV (Amo{‹S> m) Ho$ aMZmH$magmabm Xmg EH$ ì`{º$ Wo,Ÿ AWdm b§~o g_` _| H$B© ì`{º$`m| Zo H«$_mÝd` _| BVZr ~‹S>r aMZm H$s Ÿ& Omohmo, gmabm _hm^maV H$m ^mfmJV, aMZmJV, emór` AÜ``Z H$aZo na Bg_| CnbãY T>m§Mm ~hþVg_¥{Õ H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gM H$hm OmE Vmo Amo{‹S> m _| g§ñH¥$V - nwamU _| AZwdmX H$mo {XJ²Xe©Z XoZodmbm h àW_ _hmH$mì` h¡ Ÿ&

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Bg na§nam _| lrOJÞmW Xmg H$m Zm_ gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© ahm h¡ Ÿ& lr_X² mJdV H$mo BÝhm|ZoZm¡ Aja Ho$ N>ÝX _| T>mbm Ÿ& CZH$mo Ohm± C{MV bJm dhm± nmÌm| _| Wmo‹S>m \o$a-~Xb {H$`m Ÿ& _ybH$WmZH$ H$m T>m§Mm CÝhm|Zo AjwÊU aIm Ÿ& Bg AZwdmX _| Zm¡ Ajam| dmbm N>ÝX BVZm à{gÕ hmo J`m{H$ AmJo MbH$a BgH$m Zm_ "^mJdV N>ÝX' n‹S> J`m Ÿ& Xmg Or Ho$ gm_Zo nmR>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| ~hþV ~‹S>mdh g_wXm` Wm Omo g§ñH¥$V ~mobZm r Zht OmZVm Wm Ÿ& XmgOr Zo AÀN>o ñVa H$s Eogr Amo{‹S> m MwZr Omonyao amÁ` _| AmgmZr go g_Pr Om gHo$ Ÿ& mJdV Vmo Xe©Z H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z XmgOr H$ht r Cgo{Mam`Vo (H$‹S>dr)H$s Ky§Q> Zht ~ZmVo Ÿ& Ohm± ^r ^mJdV _| Xe©Z AmVm h¡, XmgOr Ho$ boIZ _| dhghO~moY Am¡a gab mdnyU© ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh nmR>H$ H$s AnZr {Z{Y ~Z

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OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CÝht H$s Vah am_mÙ Ho$ aMZmH$ma ~bam_ Xmg lr_§{Xa _| ~¡R>H$a Mm¡Xh Aja ~mbo N>§X_| OJ_mohZ am_mÙ H$m AZwdmX H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& nyar dmë_r{H$ am_mÙ go `h Hw$N> AW© _| {^Þ h¡ Ÿ&H$ht do àH¥${V Ho$ A{V gyú_ {dñVma H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¢ Vmo H$ht CZ_| hbMb H$aVr Xw{Z`m IwX ~ IwXCâ AmVr h¡ Ÿ& h AZwdmX Bg AW© _| r {deof h¡ {H$ hm± C^` mfm Am¡a AZwdmXH$ gm_mÝ` OZVmgo Kwbo-{_bo bJVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bg_| ~bam_ Xmg Zo Zm¡ Ho$ ~Xbo Mm¡Xh Ajam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m Ÿ& H$WmZH$ Ho$ joÌ _| ^rCÝhm|Zo H$m\$s Omo‹S>-KQ>md {H$ò Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht g_H$mbrZ OrdZ _yë`m| H$s ~XbVr N>m`m ^r BgAZwdmX _| ñnï> {_b OmEJr Ÿ& ~bam_ Xmg Zo nmÌm| _| Omo H$Wm H$hr h¡ VËH$mbrZ `wÕ, gm_m{OH$AmMma-{dMmam| Am¡a OrdZ _| ~Xbo-{~Iao ^mdm| H$mo EH${ÌV {H$`m Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Amo{‹S> m _|~bam_ Xmg Iy~ n‹T>o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw `h nR>Z OJÞmW Xmg H$s Vah {dñVma bm^ Zht H$aVm Ÿ&^mJdV Qw>§{J`m| _| ^mJdV Ho$ gmW Xm§S>r am_mÙ H$mo ñWmZ XoZo go H$moB© amoH$ Z gH$m, na§Vw do dmMZOJÞmW Xmgr mJdV H$m hr Á`mXm H$aVo aho Ÿ&

Bgr àH$ma JrVm Ho$ AZwdmXm| _| ì`mnH$ é{M br JB© h¡ Ÿ& ha H${d Zo AnZo-AnZo T>§J go JrVmH$s aMZm (AZwdmX) H$s h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ~«÷ kmZ, VËd Xe©Z Am¡a moJ g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moU àËòH$ _| {^Þ -{^Þ T>§J go d{U©V hþAm Ÿ& lr_X² JdV JrVm H$s bmoH${à`Vm BZ AZwdmXm| Ho$ H$maU Iy~ ~‹T>r Ÿ&N>moQ>m-gm J«§W hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg_| Omo‹S> - Vmo‹S> H$s gw{dYm AZoH$ h¢ Ÿ& JrVm H$mo JrVm| Ho$ ê$n _| T>mb{X`m J`m Ÿ& JrVm H$mo OZm| Ho$ ê$n _| aMm J`m Ÿ& JrVm H$mo dmVm©bmn H$m (AOw©Z- H¥$îU g§dmX) ê$nXoH$a Iy~ bmoH${à` T>§J go n«ñVwV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& CgHo$ Xe©Z H$mo nrg-nrg H$a ~marH$ {H$`m J`m Ÿ&H$^r Cgo qnS> - ~«÷m§S> Ho$ VËd H$s Amoa _mo‹S>m J`m Ÿ& H$ht na Cg_| g¥{ï> VËd (_Zwî` H$s OÝ_à{H«$`m) Ho$ ê$n _| Jm`m J`m Ÿ& {damQ> ê$n H$mo boH$a AJ{UV CX² Q> H$ënZmE± r {_bVr h¢ Ÿ& JrVm Ho$AZwdmX _| A{YH$m§e _Ü`H$mbrZ H${d`m| Zo AnZr-AnZr {deofVmAm| H$mo àH$Q> {H$`m Ÿ& AWm©V² oê$n d¡{dÜ`nyU© ~Zo Ÿ&

JrVm Ho$ AZwdmXm| _| ~«÷ gyÌ r Zht Ny>Q>o Ÿ& BZH$m AZwdmX ~hþV A{YH$ {d{já T>§J go hþAmh¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S>em _| {ZJw©{U`m g§Vm| H$s Ymam Cg g_` H$m\$s àM{bV Wr Ÿ& AWm©V² OZVm Ka-Ka _| {ZJw©U~«÷ Ho$ JrV JwZJwZmZo bJr Ÿ& BZ JrVm| Zo H$m\$s bmoH${à`Vm hm{gb H$s Ÿ& moJ gmYZm Am¡a ~«÷ VËdXmoZm| H$m {_bm Owbm ê$n bmoH$ mfm _| Iy~ ghO md go àM{bV hþAm Ÿ& Bg wJ _| ~«÷ d¡dV© nwamU,Z¥qgh nwamU, {dîUw nwamU, _mHª$S> nwamU Am{X H$m AZwdmX hþAm Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ BZ {ZJ©w{U`m g§Vm| _|{H$gr Zo doXm| Ho$ VËd boH$a CÝh| r JrVm H$m ê$n {X`m Ÿ& BZ_| bo{H$Z g§dmX ê$n _| JmoaIZmW H$màdoe Wm Ÿ& Eogm EH$ J«§W "{eew doX' Ho$ Zm_ go ~hþV àM{bV Wm Ÿ& Bg N>moQ>r-gr aMZm Zo ~«÷

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{Zê$nU H$mo boH$a ghO T>§J go AZoH$ VËdm| H$mo nwZ: ì`m»`m{`V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n A^r VH$ BgaMZm H$s {V{W {ZYm©[aV ApÝV_ ê$n go Zht hmo nmB© Ÿ& {\$a ^r Hw$N> bmoJ Bgo JmoaIZmW H¥$V àmMrZJ«§W H$m N>m`m ê$n _mZVo h¢ Ÿ&

g~ AZwdmXm| _| n§MgIm wJrZ H${d Ogd§V Xmg H$s aMZm H$m\$s bmoH${à` hþB© Ÿ& h_ nhbohr H$h MwHo$ h¢ {H$ Cg g_` Amo{‹S>em _| g§ñH¥$V H$m àMbZ H$m\$s hX VH$ KQ> J`m Wm Ÿ& bmoJm| VH$Am_ OZVm H$mo nh±w>MZo Ho$ {bE g§ñH¥$V H$s Cn`mo{JVm ~hþV H$_ hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~hþV ~‹S>o-~‹S>o bmoJm| VH$H$m g§ñH¥$V mfm go n[aM` ~hþV H$_ hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& AWm©V² AÀ`wVmZÝX, {eew AZÝV Am¡a OgmodÝVVrZm| Zo H$mì` aMZm Ho$ {bE ~‹S>r H¥${V`m| Ho$ ~Om` N>moQ>r H¥${V`m| H$mo _hËd {X`m Ÿ& BZHo$ gm_Zo ZmWAm¡a {gÕm| H$s dm{U`m± àM{bV ê$n _| Am MwH$s Wr Ÿ& AV: BZ g§Vm| Ho$ OZ Am¡a OUmU ~hþV ~‹S>rg§»`m _| ZmW Am¡a {gÕm| H$s dm{U`m| H$m gwÝXa ê$nm§Va h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n do OJh-OJh H¥$îU, ~bam_,èmoXm, amYm, d¥§XmdZ, _wZm H$m Zm_ boVo h¢ ŸAm¡a Cg_| CZH$m dU©Z r AmVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw BZ H¥${V`m|_| (g§Ü`m mfm H$s Vah) {dñV¥V moJ gm{hË` H$m Qw>H$‹S>m| _| n[aàH$me {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~ma-~ma moJHo$ gyÌm| H$mo BÝhm|Zo I§Jmbm h¡ Ÿ& `hr Ymam {d{^Þ ê$n _| JrVm| Ho$ O[aò Amo{‹S> m OZ _mZg H$mo a§{OVH$aVr ahr h¡ Ÿ&

gÎmm _| H«$_e: n[adV©Z Am`m Ÿ& JOn{V _hmamOmAm| Ho$ H$mb _| Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$mo{dH$mg H$m Omo Adga {_bm, dh AmJo AjwÊU Zht ahm Ÿ& _wJbm| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX CËH$b _| H|$Ðr`gÎmm {N>Þ hmo JB© Ÿ& Mmam| Va\$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o aOdm‹S>o Am¡a O_tXma {ghmgZ na ~¡R> Jò Ÿ& BZ_| gm{hË`ào_ Vmo Wm Ÿ& AV: H${d Am¡a H$bmH$mam| H$mo àl` {X`m OmVm Wm Ÿ& na§Vw BZH$s Ñ{ï> _| dh {damQ>Vm Zhtahr Ÿ& BZH$m Xe©Z ^r AÜ`mË_ go hQ> H$a X¡{hH$-^m¡{VH$ hmo J`m Ÿ& gM H$hm Omò Vmo {hÝXr Ho$ar{VH$mb dmbr bJ^J gmar {deofVmE± BZ_| CVa JB© Ÿ& H¥$îU Ho$ M[aÌ go Ow‹S>r gmar brbmAm|(d¥§XmdZ brbm, `m Jmonr brbm `m ~mbbrbm,nm¡J§S> brbm, _Wwam brbm, Ûm[aH$m brbm), BZ{d{dY a§J Am¡a agm§o dmbr brbmAm| Ho$ {bE BZ H${d`m| Zo ^mJdV H$mo _w»` ~Zm`m Ÿ& BgHo$ AbmdmnadVu H$mb _| Omo àË`j ûm¥§Jma md Am J`m CgH$mo r CÝhm|Zo J«hU {H$`m Ÿ& CÝht Ho$ AZwgma AWdmCÝht H$s N>m`m na ar{V H$mbrZ nÚmdbr H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE O¡go gm{hË` _| amYmAmJ_Z Am¡a CgH$m nyam ar{VH$mb na à^md {gÕ h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr _| Bgo õmgH$mb H$m gm{hË` H$hm J`mh¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Amo{‹S> m _| Eogm Zht H$h gH$Vo Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Ho$db EH$ H¥${V "d¡Xohre {dbme' _| am_mÙ H$mAZwdmX BVZm AX² wV ~Z n‹S>m h¡ {H$ H$mì`mË_H$Vm H$r Ñ{ï> go {díd gm{hË` _| dh AVwbZr` h¡ Ÿ&CnoÝÐ^§O H$s Bg H¥${V Zo Amo{‹S> m ar{VH$mb H$mo Vwbgr Xmg H$s Vah ~hþV ~‹S>r _`m©Xm àXmZ H$s Ÿ&^mJdV H$m AZwdmX {OVZm gab Am¡a ghO VWm ~moY Jå` ~Zm h¡, ^§O H$m AZwdmX EH$ X_ Xygao

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N>moa na h¡ Ÿ& "~' AZwàmg go a{MV Bg H¥${V H$s àËòH$ n§{º$ {d{dY AWu h¡ Ÿ& H${d H$s ^mfm Am¡aN>ÝX na BVZr Jhar nH$‹S> h¡ {H$ "d¡Xohre {dbmg' ñd`§ dmë_r{H$ go ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na nyar Vah _wº$hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$Wm H$m T>m§Mm §O Zo bJ^J gwa{jV aIm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw N>ÝX , Ab§H$ma, JwU, mdm{^ì`§OZmAm{X H$s Ñ{ï> go AX² wV A{^ZdVm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& hr H$maU h¡ {H$ "d¡Xohre {dbmg' H$m H$mì`- ê$n _| nwZ{b©{IV ê$n nyao Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` _| g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& CnoÝÐ^§O Zo "bmdÊ`dVr',"H$mo{Q> ~«÷m§S> gwÝXar' Am{X AÝ` Cnm»`mZmË_H$ H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm CÝhm|Zog¡H$‹S>m| _wº$H$ ê$n _| OUmU Am¡a ÔZ ^r {bIo Ÿ& na§Vw AZwdmX H$s Ñ{ï> go g~go _hËdnyU© Am¡aà^mdembr am_H$Wm hr ~Zr Ÿ& BgH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm Cƒ _yë`m| H$mo ^r _hËd XoZm h¡ Ÿ& `h$ar{VH$mb H$s na§nam Ho$ AZwHy$b Zht n‹S>Vm Ÿ& Bg{bE nyao ar{VH$mb _| CgH$mo _`m©Xm XoZo Ho$ {bE"d¡Xohre {dbmg' H$m ñWmZ gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& §O mfm Ho$ YZr h¢, g§ñH¥$V Ho$ àH$mÊS> {dÛmZh¢, H$mìèmó Ho$ __©k h¢ Ÿ& Am¡a bmoH$ é{M H$s ^r CÝh| Jhar nhMmZ h¡ Ÿ& AV: am_H$Wm H$s na§namH$mo A{^Zd ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo loð>V_ eãXm| _| nyar Vah Amo{‹S> m emór` N>ÝXm| _| ~m§Y H$a Bg{dbmg H$mo àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ& O¡go AmOH$b Amo{‹S> m _| aMo J«§Wm| Ho$ g§ñH¥$V AZwdmX H$s na§nam Mbn‹S>r Ÿ& h Cg àH$ma H$m AZwdmX Zht h¡ Ÿ& §O Zo VwbgrXmg H$s Vah am_ H$mo _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ Ho$ ê$n_| àñVwV H$aZo H$s$ ~Om` YZwY©a Ho$ gmW-gmW brbm{~hmar Ho$ ê$n _| am_ H$mo ê$nm{`V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&Jmon~§Yw Xmg Zo H$hm Wm - ""ho ^§O ! Vwåhmao JrVm| H$mo IoV _| hb MbmVm H¥$fH$ ^r VëbrZ hmoH$aJmVm h¡ Ÿ&'' Bg C{º$ H$m VmËn`© h h¡ {H$ Amo{‹S> m _| VV²g_ eãXmdbr AWdm g§ñH¥$V- {Zð> H$mì`na§nam H$moB© g_ñ`m n¡Xm Zht H$aVo da§ CgH$s ar{V-~ÕVm Am¡a H$bm gm¡ð>d H$mo {ZIma XoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^§OH$s am_ H$Wm H$m AZwdmX Bgr H$maU ~bam_ Xmg Ho$ ~mX gdm©{YH$ bmoH$ {à` hþAm Ÿ& Mmho CgHo${d{^Þ AWm] H$mo {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| H$mo Q>rH$m {Q>ßnUr H$m ghmam boZm n‹S>o Ÿ& na§Vwgm_mÝ` nmR>H$ am_ ~moY Ho$ {bE H¥${V H$mo n‹T> H$a _w½Y hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& VmpËdH$ X¥{ï> _| §O Zo am_ Am¡aam_ H$Wm H$mo na§nam go hQ>H$a H$ht Zht aIm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Amo{‹S> m g_mO H$mo EH$ _yë`~moY go Omo‹S>o aIZo_| ghm`H$ ~hþV ~‹S>r H¥${V Xr h¡ Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ H$bmË_H$Vm H$m ImoIbm Am{YŠ` {XImZo Ho$H$maU {hÝXr H$m EH$ H${d H${R>Z H$mì` H$m "àoV' H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CnoÝÐ ^§O Cggo ^r A{YH$Xwéh, Xw~m}Ü` Am¡a g§{íbï> H¥${V Ho$ ~mdOyX nyao Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` _| "H${d g_«mQ'> H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& BgàH$ma AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| ^§O H$s CnbpãY AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡, Am¡a {XJXe©H$ ^r Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {df`M`Z, mfm M`Z, ñVa M`Z, H$bm M`Z Am{X {d{^Þ Ñ{ï> m| go {dbmg _| {d{eï> à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&Bgr H$maU dh wJ hr Zht, nyam gm{hË` Jm¡admpÝdV hþAm Wm Ÿ& Bgr dOh go §O H$mo AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ_| BVZr ~‹S>r g\$bVm {_bZo Ho$ ~mdOyX {hÝXr AZwdmX _| CZHo$ {dbmg H$m JÚ AW© ê$n XoZm hr

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g§ d hþAm h¡ Ÿ& dh ^r àËòH$ n§{º$ H$m Q>rH$m Am¡a {Q>ßn{U`m|, \w$Q> ZmoQ> Ho$ gmW Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ {bEBgHo$ Abmdm Am¡a Hw$N> amñVm Z ~Mm Wm Ÿ& S>m°. gwaoe Hw$_ma ZÝX Zo AnZo g§ñH¥$V kmZ Ho$ ~b na BgAmo{‹S> m H¥${V H$m __© nhMmZm Wm Ÿ& nhbr ~ma Amo{‹S>em _| {H$gr H¥${V H$m AZwdmX AnZo Amn _|CZHo$ {bE emoY H$m {df` ~Z J`m Ÿ& §O H$m {hÝXr ê$n JÚ _| Câ H$a Am`m, nmR>H$ CgHo$ H$Wm,nmÌm| Ho$ M[aÌ , {MÌU, mdm{^ì`§OZm Am{X go n[a{MV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g~Ho$ ~mdOyX dh §O H$sH${dVm H$m Xe©Z H$^r Zht H$a nmòJm Ÿ& Bg AZwdmX Ho$ O[aò ^§O H$s H$mì` à{V^m H$m AZw_mZOê$a bJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡, bo{H$Z ^§O H$mì` H$m Š`m agmñdmXZ g§ d h¡ ? CZHo$ N>§X Hw$eb,AZwàme gm¡ð>>d H$s H$ënZm r Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ&

CnoÝÐ §O H$m wJ JhZ H$bm Am¡a g_¥Õ gm{hpË`H$ J{V-{d{Y`m| H$m wJ Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {MÌ~ÝY H$mì`, EH$ AZwàmg _| nyam H$mì`, {~Zm _mÌm Ho$ nyar H${dVm, AmX² Aja AWdm A§{V_ AjahQ>mH$a AW© n[adV©Z O¡go AZoH$ à`moJ {H$ò h¢ Ÿ& BZgo CZH$s CƒH$mo{Q> H$s H$mì` MmVwar Ho$ à_mU{_bVo h¢ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| BZ CXmhaUm| H$s H$_r Zht h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CnoÝÐ ^§O ZoAmo{‹S> m _| Bg g§~§Y _| AZoH$ A{^Zd àñVw{V`m± Xr h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AmO h_ XoIVo h¢ §O Zo AZwdmXm|_| loð> H$bmË_H$Vm H$m àXe©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CZH$s H$mì` H¥${Îm`m| H$mo {hÝXr ê$n XoZm bJ^JAg§ d-gm bJVm h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db "d¡Xohre {dbmg' Ho$ AZwdmX _| Omo H${R>ZmB`m± AmB© CZHo$ AmYma na{nN>bo VrZ XeH$ _| {H$gr Am¡a AZwdmXH$ Zo d¡gr Xygar H¥${V H$mo hmW bJmZo H$m gmhg Zht {H$`m Ÿ&Bg_| gm§ñH¥${VH$ AWdm VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` AnZr g§ñH¥$V{Zð na§nam Ho$ {bEà{gÕ h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw ^§O Zo BgH$mo namH$mð>m na nh±þMm {X`m Ÿ& `hm± ^md, ^mfm _| BVZo {bnQ>o hmoVo h¢ {H$eãX ~XbVo hr gmam gm¡ÝX`©, gmam {gñQ>>_ Mya-Mya hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| md r {H$aM-{H$aM hmoH$aWmo‹S>m ~hþV hr ~M H$a Am nmVm h¡ Ÿ&

^§O Ho$ Abmdm ar{VH$mb _| AZwdmX Ho$ {bE Bg AmXe© H$mo AnZm H$a AÝ` H$B© H$m`© g§nÞhþE h¢ Ÿ& ì`mnH$ Vm¡a na ar{VH$mb _| ^mJdV d{U©V èmoXm H$s _mV¥ ^mdZm, Jmo{n`m| H$m H¥$îU ào_,CÕd H$m H¥$îU Ho$ gmW g»`, H¥$îU H$s Hw$éjoÌ _| ^y{_H$m Am{X àg§J BZ H${d`m| Zo (H${d gy ©~bXod aW, A{^_Ý`w gm_ÝV qghma, XodXwb© Xmg, Aa{jV, _mY{d Xmgr Am{X) H${d`m| H$sA{YH$m§e \w$Q>H$a aMZmAm| _| Bg AZwdmX Ymam Ho$ Xe©Z hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| Iy~ bmoH${à` aMZm, _Wwam_§Jb , éŠ_Ur haU, h¢ Ÿ& BZ aMZmAm| _| H${d Am§bH$m[aH$ N>Q>mAm| H$m àXe©Z Á`mXm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&H$ht -H$ht (O¡go _Wwam _§Jb)... _| _m{_©H$Vm Ma_ gr_m H$mo Ny> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw BZ gmao àg§Jm| H$mo_yb ^mJdV go {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& aMZmH$mam| Zo Hw$N> A§e bmoH$ àM{bV ^mdZmAm| go boH$a Omo‹S>m h¡ Ÿ&d¡go g§JrV emó _| BZH$m AdXmZ AË`§V _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& {df` dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go ò AZwdmX AnZr

54

_`m©Xm Zht bm§KVo Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ h H$WZ {ddmXmñnX hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZ ar{VH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$s ào_ì`§OZm mJdV Ho$ AZwê$n Zht h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s Kmoa ûm¥§Jm[aH$Vm AnZo wJ H$s CnO h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| {X`m J`m ào_dU©Z, {dah dU©Z, ZI{eI dU©Z, F$Vw dU©Z Am{X _| CnbãY ûm¥§Jm[aH$Vm Kmoa XohO ^md dU©ZAm{X aOdm‹S>m| Ho$ wJ H$s moJ-{dbmg dmXr _mZ{gH$Vm H$s XoZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _mBH«$moñH$mon bJmH$a XoIZona ^r H$ht AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Ho$ Xe©Z Zht hmoVo Ÿ& AV: BZH$s Bg g§X^© _| Cnojm H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ&

ar{VH$mb H$m h gm{hË` _yb MoVZm _| AZwdmX H$s EH$ ZB© {Xem àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& OJÞmWXmg AZwdmX _| Ohm± AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$s MmfUr _| nJm Wm Ÿ& ar{VH$mb dmbm| Zo CÝht ^mJdV àg§Jm|H$mo XohO gwI Ed§ ^moJ {dbmg Ho$ ag _| nImam h¡ Ÿ& ~mH$s _yb H$WmZH$ _| ~hþV A{YH$ No‹S>-N>m‹S>H$aZo _| CZHo$ nmg g_` Zht Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ gm_Zo {demb OZ g_wXm` Zht Wm Ÿ& H$moB© amOm m O_tXmahmoVm, AWdm CZH$m Xa~ma `m amOg^m hmoVr Ÿ& AV: CZH$m Ü`mZ aMZm Ho$ Zm_ na, AZwdmX H$aVog_` Ü`mZ Cnamoº$ Hw$N> Img-Img _wÔm| na hr ahVm Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZ H${d`m| H$m H¡$Zdmg~hþV {dñV¥V Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ào_, {dah, ûm¥§Jma, g§ moJ, gm¢X`© dU©Z Am{X Ho$ ~hþV Wmo‹S>o go {Ma n[a{MVñWbm| _| gr{_V Wo Ÿ& `h H${dVm Bgr Ñ{ï> go XoIr JB© Am¡a n‹T>r JB© Ÿ& BZ_|$ àË`oH$ H${dVm H$m gyÌnmZm ~hþV AmgmZ h¡ Ÿ& ^mfmJV gm¢X`© CZH$s g~go ~‹S>r Im{g`V h¡ Ÿ& `h gM h¡ {H$ Bg g_yh H$sH${dVm _| gy\$s à^md bJ^J Zht Ho$ ~am~a h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$ {hÝXr _| pñW{V {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vahar{VH$mb H$s H${dVm _| md {dX½YVm H$s o Omo H$_r {XImB© XoVr h¡, CgH$s OJh na H${d`m| Zo dmH²$MmVw © go H$WZ §{J_m nyar H$s h¡ Ÿ& OJh - OJh BZ H${d`m| Zo g§ñH¥$V Ho$ na§namJV AZoH$mWu eãXm|H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE EH$ AmH$f©H$ H$mì` g§gma V¡ ma {H$`m Ÿ&

{hÝXr H$mì` OJV _| Bg ~rM Aa~r \$magr à^md go CX©y {dH${gV hþB© Ÿ& na§Vw Amo{‹S> m _| hà^md ~hþV jrU Wm Ÿ& O~ ^r _wgb_mZ Am`o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo lrOJÞmW Or na AmH«$_U {H$`m VmoCZH$s mfm, CZH$m H$mì` gm¢X`©, CZH$mo Hw$N> r AÀN>m Zht bJm Ÿ& H$~ra H$s Vah BZ H${d`m| _| mnadVu H$mb _| H$ht H$^r ì`§½`mo{º$, N>bZm_`r, Nt>Q>mH$er Zht {_bVr Ÿ& Cg g_` Ho$ nyao Amo{‹S> mgm{hË` _| em`X H$ht lrOJÞmW H$mo hmWr Ho$ nrN>o KgrQ>H$a _wgb_mZ H$s Vah amO_mJ© na bo OmZoH$m {MÌ Oê$a h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z dhm± _wgb_mZ `m Bgbm_ na H$ht H$moB© H$Qw> {Q>ßnUr Zht h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db`WmpñW{V H$m AË`§V H$éU öX` {dXmaH$ {MÌ hr {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& I¡a, Bg {df` dñVw H$m AZwdmX goXya H$m ^r boZm-XoZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw A~ H${dVm go hQ>H$a JÚ `wJ Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s nyd© gyMZmAdYyV H$s aMZm _| nhbo Xr h¡ Ÿ& H$ht - H$ht nwamUm| H$s AZy{XV H¥${V`m± Bg H$mb _| r CnbãY hþB©h¢ Ÿ&

55

A~ Hw$N> hX VH$ ~m¡Õ à^md Am¡a Á`mXmVa d¡îUd Am¡a OJÞmW go AZwàm{UV r_^moB© H$s aMZm _|AZwdmX {\$a EH$ ~ma CâH$a gm_Zo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& r_ ^moB© Zo ñVw{V {MÝVm_{U _| Xmo gm¡ OZ {bIo Ÿ&BZ_| Á`mXmVa Jwê$ ~ÝXZm Am¡a OJÞmW Ho$ à{V ào_ ^md go âo h¢ Ÿ& ~mH$s gmao ÔZ EH$ - EH$ H$aCn{ZfXr` md Ymam H$s N>m`m _| aMo Jò h¢ Ÿ& o {ddmX H$m {df` h¡ {H$ r_ moB© OÝ_m§Y Wo,Ÿ ~mX _|AÝYo hþE AWdm AÝYo Zht Wo `m do Amb§H$m[aH$ ê$n go A§Yo Wo Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| {dÛmZm| Zo ~hþV MMm©H$s h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw r_ C^` {dZ_« Ed§ CJ« Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE CZ na OJÞmW _§{Xa na AmH«$_U H$aZo VH$ H$mAmamon bJm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw ^r_ H$m ñd^md _ybV: {dZ`r Wm Ÿ& `h {dZ` ^mdZm N>bZm nyU©ì`§{OV {dZ` Zht Wr Ÿ& H$hVo h¢ r_ Zo Vmo Aja kmZ r àmá Zht {H$`m Wm Ÿ& Vmo {\$a {º$$ H$s h{damQ> dÝ`m H$hm± go AmB© ? Bg_| ^r_ H$s {dZ` erVbVm hr Á`mXm H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&

^r_ Ho$ gm{hË` _| ñVw{V {MÝVm_{U Ho$ Abmdm AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Xe©Z go ânyaJ«§W {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| Á`mXmVa JmoaI Am¡a AÝ` {ZJw©{U`m g§Vm| H$m ê$n {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& hR> moJ H$s na§namH$m {Zdm©h H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& r_ H$s BZ N>moQ>r - N>moQ>r aMZmAm| _| AZoH$ amJ -am{J{U`m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ&CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V H$m H$moB© N>ÝX à`moJ Zht {H$`m Ÿ& na§Vw r_ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ F$U go ~M Zht gHo$ Ÿ& JrVm H$moAZoH$ àH$ma go nwZa©{MV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| à_wI h¡ Am{X A§V JrVm, ~«÷ {Zê$nU JrVm, Aï>H$ {~hmarJrVm, Am{X H$B© J«§W Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ F$Ur h¢ Ÿ& ht na CZ_|$ ~m¡Õ Y_© Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&Bg AmYma na ^r_ ^moB© H$s BZ N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r aMZmAm| _| Cn{ZfX, ^mJdV Am¡a H¥$îU M[aV g§~§YrN>m`m ñnï> {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& r_ moB© H$s o bKw aMZmE± CZHo$ AZwdmX H$m¡eb H$m EH$ Am¡a Z_yZm h¢ Ÿ&BZ_| r H¥$îU, AOw©Z, JmoaI g§~§Yr g§dmX {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$s mfm A~ g§ñH¥$V go nyar Vah hQ>VrhþB© {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmíM`© Bg ~mV na r h¡ {H$ Z r_ AY©{e{jV Wo, Z {e{jV Wo Am¡a Z {e{jVhmoH$a ~hþ n{R>V Wo Ÿ& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ , Jwé H¥$nm go kmZmoX` hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Cgrgo dh g~ Hw$N> {bI nmòh¢ Ÿ& _{h_m Y_© Ho$ _hmZ g§V ~m~m d¡ÚZmWOr H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ r_ hr Zht Bg wJ Ho$ g^r r_mZw mB©g§Vm| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU emÝV Ed§ {eîQ> Wm Ÿ& do Cn{ZfXm| H$mo Iy~ JhamB© go J«hU H$aVo, AV: r_ gm{hË`_| Cn{ZfXr` md Ymam H$m bmoH$mnU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² Cgo bmoH$ H$s Ñ{ï> go nwZ: amonU {H$`m J`m h¡,Am¡a Bg_| H${d Zo amoMH$Vm Vmo ar h¡ na§Vw H$mì`mË_H$Vm (Omo JwU ar{VH$mb _| Wm) H$_ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&^r_ H$s mfm OJh - OJh VH©$ mfm go ~hþV H$ar~ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& do _Zwî` H$s Bg dV©_mZ Xw:{ñW{VHo$ {bE ^JdmZ H$mo Zht, ~pëH$ ñd`§ _Zwî` H$mo CÎmaXm`r R>hamVo h¢ Ÿ& H${d _| Bg{bE OJh-OJh^JdmZ na, Jwé na AZoH$ ñWbm| na àíZ CR>mVm h¡ Ÿ& _§{Xa _| B©ída H$m ê$n CgHo$ {bE EH$X_{ZaW©H$ h¡ Ÿ& {dY{_© m| Ûmam àMma H$m CÝhm|Zo à{VeeoY {H$`m Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ O[aò Ÿ&

^r_ go Hw$N> nhbo h[aXmgOr nwar _| AnZo ^{dî` Ðï>m ê$n Ho$ H$maU à{gÕ hmo MwHo$ Wo Ÿ&

56

CÝhm|Zo _m{bH$m (^{dî` dmUr) na§nam _| AZoH$ -AZoH$ ~mV| {bIr h¢ Ÿ& Bgr_| JrVm erf©H$ XoH$a(hZw_ÝV JrVm, Zrb_mYd JrVm) Hw$N> aMZmE± H$s h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| Zm_ gmå` Ho$ Abmdm JrVm Ho$ gmW H$moB©g§nH©$ Zht aIVm Ÿ& na§Vw h[aXmg OJÞmW º$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo AnZr H¥${V`m| _| OJÞmW H$s _{h_m JmZmH$^r Zht ybo Ÿ& nadVu H$mb _| r_ moB© Zo _{h_m ñdm_r H$s ~§XZm _| ~hþV Hw$N> {bIm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo lw{V{ZamoY JrVm, Aï> {dhmar JrVm Am{X A§V JrVm, ~«÷ {Zê$nU O¡go JrVm Zm_ Ymar AZoH$ J«§W {bIoh¢ Ÿ& BZ_| r_ moB© Zo H$ht `moJ H$s Ymam ì`º$ H$s h¡, H$ht _{h_m na§nam H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡, Vmo H$ht{ZJw©U ~«÷ H$s ^md Ymam H$m àMma {H$`m Ÿ& A§Y{dídmgm| H$m Kmoa {damoY Am¡a ~«m÷U dmX H$m{VañH$ma Am¡a ^{º$ ^mdZm H$m Jy‹T> AW© {ZénU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| JrVm Ho$ _ybVËd H$m H$ht - H$htg_mdoe {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bg AmYma na JrVm Ho$ VËd H$s N>m`m ^bo hr {XI OmE Ÿ& ^r_ ^moB©gyú_V: lr_X² JdV JrVm Am¡a Cn{ZfXm| go à^m{dV Wo Am¡a CZgo n[a{MV ^r Wo Ÿ& bo{H$Z BZaMZmAm| H$mo CZ _yb H¥${V`m| go BVZr Xya nmVo h¢ Bg{bE grYo `m namoj AZwdmX H$hZo go ^r _ZK~amVm h¡ Ÿ& r_ moB© Ho$ {damQ> gm{hË` _| g~ Hw$N> H$mo _m¡{bH$ r Zht H$h gH$Vo na§Vw BZ_| gmabmXmg m OJÞmW Xmg H$s Vah N>m`m AZwdmX Zht {_bVm Ÿ& do EH$ Zò T>§J go ~«÷ {ZénU, {º$ VËdH$s qMVm Am¡a OrdZ VËd na àH$me S>mbVo h¢ Ÿ& hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AmO JrVm Am¡a mJdV n‹T>Zo dmbobmoJ r_^moB© a{MV JrVmdbr H$mo Cgr AmXa Am¡a lÕm Ho$ gmW n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& h wJ EH$ g§{YH$mb H$mÚmoVH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {ZpíMV ê$n go ha Vah go OrdZ _yë`m| H$m õmg {XImB© XoVm h¡ , Eogo g_` _| Cƒ_mZdr` Ymam H$m àdmh H$aZo dmbm `h H$ÝY ì`{º$Ëd EH$ {dñ_` h¡ Ÿ& gM H$hm OmE Vmo Amo{‹S> mgm{hË` _| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Ztd àXmZ H$aZo _| r_ moB© H$m ñWmZ {Z{d©dmX h¡ .. Ÿ& h ~mV A^r rAZwg§YmZ H$m {df` h¡ {H$ CZHo$ J«§Wm| _| AZwdmX H$m A§e {H$VZm h¡ Ÿ& {H$ÝVw r_ moB© Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOm|Zo Bg g§~§Y _| H«$m§{V n¡Xm H$a Xr Ÿ&

Amo{‹S>em _| AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VrZ ñV§ _mZo OmVo h¢ - ò h¢ -

1.\$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V,

2. J§JmYa _oha Am¡a

3. amYmZmW am` Ÿ&

\$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V Zo ñnï> AZw d {H$`m Wm {H$ A~ àmMrZ nma§n[aH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$AZwdmX Ho$ AmYma na ZyVZVm H$s AmYma{ebm Zht aIr Om gH$Vr Ÿ& `Ú{n CÝhm|Zo _wÐU `§Ì Am¡anÌH$m[aVm Ho$ joÌ _| Zò H$X_ CR>mò Wo Ÿ& ZB© MoVZm H$m dhZ H$aZo dmbo H$WmZH$ Am¡a CnÝ`mg VH$aMo Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo B©ídaM§Ð {dÚmgmJa Ho$ OrdZ M[aV H$mo Amo{‹S> m _| aIm Ÿ& am_mÙ H$mo Amo{‹S> m _|aIm, _hm^maV H$mo Amo{‹S> m _| AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& CZH$m JrVm Am¡a Cn{ZfX H$m ^r Hw$N> AZwdmX

57

Amo{‹S> m _| CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& Bggo CZHo$ OrdZ H$s Ymam Am¡a Xme©{ZH$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&\$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V Zo BgHo$ O[aò Amo{‹S> m _| AZwdmX H$s na§nam H$mo nwZO©Ý_ {X`m Ÿ& Cgr àH$maamYmZmW am` Cg g_` Ho$ à{gÕ AZwdmXH$ Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo _oKXyV H$m àË`j AZwdmX àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ&

amYmZmW _| namoj AZwdmX H$s a_ma h¡ Ÿ& "M§Ð^mJm', Z{ÝXHo$ídar', "Cfm', "nmd©Vr' Am{XH$mì`m| _| `yamonr` ào_ H$mì` H$s N>m`m ñnï> {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| ào_ H$s e¡br, Ë`mJ Am¡a ~{bXmZH$m n[aM`, OrdZ H$m bú` Am{X AZoH$ ~mVm| _| `yamonr` nmÌ ~mobVo ZOa AmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$moboH$a Amo{‹S> m Ho$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo CÝh| H$^r Zht ~»em Ÿ& bo{H$Z amYmZmW am` H$m n[íM_ go AmH«$m§Vgm{hË` ^r H$m\$s Jm¡adnyU© ahm h¡ Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CgHo$ gmao Xmof T>H$ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw AÀN>oAZwdmX Ho$ {bE Ñ{ï> O~ Ky_Vr h¡ Vmo VËH$mbrZ am`~hmXwa amYmZmW H$mo H¡$go Am±Im| go AmoPb H$a| ?CÝht {XZm| J§JmYa _ohoa Zo _wHw$Q>Ya nm§S>o, J`mYa ñZohr Am¡a H$m_VmàgmX Jwé Am{X Ho$ g§nH©$ _|"am_M[aV _mZg' H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Wm, Ed§ Hw$N> A§e {dZ` n{ÌH$m Ho$ Am¡a Hw$N> A§e N>m`mdmXrH${d`m| H$s {N>Q>-nwQ> aMZmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX {H$ò Wo Ÿ& Bg àH$ma A~ nm¡am{UH$ AZwdmXm| H$s na§nam gohQ>H$a gm{hË` _| AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| ^r EH$ Zò `wJ H$m gyÌnmV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg `wJ Ho$ àma§ _| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m àdoe Vmo Mmam| Amoa hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& na gm{hË` _|AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ H$moB© bjU {XImB© Zht XoVo Ÿ& hm± VH$ {H$ nhbr -Xygar H$s nmR²> nwñVH|$ Amo{‹S> m _|Zht Wr Ÿ& BgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a gwH$mÝV Q>mMm`© Zo H$hm Amo{‹S> m EH$ mfm Zht h¡ Ÿ& gmao Amo{‹S>em _|AmJ-gr bJ JB© Ÿ& `h Amo{‹S> m ñdm{^_mZ Ho$ {bE ~hþV ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr Wr Ÿ& \$H$sa _mohZ goZmn{V,_YwgyXZ amAmo, J§JmYa _ohoa Am{X Zo ha H$_Omoa {Xem na H$m_ H$aZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& ar{VH$mb VH$ Omog_¥Õ Wm, AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ _mZ X§S> na I‹S>m hmoZo _| Cgo Xoa Zht bJr Ÿ& {H$gr ñVa H$s nmR>² nwñVH$m|H$m H$moB© A^md Zht ahm Ÿ& {díd gm{hË` H$m EH$ go ~‹T> H$a EH$ ñV§ Amo{‹S> m mfm _| CnbãY hmoZobJm Ÿ& Mmam| Amoa bha \¡$b JB© Ÿ& Bg ñdm{^_mZ _| gË`dmXr J«wn Zo Vmo H«$m§{V hr _Mm Xr Ÿ& CYa aod|gmH$m°boO _| n‹T>r emÝV ^md go ZB© nr‹T>r nQ>Zm, H$mobH$mVm OmH$a AnZo H$mo Zò `wJ Ho$ AZwê$n àñVwVH$a ahr Wr Ÿ& ZdOmJaU Ho$ o AJ«XyV ha Ñ{ï> _| gwg§ñH¥$V hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T> aho Wo Ÿ& maVr` mfmAm|H$m gd}jU O~ hwAm, Amo{‹S> m {H$gr go nrN>o Zht Wr Ÿ& h gM h¡ {H$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o aOdm‹S>m| Ho$ AYrZahH$a Bg Om{V H$s gmar e{º$ {~Iar hþB© Wr Ÿ& hr H$maU h¡ _YwgyXZ Xmg EH$ AbJ amÁ` Ho$ {bEnmJb Wo Vmo CYa Jmon~ÝYw Xmg AmOmXr Ho$ nrN>o XrdmZo Wo Ÿ& Bgr ñdm{^_mZ de CËH$b g{å_bZrAnZo A{YdoeZm| _| EH$ Amo{‹S> m mfr amÁ` H$s _m§J na ~am~a Omoa XoVr ahr Ÿ& Jm§YrOr Ho$ AZw m`rn§{S>V Jmon~ÝYw Xmg "_{Uf J‹T>m H$maImZo' _| ~¡R>H$a CÞV _mZd Om{V Ho$ ~rO dnZ H$a aho Wo Ÿ&hmbm§{H$ CZH$m dZ {dÚmb` H$m à`moJ ñWybV: Ag\$b ahm Ÿ& Cgr Vah EH$ g§J{R>V CËH$b amÁ`

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H$m gnZm r _Yw~m~y Ho$ {bE AYyam ah J`m Ÿ& na§Vw CËH$b _| {ejm OJV _| H«$m§{V Oê$a AmB© Ÿ& Xoe_| mfm Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go amÁ` JR>Z H$m nhbm lo Amo{‹S>em H$mo 1937 _| {_bm ŸAm¡a CgHo$ ~mXHw$N> df© H$s Añdm^m{dH$ em§{V Ho$ ~mX Amo{‹S>em Zo maVr` _mZ{MÌ _| AnZm _hËd nyU© ñWmZ ~Zm{b`m Ÿ&

Xa Agb Bg Z`r n[adV©Z Ymam _| A§J«oOm| H$s ^y{_H$m H$_ Zht Wr Ÿ& CZH$m CÔoí` H$wN>{^Þ Wm Ÿ& 1803 go 2003 H$s$ Xmo eVmpãX`m| Ho$ ~rM B©gmB© Y_© àMma Ho$ H$m`© _|, e¡br _| Am¡a bú`_| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht Am`m Ÿ& B©gmB© {_gZ[a`m| H$m `h I`mb Wm {H$ Amo{‹S>em Ho$ bmoJ mobo, grYo-gmYo hr Zht, ~hþV Hw$N> gab, grYo Am¡a nma§n[aH$ Ñ{ï> _| ^m½`dmXr ^r h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo B©gm _grh H$seaU _| bmZo Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ gw{dYmE±, Hw$N> nR>Zr` gw{dYmE± Ed§ Amo{‹S> m _| _Ywa àdMZm| H$sOê$aV h¡ Ÿ& h H$m`©H«$_ H$Q>H$, ~«÷nwa, ~mboída O¡go eham| _| Mbm Ÿ& ~mX _| Xya H$moamnwQ>, gmoZnwa,\w$bdmUr, gwÝXaJ‹T> O¡go nd©Vr` Ed§ dZdmgr joÌm| _| ^r nyao Omoa go Mbm Ÿ& Bg_| g~go _hËdnyU©^y{_H$m ~mB~b Ho$ AZwdmX H$s ahr Ÿ& H$Q>H$ Ho$ {_gZ amoS> Am¡a ~mboída Ho$ {_gZ MM© Bg AZwdmXHo$ _w»` H|$Ð ~Zo Ÿ& ò AZwdmX ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ^bo hr H$_Omoa aho hm|, B©gm _grh H$s H$éU dmUrdhZ H$aZo _| nyar Vah g_W© h¢ Ÿ& "Xod dmUr' H$h H$a Bg J«§W H$mo {_gZ àog _| Iy~ N>ndm`m Am¡aBgH$m Mmam| Amoa {Z:ewëH$ {dVaU {H$`m J`m Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ~m|S>m O¡go àmMrZV_ Am{XdmgrjoÌ _| ^r B©gm H$s dmUr H$m àMma hmo gH$m Ÿ& na§Vw ^r_^moB© Zo AZwdmX Ho$ Xwén`moJ H$mo amoH$m Ÿ&

A§J«oOm| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX 19dt gXr _| g~go nhbo nmX[a`m| Zo ~mB~b H$m Am§{eH$ AZwdmXàH$m{eV {H$`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z nyar ~mB~b 1810 B©. _| AZy{XV hþB© Ÿ& Ho$ar (Kery) gmh~ Zo kmZr n§{S>Vm|Ho$ gmW {_bH$a `h AZwdmX H$adm`m Wm Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm `hm± nmR²> nwñVH$m| Ho$ ê$n _| MbmZo Ho${bE H$B© A§J«oOr nwñVH$m| H$m Amo{‹S> m ê$nm§Va {ZH$bm &

A Suttery,W.C.Ley,S. philiphes Reverend, Stubbin Am{X nmX[a`m| Zo Bg àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX~‹S>r _mÌm _| {H$ò Ÿ& BZ_| à_wI h¢ - {ddmh H$m {Z`_ nÌ, ñdJu` `mÌr H$m d¥Vm§V, Mmê$ nwamVZ,e¡VmZ H$s H$ënZm, Y_© wÕ Am{X nwñVH|$ Bgr àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX h¢ Ÿ& Xa Agb Xoe â _| Y_© àMmaHo$ {bE B©gmB`m| Zo {d{^Þ maVr` mfmAm| _| ~mB~ob Ho$ AZwdmX H$m H$m_ Iy~ Omoam| go Mbm`m ŸWm &Bg AZwdmX _| gm{hpË`H$ _mZX§S>m| H$r H$moB© ~mV Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h ~mV gM h¡ {H$A§J«oOr go Amo{‹S> m _| JÚ AZwdmX H$s Ymam CÝhm|Zo hr àd{V©V H$s Wr Ÿ& Xygao àmMrZ ñHy$br na§nam gohQ>H$a AmYw{ZH$ kmZ Ho$ {bE CZ_| A§J«oOr nmR²> nwñVH$m| Ho$ AZwdmX H$s na§nam ewê$ H$s Ÿ& Bgr Ztd naAÝ` gm{hË` r AZwdmX H$s Ymam _| AmH$a Sy>~ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na V~ VH$ hm± _wÐU H$s na§nam ewê$ ZhthþB© Wr Ÿ& àog H$m XadmOm Iwb OmZo Ho$ ~mX N>nmB© H$m H$m_ VoOr go hmoZo bJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX

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gm{hË` H$m joÌ ì`mnH$ hmo J`m Ÿ& A~ A§J«oOr Am¡a AÝ` yamonr` mfmAm| Ho$ gmW gm{hË` _| AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m _mJ© Iwb J`m Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ Amo{‹S> m _| \$H$sa_mohZ goZmn{V Zo AZwdmX H$mo H$m\$s _hËd{X`m Ÿ& gm{h{Ë`H$ OrdZ _| _hm^maV, ^mJdV, h[ad§e, N>mÝXmo½`mo{ZfX Am{X Ho$ do loð> AZwdmXH$Wo Ÿ& ~m¡ÕmdVma H$mì` _| ~wÕ H$m OrdZ g_m`m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah _oKXyV Am¡a Vwbgr ñVdH$amYmZmW Ho$ CëboIZr` AdXmZ h¡§ Ÿ& h _mZZm n‹S>oJm {H$ amYmZmW Zo AmJo MbH$a yamonr` H$WmZH$,ZmQ²> , CnÝ`mg Am{X Ho$ AmYma na AZoH$ aMZmE± Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$mo Xr Ÿ& OJ_mohZ bmbm ZoAmo{‹S>em {dO` H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| AZy{XV ê$n Iy~ AmH$f©H$ bJVm Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|ZoQ>_g nmaZob Ho$ JmWm H$mì` H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Am¡a Cgo nmR²> nwñVH$ ~Zm`m J`m Ÿ& O~ Z`mnmR²> H«$_ bmJy hþAm V~ CgHo$ {bE ZB© nwñVH$m| H$s ImoO hþB© Ÿ& Bg_| ~§Jbm go AZy{XV nwñVH|$ Á`mXmWr, A§J«oOr go AZy{XV H$_ Wr Ÿ& amYoí`m_ H$a Zo \$magr go ^r Hw$N> J«§W AZy{XV {H$ò Wo Ÿ& _ñH$mo~rH$m AZwdmX r CX©y go hþAm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {d{^Þ ñVam| na nmR²> nwñVH$m| H$s H$_r H$mo AZwdmX Ho$ O[aEHw$N> hX VH$ H$_ {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ&

gwÝXa T>§J go _w{ÐV ~mB{~b Am JB© Ÿ& H$Q>H$, g§~bnwa, ~«÷nwa, OmOnwa, ~mboída,nmabmIo_wÊS>r, ImoXm© Am{X ehar BbmH$m| Ho$ gä` bmoJm| _| ~mB~b n‹T>Zm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m àVrH$ ~ZJ`m Ÿ& BZ g~ Am¡a gaH$mar godm _| bJo N>moQ>o go ~‹S>o VH$ g^r H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ nmg B©gm H$m ào_,H$éUm, ~§YwËd H$m g§Xoe {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| nh±þMZo bJm Ÿ& Bggo g~go ~‹S>m bm^ h hþAm {H$ bmoJAmo{‹S> m mfm Ho$ _hËd Ho$ à{V gMoV hmo gHo$ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m r gä` bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW-gmWAmXaUr` ~ZZo bJr Ÿ& ewê$ _| Vmo A§J«oOm| Zo Eogm dmVmdaU [X`m Wm {H$ "A§J«oOr Xodm| H$s ^mfm h¡'Am¡a Amo{‹S> m gm_mÝ` go r ZrMo ñVa Ho$ bmoJm| H$s h¡ Ÿ& Omo hmo, AZwdmX Zo {\$a EH$ ~ma Bg mfm H$moZò ê$n _| Ñ{ï> Xr Ÿ& ~mB{~b Ho$ ~mX eoŠgnrà Ho$ ZmQ>H$ Am¡a nmÌ Amo{‹S> m _| AZy{XV hmoH$a Amò Ÿ&Bggo Amo{‹S>em Ho$ AnZo àog H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_bm Ÿ& J«rH$ Am¡a amo_Z gm{hË` Ho$ _hmZ H${d A§J«oOr Ho$O[aò Amo{‹S>em _| àdoe H$aZo _| g\$b hþE Ÿ& Amo{S>gr Ed§ B§{b`S> H$m AZwdmX Amo{‹S> m nmR>H$m| Ho${bE ~hþV nhbo go CnbãY hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& nwZOm©JaU H$mb _| Omo H${dVm yamon _| ñWm{nV hþB© Hw$N> hrg_` _| CgH$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX (H$^r-H$^r {hÝXr Am¡a H$^r-H$^r ~§Jbm Ho$ O[aE) Amo{‹S>emnh±þMm Ÿ& bo{H$Z BZ AZwdmXm| H$m àMma ~hþV Jhao Vmo Zht hmo gH$m Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ B©gm _grhm Ho$H$éU Am¡a «mV¥Ëd ao {dÛÎmmnyU© àdMZm| Ho$ ~mdOyX r_ moB© O¡go AZn‹T> Am¡a XohmVr Ho$ gab grYoÔZ bmoH$ _| Iy~ àM{bV Wo Ÿ& CYa _ohoa H$s aMZmAm| Zo r Bg Am§Yr H$m _wH$m{~bm {H$`m Ÿ& yamongo Amò Y_©, Xe©Z, ^mfm Ed§ ì`dhma g~Zo Amo{‹S>em na N>m OmZo H$s Moð>m H$s Ÿ& BZ ñWmZr` ^mfmAm¡a g§ñH¥${V gMoVZ _Zwî`m| Ho$ à`mgm| Zo ~hþV ~‹S>r AmYma ^y{_ àñVwV H$a br Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$

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Amo{‹S>em _| E|½bmoBpÊS> Z ñHy$b ñWm{nV hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Amdí`H$ nwñVH$m| Ho$ O[aE yamonH$m ~hþV ~‹S>m gm{hË` grYo AZwdmX AWdm N>m`mZwdmX Ho$ O[aE hm± ñWm{nV hmo J`m Ÿ& \$H$sa _mohZgoZmn{V H$s Vah amYmZmW am` Zo "_oKXyV' H$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm Hw$N> BQ>brH${dVmAm| H$mo r Amo{‹S> m _| aIm Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma _YwgyXZ amAmo Zo r "grVm dZdmg', "~mb am_mÙ'Am{X AZoH$ aMZmAm| H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ nwamoYm n§MImAm| Zo AZoH$ mfmAm| Ho$J§«W Amo{‹S> m _| aMo Ÿ& BZ_| ZrbH§$R> Xmg H$m "EZH$ AmS>©Z' Am¡a "{àÝgog' H$m\$s n[a{MV hþAm Ÿ&JmoXmdare {_l Zo "Tale of two cities' Ho$ N>m`mZwdmX na EH$ aMZm H$s Wr O~ {H$ "Up from

sleepery” H$m nyam AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& AmMm`© h[aha Xmg Zo JrVm H$m Amo{‹S> m JÚ _| gwÝXa AZwdmX{H$`m Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a MÝÐeoIa {_l Zo ga dmëQ>a ñH$Q> H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& gË`dmXr Am¡a CgHo$~mX Ho$ aMZmH$mam| Zo {dXoer JÚ aMZm Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX _| H$s Ÿ& ~hþV Hw$N> `yamonr` gm{hË` naCZH$m Ü`mZ J`m Ÿ& ~mX _| AZwdmX H$mo J{V XoZo _| g~wO Jmo{ð> Zo Á`mXm _hËd {Z^m`m Ÿ& AmJo Mb H$a{Q>. Eg. B{b`Q> Am¡a doñQ> b¢S> Am¡a b§S>Z {~«O BO \$mqbJ O¡gr H$mb O`r aMZm AmZo go Amo{‹S> mgm{hË` _| ~hþV ~‹S>m n[adV©Z AmVm h¡ Ÿ& `hr g_` \«$m`S> Ho$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$m h¡ Ÿ& ê$g H$s AŠVy>~aH«$m§{V Zo Xw{Z`m _| hbMb _Mm Xr Wr Ÿ& hm± {g\©$ H$å`w{ZîQ> nmQ>u H$m {Z_m©U Zht hþAm, gm{hË` Zo rAÀN>m Imgm ñWmZ ~Zm {b`m Ÿ& Q>mbñQ>m`, JmoaH$s Am{X aMZmH$ma Amo{‹S> m _| AnZr CnpñW{V XO©H$am gHo$ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$m| H$m Ü`mZ ZB© {dMma Ymam H$mo grYo VmpËdH$ J«§Wm| Ho$ AZwdmX go bmZm Wm,H${dVm Am¡a CnÝ`mg Ho$ O[aò h H$m_ Am¡a ^r Á`mXm AmgmZ Wm Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$m| Ho$ joÌ _| àhbmX àYmZ Zo A{^Yå_ g_wÀM` Am¡a A{^Yå_ H$moe ^mî` XmoZm|H$m g§nmXZ H$a {Q>ßnUr g{hV Amo{‹S> m mfm _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m A^md nyam {H$`m Ÿ& g§ dV: g§ñH¥$V H$mJm¡ad_` gm{hË` MrZr Am¡a {Vã~Vr hmoVo hþE r hm± H$m EH$ _mÌ CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ& àhbmX àYmZ Zo nmbrH$s H¥${V Y_©nX H$mo {Q>ßnUr g{hV Amo{‹S> m _| àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` _| d¡go VmoXya go AZwdmX H$s na§nam Zht Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z àYmZ Or BgHo$ AndmX ~Z Jò Ÿ& ^maVr` AZwdmXgm{hË` _| ò AZwdmX {deof _hËd aIVo h¢ Ÿ& Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z go àoaUm boZo dmbo ~m¡Õm| Ho$ _mZH$ J«§Wm|H$m AZwdmX ~hþV ~‹S>r g_ñ`m Wm Ÿ& BZH$m {dídmg Wm `h g~ ^maVr` gm{hË` hmoVo hþE MrZJ`m Ÿh¡ & Bg `mÌm _| `h Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ gm{hË` Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZm H$m`mH$ën H$a boVmh¡ Ÿ& h_mao AZwdmX H$m joÌ g§ñH¥$V VH$ gr{_V Wm Ÿ& na àYmZ Or BgHo$ AndmX aho Ÿ& Omo EH$ XohmV_| OÝ_o Am¡a {díd go bwá hmoZo dmbr gm_J«r H$mo ~MmH$a bo AmE Ÿ& ~mX _| Amo{‹S>em _| CnbãYVm‹S>nmo{W`m| Am¡a AÝ` àmMrZ J«§Wm| H$m {ddoMZ {díbofU H$aZo dmbm| _| H$_Omoar Am JB© Ÿ& hr H$maU

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h¡ A~ ZB© go ZB© {Xem _| ~‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE H$X_m| _| VmH$V Am JB© Wr Ÿ& gm{hË` H$mo AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_go AÜ`m{Ë_H$ ~ZmZo Ho$ à`mg g\$b hþE Ÿ&

1904 _| "ewH${dbme' Zm_H$ J«§W _| gÎma H$WmAm| H$m AZwdmX àH$me _| Am`m Ÿ& hmbm§{H$1866 _| ~Z_mbr qgh Zo B©ídaM§Ð {dÚmYa a{MV "e§Hw$ÝVbm Cnm»`mZ' H$s aMZm H$s Ÿ Am¡a{dÀN>§XMaU nQ>Zm`H$ Zo H$mXå~ar H$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& Omo Xwîàmß` h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw {dH«$_ Xod ~_m©H$m "H$mXå~ar H$Wm gma' Amem àog (~«÷nwa) go àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AmJo Mb H$a Am¡a rJ«§W g§ñH¥$V go AmVo aho Ÿ&

16dt gXr go Bgbm_r {ejm Am¡a emgZ H$m àdoe hm± hmoZo Ho$ ~mX \$mgu, Aa~r, CX©y Am{XHo$ J«§W Amo{‹S> m _| AmZo H$m amñVm Iwb J`m Ÿ& BZ_| b¡bm _OZy, {gar-\$ahmX, hm{V_VmB©, MmaXadoe, Jwbo ~H$mdbr Am{X J«§W ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| Amò Am¡a dhm± go Amo{‹S> m _| AZy{XV hmoH$aàH$m{eV hþE Ÿ& 20dt gXr Ho$ CÎmamY© _| Hw$N> Bgbm_r gm{hË` Á`mXm Omoa nH$‹S>Zo bJo Ÿ& BZ_| H$mOrH$s H$hmZr, JwbgZmo~ma, {dÚm gwÝXar, Am{X H$WmZH$m| H$mo Amo[‹S> m _| ê$n {X`m J`m Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a~hþV Hw$N> Bñbm_r gm{hË` {deofH$a amo_m§{Q>H$ Ed§ M_ËH$m[aH$ draVm nyU© H$m`m] dmbo H$WmZH$m| H$mê$nm§Va Iy~ hþAm Ÿ& Bg ~rM 1857 _| "\y$b _wZr Am¡a H$éUma {ddaU' (g§ dV: ~§Jbm H$s àW_Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ H¥${V) H$m AZwdmX Amo{‹S> m _| àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX Y_© àMma Ho$ {bE {d{^Þ^maVr` mfmAm| _| Y‹S>ëbo go AZwdmX hmoZo bJo Ÿ& A§J«oOr mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m àMma hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg amÁ` _| CZH$s H$Wm-H$hm{Z`m± AZy{XV hmoH$a AmZo bJr Ÿ& ^º$ H${d _YwgyXZ amAmo Zo"àUà AX² wV n[aUm_' (1873) Am¡a amYmZmW am` Zo "BQ>m{b` `wdm' (1874) Ho$ AZwdmX {H$ò Ÿ&XmoZm| _| ào_ {Ì^wO H$s H$hmZr h¡ Am¡a Bg_| g§Kf©, Û§X, wÕ g~ Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ XmoZm| H$m H$éUAm¡a {d`moJmÝV, hË`m, aº$nmV Am¡a dr^Ëg pñW{V _| g_mnZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ àma§{^H$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ ~mX é{M~‹T>r Am¡a yamonr` mfmAm| H$s loð> H¥${V`m| H$m AmJ_Z AZwdmX Ho$ O[aE ÐþJJ{V _| hmoVm ahm Ÿ&

1925 _| _amR>r "H$_b Hw$_mar' CnÝ`mg H$m AZwdmX am_M§Ð AmMm`© Zo {H$`m Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Zbm {_Oam~bo ({dŠQ>a øyJmo) H$m CnÝ`mg "à`wg àdmh' Ho$ Zm_ go 1935 _| Amo{‹S> m _| Am`m Ÿ&JmoXmdare {_l Zo "E Q>ob Am°\$ Qy> {g{Q>O' H$s Vah "1817' CnÝ`mg {bIm Ÿ& AmZWmoZr hþn goàoaUm boH$a lrYa _hmnmÌ Zo Jmobmnwa lmoV Zm_ H$m CnÝ`mg {bIm Ÿ& Bg g_` Ho$ g^r CnÝ`mgN>m`m CnÝ`mg H$s loUr _| Am gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& H$ht g§{j{áH$aU h¡ Vmo H$ht CZH$m AZwH$aU h¡ Ÿ& ñdmYrZmoÎmaH$mb _| h_Zo XoIm Hw$N> ^maVr` loð> H¥${V`m± AZy{XV hmoH$a Amo{‹S> m _| AmB© Ÿ& BZ_| O` gmo_ZmW(Ho$._._wÝer H$s JwOamVr H¥${V) Am¡a n§{S>V Zrb_{U {_l Zo _¥JZ`Zr (d¥§XmdZbmb) H$m AZwdmX{H$`m Ÿ& hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr H$m "dmU^Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm' H$mo CnoÝÐ Xmg Zo Amo{‹S> m _| AZwdmX {H$`m

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Wm Ÿ& A§J«oOr Ho$ {àOZa Am°\$ O|S>m H$m Amo{‹S> m _| H¥$îU _mohZ Zo AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ& Bg g_` ~§Jbm _|CnÝ`mg aMZm Omoam| na Wr Ÿ& CZH$m {df` ^r ñWmZr`, `m ^mfm _| KwQ>m H$WmZH$ Zht Wm Ÿ& AV:CZH$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX H$aZm AmgmZ Wm Ÿ& Bg_| adrÝÐ, ~§{H$_ ~m~y Am¡a eaV ~m~y Ho$ AZoH$CnÝ`mg AZy{XV hmoH$a Amo{‹S> m _| Am`o Ÿ& BZ_| am_qgh, Xodr Mm¡YamBZ, XwJ}eZpÝXZr, H$nmbHw§$S>bm, BZH$m AZwdmX Iy~ bmoH${à` hþAm Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm AmJo Mb H$a Vmo OmZH$s ~ëb^nQ>Zm`H$ Or Zo nyar ~§{H$_ J«§Wmdbr H$mo hr Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX _| àñVwV H$a {X`m Ÿ& Ohm±Zmam H$sAmË_H$Wm EH$ à{gÕ na{g`Z CnÝ`mg h¡ Ÿ& JUoída {_l Zo BgH$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma AmOmXr Ho$ gmW-gmW A§J«oOr, \$magr, BQmbr Am{X {dXoer H$hm{Z`m± Amo{‹S> m _|Am JB© Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm EH$ ZB© Ymam Wr - maVr` H$WmZH$m| H$m Amo{‹S> m _| ê$nm§VaU Ÿ& Bg_| VobwJy,_amR>r, n§Om~r, JwOamVr Am¡a V{_b H$s H$B© H¥${V`m± AmB© Ÿ& Hw$N> joÌ _| Vmo Eogo hþAm {H$ ~§JbmAZwdmX hr N>nZo bJo Ÿ& bmoJm| Zo AZwdmXH$m| H$m Zm_ hr {_Q>m {X`m Ÿ& Bg_| EH$ Vmo AZwdmX gab mfm_| Wo Xygao BZ AZwdmXm| H$s {df`dñVw joÌr` Z hmoH$a gd© maVr` Wr Ÿ& Vrgao Amo{‹S> m _| A^r ^rboIZ CVZr J{V Zht nH$‹S> nm`m Wm Ÿ& AV: BVZo ~‹S>o nmR>H$ dJ© H$s ^yI {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE AZy{XVH¥${V`mo| Zo ~‹S>o d¡Hy$_ _| ñWmZ ~Zm {b`m Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a Bg pñW{V Zo Amo{‹S> m nmR>H$m| H$s é{M H$mo rX~moM {b`m Ÿ& nmR>H$ Amo{‹S> m go A{YH$ ~§Jbm H¥${V H$m AZwdmX n‹T>Zo bJo Ÿ& `h {H$gr$ Vah goñn¥hUr` pñW{V Zht Wr Ÿ&

`h _yb H¥${V`m| Ho$ {bE ~‹S>r éH$mdQ> ~ZZo bJr Ÿ& CZHo$ àH$meZ, CZHo$ àMma-àgma Am¡aCZH$s bmoH${à`Vm g~ VwbZm H$s H$gm¡Q>r na H$gr OmZo bJr Ÿ& ha AZy{XV H¥${V H$mo IarXVo g_`nmR>H$ Amo{‹S> m CnÝ`mg Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$a XoIVo Wo Ÿ& ~§Jbm _| H$hmZr H$hZo H$s H$bm gmao Xoe _|AZyR>r h¡ Ÿ& hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ~§{H$_, eaVM§Ð H$mo Amo{‹S> m H$m AnZm H$WmH$ma ~ZZo _| Xoa Zht bJr Ÿ&bmoJm| H$mo mX hr Zht ahVm {H$ h {^Þ YaVr H$s {^Þ mfm H$s H$hm{Z`m± h¢ Ÿ& gM H$hm Om`o Vmo BgñnYm© _| Amo{‹S> m _| AZy{XV H$hmZr Am¡a CnÝ`mg ~mOr _ma boVo h¢ Ÿ&

Bg Ymam _| EH$ ñ_aUr` ~mV namoj AZwdmX H$s h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m _| d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V, n«mH¥$V,nmbr, An^«§e AWdm VobwJy, V{_b, H$Þ‹S>, _amR>r Am{X ^mfmAm| Ho$ OmZH$ma ~hþV H$_ h¢ Ÿ& h_Zo`h nhbo hr XoIm EH$ ^mfm AàM{bV hmoH$a Xygar ^mfm g_mO _| Am OmZo na nyd©dVu gm{hË` H$sYamoha H$mo AZwdmX Ho$ O[aE ZyVZ ^mfm _| ~ma-~ma AdV[aV {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ^mfm~XbZo na r mdm| Am¡a VÏ` VWm gyMZmAm| H$s g§nXm wJ-`wJ _| CnbãY hmoVr ahr h¡ Ÿ& h à{H«$`mVmo gd© maVr` ñVa na MbVr ahr h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw hm± EH$ Xygar ~mV H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& dhh¡ g_H$mbrZ wJ _| AnZo go BVa joÌ H$s ^mfm H$s gm{hpË`H$ {Z{Y H$mo {H$g àH$ma CnbãY H$am`m

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OmE Ÿ& Xw m©½` go Eogr H$moB© gm_mÝ` ^mfm, g§ñH¥$V Ho$ ~mX, gmao Xoe _| CnbãY Zht hþB© AWdm{dH${gV Zht hþB©, Omo Bg AmXmZ-àXmZ H$mo gwb^ ~Zm gHo$ Ÿ& g~Ho$ AnZo-AnZo AmJ«h AWdmXwamJ«h ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$maU {H$gr EH$ ^mfm H$mo gm_mÝ` XOm© XoZo _| ~ma-~ma éH$mdQ> AmVr ahr h¡ Ÿ&`hm± VH$ {H$ gdm©{YH$ joÌ Am¡a gdm©{YH$ OZVm Ûmam ~mobr OmZo dmbr {hÝXr H$mo Bg ê$n _| {dH${gVH$aZo H$s ~mV AmB© Vmo r bmoJ g§{dYmZ ObmZo H$mo CR> I‹S>o hþE, P§S>m \$m‹S>Zo go ~mO Zht Amò, {\$a^r Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo _Z ~Zm hr {b`m Ÿ& Bg_| Xmo Vah Ho$ bmoJ Wo Ÿ& EH$ do bmoJ Omo A§J«oOr Ho$ _mÜ`_ gogd© maVr` ñVa na AnZo gm{hË` H$mo gwb^ H$amZm MmhVo Wo Ÿ& Xygao do bmoJ Wo Omo {hÝXr H$mo g_J«^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gm{hË` H$m §S>ma _mZH$a Cgo g_¥Õ H$aZo _| OwQ> JE Ÿ& A~ maV H$s {H$gr rgm{hË` H$s H¥${V go Omo r loð> H¥${V Mm{hE dh BZ XmoZm| mfmAm| _| ImobH$a MwZr Om gH$Vr Am¡a CgoAZwdmX H$a AnZr BÀN>m nyar H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr à{H«$`m H$mo namoj AZwdmX H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hajoÌ _| Á`mXm go Á`mXm AnZr gr_mAm| Ho$ Amg-nmg H$s ^mfmAm| H$mo OmZZo dmbo {_b gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&bo{H$Z Xya àXoe H$s ^mfm OmZZo dmbo Am¡a Cg na H$m_ H$aZo dmbo bmoJm| H$m gd©Ì A^md h¡ Ÿ& O¡goHo$ab _| H$Þ‹S> go VobwJy AZwdmXH$ AWdm n§Om~ _| V{_b AZwdmXH$ nmZm bJ^J Ag§ d gm h¡ Ÿ&Á`mXmVa H$m_ n§Om~ dmbm| H$m {hÝXr ^mfr H$a boVo h¢ AWdm V{_b gm{hË` H$m H$Þ‹S> _| AZwdmXg§ d hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah ~§Jbm H$m Amo{‹S> m _| `m Amo{‹S> m H$m ~§Jbm _| VwbZmË_H$ X¥{ï> goAÝ` mfmAm| H$s Anojm A{YH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

* Amo{‹S>em _| {hÝXr AZwdmX :Xoe Vmo EH$ h¡ Ÿ& H$ht ^r loð>> H¥${V H$mo A§VaU H$s ~mV AÝ` joÌm| _| ~bdVr hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

BgH$m gd©loð> CXmhaU JrVJmo{dÝX h¡ Ÿ& gmJa VQ> na nwar _| BgH$s aMZm hmoVr h¡ ŸAm¡a {MÎmm¡‹S> Ho$amUm Hw§$^m BgH$s Q>rH$m Am¡a CgHo$ g§JrV na {dñV¥V H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& JwOamV _| BgH$s ZmQ²> àñVw{VhmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AmdmJ_Z H$s XwéhVm Ho$ ~mdOyX JrVJmo{dÝX OJÞmW Or H$mo gwbmZo Ho$ {bE Jm`m OmVm h¡`h ~mV ^yb Jò Am¡a Bgo ^maVdf© H$s EH$ AZ_mob g§JrVmË_H$ H¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| gmao Xoe _| BgHo$AZwH$aU na H¥${V`m± ~Zr Ÿ& g~ mfmAm| _| BgH$m AZwdmX hþAm Ÿ& bmoH$ mfmAm| _| AJ{UV JrV aMoJò Ÿ& {OZ _| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU H$m ào_ Zht ~Xbm ~mH$s g~ Hw$N> ~Xb J`m Ÿ& `h h¡ EH$ H¥${V Ho${deof joÌ go CR> H$$a gd© maVr` ñVa VH$ ì`mßV/ \¡$b OmZo H$m n[aUm_ Ÿ& O¡go ~wÕ maV go CR>H$a{díd _| \¡$b Jò Ÿ& ~m¡Õ Y_© H$s A{YH$m§e H¥${V`m± ^maV go bwá hmo JB© Ÿ& CZH$mo nwZ: AZwdmXH$aMrZ, {Vã~V, OmnmZ go dmng bmZm n‹S>m Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma `h pñW{V bJ^J JrVJmo{dÝX Ho$ ~mao _| ^rH$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& AmO maV H$s {H$gr r mfm _| loð> H¥${V H$mo bmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr qbH$ mfm H$m

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ghmam boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m _| CZ {XZm| h gw{dYm ^r CVZr CnbãY Zht Wr Ÿ& AV: Xya joÌm| _|CnbãY g§ñH¥$V H$s {H$gr nma§n[aH$ aMZm H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a CZ ^mfmAm| H$s H¥${V`m| H$m AmhaU Xwê$hH$m`© Wm Ÿ& hr H$maU Wm {H$ 19dt gXr _| X{jU maVr` mfmAm| AWdm H$í_rar, qgYr go EH$ rH¥${V H$m Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX g§ d Zht hmo gH$m Ÿ& _amR>r H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m± VËH$mb H$s n{ÌH$mAm| _|H$ht - H$ht N>nr Ÿ& H$Ý`mHw$_mar Am¡a am_oída H$m CëboI ^bo hr {_b OmE na Amo{‹S> m _| H$Þ‹S>gm{hË` H$s H$moB© ^r loð> H¥${V Cg g_` _r{S> m _| Zht Am nm`r Ÿ& BgH$m `h H$maU h¡ {H$ Amo{‹S> mbmoJm| _| H$Þ‹S> Ho$ {deof OmZH$ma Z Wo Ÿ& Amo{‹S>em go VrW© mÌr am_oída_ Am¡a Ûm[aH$m OmZo H$s na§namWr Ÿ& Ho$abr, _amR>r Am¡a n§Om~r g~ {Za§Va lrOJÞmW Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE AmVo ahVo Wo Ÿ& na§Vw AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$ Ûma Iwbo Zht Wo Ÿ& AV: AZwdmXm| H$s gr_m EH$ Vah go _mZd H¥$V gr_m Wr Ÿ& Cg_| ~hþVA{YH$ {dñVma H$s Jw§OmBe Zht ahr Ÿ& O~ gaH$mar ñVa na à`ËZ ewê$ hþE V^r Bg g§~§Y _| Hw$N>H$m`© g§ d hmo gH$m Ÿ& BZ_| à_wI ^y{_H$m EZ.~r.Q>r., gm{hË` EH$mXo_r Ed§ {d{^Þ Q>oŠñQ> ~wH$ ~yamoH$s Wr Ÿ& O~ maVr` mfm n[afX, maVr` AZwdmX n[afX, y.nr. {hÝXr g§ñWmZ Am¡a AZwdmX ~yamo,ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m, qhXr gm{hË` gå_obZ , amï> mfm àMma g^m, X{jU maV {hÝXr àMma g^mAm{X g§ñWmAm| Zo AnZo-AnZo n§I \¡$bmò V~ CÝh§o Bg àXoe H$s YaVr, gm{hË` Am¡a H$bm Ho$ Xe©ZhmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX A_¥V g§VmZ (JmonrZmW _hm§{V) H$m AZwdmX {hÝXr _| hþAm Am¡a Cgo ^maVH$s {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| _| nh±w>MZo Ho$ Ûma Iwb Jò Ÿ& "A_¥V g§VmZ' hr Amo{‹S> m H$s nhbr Am¡nÝ`m{gH$H¥${V h¡ Omo Amo{‹S>em Ho$ ~mha gmW©H$ T>§J go EH$ Z`r {Xem ImobZo _| g_W© hþB© Ÿ& BgH$m lo {d{eï>AZwdmX {MÝVH$ Ed§ g_W© {hÝXr JÚ boIH$ `wJOrV Zdbnwar H$mo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a ZdbnwarZo Bg {Xem _| Am¡a ^r H$B© à`mg {H$ò Ÿ&

CZ {XZm| Amo{‹S>em _| AmYw{ZH$ {ejm H$s pñW{V CVZr {dH${gV Zht Wr Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm hm±{ejm Ho$ joÌ _| Or{dH$m Ho$ gmYZ r ~hþV gr{_V Wo Ÿ& AV: bmoJ~mJ Cƒ {ejm H$s ~mV CR>Vo hrnQ>Zm , Bbmhm~mX, AmJam `m H$mobH$mVm Mbo OmVo Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg H$mb go Amo{‹S>em Ho$A{YH$m§e {dÛmZ n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE AWdm Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Ho$ {bE BÝht H|$Ðm| _| CnbãY hþE Ÿ& JmobH$ {dhmarYb H$m mfm {dkmZ (Üd{Z {dkmZ) AmJam _| aMm J`m Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm {MÎma§OZ Xmg r {díd Ho${d{^Þ ^mJm| _| `mÌm H$aVo hþE ^r AmJam H$mo H|$Ð ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& Yb gmh~ Zo Amo{‹S>em Ho$ nmR>H$m| H$moào_M§X Ho$ Jm±d H$s _hH$ CnbãY H$amB© Ÿ& Cg g_` {hÝXr _| ào_M§X H$s Iy~ Yy_ _Mr hþB© Wr, Am¡aaoUw, ZmJa, ènmb dJ¡ah ^r J«m_rU maV H$m Ñí` XoIZo _| _JZ Wo Ÿ& Yb gmh~ Zo ~§{H$_, eaV`m adrÝÐ Ho$ ~Om` ào_M§X H$mo Á`mXm {ZH$Q> g_Pm Ÿ& CËH$b H$s J«m_rU pñW{V ào_M§X Ho$ Jm±d go~hþV H$ar~ n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& bo hr ào_M§X ^mar n‹S>Vo Wo na§Vw Yb gmh~ Zo CgH$s nadmh Zht H$s Ÿ& Cgr

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Vah AmJo MbH$a {MÎm ~m~y Zo r Aa{dÝX gm{hË` H$mo Amo{‹S> m nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE bmZo _| AnZo OrdZHo$ AZoH$ df© bJm {X o Ÿ& AmJam _| ahVo g_` CÝhm|Zo H$mÝhÿ ~m~y Ho$ "H$m' CnÝ`mg H$mo hmW _| {b`m Ÿ&Bgo AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| A§YH$ma H$m `wJ hr H$h|Jo Ÿ& O~ {hÝXr nmR>H$ Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` go EH$X_An[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& Zdbnwar Ho$ à`mg go H$moB© {dñVma hmo Zht nm`m Š`m|{H$ gm{hË` EH$mXo_r V~ VH$AZwdmX Ho$ O[aE AnZr H$moB© {d{eï> N>{d ~Zm Zht gH$s Wr Ÿ& {MÎm ~m~y Zo r {hÝXr AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ_| Á`mXm H$m_ Zht {H$`m Wm Ÿ& h CZH$m àma§{^H$ H$m`© hr h¡ Ÿ& Xygar ~mV AmJam _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU hr

CÝh| {hÝXr Ho$ g§ñH$ma CnbãY hþE Ÿ& Omo hmo, "H$m' H$m AZwdmX H$aVo g_` CÝhm|Zo AnZo gmWr jo_oÝÐgw_Z H$m gh`moJ {b`m Ÿ& Xa Agb Cg g_` gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m MbZ A{YH$ Wm Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m _|H$mÝhþ MaU gd©loð>, gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mgH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{V{ð>V hmo Jò Wo Ÿ& AV: "H$m' Ho$ {bE mfmTy>§T>Zo _| CÝh| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hþB© Ÿ& {MÎm ~m~y Zo Bg H¥${V _| N>moQo-N>moQo dmŠ` {bò, {hÝXr H$s ghO^mfm H$mo hr dar`Vm Xr h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± H$ht Amo{‹S> m H$m R>oR> ê$n {_bVm, do Cgo grYr Am¡a gab ê$n _|ì`dhma H$aVo Jò Ÿ& hmbm§{H$ {hÝXr H$s Omo-Omo joÌr` H$hmdV| h¢ CZH$m à`moJ H$a ^mfm H$mo amoMH$~Zm`m Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma ~rM -~rM _| Omo ^r Amo{‹S> m bmoH$ VËd Ho$ à`moJ AmVo, do {hÝXr _| ~‹S>o gwÝXaT>§J go g_mVo h§¡ Ÿ& O¡go ~§Omam| H$m ZmM, bo{H$Z do g§noam| `m H$mb~o{b`m| Ho$ Ñí` H$mo "gm§n {IbmZm'H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Jm±d H$m {MÌU {MÎm ~m~y Zo {hÝXr _| ~hþV _m{_©H$Vm go CVmam h¡ Ÿ& Am¡aVm| Ho$ ñd^md gon[a{MV hþ o {~Zm h eãXmdbr à`moJ Zht H$a gH$Vo Wo Ÿ& Bg_| Ho$db Zmar Am¡a CgHo$ {d{^Þ àg§Jm|_| ì`dhma H$s ~mV Zht h¡ Ÿ& daZ² Zmar Ho$ g_w{MV Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {MÎm ~m~y H$m `hAZwdmX AmJam Ho$ EH$ àmBdoQ> àH$meH$ Zo 1962 _| N>mnm h¡ Ÿ& jo_oÝÐ gw_Z Ho$ gh`moJ Ho$ H$maU BgAZwdmX _| mfm H$s gm_mÝ` Ìw{Q> m± Am¡a ì`mH$aUJV Im{_`m± H$ht Zht {_bVr Ÿ& {MÎm ~m~y H$m hnhbm à`mg ~hþV gamhm J`m Ÿ&

{MÎm~m~y _ybV: Amo{‹S> m Ho$ A§J«oOr Am¡a {hÝXr Ho$ AZwdmXH$ h¢ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo yamon Ho$ AZoH$ Xoem|H$m ^«_U H$a AnZo {j{VO H$mo ~hþV {dñVma {X`m h¡ Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ "gm{dÌr' _hmH$mì`(lrAa{dÝX) H$m dh ghO Amo{‹S> m _| AZwdmX H$a nmVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgr H$bmË_H$Vm H$m n[aM` CÝhm|Zo"H$m' _| {X`m h¡ Ÿ& `hm± ñ_aUr` h¡ {H$ AnZr \$ŠH$‹S>{Jar Ho$ {XZm| _| em§{V{ZHo$V _| hOmar àgmX OrO¡gm| Ho$ gmW {hÝXr grIr Am¡a àhbmX àYmZ O¡gm| Ho$ gmW Amo{‹S> m H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m Ÿ& AmJam AmH$aAnZo K{Zð> {_Ì H$mÝhþMaU _hm§{V Ho$ AmJ«h na CZH$mo "H$m' AZwdmX H$aZm n‹S>m Ÿ& ~mX _| do nm§{S>MoarHo$ Xe©Z _| a_ Jò Am¡a {hÝXr go g§nH©$ Ny>Q> J`m Ÿ& AV: EH$ _mÌ "H$m' hr Eogr H¥${V h¡ Omo CZHo$Amo{‹S> m {hÝXr AZwdmX na àH$me S>mb gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ~mV Vmo ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ {MÎm ~m~y _yb H$WmZH$,CgHo$ md Am¡a CgHo$ ñda H$mo g_PZo _| H$^r JbVr Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& CZH$m AmbmoMH$ _Z AZwdmX

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j_Vm gm_Zo Am`r Ÿ& Xa Agb h CnÝ`mg H$WmZH$ H$s Ñ{ï> go ^bo hr AZyR>m hmo, ^mfm H$mo boH$a{deof g§H$Q> Zht h¡ Ÿ& Oo.nr. Xmg H$s Amo{‹S> m _| àm`: _mZH$Vm ~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& na Eo{Vhm{gH$ mÌmHo$ H$maU h CnÝ`mg Hw$N> gmdYmZr MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ g_` na pñWa Zht h¡ Ÿ& mfm _| H$B© OJh _mo‹S>AmVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m gm_Zm S>m°. {_l H$aZo _| g\$b aho Ÿ& {Xëbr _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU nyar Vah {hÝXrdmVmdaU {_bm Ÿ& nwZarjU Ho$ {bE gh`mo{J`m| H$s H$moB© H$_r Zht ahr Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {_lOr Ho$H$mì`mZwdmXm| d AÝ` AZwdmXm| H$m O~ X~X~m ~‹T>m, CZH$s g_rjm _| r {d{^Þ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Am¡aAmbmoMH$m| Zo gh`moJ {X`m Ÿ& amàm§Jnwa _| OZ_o, {Xëbr (OoEZ`y) go n‹T>H$a {ZH$bZo Ho$ H$maU {hÝXrH$m MbVm _whmdam Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ ~mar{H$`m| go nyar nhMmZ boH$a Amò Wo Ÿ& {_l Ho$ AZwdmXm| _|^mfm H$s admZJr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nR>Zr`Vm _| H$moB© H$ga Z Wr Ÿ& AV: {hÝXr gm{hË` _| Amo{‹S> mgm{hË` H$mo gå_mZOZH$ OJh {XbmZo _| _hËdnyU© y{_H$m ahr Ÿ& g{ƒamCam` H$s àJ{Verb H${dVmhmo m grVmH$m§V _hmnmÌ H$s _mZddmXr MoVZm`wº$ H$mì` H¥${V, a_mH$m§V aW H$m AÚVZ _¥Ë`w MoVZm`wº$ H$mì`g§H$bZ, S>m. {_l Zo ha pñW{V _| AnZo H$mo T>mbm, {hÝXr _whmdao _| Amo{‹S> m Ho$ loð>gm{hË` H$mo àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ&

à^mV Hw$_ma {ÌnmR>r Zo n‹T>mB© am`J‹T> Am¡a C‚m¡Z _| H$s na do AÜ`mnH$ Amo{‹S>em _| ~Zo Ÿ&CZH$s é{M _m¡{bH$ (H${dVm, CnÝ`mg) _| ahr Am¡a AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| H${dVm hr {à` {df` ahm Ÿ&a_mH$m§V aW, grVmH$m§V _hmnmÌ, amOoÝÐ n§S>m Am{X AZoH$ à{V{ð>V H${d`m| H$m {hÝXr ê$n à^mV Ho$hmWm| hþAm h¡ Ÿ& H$Wm gm{hË` _| ~hþV H$_ Adga {_bm Ÿ& à^mV H$mo {hÝXr H$m bm¡{H$H$ _whmdam ^r{gÕ Wm Ÿ& AV: H${dVm H$mo `WmgmÜ` CgHo$ {_OmO _| aIm Ÿ& Bgr H$maU {hÝXr _| à^mV Ho$ nmR>H$àe§gH$ ~hþV A{YH$ h¢ Ÿ&

`moJ|Ð {ÌnmR>r amCaHo$bm Amò & dht Amo{‹S> m grIr Am¡a Amo{‹S> m H$s {º$ H${dVm H$mo {hÝXr_| nyar e{º$ go AZy{XV H$a gHo$ Ÿ& {ÌnmR>r Or Zo Jmon~§Yw H$s "H$mam H${dVm' "Xm§S>r am_mÙ', §O H$s"bmdÊ`dVr' Am{X H$m ê$nm§Va {H$`m Ÿ& ~mX _| Jmon~§Yw Xmg H$s "H$mam H${dVm' H$mo Am¡a J§JmYa _ohoaH$s "VnpñdZr' H$mo {hÝXr _| àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ& {ÌnmR>r H$mZnwa Ho$ n‹T>o-{bIo, Amo{‹S>em _| AmOr{dH$m Ho${bE aho Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m grIr Ÿ& gmam AZwdmX {d{^Þ N>§Xm| _| hþAm Ÿ& g§ dV: {hÝXr Ho$ VwH$m§V N>§X _|Amo{‹S> m H$mì` H$mo BVZo {dñV¥V ñVa na AZy{XV H$aZo H$m lo moJ|ÐOr H$mo h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVm _| VwH$gmYVo g_` JO~ H$m g§ _ {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& moJ|ÐOr Ho$ AZwdmX _| I‹S>r ~mobr H$m _whmdam A{d{_{lV^md go {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& wdZ dmUr Q>ñQ> (H$mZnwa) Zo BZHo$ AZwdmXm| H$mo AnZr amï>r` moOZm Ho$ VhVN>mnm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| àm`: Amo{‹S> m Ho$ _Ü`H$mbrZ AVrV (àma§{^H$) Ho$ H$mì` g§ ma H$mo {hÝXr _| àñVwV{H$`m Ÿ& `h amï>r` _hËd H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$`m H$m`© h¡ Ÿ&

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~bm§Jra _| lr{Zdmg CX²JmVm Zo Am±gy Am¡a {MÌboIm H$m Amo{‹S> m _| ê$nm§VaU H$a EH$_hËdnyU© ewê$AmV H$s Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo H$B© J«§Wm| H$m Amo{‹S> m go qhXr _| AZwdmX {H$`m Ÿ&

T>|H$mZmb Ho$ lr{gÕmW© _mZqgh hmoZhma AZwdmXH$ Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo _hmnmÌ Zrb_{U gmhÿ H$sAmË_H$WmË_H$ H¥${V - H$m ê$nm§Va {H$`m Ÿ& ~mX _| drUmnm{U _hm§{V H$s "nmQ>XoB©' (H$hmZr g§H$bZ)go CZH$s {hÝXr _whmdao _| Jhar nH$‹S> gm_Zo Am`r Ÿ& na§Vw Aënm`w _| CZHo$ XohmdgmZ go `h H$m`©AYyam ah J`m Ÿ& EH$ {d{eï> à{V^m Ho$ OmZo go AZwdmX H$m`© H$s gdm©{YH$ j{V hþB© Ÿ&

BYa `wdm nr‹T>r _| AZwdmX Ho$ à{V éPmZ ~‹T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& H$B© bmoJ g{H«$` h¢ Ÿ& BYa S>m.^JdmZ {ÌnmR>r Zo Hw$N> CnÝ`mg Ed§ _ZmoO Xmg H$s _hm{Z`m| H$m AZwdmX {hÝXr _| {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `Ú{n^JdmZ Zo AZwdmX H$m\$s Ag} nhbo ewê$ {H$`m Wm, na§Vw {nN>bo Mma-nm§M gmb go hr MMm© _| Am nmòh¢ Ÿ& CZH$m gmam ~¡H$J«mC§S> Amo{‹S>em _| ahm, na§Vw {hÝXr AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ go {Za§Va Ow‹S>o ah H$a doAZwdmX _| AmJo ~‹T> gHo$ h¢ Ÿ&

* AZwdmX : CËH$b _| gw{dYm-Agw{dYm :A~ aod|em {díd{dÚmb`, a_mXodr H$mboO Am¡a I{bH$moQ> H$mboO _| VrZ OJh E_.E. VH$

n‹T>mB© hmoZo bJr h¡, H|$Ðr` {hÝXr g§ñWmZ H$m wdZoída Am¡a {hÝXr {ejU g§ñWmZ H$Q>H$ _| ~r.ES>. H$sn‹T>mB© hmoZo bJr h¡ Ÿ& ~rg-nƒrg OJh AmZg© Ed§ g¡H$‹S>m| H$mboOm| _| +3 d +2 {hÝXr n‹T>mB© OmZobJr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo {hÝXr Ho$ AÀN>o OmZH$ma gm_Zo Am aho h¢ Ÿ& AmJm_r XeH$ ~VmòJm BgH$m bmÂZwdmX joÌ H$mo {H$VZm {_b ahm h¡ ! nhbo Vmo nr.Or. Ho$ {bE Bbmhm~mX, em§{V{ZHo$VZ Am{X ~mharOJhm| OmZo H$s (Am{W©H$) j_Vm dmbo hr bm^ CR>m nmVo Wo Ÿ& A~ pñW{V Am¡a hdm {hÝXr Ho$ nj _|h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr go Ow‹S>r ha {H$Vm~ AmO ~wH$ñQ>mb na nm gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Zm¡H$[a`m| Ho$ {bE g~go Á`mXmg§ mdZmE± {hÝXr _| {XI ahr h¡§ Ÿ& Ú{n AZwdmX à{ejU H$s H$moB© {d{YdV ì`dñWm Zht h¡ Ÿ& {g\©$B½Zy Ho$ H|$Ðm| na {S>ñQ>|g EOyHo$eZ Ho$ VhV EH$ Xmo H|$Ðm| na Amo{‹S>em _| AZwdmX Ho$ nr.Or. {S>ßbmo_m Ho${bE gw{dYm hþB© h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| go EH$ r gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmXH$ A~ VH$ Câ H$a Zht Am gH$m Ÿ& H$mog©_| Vmo gm{hË`mZwdmX Am¡a à`moOZ_ybH$ AZwdmX XmoZm| na ~am~a Omoa {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw gm{hË`mZwdmXHo$ {bE Amdí`H$ dh gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ gm{hpË`H$ ~moY dmbr {ejm XoZo _| o H|$Ð gj_ Zht hmo gHo$ Ÿ&AV: BVZr ~‹S>r gw{dYm H$m {deof \$b Amo{‹S> m -{hÝXr AZwdmX joÌ _| Zht {XI gH$m Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$ H$mo Hw$N> eãXH$moe ^r {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& q~~mYa {_l g§H${bV "{Ì^mfr H$moe'H$s gm_J«r Ed§ gH$bZ ~hþV AÀN>m hmoVo hþE r Cg_| ày\$ H$s Jb{V`m| Ho$ H$maU dh àMm[aV Zht hmo

72

nm`m Ÿ& H|$Ðr` {hÝXr {ZXoemb` Zo amYmH$m§V {_l g§nm{XV {hÝXr - Amo{‹S> m Ed§ Amo{‹S> m - {hÝXr H$moeH$m àH$meZ {H$`m Wm, na§Vw dh Á`mXmVa H$m`m©b`rZ H$m_ H$m h¡, H${dVm-H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$AZwdmX H$aZo dmbm| Ho$ {bE gr{_V Cn`moJ dmbm h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>r-gr eãXmdbr H$m g§J«h Am¡a AZwdmXhmoVm V~ ghm`H$ gm_J«r ~Z OmVr Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| g§X^© J«§W r ~hþV Wmo‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& amï> mfm aOV O`§VrJ«§W Am¡a CËH$b Xe©Z (~«OamOZJa _| {~‹S>bmAm| Ho$ gh`moJ go àH$m{eV) H$m\$s {XZ nhbo N>no Wo,A~ do H$ht CnbãY Zht Ÿ& d¡go hr CËH$b g§ñH¥${V na S>m. ~r.Jwám Ed§ AemoH$ nm§S>o Am{X Ho$gh`moJ go EH$ g§X^© J«§W N>nm Wm Ÿ& g§X^© gm_J«r g§VmofOZH$ Wr na g§nmXZ Ho$ A^md _| BgH$m ~hþVÁ`mXm àMma Z hmo gH$m Ÿ& dh ^r A~ H$ht Zht {_bVm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmXH$ Ho$ nmg Š`m ~MVmh¡, ghm`Vm H$aZo Ho$ ê$n _| ? Amgnmg H$m dmVmdaU Ÿ& Omo bmoJ$ {hÝXr - Amo{‹S> m XmoZm| OmZVo h¢ Ÿ&Hw$N> {hÝXr AI~ma, Ohm± H$^r-H$^r AZwdmX Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ g§X^© gm_J«r {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S>emHo$ nÞmo§ na Omo N>nVm h¡ Cggo H$B© ~ma CËH$br` eãX {hÝXr _| CnbãY hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z m| Amognr H$a Š`m ß`mg ~wP gH$Vr h¡ ? ~g `hm± Ho$ aMZmH$ma hr CgHo$ g~go ~‹S>o g§X^© J«§W, ghm`H$gm_J«r, eãXH$moe, eãX g§J«h .... Hw$N> ^r H$h b|, CZHo$ gmW MMm© H$a AnZr amh gwJ_ ~ZmgH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo ~ohVa _mJ© A^r VH$ Amo{‹S> m -{hÝXr AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE (_mJ© Vmo Xya, nJS>§S>rVH$) Zht ~Z nm`r Ÿ& Mmho AZn‹T> hmo, XohmVr hmo, Cg Amo{‹S> m mfr go H$moB© àM{bV eãX nyN>o§ - EH$g§H$ënZm (Concept) Xo hr XoVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ AZwdmXH$ AnZm _mJ© Cgr na V` H$ao Ÿ& `h g§ñH¥${VgMoVZVm EH$ Vmo lrOJÞmW Ho$ à^md go gd©Ì {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Xygao Amo{‹S> m H$m g§ñH¥$V Ho$ gmWK{Zð> g§nH©$ h¡ Ÿ& AV: ^mfmJV g§ñH$mam| H$s JhamB© ghO hr CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& AV: gdm©{YH$ gwa{jVgmYZ Am_ AmX_r hr h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw àH$meZ Ho$ {bE {Xëbr - Bbmhm~mX OmZm Am¡a CZH$s H¥$nm na {Z^©a ahZm ñdm{^_mZHo$ {bE H$_ O§MVm Ÿ& amï> mfm àMma g^m Ho$ ~mX àMma g§ñWmAm| H$s g~H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V Xw~©bahr Ÿ& Ho$db "n[adoe' {hÝXr _| AnZm àH$meZ H$m`©H«$_ Omar aIo h¢ Ÿ& J¡a ì`dgm{`H$ àH$meH$ Ho$ê$n _| lrJmonrZmW gmhþ Ho$ gwnwÌ lrgmhþ Zo AZoH$ _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m| H$m AZwdmX H$am H$a àH$m{eV{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& àmo\o$eZb àH$meZ Ho$ ê$n _| "e~Z_ nwñVH$ _hb' Ho$db {hÝXr àH$meZ H$m g§H$ënboH$a gm_Zo Am`m Ÿ& na§Vw boIH$m|, nmR>H$m| Ho$ AZwamoY na Bg g§ñWm H$mo AnZr J{V{d{Y {dñVm[aVH$aZr n‹S>r Ÿ& àH$meZ OJV Bgo {hÝXr àH$meH$ Ho$ ê$n _| hr _mÝ`Vm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hþV H$_ g_` _| hm±go Amo{‹S> m Ho$ AZoH$ à{gÕ J«§W AZy{XV hmoH$a {hÝXr nmR>H$m| VH$ nh°§w>M MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| _ZmoO Xmg,M§ÐeoIa aW, amO|Ð n§S>m, grVmH$m§V _hmnmÌ, a_mH$m§V aW, drUmnm{U _hm§{V, à{V^m am`, à{V^meVnWr haàgmX Xmg, gm¡ m½` {_l, ~«OZmW aW Am{X Ho$ _hËdnyU© J«§W AZy{XV hmoH$a àH$m{eV

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hþE h¢ Ÿ& {nN>bo Hw$N> Ag} go .... hm± go H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, Am{X AZoH$ {dYmAm| H$sH¥${V`m± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢ Ÿ& nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo _| o AZwdmX H$m\$s hX VH$ g\$b hþE h¢ Ÿ&{dÚmgmJa àH$meZ Zo H$B© ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr g§J«h .... H$m àH$meZ H$a {hÝXr àH$meZ _| AnZr nhMmZ~Zm`o aIr h¡ Ÿ& {díd_w{º$ H$s J{V{d{Y ^r àgÞ nmQ>emUr, S>m°. e§H$abmb nwamo{hV d eem§H$ Ho$ZoV¥Ëd _| AmJo Am`r h¢ Ÿ& g{MÌ Amo{‹S> m gm{hË`, n¡Jm_, {hÝXr àMma g§ñWmAm| H$s n{ÌH$mE± (amï> mfmnÌ, H$qbJ Á`mo{V, .. Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$mo gOmo H$a {hÝXr _| àñVwV H$aZo _| _hVr y{_H$m {Z^mVrahr h¢ Ÿ&) d¡go ^r gm{hË` _| H$_ {~H$Zo dmbr {dYm _| AZwdmX H$m ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Amo{‹S>em _|àH$m{eV AZwdmXm| H$m {~H«$` joÌ gr{_V hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$maU H$B© hmo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw gmaV: H$hm OmgH$Vm h¡ {H$ Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` Ho$ {bE AÀN>o AZwdmXH$m| H$m A^md hmo gH$Vm h¡, àH$meH$m| H$mA^md AmO H$ht Zht Ÿ& CZHo$ {~Zm h ñWmZr` àm§Vr` gm{hË` _`m©Xm Imo XoJm Ÿ& BYa gwdmf nm{U(^maVr` amO^mfm n[afX) Ho$ AYrZ namoj AZwdmX àH$meZ _| AmJo AmE h¢ Ÿ& OJXre M§Ð ~gw H$s~§Jbm OrdZr H$mo Amo{‹S> m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go qhXr _| AZwdmX H$a àH$m{eV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&

BYa amOm am_ _mohZam` bmB~«oar \$mC§S>oeZ, H|$Ðr` {hÝXr {ZXoemb` Am{X H$s WmoH$ {~H«$s`moOZmAm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aI H$a ^r {hÝXr _| AZwdmX H$m {ZU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h ~mV ñnï> h¡ {H$nwañH¥$V (kmZnrR>, gañdVr, _moXr, gmabm... Am{X H$s nwñH¥$V H¥${V`m± ) gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX hmoZoAm¡a àH$meZ _| Á`mXm g_` Zht bJVm Ÿ& gm{hË` AH$mX_r Ed§ Zo.~w,Q>., ^m.^m. n[afX Ed§^maVr` AZwdmX n[afX Eogr nwañH¥$V Ed§ CËH¥$ï> aMZmAm| Ho$ àH$meZ _| gXm VËna ahVr h¢ Ÿ& na§VwBZHo$ AZwdmX àH$meZ H$s à{H«$`m BVZr O{Q>b Am¡a g_` gmnoú` h¡ {H$ C^` AZwdmXH$ Am¡aboIH$ XmoZm| D$~ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ^r Á`mXmVa J«§W Bgr à{H«$`m Ho$ VhV gm_Zo Am aho h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw Bg_|àMma-àgma Am¡a r Yr_m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$B© ñdm{^_mZr aMZmH$ma Bg_| {deof é{M Zht bo nmVo Ÿ&

nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| "g{MÌ Amo{‹S>gm gm{hË`' Am¡a "amï> mfm nÌ' Hw$N> g_` Mb H$a ~§X hþ, Ÿ&na§Vw AZwdmX dmhH$ ~«OgwÝXa nm‹T>r Ho$ H$maU "dmVm©dmhH$' A^r ^r n§Ðh df© go àH$meZ H$s{Z`{_VVm aIo h¡ AZwdmX Ho$ boIZ Am¡a àH$meZ Ho$ ~mX CgH$m {dH«$` ~‹S>r g_ñ`m ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&"_hm^maV' (gmabmXmg) H$m EH$ I§S> {Xëbr go àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& A~ Amo{‹S>em gm{hË` AH$mXo_rBg _hËd J«§W H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo H$s moOZm H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX {dVaU H$s H${R>Z g_ñ`m Wr Ÿ&ñd`§ AZwdmXH$ àH$meZ H$ao Vmo dh CÝh| {H$g _mÜ`_ go àgm[aV H$ao ? `h O{Q>b g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw AZwdmX Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z H$s ~mV AmO ^r H$moB© Zht H$aVm Ÿ& CËH$b _| AZwdmX H$m$_yë`m§H$Z ~hþV H$_ OJh hmo nmVm h¡ Ÿ&

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* Cno{jV AZwdmX AmbmoMZm :Amo{‹S> m go {hÝXr AZwdmX àm`: AmbmoMH$m| H$s Cnojm H$m {eH$ma hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo Amn

{hÝXr AZwdmX H$s gm_{J«H$ AmbmoMZm ~hþV H$_ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& \$bV: nmR>H$ AZwdmX H$s {deofVm god§{MV ahVm h¡ Ÿ& H$_ g_` _| BVZm gmam n‹T> H$a Cg na {Q>ßnUr àñVw{VH$aU H$s ~mV H$ënZm _mÌh¡ Ÿ& MMm© {H$ò {~Zm {hÝXr nmR>H$ J«§W Ho$ à{V AdYmaUm Zht ~Zm nmVm Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX - AmbmoMZmH$m _hËd Ag§{X½Y h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX emó Ho$ AmYma na CgH$s H$ht MMm© Zht hmo nmVr Ÿ& nmR>H$s` _mJ©Xe©Z H$m H$m_ àm`: Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& àMma-àgma Ho$ A^md _| gyMZm ^r Xwb© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _|AZwdmX N>n H$a ^r nmR>H$s` n¥ð>>nmofH$Vm Zht nm aho Ÿ& `h ^r EH$ O{Q>b g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$s`CËgmh {~Zm Zò-Zò AZwdmXH$m| H$mo g§~b Zht {_b nmVm h¡ Ÿ&

EH$ g_` Wm O~ _yb boIZ Am¡a AZwdmX H$_© H$s VwbZm H$a AZwdmX H$mo ho H$hm OmVm Ÿ&A§J«oOr _| AZwdmXH$m| Ho$ {bE g¡H$‹S>m| Jm{b`m± ( O¡go YmoIo~mO, XJm~mO, Xbmb, ã`y{Q>\w$b `m\o$W\w$b ...) Eogo \$Vdo XoH$a AZwdmX H$mo AmoN>m H$hm OmVm Ÿ& Omo hmo, `hm± VH$ ^r H$hm J`m -{Og_| {hÝXr boIZ H$s à{V^m Zht h¡, dh Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX H$a AnZo H$mo boIH$ H$hmZo H$m em¡H$ nyamH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AJa dmñVd _| aMZmË_H$Vm h¡ Vmo Cgo g¥OZ (H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ Am{X)O¡go H$m`© _| {Z`mo{OV hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m -{hÝXr mfmAm| (O¡go ~m§½bm- Amo{‹S> m _| h¡) Ho$ {ZH$Q>g§nH©$ Ho$ H$maU AZwdmX EH$ AmgmZ -gm J{b`mam h¡ Ÿ& h Vmo H$moB© r H$a boJm Ÿ& Bg_| "à{V^m' H$sŠ`m ~mV h¡ Ÿ?

Bg Vah H$s {Q>ßn{U`m± Hw$N> hX VH$ gË` h§¡ Ÿ& na CÝh| nyU© gË` Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aAZwdmX Ho$ à{V hrZ Ñ{ï> {H$gr ê$n _| g§JV Zht bJVr Ÿ& amO^mfm `m H$m_H$mOr AZwdmXm| H$mAZwdmX g§{YH$mb _| Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& em`X ~mX _| BZH$s dhm± Oê$aV Z n‹S>o Ÿ& na§Vw Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` EH$ñdV§Ì _`m©Xmd§V mfm H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& Bgo AnZr {b{n Am¡a mfm Ho$ Xmào _| gr{_V aIZo H$s ~mV_mZdVm Ho$ à{V AÝ`m` h¡, AnamY h¡ Ÿ& Bgo Xoe H$s _`m©Xmerb Šbm{gH$b ^mfm H$s _mÝ`Vm ^r{_b MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& AmO h_ EH$ Va\$ d¡ídrH$aU H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& CYa {díd J«m_ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVoh¢ Ÿ& gmar Xw{Z`m H$m kmZ, AZw d, md-OJV gd©OZ H$aZo H$mo _hËd XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo _| AnZo H$mo mfmAm¡a {b{n Ho$ Xmàm| _| ~§X aIZo H$m VËd g_P _| Zht AmVm Ÿ& d¡go r ha A{^ì`{º$ EH$ g_wXm` go~‹T> H$a g§nyU© _mZdVm H$s {Z{Y ~Zo, Bgo AmXe© pñW{V H$h gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| {hÝXr AZwdmX EH$H$X_ AmJo OmZo O¡gm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> ^r hmo - `hm± gr_m Vmo‹S>Zo H$m à`mg Vmo h¡ hr Ÿ& Bgo Am¡a AmJo boZo H$mà`mg AÝ` mfm-^mfr H$a|Jo - O~ VH$ _mZdVm H$s EH gm_mÝ` ^mfm Am¡a {b{n Zht hmo OmVr Ÿ&H$_ go H$_ EH$ amï> Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo {bE h_Zo XodZmJar {b{n Am¡a {hÝXr H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AV:

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Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX gd© maVr` ñVa na CnbãY H$amZo Ho$ {bE {hÝXr AZwdmX Vmo hmoVo ahZmhr Mm{hE Ÿ& `hm± A§J«oOr AZwdmX go VwbZm AZmdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr Bg amï> Ho$ {g\©$ Xmo - VrZà{VeV bmoJm| VH$ hr nh±þM ~Zm nmVr h¡, ^maV H$s OZVm _| ì`mnH$ CnpñW{V {hÝXr go hr XO© hmogH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm AÝ` maVr` mfm`| r AnZo {bE Bg gm_J«r H$m Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ&AmXmZ-àXmZ H$s Ñ{ï> go h g{X`m| H$s na§nam A~ d¡km{ZH$, VH$ZrH$s Ed§ H$bmË_H$ YamVb na ZB©O_rZ H$s _m§J H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg_| amo‹S>o AQ>H$mZm, A‹S>MZo§ S>mbZm, hrZ H$hZm AmË_KmVr h¡ Ÿ&A§J«oOr AZwdmX H$m _hËd A§Vam©ï>r` ñVa na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ~mV AbJ h¡ Ÿ& amï>r` Ymam _| {hÝXrAZwdmX Am¡a A§J«oOr AZwdmX H$ht à{VÛ§Xr Zht R>haVo Ÿ& {díd ñVa _| Amo{‹S> m H$s H¥${V OmZo Ho$ {bEA§J«oOr H$m _hËd {ZpíMV h¡ Ÿ&

* {d{^Þ nwañH$ma : gå_mZ Ed§ Eogo g_mamoh ^r àmoËgmhZ Ho$ {bE {H$ò OmVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw BZ_| Hw$N> H${_`m± ah

OmVr h¢ - C{MV g_` na gå_mZ, C{MV bmoJm|/ H¥${V`m| H$m gå_mZ Am¡a C{MV Adga/ ì`{º$/g§ñWm Ho$ O[aò gå_mZ BgHo$ _hËd H$mo ~‹T>mVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m`© Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go àm`: ~hþVAmH$f©H$ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ò gå_mZ, nwañH$ma Am{X Cg_| CËgmh, àoaUm Ho$ gyÌ h¢ Ÿ& AV: BÝh| ZJÊ`Zht g_Pm OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& amÁ` ñVa na Amo{‹S> m go {hÝXr AZwdmX Ho$ {bE nwañH$ma àmoËgmhZ H$s{H$gr ñVa na H$moB© `moOZm `m ì`dñWm Zht h¡ Ÿ& amÁ` Ho$ ~mha (O¡go ^monmb, {Xëbr, bIZD$,AmJam, nQ>Zm _| ) AZwdmX H$mo gå_mZ XoZo Ho$ {bE H$B© _§M h¢ Ÿ& A~ BZH$s g§»`m _| Am¡a r d¥{Õ hmoahr h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` AZwdmX n[afX Bg Ñ{ï> go EH$_mÌ g§ñWm h¡ Omo AZwdmX Am¡a Cggo Ow‹S>r {d{dYJ{V{d{Y`m|o go Ow‹S>r h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| nwañH$ma Ed§ gå_mZ ^r em{_b h¢ Ÿ& H|$Ðr` {hÝXr {ZXoemb`, C.à.{hÝXr g§ñWmZ Ed§ H|$Ðr` {hÝXr g§ñWmZ Ho$ Abmdm ^maVr` ^mfm g§ñWmZ ^r BZ J{V{d{Y`m| H$moàmoËgm{hV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g~ _| Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$mo AZwdmXm| Ho$ O[aò gå_mZ {_bm h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr`kmZnrR> AZwdmX H$mo H$moB© nwañH$ma Zht XoVm, hm±, nwañH¥$V H¥${V`m| Ho$ {hÝXr AZwdmX N>mnVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡gohr gañdVr gå_mZ àmá H¥${V`m| Ho$ AZwdmX _| ^r {hÝXwñVmZ Q>mBåg J«wn dmbo gh`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&amÁ` H$s AZoH$ g§ñWm`| Amo{‹S> m H¥${V`m| H$mo Vmo gå_m{ZV H$aVr h¢, na§Vw AZwdmX Ho$ {bE gå_mZ màmoËgmhZ H$s H$moB© ~mV Ü`mZ _| Zht Am`r Ÿ& Amo{‹S>gm gm{hË` AH$mX_r _| Amo{‹S> m AZwdmXm| H$mogå_m{ZV H$aZo H$s àWm Oê$a h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ~ma J§JmYa \$mC§S>oeZ Zo Z§{XZr eVnWr H$mo CZHo$ AZwdmX(Amo{‹S> m _|) Ho$ {bE EH$ bmI énò go gå_m{ZV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CËH$b gm{hË` g_mO H$Q>H$ _|AZwdmX nwañH$ma ñWm{nV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&

76

* AZwdmX à{ejU : Bgr H«$_ _| XoI| Vmo ñnï> hmoJm {H$ Amo{‹S>em _| {hÝXr AZwdmX Ho$ {bE {H$gr Vah Ho$ à{ejU H$s

H$ht H$moB© gw{ZpíMV ì`dñWm Zht h¡ Ÿ& Xoe Ho$ {H$gr nmR²> H«$_ _| Bg ~mao _| H$moB© ñVar` àmdYmZ ZhthþAm Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ à{e{jV Amo{‹S> m- {hÝXr AZwdmXH$ (gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ à`moOZ_ybH$ ^mfm Ho${bE) {_bZm Xwéh h¡ Ÿ& Omo r Bg H$m_ _| bJo h¢ g~ "H$aV-H$aV Aä`mg Ho$...' Aä`ñV hmoVo JE h¢ Ÿ&EH$ ~ma aod|em {díd{dÚmb` (ad|em H$mboO) _| AZwdmX H$m nmR²> H«$_ Iwbm Wm, na§Vw CgHo$ nyam ê$nboZo go nyd© hr dh ~§X hmo J`m Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma H|$Ðr` {hÝXr g§ñWmZ Ho$ wdZoída H|$Ð _| AZwdmX nmR²> H«$_ H$s~mV Vmo ewê$ go hr Mb ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bg {dñVma H$s g§ mdZm go BZH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& VrZ {hÝXrQ>oqZJ g§ñWmAm| _| {ejH$ à{ejU go hQ> H$a H$moB© nmR²> H«$_ ewê$ H$aZo H$s H$ënZm r H$ht {XImB© ZhtH$s (Xw m©½` go A~ Vmo$ EH$ hr g§ñWmZ ~Mm ah J`m h¡ Omo {hÝXr {ejU {S>J«r nmR²> H«$_ Mbm ahm h¡ )hmbm§{H$ Hw$N> g_` nyd© "dU©_mbm' Zo EH$ J{Verb nmR²> H«$_ Am¡a {Z`_mdbr Amo{‹S> m {hÝXr Ed§Amo{‹S> m - A§J«oOr AZwdmX nmR²> H«$_ H$mo boH$a ~ZmB© Wr Ÿ& na§Vw CgHo$ bmJy hmoZo go nyd© hr g§ñWm {ZîH«$`hmo JB© Ÿ& ~g, CËH$b {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ A§J«oOr {d^mJ _| AZwdmX H$m {Z`{_V nmR²> H«$_ h¡ Ÿ& dhm± ~am~aJ{V{d{Y`m± MbVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& na do Vmo A§J«oOr `m Á`mXm go Á`mXm Amo{‹S> m AZwdmX go Ow‹S>o h¢ Ÿ& {hÝXrAZwdmX H$s Amoa g§ dV: CZH$m H$^r Ü`mZ Zht J`m Ÿ& AmOH$b H$mboOm| _| nm§M-Xg Z§~a H$m AZwdmXnmR²> H«$_ AmZg© ñVa na àm`: g~ {díd{dÚmb`m| _| ñdrH¥$V h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw dh AnZm {deof _hËd Zht ~Zmnm`m h¡ Ÿ& "amO^mfm à{ejU' O¡go nonam| _| Hw$N> Á`mXm _hËd {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw CgHo$ nR>Z-nmR>Z Ho${bE H$moB© {deof ì`dñWm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU N>mÌ Cg gw{dYm H$m bm^ CR>mZo go d§{MV ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ&

* AZwdmX ghm`H$ gm_J«r :AZwdmX Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ gm_J«r H$s ~mV H$a| Vmo Amo{‹S>em hr Š`m|, gmao Xoe H$s pñW{V na

ZOa S>mb|, ~‹S>r _m`ygr hmW bJVr h¡ Ÿ& ~g, AZwdmXH$ H$m Z H$moB© ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡, Z H$moB© ghm`H$gm_J«r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& adrÝÐZmW H$s EH$ n§{º$ H$hm H$aVo Wo h§g Hw$_ma {Vdmar "Vw_ma S>mH$ gwZo Ho$CZm`Amgo, EH$bm Mbmo EH$bm Mbmoao !' d¡go CËH$b _| EH$ gw{dYm h¡ g~go ~‹S>m H$moe Jmonmb àhamO{Z{_©V ^mfmH$moe h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m nwZ_w©ÐU hmo J`m Ÿh¡ Ÿ& ~mH$s Xmo-VrZ Amo{‹S> m - {hÝXr H$moe h¢ n§.q~~mYa {_l Zo Amo{‹S> m {hÝXr -A§J«oOr ({Ì^mer H$moe) ~Zm`m Wm Ÿ& àH$m{eV r hþAm Ÿ& na§Vw Iy~l_ nyd©H$ {H$`m J`m H$m`© ày\$ H$s Ìw{Q> m| Ho$ H$maU {H$gr H$m_ H$m Z ahm Ÿ& EH$ ~‹S>m à`mg Ag\$bhmo J`m Ÿ& ~mH$s ì`mdgm{`H$ KamZm| Zo N>moQ>o-_moQ>o {hÝXr-Amo{‹S> m H$moe ~Zm`o h¢ Ÿ& ñQ>oQ> ~¢H$ Zo AnZoì`dhma Ho$ {bE VrZ XeH$ nyd© EH$ Am§V[aH$ ì`dhma hoVw Amo{‹S> m -{hÝXr H$mof ~Zm`m Wm Ÿ& na dh

77

gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX _| CVZm ghm`H$ Zht hmo gH$Vm &

H|$Ðr` {hÝXr {ZXoemb` Zo àmo. amYmH$m§V {_l Ûmam g§nm{XV Amo{‹S> m-{hÝXr Ed§ {hÝXr Amo{‹S> meãXH$moe N>mnm Wm Ÿ& àmo. {_l Zo H$m\$s gmoM-{dMma H$a eãX gyMr ~ZmB© Wr Ÿ& g_m§Va {hÝXr eãXm| Ho$M`Z _| H$moB© Ìw{Q> Zht ahr Ÿ& na§Vw A~ CgHo$ AÚVZ ~ZmZo Am¡a eãX g§»`m H$m$ {dñVma H$aAZwdmXH$ Cn`moJr ~Zm`m OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Hw$b {_bm H$a AZwdmXH$ H$mo AnZo Amgnmg go hrg_ñ`mAm| H$m (nyN>-nyN> H$a) g_mYmZ H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Ka H$m Zm¡H$a hmo m {\$a {díd{dÚmb`Ho$ Amo{‹S> m {d^mJ H$m àmo\o$ga Ÿ& {hÝXr AZwdmX Ho$ {bE H$moB© {d{YdV ì`dñWm Zht {_b gH$Vr Ÿ&O~ AZwdmXH$ Hw$N>, H$ht go gh`moJ Zht nmVm Vmo AnZo gr{_V kmZ Ho$ ghmao, AZw d H$a, AZwdmXH$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& H$B© ~ma _yb aMZmH$ma ñd`§ ({hÝXr ^mfr joÌ _| H$m\$s g_` ah MwH$Zo Ho$ H$maU)AZwdmXH$ H$mo _mJ© {XImZo AmJo Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& A§V _| dh ñd{ddoH$, ñdmZw y{V, ñdqMVZ Ho$ ~b naAWm©ÝVa H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ AZMbr amhm| (Untrodden path) H$m n{WH$ Omo R>ham Ÿ& Eogo _|H$ht amo‹S>m, H$ht H$m§Q>m, H$ht D§$Mm-ZrMm (D$~‹S>-Im~‹S>) ... ha Vah H$s O_rZ {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&

Hw$N> ^r hmo, _mJ© Z hmo, gmYZ Z hm|, àH$meH$ Z hm|, nmR>H$ Z hm| ... gmao "Zht-Zht' Ho$dmVmdaU _| ^r Cgo "ApñV' H$m _§Ì Omn H$aZm hmoVm h¡, Bg {dnarV_wIr Ymam _| _Zwî` AmJo J{VH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ EH$ ~‹S>r Ymam Ho$ AmIar _mo‹S> na I‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& wJm| _| e¡br ~Xbr, Amdí`H$VmE±~Xbr, ~hþV Hw$N> ~XbVo-~XbVo AmO _erZr AZwdmX Am¡a d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ N>moa na I‹S>m h¡ Ÿ&AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE nhbo go h Á`mXm ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m nmR>H$ Ho$db maV hr Zht h¡ - {díd_| H$ht ^r {_b OmVm h¡ (EH$ ~ma maVr` mfm g§ñWmZ Ho$ joÌr` {ZXoeH$ S>m. AnÞm àYmZ - OmoA_o[aH$m `mÌm H$a bm¡Q>o Wo - H$hZo bJo, {hÝXr H$m AZwdmXH$ Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` boH$a {dñH$m§g{díd{dÚmb` _| _wP go r ~hþV nhbo nh±þM MwH$m h¡ ! h XoI H$a AZwdmXH$ go B©î`m© hmo ahr h¡, d¡goöX` go CÝh| Bg A{J«_ `mÌm Ho$ {bE _oar ~YmB© !) Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` {hÝXr Ho $_mÜ`_ go {díd _|H$ht r {_b Om`oJm Ÿ& Vmo {\$a AZwdmXH$ H$mo Bg na àgÞ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& CgH$m Xm{`Ëd r ~‹T> OmVmh¡ Ÿ& AmO AZwdmX H$mo {Og Jm¡ad-J[a_m go XoIm Om ahm h¡ dh Bg H$m`© H$mo Am¡a J§ raVm go H$aZo Ho${bE ào[aV H$aVm h¢ Ÿ& A~ Vmo B§Q>aZoQ> Am OmZo Ho$ ~mX {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| `h AZy{XV gm_J«rdo~gmBQ> na {_b hr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU H$m à^md Amo{‹S> m- qhXr AZwdmX na Š`m| Zht n‹S>oJm Ÿ?bmoJm| _| OmZZo H$s CËH§$R>m ~hþV ~‹T> JB© h¡ Ÿ& b§~o Am¡a _moQ>o J«§Wm| go d¡pídH$ nmR>H$ CVZm bJmd ZhtaI nmVm Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ A~ Vmo boIH$ AnZr do~gmBQ> ~Zm H$a _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m| H$mo B§Q>aZoQ>na XoZo bJo h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> Amo{‹S> m boIH$m| Zo ^r Bg Amoa nhb H$s h¡ Ÿ& Amem h¡ AmZo dmbo `wJ _| ~hþV{ZH$Q> {dî` _| h H$m_Zm ^r nyar hmo Om`oJr Ÿ&

78

* AZwdmX : AYyar nhMmZ H$m _wÔm :{nN>bo {XZm| EH$ àíZ nyN>m J`m - g{ƒamCV am` H$m "{MÌJ«rd' {hÝXr _| Š`m| Zht {_bVm ?

Bg àíZ H$s AmoQ> _| AZoH$ g_ñ`m`| Nw>nr h¢ Ÿ& dh Xw:IVr aJ h¡ Ÿ{Og H$s MMm© H$moB© AZwdmXH$ ZhtH$aVm Ÿ& AZy{XV gm{hË` _| AZoH$ _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m| H$mo {hÝXr nmR>H$ VH$ nh°§w>MZo H$m gm¡ m½` Zht{_bm Ÿ& O¡go gM H$hm Om` Vmo ì`§½`mË_H$ CnÝ`mg ~hþV A{YH$ Zht h¢, Omo h¢ do Vmo CËH¥$ï> hmoZo Ho$~mdOyX {hÝXr Zht hmo gHo$ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na "ZmH$Q>m {MÌH$ma' \$VyamZÝX H$s VrIr ì`§J H¥${Vh¡ Ÿ& A^r H$mÝhþMaU _hm§{V H$m OÝ_eVr df© h¡ Ÿ& do Amo{‹S> m Ho$ erf©ñW CnÝ`mgH$ma h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m EH$^r CnÝ`mg ("H$m' H$mo N>mo‹S> X| Omo A~ ~Oma _| Zht {_b gH$Vm)T>§J go AZy{XV hmoH$a àH$m{eV ZhthþAm Ÿ& _ZmoO Xmg Ho$ EH$ Am¡a H$hmZr g§J«h, CnÝ`mg Ho$ Abmdm r {hÝXr Ho$ {bE CZH$s H¥${V`m| H$sH$_r Zht Ÿ& Jm`Ìr ~gw_{bH$ H$s gwnmR²> H¥${V`m± {hÝXr _| H$hm± ? _hmnmÌ Zrb_{U gmhÿ H$s H$Wm_hmZXr Zht nma H$a gH$s$ Ÿ& ~‹S>o H$WmH$ma {d^y{V nQ>Zm`H$ go {hÝXr OJV An[a{MV h¢ Ÿ&

`h gmam gm{hË` nwamZr nr‹T>r Ed§ gwà{V{ð>V gm{hË`H$mam| H$s XoZ h¡ Ÿ& ZB© nr‹T>r H$m H$WmZH$Vmo AZNy>Am h¡ Ÿ& ZB© nr‹T>r H$m à`moJ h_| AnZo wJ Ho$ gmW-gmW MbZo Ho$ Ahgmg _| a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZaMZmH$mam| H$s `m Vmo AZwdmXH$ VH$ nh±þM Zht h¡, AWdm {hÝXr àH$meH$m| H$mo do à^m{dV Zht H$anmò h¢, AWdm o g§H$moMde AZwdmXH$ H$mo AnZr H¥${V`m| go n[a{MV Zht H$am gHo$ Ÿ& H$maU Omo ^rhmo, {hÝXr AZwdmX H$s `h XwIVr aJ h¡ Ÿ& `wdm ñda {H$VZm ^r VoO hmo, A~ VH$ AZwdmX _| {hÝXrnmR>H$m| VH$ BZH$m H$moB© Img gm{hË` Zht nh°§w>M gH$m Ÿ& {Xëbr Ho$ àH$meH$m| na {hÝXr AZwdmX H$mH$m\$s X~md h¡ Ÿ& AJa Bgo {dñV¥V H$a X| Am¡a h¡Xam~mX go nQ>Zm, bIZD$ H$mZnwa H$s {Vhar y{_H$m_| nh±þMm X| Vmo H$m\$s bm^ hmoJm Ÿ& BYa ~Zmag, Bbmhm~mX, AmJam, O`nwa Ho$ àH$meH$ ^r H$m\$s_hËdnyU© gm{hË` N>mn aho h¢ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m H$s ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s Amoa CZH$m Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> hmoOm` Vmo ~‹S>m A^md Xya hmo gH$Vm h¡, EH$ H§$ñQ>|Q> hQ>o Ÿ& {díd _| AZwdmX H$m joÌ {H$VZm ~‹T> J`m Ÿ&`yamon Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ à{Vð>mZm| Ho$ AnZo AZwdmX {d^mJ h¢ Ÿ& AnZo EO|Q>m| go r do AZwdmX H$am boVoh¢ Ÿ& maV _| Eogm Hw$N> r Zht h¡ Ÿ& {\$a r maVr` Am¡a {díd _mZ{MÌ _| AnZm ñWmZ ~ZmZo hoVw EogoñdpßZb n[adoe H$s Oê$aV h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$mo Bg pñW{V go AmJo boZo _| Bg_| Amo{‹S>em H$s nwañH$ma XoZodmbr N>moQ>r-~‹S>r g§ñWm`| Ed§ {hÝXr H$s gd© maVr` g§ñWm`| ^r _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ&gM_wM Bg ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ àdoe {~Zm Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` H$s nhMmZ AYyar ~Zr ahoJr Ÿ& h_mam búàmîQ>r` EH$Vm, Amngr gm¡_Zñ`, H$bm H$s gdm}Îm_ A{^ì`{º$ gm{hË` Ho$ àMma-àgma, d¡pídH$MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ dmVmdaU _| d¡pídH$ ^md Ho$ nZnVo ñdê$n go ê$ ~ ê$ hmoZo - O¡gr ~mVm| Ho$ {bE R>mogHw$N> H$aZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m ^mfm g§ñWmZ Ho$ O[aò Bgo àmoËgmhZ {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& "EfUm

79

n[afX' Bg g§~§Y _| Hw$N> _mJ© Xe©Z H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& "AmË_ àH$meZr' H$mo EH$ d¥hÎma g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _|AZwð>mZ ~ZmH$a B§ñQ>rÀ`yQ> H$s Vah g{H«$` {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m gm{hË` g_mO, gmabmAdmS>©, gmabm gm{hË` g§gX O¡gr g§ñWm`| {hÝXr H$s {d{^Þ J¡a gaH$mar, AY©H$mar g§ñWmAm| Ho$ gmWgh`moJ H$a Amo{‹S>em go AZy{XV {hÝXr nm§Sw>{b{n {^Odm`|, CYa go do Amo{‹S> m _§ AZy{XV nm§Sw>{b{n^|Oo - g§nH©$ gyÌ ~Z| - amñVo ~hþV h¢, g§ mdZmE± Ag§»` h¢ - nmR>H$ r h¢ Ÿ& Ho$db AmpË_H$ g§H$ënboH$a H$moB© nhb H$a| ! em`X h àoaUm ñd`§ OJÞmW hr àXmZ H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AmO VH$ gmabmXmg-Amo{‹S> m gm{hË`Ho$ {eIa nwéf Ho$ _hm^maV H$m EH$ I§S> hr qhXr nmR>H$ H$mo Xo gHo$ h¢ Ÿ& BZ _hmà^wH$s H¥$nm hþB© Vmo g§nyU© _hm^maV maVr` gm{hË` H$m Jm¡ad J«§W qhXr ~Z H$a gm_Zo Am gHo$Jm Ÿ& `hAZwdmX H$s maVr` gm{hË` H$mo _hËdnyU© XoZ hmoJr Ÿ& EH$Vm H$m AZyR>m gyÌ ~ZoJm Ÿ&

2.8 gmam§e :Bg àH$ma h_Zo {nN>bo H$wN> àð>m| na Amo{‹S> m-qhXr AZwdmX Ho$ B{Vhmg, na§nam Am¡a dV©_mZ

pñW{V H$s MMm© H$s h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a g_mYmZ gyÌm| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& maVr` mfmHo$ Amngr AZwdmX H$s MMm© Ho$ {bE Bgo EH$ CXmhaU ñdê$n bo H$a Bg na {dñV¥V MMm© H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX Ho$ dV©_mZ ñdê$n Am¡a BgHo$ ^{dî` H$s g§ mdZmAm| na g§Ho$VmË_H$ àH$me S>mbmJ`m h¡ Ÿ&

***

.

80

2.9 Aä`mg àíZ :

{ZåZ Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE :i) AZwdmX H$mo H$bm H$h|Jo m {dkmZ ?

ii) AZwdmX à{H«$`m na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

iii) ZmBS> Zo AZwdmX H$m`© H$mo {H$Z MaUm| _| ì`º$ {H$`m ? ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&

iv) AZwdmX _| g_Vwë`Vm Ho$ {gÕm§V na {dMma H$s{OE Ÿ&

v) g_Vwë`Vm Ho$ {d{^Þ MaUm| na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

{ZåZ Ho$ g§{já CÎma Xr{OE :H$) e¡br naH$ g_Vyë`Vm Š`m g§ d h¡ ?

I) dmŠ` ñVa na g_Vwë`Vm na gmoXmhaU àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

J) AZwdmX à{H«$`m _| nwZJ©R>Z H¡$go H$aVo h¢ ?

K) AZwdmX à{H«$`m _| "{díbofU' H$m _hËd ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&

L>) AZwdmX _| "^mfm§Va' H$s à{H«$`m na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

2.10 ghm`H$ J«§W :1. mfm Ho$ {d{dY ê$n Am¡a AZwdmX - dmUr àH$mmZ

2. AZwdmX H$bm - H¡$bme M§Ð ^m{Q> m , Vj{ebm , {Xëbr

3. AZwdmX {dkmZ - mobmZmW {Vdmar, eãXH$ma, ZB© pXëbr

4. g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V Am¡a AZwdmX - ZJoÝÐ

81

`w{ZQ> -III

{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX

82

`w{ZQ> -III

efJe<e³e met®eer

3.0 ^y{_H$m

3.1 qhXr _| AZwdmX H$m àma§

3.2 {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX

3.3 gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX

3.4 H$m`m©b`r leLee d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s AZwdmX

3.5 nm{a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m _hËd

3.6 _erZr AZwdmX

3.7 H$m`m©b`rZ AZwdmX

3.8 ^mdmZwdmX

3.9 AZwdmX H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Am¡a gmW©H$Vm

3.10 g_H$mbrZ `wJ _| AZwdmX

3.11 ½bmo~b g§X^© Am¡a AZwdmX

3.12 ì`mdgm` Am¡a AZwdmX

3.13 DeY³eeme àíZ


83

`w{ZQ> -III

{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX

3.0 ^y{_H$m:

AmO BŠH$sgdt gXr H$mo d¡ídrH$aU H$m `wJ H$hm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| An[aM` H$s gmarXrdma|, gmao ~§YZ Vmo‹S> H$a {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m à`mg hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht ^mfm H$m "AmonoH$' ê$n{Kg _m§O H$a nmXeu ~Zm aho h¢ Ÿ& \$bV: AZwdmX H$m àdoe OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| g§ d hmo nm ahm h¡ Ÿ&_mZdr` n[al_ go boH$a _erZr J{VerbVm VH$ {d{dY aâVma _| h H$m`© hmo H$a BboŠQ>m{ZH$ gmYZm|go {díd a _| \¡$b ahm h¡ Ÿ& \o$g~wH$ go g§nH$m] _| J{V ^r Am ahr h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| AZwdmX Ho$ {d{dY a§J,ê$n, {d{dY joÌ, {d{dY àH$ma go gm_Zo Am aho h¢ Ÿ& h AÜ``Z AnZo Amn_| EH$ am-nyam emó H$mê$n bo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s emIm-CnemIm`| Iwb MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& `hm± na h_ ~hþV gr{_V ê$n _| Hw$N> XmoemImAm| na {dMma {d_f© H$a|Jo Ÿ& à_wI h¡ b{bV gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX Am¡a {\$a AmJo Mb H$akmZ-{dkmZ Am¡a gyMZmË_H$ gm{hË` H$m AZwdmX Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$m CÔoí` {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s à{d{Y {^Þh¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| _| {^Þ _mZ{gH$Vm H$s Oê$aV n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| H$m Cn`moJ joÌ r {^Þ -{^Þ h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y_| {dÛmZm| Zo AnZo {dMma Hw$N> _yb -_mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AmYma na aIo h¢ Ÿ& do ^yb OmVo h¢ {H$ ^maVr`gm{hË` b§~o Ag} VH$ _m¡{IH$ (Oarl litereture) ahm h¡ Ÿ& V~ `hm± gm{hË` joÌ _| hr kmZ-{dkmZAm¡a H$bm g§~§Yr {Z`_m{X Am OmVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwdmX H$s nÕ{V Am¡a Am{^_w»` ~XbVo aho Ÿ&{díd H$m àmMrZV_ kmZ-{dkmZ Am¡a OrdZmZw d §S>ma doX h¡§ Ÿ& h AË`§V g§píbï> Am¡a gm§Ho${VH$^mfm _| aMm gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ aM{`VmAm| Ho$ OrdZ _yë` BVZo Cƒ Wo {H$ AmO Ho$ {H$gr gm{hË` goCZH$s VwbZm g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ& V~ CZHo$ {bE h_mao nmg H$moB© {b{n Zht Wr Ÿ& Ho$db Jwé gwZm H$aA§VaU H$aVm Wm Ÿ& BZH$mo Bgr Ñ{ï> go lw{V H$hm J`m Ÿ& `h na§nam Am¡a à{H«$`m BVZr "na\o$ŠQ>' -gQ>rH$ Wr {H$ g{X`m| VH$ `h gm{hË` {~Zm j{V Ho$ A§V[aV hmoVm ahm Ÿ& na§Vw OZg§»`m ~‹T>Zo Am¡aCZHo$ Xya -Xya VH$ ~gZo Ho$ H$maU {b{n Am¡a ^moOnÌ, Vm‹S>nÌ Am{X AmYmam| H$m Am{dîH$ma gwajmAm¡a A§VaU Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m Ÿ& Cƒ[aV Üd{Z H$mo {b{n g§Ho$Vm| _| gwa{jV H$a {b`m OmZo bJm Ÿ&Bg H$maU H$mbmÝVa _| CgHo$ ñnï>rH$aU H$s Oê$aV n‹T>Zo bJr Ÿ& `h _w»` qMVm H$m {df` ~Zm Ÿ&Bgr _| AZwdmX H$s Oê$aV nhbr ~ma gm_Zo Am`r Ÿ& F${f Ed§ AmMm`© BgHo$ à{V gMoV Wo Ÿ& AV:CÝhm|Zo àmMrZ ê$n Ho$ doXm| H$m ~mX H$s g§ñH¥$V mfm _| {bIm J`m Ÿ& H$ht -H$ht CgH$m JÚmÝVa r

84

{bIm`m J`m Ÿ& nwamZr ^mfm ì`dñWm CZ H¥${V`m| VH$ gr{_V ahr, bmoH$ àMbZ _| hQ> JB© Ÿ& `htbmoH$ àM{bV ^mfm H$mo bm¡{H$H$ g§ñH¥$V H$hm J`m Ÿ& Bg_| AmMm`m] Zo Q>rH$m`| {bIr Ÿ& doXm| H$sF$Mm`| mfm `m Q>rH$mH$ma {ZåZ {d{Y go àM{bV hþB© :

Z¡éº$, d¡ mH$aU, Eo{Vhm{gH$, `m{kH$, nyd© gm{hË`, n[ad«mOH$, Z¡XmZ, AmË_àdmh Am¡aAÜ`mË_H$s nÕ{V ê$n _| àM{bV hþB© Wr Ÿ& BZ_| gdm©{YH$ à{gÕ `mñH$ _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `mñH$ Ho$~mX g{X`m| VH$ Omo H$m`© hþAm dh AmO CnbãY Zht h¡ Ÿ& ñH§$Xñdm_r , ZmamÙ, CX²J«rd Am{X Ho$^mî` H$mb Ho$ J^© _| g_m JE Ÿ& AmJo Mb H$a _mYd ^Å>, d|H$Q> amKd, AmZÝX VrW©, AmË_mZÝXAm{X Zo F$½doX H$m mî` {H$`m Ÿ&

Bg b§~r na§nam _| gmÙ H$m Zm_ Am¡a H$mb h_mao nmg àm_m{UH$ ê$n _| CbãY h¡ Ÿ& bJ^JMm¡Xhdt gXr H$m h H$m © ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& doXm| H$m h mî` npíM_, {deof H$a O_©Z AÜòVmAm|Ho$ {bE ^r AmXe© ahm Ÿ& AmJo Mb H$a X`mZÝX gañdVr Zo doXm| H$s AmYw{ZH$ ì`m»`m H$s Ÿ&

^mfm n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW-gmW hm± g§ñH¥$V, nm{b, àmH¥$V, An^«§e H$m àMbZ Vmo hþAm, naXoe _| BZ_| AZwdmX H$s H$moB© na§nam Zht ~Z gH$s Ÿ& daZ ì`mnH$ OZ g_wXm` go Ow‹S>r ahr Ÿ& àmH¥$V Ho$H$B© J«§Wm| H$m g§ñH¥$V _| N>m`mZwdmX {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| n¡emMr àmH¥$V _| "dS²>S>H$hm' H$m jo_|Ð Zo"d¥hX²H$Wm _§Oar' Am¡a {\$a gmo_Xod Zo "H$Wm g[aVgmJa' Ho$ ê$n _| {H$`m Ÿ&

V~ ~m¡Õ Y_© H$m àMma {Vã~V, MrZ, OmnmZ, b§H$m, Omdm, ~mbr Xoem| _| hþAm Ÿ& "{Ì{nQ>H$'H$m AZwdmX CYa hþAm Ÿ& ~m¡Õ X_© Ho$ _yb J«§W AZy{XV hmoH$a {Vã~V hmoVo hþE MrZ nh±þMo, Ohm± AmO^r do gwa{jV h¢ Ÿ& àmo. àhbmX àYmZ O~ ~oqMJ _| (1943) qhXr Ho$ àmo\o$ga Wo Vmo CZH$m g§ñH¥$VH$m nwZéÕma {H$`m Am¡a àm_m{UH$Vm {díd Ho$ gm_Zo à_m{UV hþE Ÿ& em§{V{ZHo$VZ {dí`^maVr ZoàH$m{eV {H$`m Ÿ& "A{^Y_©{g_wM`' h AnZo T>§J H$m AZyR>m AZwdmX H$m`© hþAm {Og_| AZwdmX gobwá J«§W H$m nwZéÕma g§ d hmo nm`m Ÿ& Bgo Hw$N> CnbãY A§em| go {_bm H$a XoIm Vmo ~hþV Hw$N> g_mZnm`m Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma "A{^Yå_ H$mof mî`" H$m g§ñH¥$V _| (MrZr go) AZwdmX H$a {díd _| AZwdmX Ho$EH$ Am¡a _hËd H$mo à{Vnm{XV H$a bwá Ymam H$m nwZam{dîH$ma {H$`m Ÿ& maV _| AZwdmX H$m h Xwb©H$m`© àYmZOr Zo {H$`m Ÿ&

d¡go g§ñH¥$V J«§Wm| _| "n§MV§Ì' AZwdmX Ho$ ê$n _| H$m\$s àM{bV ahm Ÿ& _wJb H$mb _|am_mÙ, _hm^maV, Cn{ZfX, JrVm Am{X \$magr _| Amò Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX g§ñH¥$V H$m g_J« gm{hË`^maVr` ^mfm ({deof H$a qhXr) _| ê$nm§VaU _| CnbãY hmoZo bJm Ÿ& _wÐU H$s gw{dYm go `h H$m`©ÐþV hþAm Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V go V{_b, VobwJy, _amR>r, ~m§½bm, JwOamVr, Amo{‹S>Am _| AZwdmX H$s {deof na§nam~Zr Ÿ&

85

3.1 qhXr _| AZwdmX H$m àma§ :g§ñH¥$V Ho$ àmMrZ gm{hË` go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX ~m¡Õ, O¡Z Am¡a {\$a Bñbm_r J«§Wm| H$m qhXr

ê$nm§Va ~hþV Am`m, bo{H$Z lr_X² mJdV H$m _w§er gXmgwI bmb H¥$V "gwIgmJa' Iy~ bmoH${à`AZwdmX _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma ëbyOr bmb H$m "ào_gmJa' I‹S>r~mobr _| àM{bV AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ&A§J«oOr emgZ _| n§píM_r gm{hË` H$m qhXr ê$nm§VaU ^r H$m\$s bmoH$bmoMZ _| Am`o Ÿ& na§Vw AZoH$g§ñH¥$V H$mì` ZmQ>H$ qhXr _| AZy{XV hþE Ÿ& _§M H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m qhXr H${dVm H$mo àoaUm àXmZ H$s Ÿ&

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ha joÌ Zo AnZr nhMmZ ~ZmZo, AnZm ñWmZ gwa{jV H$aZo Am¡a amï> _|{dñVma Ho$ {bE qhXr AZwdmXm| H$m ghmam {b`m ! o nhbo qhXr H$mo AmYma mfm ~ZmZZo bJo Ÿ& CggoboH$a maV H$s AÝ` g^r mfmAm | _| AZwdmX hmoZo bJm Ÿ& nhbo A§J«oOr H$m ghmam {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&na {\$a XoIm ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ {bE qhXr hr ghO ^mfm h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$moB© (^maVr` hmo `m {dXoer)H¥${V qhXr _| bmVo Ÿ& {\$a AÝ` maVr` mfmAm| _| ê$nm§VaU hmoZo bJm Ÿ& AmO h gdm©{YH$ ñdrH$m`©éQ> ~Z MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& qhXr AZwdmX H$s Jm¡adembr pñW{V ~Z JB© Ÿ&

AWm©V² AZwdmX Zo qhXr gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ {H$`m Am¡a Bggo ^maVr` gm{hË` H$s g_¥{Õ H$m_mJ© àeñV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| Bg AY©eVr _| gm{hpË`H$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s -d¡km{ZH$ XmoZm| AZwdmX hþE Ÿ&nhbo gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$m _hËd b| Ÿ&

3.2 {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ AZwdmX :

3.3 gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$s {deofVm :1) mfm Ho$ _m_bo _| gm_mÝ` mfm Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ mfm _| O¡go A§Va hmoVm h¡, AZwdmXH$ r

gm_mÝ` mfm H$mo AZwdmX Ho$ O[a o gm{hË` mfm ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² bú` mfm H$mo g¥OZerb mfmHo$ ê$n _| nwZJ©{R>V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AJa `hm± dh gm_mÝ` ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na hr éH$ J`m Vmo AZy{XV H¥${Vgm_mÝ` H¥${V hr ahoJr Ÿ& dh g¥OZmË_H$ H¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| AZy{XV Zht hmo gHo$Jr Ÿ& Mmho H${dVm hmo mH$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ hmo `m EH$m§H$s Ÿ& _yb boIH$ g~ Hw$N> (g¥OZH$m`©) mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&AZwdmXH$ ^mfm Ho$ àmUm| _| àdoe H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a dhm± go dh AZwdmX _| _½Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ VH$AZw d H$a ahm Wm _yb H$mo Ÿ& A~ AZwdmX _| dh Cgr AZw d H$mo ZB© mfm _| g¥OZ ê$n Xo ahm hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& AV: AZw d _| àmá gm_J«r H$m dh g¥OH$ ( Xygao eãXm| _| AZwg¥OH$) H$s ^y{_H$m _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&AV: gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$m H$m`© ñnï> Am¡a gVhr Zht hmoVm Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m g§doXZerb ì`{º$ËdCg gmar mfm _| nwZJ©{R>V H$a ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& na CgH$s gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© y{_H$m hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AÝ`

86

{H$gr AZwdmX _| BVZm Xm{`Ëd Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJ Vmo H$hVo h¢ gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmXH$ _yb H$sg§doXZm Am¡a g¥OZ H$mo YmaU H$aZo H$s j_Vm Ho$ gmW bú` _| Cgo Ord§V g¥OZê$n XoZo H$m à_mU XoVrh¡ Ÿ& Bg AW© _| dh H$ht A{YH$ AmJo ~‹T> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX _| _yb Am¡a bú` XmoZm| H$mgmjr AZwdmXH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: dhr BgH$s j_Vm, BgH$s JhamB© go n[a{MV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> goaMZmH$ma Am¡a AZwdmXH$ _| {H$VZm A§Va hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h_ ñd`§ AZw d H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw dh Jm¡UZht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& _hËd H$mo ZH$maZm _yb H$s Cnojm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AJa AZwdmX H$s à{H«$`m _| Hw$N> ZhtOmo‹S>Vm h¡ Vmo _yb boIH$ go A{YH$ Zht Vmo H$_ ^r Zht H$h|Jo Ÿ& bo{H$Z Eogr VwbZm H$m {deof _hËdZht h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ boIH$ h¡, AZwdmXH$ AZwdmXH$ h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| AnZr gr_m Am¡a y{_ go n[a{MV h¢ Ÿ& EH$-Xygao H$m A{VH«$_U H$aZm C{MV Zht Ÿ& Z AZwdmXH$ boIH$ na Q>rH$m -{Q>ßnUr H$a| Ÿ& XmoZm| Ho$ joÌ{^Þ h¢, bú` {^Þ h¢ Ÿ& nmR>H$ ^r {^Þ h¢ Ÿ& AV: AnZr-AnZr Ñ{ï> go do Omo ^r CÝh| gmd© m¡_Vm,AnZo Xm`ao _| Xr OmZr Mm{hE Ÿ&

npíM_ AZwdmX qMVH$m| Zo Bgo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw AnZo T>§J go, AnZo eãXm| _| Ÿ& ZmBS>mAm¡a Ho$Q>\$moS>© H$hVo h¢ - `h gO©ZmË_H$ ê$nm§VaU h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogr ñdm`Îm gO©ZmË_H$ {dYm h¡{OgH$s AnZr gÎmm h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogr A§V{Z©ð> aMZm h¡ {Og_| Xmo g§aMZmE± g_m{hV hmoH$a A§Vì`m©áhmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& òmoV mfm Ho$ _yb nmR> H$s g§aMZm H$m {ZH$Q>V_ nmR> Vmo hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z dh nmR> bú`^mfm H$s ~wZmdQ> _| ^r T>bVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² AZwdmXH$ Cgo bú` ^mfm _| {\$a go ~wZ H$a EH$ Ord§VH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| T>mbVm h¡, AmH$ma XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h Mechanical restructuring Zht hmoVm Creative

evolution hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg g§~§Y _| bmoQ>_¡Z Eogo AZwdmX H$mo Mma dJm] _| ~m§Q> aho h¢ -

* ^mfm naH$ Ñ{ï> : nmR> H$m AW© J«hU CnbãY ^mfm Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _w»`V: - Üd{Z,

eãX, dmŠ` o VrZ ñVa hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H¥${V _| N>§X hmo Vmo dhm± Üd{Z CƒmaU go AnZm gm¡ÝX`© (ZmX gm¢X`©)Am¡a g§JrVmË_H$ b`-VmZ -ñda VrZm| Ho$ g_Ýd` go Omo à^md hmoVm h¡, dh Ü`mZ XoZo mo½` hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&`h agmZw y{V H$moB© AZwdmX _| g_ñda _| bú` ^mfm bm Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& `hm± na ^mdgm¡ÝX`© eãXg§ moOZ na {Z^©a h¡ Ÿ& dh ^mfm§VaU H$aZo na AjwÊU Zht ah gH$Vm Ÿ&

CXmhaU Ho$ {bE "d¡Xohre {dbmg' (CnoÝÐ ^§O) _hmH$mì` Am{X go A§V VH$ "d' Aja goha n§{º$ _§{S>V h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s à{gÕ n§{º$ h¡

87

""H$m{bH$m dH$m{bH$m ...'

Bg_| "H$' H$s AZwàmg N>Q>m à{gÕ h¡ Ÿ& Bgo Ho$db {bß`§VaU _| hr gwa{jV aIm Om gH$Vmh¡ Ÿ& g§gma H$s AÝ` {H$gr mfm _| Eogm eãX g§ ma nmZm Am¡a g§Omo H$a h Üd{Z gm¡ÝX`© (ZmX _mYw ©)CËnÞ H$aZm Ag§ d h¡ Ÿ& d¡go r Amo{‹S> m H${dVm AnZr ZmXmË_H$ gm¡ÝX ©erbVm Ho$ {bE {díd mfmg_wXm` _| AZwn_ ñWmZ aIVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: ZmXm{lV Eogo g§ñH¥$V {Zð> eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$a ^r AZwdmX_| CgHo$ _mYw ©, JË`mË_H$Vm `m J{VerbVm H$mo_bH$m§V nXmdbr H$s A§Vñneu ^mdZm CËnÞ H$anmZm {H$gr r AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE MwZm¡Vr h¡ !

VwbgrXmg H$s n§{º$ -

H§$H$Z qH$H${Z Zynwa Yw{Z gw{Z Ÿ&

H$hV bIZ gZ am_ öX` Jw{Z Ÿ&&

_mZhþ _XZ XwX§ r XrÝht

_Zgm {díd {dO` H|$h H$rÝhr Ÿ&&

BZ n§{º$`m| _| "H$' Am¡a "_' H$s b`mË_H$ Amd¥{Îm nmR>H$ H$mo _w½Y H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ^§O H$mì` _|Eogo à`mg "d¡Xohre {dbmg' hr Zht AÝ` H$B© H¥${V`m| _| n‹J-nJ na g§Omo o JE h¢ Ÿ& AV: CÝh| "H${dg_«mQ>' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo g_«mQ>m| H$s Vah H$mì` d¡ d go n[anyU© Ho$ed a{MV qhXr "am_M§{ÐH$m'Cgr àH$ma H$m eãXd¡ d go ~mo{Pb _hmH$mì` H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

* g baMZm naH$ Ñ{ï> : gm{hË` _| g§aMZm CgH$m A{^Þ A§J hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H${dVm _| "b`' Bgo ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg

b` go g§doXZerbVm H$m ~moYZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& VwH$-gmå` hmo Vmo dh Am¡a {d{eï> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& "am_ H$se{º$ nyOm' ({Zambm) gdm©{YH$ geº$ CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m N>§X Bg_| à`wº$ VwH$ Am¡a BgH$s b`VrZm| Zo Bgo CËH¥$ï> ê$n àXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& h b§~r H${dVm AnZr g§aMZm Ho$ {bE OmZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$mê$nm§VaU hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& na Eogr g§aMZm (O¡gm - g_mg`wº$ nXmdbr) H$moB© AZwdmXH$ {H$g mfm _|H$aoJm ? hmbm§{H$ ar{VH$mbrZ H${d {H$gr H$moe go T>y>§T> H$a nm`o Om gH$Vo h¢, H$mì` H$s b` nH$‹S>gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw Bg ~hþñVar` g§aMZm H$mo nhMmZ AZwdmX _| T>mb nmZm g§ d Zht Ÿ&

`hm± g§aMZmË_H$ AZyR>onZ H$m A§J«oOr CXmhaU h¡ :

Thou child of joy

shout round me

Let me hear thy shouts.

88

dS>©gdW© H$s `h H${dVm AZwdmX _| H¡$gr bJVr h¡ -

Amo, à\w$ëbVm Ho$ ~mbH$ ao !

Mmam| Amoa CR>m {H$bH$mar,

_¢ ^r Vmo gwZ by§ A~ Voao

hf© CÝ_mX KZoao Ÿ&&

`h AZwdmX `VrÝÐ Hw$_ma Zo qhXr _| g§aMZmË_H$Vm _| CbQ>\o$a Ho$ gmW qhXr _| ~moYJå`~Zm`m h¡ Ÿ& hm± dmŠ` H$m g§aMZmË_H$ nwZJ©R>Z {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g§~moYZ {MÝh Ho$ gmW n§{º$ n[adV©ZhþAm Ÿ& "Me' H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a "shout' eãX H$s OJh "{H$bH$mar' H$m H$mì`mË_H$ à`moJ {H$`m Ÿ& Xygar~ma à`wº$ "shouts' Ho$ {bE AZwdmXH$ Zo hf©-CÝ_mX Ho$ O[a o g§aMZm H$m n[adV©Z {H$`m Ÿ& Bg àH$maH${d Ho$ Ame` VH$ nh±þH$a Z`r g§aMZm, Omo _yb H$mo g_mVm h¡, AW© Am¡a b` H$m g_mdoe H$a EH$ZB© H$mì` C{º$ aIr h¡ Ÿ& `hm± na AmpË_H$ g§~§Y H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡ Ÿ& gVhr Vm¡a na VwH$ {^Þ ê$n{_bmZo H$m à`mg hþAm h¡ Ÿ& àË`oH$ dmŠ` Ho$ A§V _| "ao' H$s nwZamd¥{Îm {^Þ-{^Þ AW© _| hþB© h¡ AV:`h H$U©H$Qw> m A{Ve`mo{º$ nyU© Zht Ÿ& daZ ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n _| H$mì`me` ì`º$ H$aZo _| g_W© h¡ Ÿ&

EH$ gmW©H$ AZwdmX Ako Zo ñd`§ {H$`m h¡ -

""_¢Zo XoIm

EH$ ~y§X ghgm

CN>br gmJa Ho$ PmJ go

a§J JB© jU ^a

ŸT>bVo gyaO H$s AmJ go Ÿ&''

H${d Zo ñd`§ A§J«oOr AZwdmX _| BgH$m ê$nm§VaU H$aVo hþE g§aMZm H$mo AjwÊU aIm h¡ Ÿ& H${dH$s A§J«oOr na Jhar nH$‹S> h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$m _whmdam Am¡a d¡gm hr A§J«oOr à`moJ XoH$a g§aMZmË_H$ ~Xbmd{H$`m h¡ :

I saw

drop suddenly

fly from the scund of sea

flare for a second

fire from the mallowing sun.

89

H${d ~hþV Hw$N> g§aMZmJV N>o‹S> N>m‹S> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| dh Ame` bmZo Ho$ {bE H$m\$sNy>Q> bo ahm h¡ Ÿ& flare eãX {deof AW© _| h¡, Cgr àH$ma fire H$m AmJ_Z hþAm h¡ Omo mellowing Ho$gmW Vmb_ob {~R>m ahm h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr AZwdmX _| dhr ^md n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H${d Zogm¡å`Vm bmZo mellowing sun eãX Ho$ O[a`o ZB© aMZm aIr h¡ Ÿ&

Om°Z H$sQ²>g H$s à{gÕ n§{º$ h¡ -

"My heart aches and a drowsy numbness pains"

Bgo `VrÝÐ {Vdmar -

""öX` hmo ahm, {dH$b Ì{gV hmo CR>r MoVZm _oar'

AZwdmX _| ~hþV ñdrH$m`© _whmdam "öX` hmo ahm {dH$b' ~Zm`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah drowsy

numbness H$mo Ì{gV hmo CR>r MoVZm _oar' `h eãX g_mdoe H$a g§aMZm H$mo g§nyU© ~Zm`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&AÝ`Wm g§àofU g§ d Z Wm Ÿ& öX` H$m XX© Am¡a MoVZm H$m Ì{gV hmoZm XmoZm| Ho$ {bE AZwdmXH$ Zo r{^Þ nX à`moJ H$a g§aMZm Ho$ à{V gMoVZVm ì`º$ H$s h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Ñ{ï> go `h AZwdmX CëboIZr` ~ZOmVm h¡ Ÿ&

Ÿ* g¥OZmË_H$ Ñ{ï> : AZwdmXH$ àma§{^H$ Xm¡a _| ~hþV gab, ghO Am¡a EH$ O¡gm B§gmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw ~hþV erK«

gm{hpË`H$ ~mar{H$`m| go n[a{MV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$aVo -H$aVo _yb Ho$ _mo‹S> Cg_| àXÎm JwpËW`m|H$m gm_Zm H$aVo -H$aVo AnZr aMZmË_H$ j_Vm _| d¥{Õ H$aVm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g~ Hw$N> Á`m| H$m Ë`m|AZwdmX _| àñVwV H$aZm g§ d Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh g_rMrZ r Zht g_PVm Ÿ& H$ht Hw$N> KQ> -~‹T> H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht Hw$N> "n[adV©Z' (Replacement) ^r H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h g~ gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$A§Va Ho$ H$maU H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> g§H$ënZmE± bú` ^mfm g_mO _| àM{bV Zht hmoVr Ÿ& AWdmCZH$m dh AW© Zht {ZH$bVm Ÿ& AV: do CZH$m n[adV©Z H$aVo hþE aMZm Ho$ ñVa na A§Va H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&do Cn_mZ dhm± Cg àH$ma H$s YmaUm Zht XoVo Ÿ& O¡go H$m¡dm ~mobZm, {~ëbr amñVm H$mQ>Zm, Am±I\$‹S>H$Zm O¡go à`moJ AZwdmX _| {^Þ à`moJm| H$s _m§J H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± na AZwdmXH$ g_ ^md ì`§OH${^Þ _whmdao, H$hmdV§o, A§Y{dídmg, ê${‹T> H$m à`moJ H$a Ho$ pñW{V gåhmbVm h¡ Ÿ&

""EH$ Vra go Xmo {eH$ma''

A§J«oOr _| Bgr VO© na {^Þ à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Ñ{ï> `hm± na AnZo {ddoH$ H$m à`moJ H$aVohþE Z`o joÌ H$s aMZm H$a aIVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hþV CÎm_ H$mo{Q> Ho$ AZwdmX _| dh AnZo {bE nyar Ny>Q> bo H$a

90

H¥${V H$mo ZB© M_H$ XoH$a àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _| Á`mXm dº$ bJoJm Ÿ& Zht {H$ {H$gr AÝ` aMZm H$mAZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Qy>Q>-\y$Q> H$s anmB© AnZr g¥OZ j_Vm go H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| g_mdoer ñdê$n Ho$gmW A{^Zd ê$n _| àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m `h g~go M_ËH$ma nyU© ê$n hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$s gmW©H$Vm Bgr _| gdm©{YH$ àH$Q> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V H$mAZwdmX gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V hr hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& CgH$m àH$ma {^Þ -{^Þ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go H$mì`mZwdmXH$aVo g_` H$mì`mZwdmX, N>§XmZwdmX, JÚmZwdmX, gmamZwdmX ...... H$B© n«H$mam| H$m ghmam bo gH$Voh¢ Ÿ& na§Vw Hw$b {_bm H$a dh EH$ gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| Câ AmZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ AnZrÑ{ï> go dh àH$ma MwZVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a Cg_| àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| AZwdmXH$ H$m AnZm {ZU© gdmo©n[ahmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

* gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$s Oê$aV Am¡a _hËd :_mZd qMVZ Am¡a OrdZmZw d H$m gd©loð> ê$n gm{hË` _| ì`º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$ht ^r hmo

gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& {díd _| EH$ ^mfm _| ì`º$ Bg ê$n H$mo Xygar _| bmZm, Cgo gmd©OZrZ H$aZm ~hþV Oê$arh¡ Ÿ& daZm Amo{‹S>gr - B{b`S>, doX, am_mÙ, ~mB~b ... Am{X AnZr-AnZr mfm Ho$ Xmào _| ~§YoahVo Ÿ& {díd Yamoha H$^r Zht ~Z nmVo Ÿ& EH$ Xygao H$mo {ZH$Q> bmH$a CZH$s VwbZm ^r g§ d Zht hmonmVr Ÿ& VwbZmË_H$ gm{hË` H$m dZ Bg AZwdmX H$s BªQ> na hr ~Z nmVm h¡ Ÿ&

h_Zo nrN>o XoIm "AZwdmX' EH$ `m¡{JH$ eãX h¡ Ÿ& "dX' YmVw _| "Y' àË`` bJZo go "dmX'eãX ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& "dX' YmVw H$m AW© h¡ ~mobZm `m H$hZm Ÿ& "dmX' eãX _| "AZw' Cng©J Ho$ Ow‹S>Zo go"AZwdmX' eãX ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& "AZw' CngJ© H$m AW© h¡ nrN>o nrN>o MbZm m AZwJ_Z H$aZm Ÿ& Bg àH$maAZwdmX eãX H$m empãXH$ AW© Vmo hmoJm {H$gr Ho$ H$hZo m ~mobZo Ho$ ~mX ~mobZm Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| Bgo"AW© H$m ^mfm§VaU' ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& AmO AZwdmX eãX H$mo h_ {Og AW© _| J«hU H$aVo h¢dh g§ñH¥$V _| à wº$ AZwdmX Ho$ AW© go Wmo‹S>m {^Þ h¡ Ÿ& AmO AZwdmX eãX H$mo A§J«oOr Ho$ Translation

eãX Ho$ n`m© Ho$ ê$n _| J«hU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr H$m Q>m§gboeZ eãX ^r b¡{Q>Z Ho$ Xmo eãXm|Trans VWm Lation Ho$ g§ moJ go ~Zm h¡ {OgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ nma bo OmZm Ÿ& dñVwV: AZwdmX _| EH$^mfm _| H$hr JB© ~mV H$mo Xygar mfm _| bo Om`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: EH$ mfm Ho$ nma bo OmZo H$s à{H«$`mHo$ {bE hr Q>m§gboeZ eãX A§J«oOr _| àM{bV hmo J`m Ÿ&

"AZwdmX' eãX ^maVr` gm{hË` _| H$moB© Z`m Zht h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m à`moJ ~hþV àmMrZ g_` gohmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| BgHo$ AW© _| n[adV©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ& àmMrZ maVr` {ejm H$s Jwê$-{eî`

91

na§nam _| Jwê$ Ho$ H$ho hþE dMZ H$mo {eî` XwhamVm Wm Ÿ& XwhamZo H$s h {H«$`m "AZwdMZ' `m AZwdmX'H$hbmVr Wr Ÿ& "eãXmW© -qMÎmm_{U H$moe' _| AZwdmX H$m AW© - "àmáñW nwZ: H$WZo' `m kmZmW©ñ`à{VnmXZo' {X`m h¡, {OgH$m AW© h¡ - nyd© _| H${WV AW© H$m nwZH©$WZ Ÿ& d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$V go boH$abm¡{H$H$ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AZoH$ J«§Wm| _| "AZwdmX' eãX "kmV H$m H$WZ' m "H$hr J`r ~mV H$mo XwhamZo' Ho$AW© _| ~ma-~ma Am`m h¡ Ÿ&

AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| `{X h_ AZwdmX H$mo XoI| Vmo `h H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ AZwdmX dh à{H«$`m h¡{OgHo$ Ûmam h_ EH$ ^mfm _| ì`º$ {dMmam| H$mo Xygar ^mfm _| ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {Og ^mfm go AZwdmX{H$`m OmVm h¡ Cgo òmoV ^mfm (EgEb)VWm {Og ^mfm _| AZwdmX {H$`m OmVm h¡ Cgo bú` ^mfm(Q>rEb) H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& m| Vmo g_ñV A{^ì`{º$ hr EH$ Vah go AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& Ako Ho$ AZwgma -""g_ñVA{^ì`{º$ AZwdmX h¡ Š`m| {H$ dh Aì`º$ (`m AÑí`m{X) H$mo mfm (`m aoIm m a§J) _| àñVwV H$aVrh¡ ...'' {H$ÝVw àM{bV AW© _| EH$ ^mfm _| àH$Q> {H$`o JE {dMmam| H$mo {H$gr Xygar ^mfm _| AW© _|`Wmg§ d g_mZ Am¡a ghO A{^ì`{º$ Ûmam àñVwV {H$`m OmZm AZwdmX H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&''

òmoV ^mfm H$s A{^ì`{º$`m| Ho$ {bE bú` ^mfm _| g_Vwë` A{^ì`{º$`m± ImoOZm EH$H${R>Z H$m`© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ -bú` mfm Am¡a òmoV mfm Ho$ ~rM EH$ Eogo goVw H$m {Z_m©U H$aVmh¡ {Oggo XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Vmb_ob ñWm{nV hmo gHo$ ŸAm¡a òmoV ^mfm nmR> VWm bú` ^mfm nmR> Ho$ ~rMBg goVw H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡ AZwdmX Ÿ& EH$ AZwdmXH$ H$mo Bg ~mV H$s AË`§V gV©H$Vm ~aVZo H$sOê$aV hmoVr h¡ {H$ bú` mfm _| {H$`m J`m AZwdmX Cg mfm H$s ghO àH¥${V Ho$ gd©Wm AZwê$n hmo,dh òmoV^mfm H$s N>m`m Zht hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& ha mfm H$m {dH$mg {deof {ZOr n[apñW{V`m| _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&òmoV^mfm Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{X AZoH$ VËd bú` ^mfm Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$,Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ VËdm| go B©fV² {^ÞVm àH$Q> H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg H$maU òmoV^mfm H$s nyar-nyar ~mVH$mo bú`^mfm _| nyar Vah hÿ-~-hÿ ~ZmZm ~‹S>m H${R>Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AÀN>o AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE òmoV^mfm Ho$boIH$ Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Ed§ M{M©V {df` H$m r gyú_Vm go Ü`mZ aIVo hþE . AZwdmX Ano{jV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&Š`m|{H$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ AZwgma ì`{º$ H$s mfm _| {^ÞVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ mfm H$s ÜdÝ`mË_H$, empãXH$,ê$nmË_H$, dmŠ`mË_H$ Am{X {d{^Þ {deofVmE± Xygar mfm go àm`: {^ÞVm {bE hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. gwaoeHw$_ma Ho$ AZwgma - AZwdmX EH$ O{Q>b H¥${Ì_ Amdí`H$Vm O{ZV Am¡a gO©ZmË_H$ à{H«$`m h¡, {Og_|AgmYmaU Am¡a {d{eï> H$mo{Q> H$s à{V^m H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -

1. AZwdmXH$ H$m {Û^m{fH$ hmoZm EH$ A{Zdm`© eV© hmoVr h¡, AWm©V² AZwdmXH$ go h AnojmH$s OmVr h¡ {H$ CgH$m XmoZm| mfmAm| na _mV¥ mfm Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&

92

2. BgHo$ Abmdm AZwdmXH$ H$mo _yb mfm nmR> Ho$ {df` H$m ^r AÀN>m kmZ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& {df` H$s n`m©á OmZH$mar Ho$ A^md _| ^r àm`: AZwdmX ñVar` Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE`{X H$moB© ì`{º$ ^m¡{VH$ - {dkmZ Ho$ nmR> H$m AZwdmX H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a Cgo ^m¡{VH$-{dkmZ H$m {df`kmZ {~ëHw$b Zht h¡ Vmo ^r XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m C{MV kmZ hmoZo na ^r dh AmXe© AZwdmX Zht H$agH$Vm Ÿ& _Zmod¡km{ZH$ CnÝ`mg Ho$ AZwdmX Ho$ g_` AZwdmXH$ H$mo _Zmo{dkmZ H$s AmYa y{_ g§H$ënZmAm|go n[a{MV hmoZm nhbr eV© h¡ Ÿ& daZm CnÝ`mg _| Mb ahr _mZ{gH$ ñVa H$s CR>m-nQ>H$ H$m ghrn[aàoú` g§ d Zht Ÿ&

3. h {~ëHw$b Amdí`H$ Zht {H$ _yb^mfm H$s {H$gr A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ nyU©V: g_mZ A{^ì`{º$go bú`^mfm _| eãX Am¡a AW© XmoZm| ñVam| na hmo hr OmE Ÿ& nyU©V: H$m AW© h¡ òmoV^mfm _| ì`º${dMma H$mo n‹T>H$a òmoV^mfr Omo AW© J«hU H$ao bú`^mfm _| CgHo$ ê$nm§Va H$mo n‹T> H$a `m gwZH$abú`^mfr ^r R>rH$ dhr AW© J«hU H$ao Ÿ& bo{H$Z àm`: hmoVm `h h¡ {H$ _yb^mfm _| A{^ì`º$ hmoZodmbm AW© bú` mfm _| A{^ì`º$ hmoZo dmbo AW© H$s VwbZm _| m Vmo {dñV¥V hmo OmVm h¡ m g§Hw${MV`m {\$a Hw$N> {^Þ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ H${R>ZmB`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX AZwdmX H$m`© AmO BVZm Amdí`H$ hmo J`mh¡ {H$ BgHo$ {~Zm _mZd H$m {dH$mg nW AdamoY O¡gm h¡ Ÿ&

BŠH$sgdt gXr H$mo AZwdmX H$m `wJ H$hm OmZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& AmO AZwdmX H$s _hÎmm H$moAZwà`wº$ mfm -{dkmZ Ho$ A§J Ho$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU AZwdmX O¡go H${R>ZAm¡a Omo{I_ âo H$m_ H$s Cnojm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& à{gÕ ^mfm{dX S>m°. ^mobmZmW {VdmarAZwdmX m mfm§Va H$mo "àVrH$m§Va' H$m EH$ oX _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma h_mao {dMma {H$gr Z {H$gràH$ma Ho$ àVrH$ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr A{^ì`{º$ nmVo h¢ Ÿ& mfm _| o àVrH$ eãX hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ àVrH$m| H$mn{adV©Z hr àVrH$m§Va h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. {Vdmar Ho$ eãXm| _| -EH$ àVrH$ Ûmam ì`º$ {dMma H$mo Xygao àVrH$ Ûmamì`º$ H$aZm "àVrH$m§Va' h¡ Ÿ&

4. àVrH$m§Va VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXm§Va, _mÜ`mV§a Am¡a ^mfm§Va Ÿ& EH$ ^mfm _| ì`º${H$ò Jò {dMmam| H$mo Xygar ^mfm _| ì`º$ H$aZo H$mo ^mfm§Va H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& S>m °. {Vdmar AZwdmX H$m oàVrH$m§Va H$m EH$ ôX _mZVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ AZwdmX _| EH$ ^mfm Ho$ àVrH$m| Ho$ ñWmZ na Xygar ^mfm Ho$àVrH$ ì`döV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. adrÝÐZmW lrdmñVd Zo ^r AZwdmX H$mo Xmo g§X^m] _| XoIZo H$m CëboI{H$`m - EH$ ì`mnH$ Am¡a Xygam gr{_V Ÿ& g§X^© _| AZwdmX H$mo àVrH$ - {gÕm§V Ho$ n[aàoú` _| XoImOmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§jon _| àVrH$ - {gÕm§V h h¡ {H$ H$Ï` H$m àVrH$m§VaU AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& gr{_V g§X^© h h¡{H$ H$Ï` H$m mfm§VaU AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& nhbm {gÕm§V àVrH$ -{dkmZ na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ&

93

5. AZwdmX Xmo ^mfmAm| Ho$ ~rM EH$ goVw H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX dh à{H«$`m h¡ {OgHo$_mÜ`_ go h_ EH$ ^mfm _| ì`º$ {dMmam| H$mo Xygar ^mfm Ho$ nmR>H$m| VH$ nh±þMmZo H$m H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

{dÛmZm| Zo Bg AZwdmX H$s Wmo‹S>o ~hþV A§Va Ho$ gmW AbJ-AbJ n[a^mfmE± Xr h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$s `on[a^mfmE± CgH$m ñdê$n g_PZo _| ghm`H$ {gÕ hmoJr Ÿ&

1. EH$ ^mfm H$s gm_J«r Ho$ ^mdm| H$s ajm H$aVo hþE Cgo Xygar mfm _| ~Xb XoZmAZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& ( g¡_wEb Om°ÝgZ)

2. EH$ mfm H$s nmR²> gm_J«r H$mo Xygar mfm H$s g_mZmW©H$ nmR²> gm_J«r _|à{VñWm{nV H$aZm AZwdmX H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& (H¡$Q> \$moS>©)

3. AZwdmX EH$ {eën h¡, {Og_| EH$ ^mfm _| {b{IV g§Xoe Ho$ ñWmZ na Xygar^mfm _| Cgr g§Xoe H$mo àñVwV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & (Ý`y_mH©$)

4. AZwdmX EH$ g§~§Y h¡ Omo Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ nmR>m| Ho$ ~rM hmoVm h¡, `o nmR>g_mZ pñW{V _| g_mZ àH$m`© g§nm{XV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& XmoZm| nmR>m| H$m g§X^© g_mZhmoVm h¡ ŸAm¡a CZgo ì`§{OV hmoZo dmbm g§Xoe ^r g_mZ hmoVm h¡ & (h¡{bS>o)

5. {dMmam| H$mo EH$ ^mfm go Xygar ^mfm _| ê$nm§V[aV H$aZm AZwdmX h¡ &(XodoÝÐZmW e_m©)

6. òmoV mfm _| ì`º$ àVrH$-ì`dñWm H$mo bú`^mfm H$s ghO àVrH$ ì`dñWm _|ê$nm§V[aV H$aZo H$m H$m`© AZwdmX h¡ & (S>m°. arVmamZr nmbrdmb)

7. EH$ mfm _| ì`º$ {dMmam| H$mo Wmg§ d g_mZ Am¡a ghO A{^ì`{º$ ÛmamXygar mfm _| ì`º$ H$aZo H$m à`mg AZwdmX h¡ &(S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar)

S>m°. {Vdmar Zo AnZr Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfm H$s ì`m»`m AZwdmX H$s dmñV{dH$ à{H«$`m Ñ{ï> goH$aVo hþE `h H$hm h¡ - ""^mfm ÜdÝ`mË_H$ àVrH$m| H$s ì`dñWm h¡ Am¡a AZwdmX h¡ BÝht àVrH$m| H$mà{VñWmnZ Ÿ& EH$ ^mfm Ho$ àVrH$m| Ho$ ñWmZ na Xygar ^mfm Ho$ {ZH$Q>V_ g_Vwë` Am¡a ghO àVrH$m|H$m à`moJ Ÿ&

Cn wº$ Hw$N> n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ {díbofU go AZwdmX H$s ~hþnjVm na àH$me n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXEH$ loð> H$bm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr à{H«$`m {dkmZ h¡ VWm CgH$s g\$bVm EH$ Hw$eb {eënr hmoZo na {Z^©aH$aZo Ho$ H$maU h EH$ {eën r h¡ Ÿ& Cn`wº$ n[a^mfmAm| go gma ê$n _| Omo ~mV| AZwdmX H$m n[aM`H$amVr h§¡, do Bg àH$ma h¢ -

94

1. òmoV mfm H$s gm_J«r bú`^mfm _| g§nyU©Vm _| àH$Q> hmo Ÿ&

2. gm_J«r Ho$ gmW àñVw{V Ho$ T>§J _| ^r g_mZVm hmo Ÿ&

3. _yb^mfm go bú`^mfm _o| ê$nm§V[aV H$aZo _| ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$m {Zdm©h A{Zdm`©V: hmo Ÿ&

4. AZwdmX H$s à{H«$`m à{VñWmnZ, nwZamd¥{Îm, ñWmZm§VaU m n[adV©Z H$s àH¥${V H$s hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

5. bú` ^mfm _| ì`º$ {dMmam| _| Eogr ghOVm hmo {H$ dh _yb^mfm (òmoV^mfm) na AmYm[aV Z hmoH$a ñd`§ _yb^mfm hmoZo H$m Ehgmg n¡Xm H$ao Ÿ&

AÝV _| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AZwdmX EH$ ^mfm _| ì`º$ ^mdm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo Xygar^mfm _| ê$nm§V[aV H$aZo H$s EH$ {deof à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h AnZo H$m¡eb Ho$ H$maU AnZo ñdê$n _| BgàH$ma g_m{hV H$a boVm h¡ {H$ _yb^mfm Am¡a bú`^mfm _| Xyar VWm XmoZm| _| Omo oX h¡ dh àm`: g_máhmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$bm, {dkmZ Am¡a {eën H$s {d{eï>VmAm| go wº$ hmoH$a AZwdmXH$ Ho${bE EH$ MwZm¡Vr ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m`© V^r g\$b hmo gH$Vm h¡ O~ òmoV^mfm, bú`^mfm Ho${ZH$Q> hmo VWm AZwdmXH$ {df` H$m AÀN>m kmVm hmo Ÿ& Bgr{bE _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ EH$ AZwdmXH$ H$mH$m_ AË`ÝV JwéËdnyU© VWm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& ha H¥${V AZwdmX- mo½` h¡ {H$ÝVw ha H¥${V H$m AÀN>m AZwdmXZht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ&

"AZwdmX' eãX AmO EH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$n J«hU H$a MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ àJ{V Ho$ gmW-gmWAmO CÚmoJ, {M{H$Ëgm, dm{UÁ`, ì`mnma, ~¢H$ VWm gm{hË` Ho$ joÌm| _| AZwdmX AnZm ñWmZ ~ZmMwH$m h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo r _hgyg {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& AmO Xw{Z`m a _| d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aUm|Ho$ ghmao ha Xoe EH$ Xygao Ho$ H$ar~ hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU àË`oH$ Ho$ _Z _| Xygao Xoe Ho$ gm{hË`,g§ñH¥${V, gm_m{OH$ n[adoe Am{X H$mo OmZZo H$s {Okmgm OmJ«V hmoVr h¡, {Og Ho$ {bE Cg Xoe H$s^mfm Z OmZZo Ho$ H$maU AZy{XV gm{hË` H$m ghmam boZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE AZy{XV gm{hË` hr AmOXmoZm| Xoem| _| g§~§Y Ho$ {bE ghmam ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Ho$ ghmao Cg g_mO _| àdoe {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&`hm± na AZwdmX Ho$ ñVa Ho$ à{V Ü`mZ Zht {X`m OmVm h¡, ~pëH$ AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Cg g_mO H$moOmZZo-g_PZo H$s mdZm OmJ«V H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ê$n _| AZwdmX Ho$ Xmo {^Þ A{^bjU C^a H$a AmVoh¢ Ÿ& nhbo ê$n _| AZwdmX {gÕm§Vm| Ho$ AmYma na AnZm ñdê$n J«hU H$aVm h¡ VWm Xygao ê$n _| dhì`dhma_ybH$Vm H$mo à_wIVm XoVm h¡ VWm {gÕm§V Cgr_| go AnZm ñdê$n J«hU H$aVo h§¡ Ÿ& AmOAZwdmX Ho$ H$maU pñW{V hr ~Xb J`r h¡ Ÿ& dhm± AZwdmX Ho$ na§namJV AW© H$m H$moB© _m`Zm Zht h¡

95

AmO AZwdmX AnZo AW© H$m ~hþV A{YH$ {dñVma H$a MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& AÝ` {dkmZm| H$s ^m±{V AmOAZwdmX r AZwdmX-{dkmZ Ho$ ê$n _| d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$n YmaU H$a MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo ñdê$n H$mo BVZmì`mnH$ ~Zm MwH$m h¡ {H$ AmO AZwdmX eãX H$s H$moB© gd©gå_V n[a^mfm ImoOZm XwîH$a hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&dh AmO {H$gr gr{_V joÌ _| ~§Ym hþAm Zht h¡ Ÿ& Bg joÌ _| Zò {gÕm§V CâH$a gm_Zo Am aho h¢ Ÿ&

AmO AZwdmX H$mo {gÕm§V Ho$ Xmào go {ZH$mbH$a ì`mdhm[aH$Vm _| XoIm-naIm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&{gÕm§Vm| Ho$ Xmào _| ahH$a AZwdmX H$m`© Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Ÿ& EH$ AÀN>m AZwdmXH$ {df` H$s _m§J,nmR>H$ H$s é{M, AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm, nmR>H$ - dJ©, g_-{df_ g§ñH¥${V VWm mfm H$s àH¥${V Ho$AmYma na AZwdmX H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg {df` Ho$ {ddoMZ _| Amo{‹S> m {hÝXr AZwdmX H$m AZw d {deofghm`H$ hwAm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX H$aVo g_` Xmo mfmAm| H$m g§àofU ì`mnma hr à_wI ahVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE AZwdmXH$VrZ ~mVm| H$mo AmYma ~Zm H$a MbVm h¡ Ÿ&

1. {dXoer VWm g_-g§ñH¥${V H$m nj Ÿ&

2. òmoV^mfm VWm bú` mfm Ÿ&

3. boIH$ VWm nmR>H$ Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$ Bg à{H«$`m _| Xmohar y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo dh nmR>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| {XImB© XoVmh¡ Ÿ Am¡a Xygar Amoa AZy{XV nmR> H$mo àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ ê$n _| boIH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V²nmR>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| dh nhbo _ybnmR> Ho$ boIH$ H$s aMZm go AnZm VmXmËå` ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡, Cg nmR>H$mo AmË_gmV H$aVm h¡, Cg mfm H$s gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ n¥îR> y{_ go AnZo H$mo Omo‹S>Vm h¡ {Ogo dhñd`§ nmR>H$ ~ZH$a naI gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Omo ~mV dh g§ào{fV H$aZm MmhVm h¡, dh Cn`wº$ h¡ m Zht Ÿ&

1. òmoV mfm H$s gm_J«r H$m AW© g_PZm hr à{H«$`m H$s nhbr gr‹T>r h¡ Ÿ& hm±AW© ì`m»`m Ano{jV h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ H$m H$m_ h¡ {H$ dh àg§JmZwgma Cn`moJr AW©-J«hU H$a bo Ÿ&

2. H$moeJV AW© Ho$ Abmdm `m¡{JH$ AW© ^r hmoVm h¡, Omo eãX Ho$ Ad`dm| Ho$ AW©Ho$ _ob go àmá hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&

3. Vrgam AW© "àmg§{JH$ _ybH$' AW© h¡ Ÿ& VH$ZrH$s {df`m| _| `h àmg§{JH$ `mà`moOZ_ybH$ AW© hr g~go _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& òmoV^mfm H$s gm_J«r H$mo g_PZo Ho$ ~mXbú`^mfm _| g_Vwë` gm_J«r go ñWmZm§Va[aV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Xmo A§J h¢ -

1. AW© `m ^md Ÿ&

96

2. ì`mH$a{UH$ g§aMZm Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$ H$mo nhbo bú`^mfm Ho$ n`m© dmMr eãX, dmŠ`m§e Am{X Ty>§T>H$a V¡ ma H$aZo n‹S>Voh¢ Ÿ& O~ eãX {_b OmVo h¢ V~ ì`mH$aU `m g§aMZm H$s ~mV AmVr h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX à{H«$`m na Hw$N> {dÛmZm| Zo J§ raVmnyd©H$ {dMma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CZ_| ZmBS>m Am¡a Ý`y_mH©$Ho$ {dMma A{YH$ M{M©V h¢ Ÿ& ZmBS>m AZwdmX H$mo EH$ d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$ Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&CZHo$ AZwgma AZwdmX ^mfm {dkmZ H$m EH$ AZwà`wº$ nj h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX à{H«$`m Ho$ {d{^ÞgmonmZm| H$mo g_PZo Am¡a CgHo$ {díbofU Ho$ {bE ^mfmd¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$ H$m à`moJ Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&BÝhm|Zo AZwdmX à{H«$`m Ho$ VrZ à_wI gmonmZ _mZo h¢ -

1. {díbofU &

2. A§VaU Ÿ&

3. nwZJ©R>Z Ÿ&

EH$ Hw$eb VWm AZw dr AZwdmXH$ BZ VrZ {^Þ-{^Þ gmonmZm| H$mo EH$ N>§bmJ _| nma H$aboVm h¡ Ÿ& na AZwdmX Ho$ à{ejmWu H$mo BZ VrZm| gmonmZm| go H«$_e: JwOamZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

nhbo AZwdmXH$ òmoV^mfm Ho$ nmR>H$ H$m M`Z H$aHo$ Cg_| {Z{hV g§Xoe H$m {díbofU H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& Bg Xm¡amZ dh òmoV^mfm Ho$ nmR >H$m AW© J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AW© J«hU Ho$ níMmV² Cgo bú`^mfm _|A§V[aV H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m _| AmVm h¡ VWm bú`^mfm _| CgH$m EH$ ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$a boVm h¡ Ÿ&BgHo$ àíMmV² dh bú`^mfm Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH¥${V Ho$ AZwgma Cg g§Xoe H$mo nwZJ©{R>V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&{OgH$m A§{V_ ñdê$n AZy{XV nmR> Ho$ ê$n _| nmR>H$ Ho$ g_j AmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§X^© _| EH$ ~mV Ü`mZaIZo H$s h¡ {H$ AZwdmX - à{H«$`m Ho$ Cn`w©º$ MaU AZwdmX H$s g§H$ënZm na nyar Vah go àH$me ZhtS>mbVo, {\$a ^r AmYma ê$n _| Bg {gÕm§V H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡ gmW _| AZwdmX - à{H«$`m Ho$g§X^© _| ^r MMm© H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmXH$ O~ AZwdmX Ho$ {bE _ybnmR> H$m M`Z H$a boVm h¡, V~ Cgo nhbm H$m`© `hrH$aZm hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh _ybnmR> H$m gå`H$ {díbofU H$ao Ÿ& Bggo `h gå`H$ ê$n go CgH$m ghr AW©J«hU H$a gHo$ Ÿ& Bg à{H«$`m _| dh nmR> Ho$ H$Ï` VH$ nh±w>M gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& h {díbofU _w»` ê$n go BZñVam| na {H$`m OmVm h¡ -

1. ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na Ÿ&

2. {df`dñVw Ho$ ñVa na

97

(H$)^mfm Ho$ ñVa : Bg ñVa na m{fH$ A{^ì`{º$ H$m {díbofU {H$`m OmVm h¡ {OgHo$ A§VJ©V nmR> _| {Z{hV -

1. g§Ho$VnaH$ AW©

2. g§aMZmnaH$ AW©

3. à`moJnaH$ AW©

ŸAm{X H$m {díbofU {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§Ho$VnaH$ AW© H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cg eãX {deofH$s g§H$ënZm na {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nrN>o Amo{‹S> m go {hÝXr AZwdmX H$mo {deof Ü`mZ aI H$a{ddoMZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ&

^mfm : - ^mfm H$mo n[adoeJV g§X^© Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m OmVm h¡ Vmo Bggo gm_m{OH$ e¡brCX² yV hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Cggo gm_m{OH$ AW© H$s A{^ì`§OZm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: `h ^mfm H$m à`moJ `mì`dhma joÌ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| dº$m Am¡a lmoVm Ho$ ~rM Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$ VWm A§Va§J g§~§Y ahVoh¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> Eogo eãX r hmoVo h¢ {OZH$m g§Ho$VmW© EH$ hr hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z gm_m{OH$ - gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe_| Cg eãX H$m AW© {d{eï> hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go Ob-nmZr, H$be - K‹S>m, AjV-Mmdb, n§H$O-H$_b, MH$mS>mobm-OJÞmW, Am{X Ÿ& Ob H$m AW© ObZm r hmo gH$Vm h¡ nmZr r Ÿ& bo{H$Z O~ h_gm§ñH¥${VH$ AW© Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$aVo h¢ V~ BgH$m AW© {g\©$ nmZr hr hmoJm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AjV H$mAW© h¡ {~Zm Qy>Q>m hþAm Mmdb Ÿ& bo{H$Z O~ h_ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AW© à`moJ H$ao|Jo V~ BgH$m AW© {g\©$Mmdb hr ah OmEJm Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma n§H$O H$m AW© Omo n§H$ go OmV h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z n§H$O H$hZo go h_ {g\©$H$_b H$mo hr g_PVo h¢ Ÿ&

(I) {df`dñVw : {Og g_` AZwdmXH$ {df`dñVw Ho$ ñVa na nmR> H$m {díbofU H$aVm h¡ Cg g_` Cggo h

Anojm H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ dh Cg {df` H$m r {deofk hmo Ÿ& Cgo mfm Ho$ kmZ Ho$ gmW-gmW "VH$ZrH$sñVa' H$s ì`mnH$ OmZH$mar hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Bggo dh {df`dñVw Ho$ ñVa na nmR> _| A§V{Z©{hV AW© VH$nh±þM gHo$ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE Ho$db dmŠ` go D$na Ho$ ñVa na ^r {díbofU H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dmŠ` -g§aMZmE± g§X^© go Ow‹S>H$a {d{^Þ AWm] H$s àVr{V H$amVr h¢ Ÿ&H$^r EH$ dmŠ` AZoH$ AWm] H$mo àñVwVH$aVm h¡ Vmo H$^r H$B© dmŠ` AnZo Amn _| EH$ AW© VH$ hr gr{_V ahVm h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht H$^r EH$hr A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE {d{^Þ dmŠ`m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

98

* nmR> H$m {díbofU : Bg àH$ma 1. AZoH$mWu, 2. g§{X½YmWu, VWm 3. n`m© g§aMZmAm| Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m OmVm

h¡ VWm h {df` dñVw Ho$ ñVa na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± AZwdmXH$ H$m Xm{`Ëd ~‹T> OmVm h¡, CgHo$ {bE `hAmdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ dh BZ_| go gQ>rH$ AW© H$m M`Z H$ao Ÿ&

nmR> Ho$ {díbofU Ho$ ~mX AZwdmXH$ ^mfm _| ì`º$ {dMmam| H$mo mfm _| ê$nm§V[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&Bg ê$nm§VaU à{H«$`m _| H$B© g_ñ`m`| CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ EH$ mfm _| Omo AW© ì`döV hþAm h¡,Xygar mfm _| Cgr ê$n _| à`moJ H$a nmZm h_oem g§ d Zht hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah Eogr pñW{V r AmVr h¡{H$ AZwdmX Ho$ g_` Hw$N> Ny>Q> ^r OmVm h¡ ŸAm¡a Hw$N> A{V[aº$ Ow‹S> ^r OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$maAZwdmXH$ H$mo _ybnmR> VWm AZy{XV nmR> _| g§VwbZ ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE g_Pm¡Vo H$aZo n‹S>Vo h¢ Ÿ&AZwdmXH$ H$mo H$^r g§nyU© AW© H$m A§VaU H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, H$^r Ho$db ^m{fH$ BH$mB`m| H$m Ÿ& BgàH$ma dh H$Ï` H$mo g§ào{fV H$aZo H$m ^agH$ à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

_whmdao VWm bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m AZwdmX g§nyU© AW© Ho$ A§VaU go g§~§Y aIVm h¡, Ohm± _ybnmR>H$s A{^ì`{º$ go {ZH$bZo dmbo AW© H$mo AZwdmXH$ Xygar mfm H$s àH¥${V Ho$ AZwê$n T>mbH$a àñVwVH$aVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ BgHo$ g§nyU© AW© H$m A§VaU Zht {H$`m OmEJm V~ VH$ H$Ï` à^mdr Zht hmoJm Ÿ&

O~ òmoV mfm go bú`^mfm _| H$Ï` H$m A§VaU {H$`m OmVm h¡ dh "nwZ{d©Ý`mg' H$s pñW{V_mZr JB© h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s _w»` ê$n go Mma pñW{V`m± ñdrH$ma H$s JB© h¢ -

1. nyU© nwZ{d©Ý`mg Ÿ&

2. {díbofUmË_H$ nwZ{d©Ý`mg

3. g§íbofUmË_H$ nwZ{d©Ý`mg

4. g§aMZmË_H$ nwZ{d©Ý`mg

BZ Mmam| hr àH$ma Ho$ nwZ{d©Ý`mg Ûmam nmR> _| {Z{hV AW© Ho$db A§V[aV Zht hmoVm, daZ²g_Vwë` A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ AmYma na {ZH$bZo dmbo AW© H$mo à{VñWm{nV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: ha ñVana g_Vwë`Vm H$m {gÕm§V hr A{YH$ à^mdr {gÕ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& A§VaU Ho$ ~mX AZwdmXH$ AnZo AZwdmXH$m`© H$m nhbm MaU hr g_má H$a nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ g_j Ho$db AZwdmX H$m nhbm àmê$nhmoVm h¡ {Ogo Cgo bú`^mfm H$s àH¥${V Ho$ AZwê$n nwZJ©{R>V H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX hr AZy{XV nmR>H$m A§{V_ ñdê$n V¡ ma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ñVa na AZwdmXH$ nmR>H$ H$s y{_H$m _| AmH$a nhbo àmê$n H$m{díbofU H$aVm h¡ VWm Bgo H$B© ñVam| na naIZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

99

AZwdmXH$ H$mo ha ñVa na AZy{XV nmR> H$s g§àofUr`Vm na {deof Ü`mZ XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&dmñVd _| ZmBS>m Ho$ VrZ gmonmZm| _| EH$ Xygao Ho$ gmW g§~§Y h¢ Ÿ& Cn`wº$ {díbofU H$m VmËn`© `hH$Xm{n Zht hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ AZwdmXH$ I§S>m| _| BZ gmonmZm| go JwOao Ÿ& Eogm ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {~Zm{H$gr nmR> Ho$ {díbofU {H$`o ~J¡a AZwdmXH$ grYo A§VaU H$s à{H«$`m _| Am OmE Ÿ& bo{H$Z `hAZwdmXH$ H$s m{fH$ XjVm/j_Vm Am¡a nmR> H$s Amdí`H$Vm na A{YH$ {Z ©a H$aoJm Ÿ& nwZJ©R>Z H$mñVa AnZo Amn _| _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H${R>Z n[al_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$AZwdmXH$ g_rjmË_H$ {díbofU H$a nmR> H$m nwZJ©R>Z Zht H$aoJm V~ VH$ AZwdmX H$s gQ>rH$Vm {gÕZht hmo nmEJr Ÿ&

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX maV _| àm§Vr` mfmAm| H$s {deof àJ{V H$aZo H$m ~r‹S>m CR>m`m Ÿ& g§{dYmZH$s Aï>_ AZwgyMr _| n§Ðh ^mfmAm| H$mo em{_b {H$`m J`m Wm Ÿ& 1992 _| H$m|H$Ur, _{Unwar VWmZonmbr H$mo ^r Bg_| em{_b H$a boZo Ho$ níMmV BZH$s g§»`m AR>mah hmo JB© Ÿ& {\$a Mma ^mfmE±(_¡{Wbr, g§Wmbr, ~moS>mo, S>moJar) Am¡a Ow‹S> JB© Ÿ& Bg àH$ma A~ Hw$b ~mB©g hþB© Ÿ& AWm©V² Yrao-Yrao^maVr` mfmAm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE H$m`© {H$`m OmZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE {ejm Am¡a àemgZ _| maVr`^mfmAm| H$mo ZB© ^y{_H$m {_bZo bJr Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht AZwÀN>oX 343 Ho$ AZwgma g§{dYmZ Ho$ àma§ gon§Ðh df© H$s H$mbm{dY Ho$ {bE g§K Ho$ CZ g~ amOH$s` à`moOZm| Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr ^mfm H$m à`moJOmar ahoJm Ÿ{OZHo$ {bE àma§ Ho$ R>rH$ nhbo CZH$m à`moJ hmoVm Wm, na§Vw amï>n{V Cº$ H$mbmd{Y _|,AmXoe Ûmam g§K Ho$ amOH$s` à`moOZm| _| go {H$gr Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr mfm Ho$ gmW-gmW {hÝXr mfm H$mVWm ^maVr` A§H$m| Ho$ A§Vam©îQ>r` ê$n Ho$ gmW-gmW XodZmJar ê$n H$m à`moJ àm{YH¥$V H$a gH|$Jo Ÿ&V^r AZwdmX na Ü`mZ {X`m J`m Ÿ& Am¡a AZwdmX EH$ {deof {df` ~Z J`m Ÿ& {g\©$ àemgZ _| hr Zht~{ëH$ {dkmZ, àm¡Úmo{JH$s$, dm{UÁ`, ì`dgm` Ed§ gd©gwb^ gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| AZwdmX H$m ñWmZAË`§V _hËdnyU© Ed§ A{Zdm`© ~Z J`m Ÿ&

AZwdmX Ho$ Ama§ Ho$ g§X^© _| "d¡~ob' H$s {XbMñn H$hmZr àM{bV h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ AZwgma Eogm_mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Ama§ _| Xw{Z`m _| g^r bmoJ EH$ hr ^mfm ~mobVo Wo Ÿ& Bg{bE g~ EH$ Xygao H$s~mV g_PVo Wo Ÿ& EH$ {XZ g~Zo {_bH$a EH$ {demb _rZma ~ZmZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ& _rZma D§$Mr go D§$MrhmoZo bJr Ÿ& BgH$s D§$MmB© XoI ñdJ© Ho$ XodVmAm| H$mo IVam _hgyg hþAm {H$ H$ht _rZma ñdJ© _| àdoeZ H$a OmE Ÿ& Bg g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ ~‹S>r MVwamB© go {H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo _rZma ~ZmZo dmbm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ ^mfmE± Xo Xr Ÿ& n[aUm_ hþAm {H$ EH$OyQ> bmoJ {d^m{OV hmo JE Ÿ& \$bV: {Z_m©U H$m`© ~§X hmoJ`m Am¡a _rZma AYyar ah JB© Ÿ& Bg AYyar _rZma H$mo d¡~ob H$s _rZma H$hm J`m Ÿ&

100

~¡db H$s _rZma H$s `h KQ>Zm AZwdmX Ho$ Ama§ H$m hoVw ~ZmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ _Zwî` AbJ-AbJ ^mfmE± Vmo ~mobZo bJm bo{H$Z Cgo Amng _| g§nH©$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwdmX H$s Oê$aV n‹S>r Ÿ&^mfm H$m {b{IV ê$n bJ^J gm‹T>o N>: hOma df© nwamZm _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m {b{IV ê$nbJ^J ^mfm Ho$ {b{IV ê$n Ho$ gmW-gmW hr Mbm hmoJm Ÿ& H$mbm§Va _| ^mfmAm| go `m BZHo$ ^rVaAZwdmX Ho$ {d{dY ñVa {dH${gV hþE Ÿ& n{íM_r dmL²>_` _| AZwdmX H$s na§nam Xmo YmamAm| _| {_bVrh¡ -

1) ~mB{~b H$m AZwdmX

2) AÝ` dmL²>_` H$m AZwdmX Ÿ&

npíM_ _| ~mB{~b Ho$ AZwdmX H$s gwXrK© Am¡a {dñV¥V na§nam ahr h¡ Ÿ& BgZo AZwdmX qMVZAm¡a {gÕm§Vm| H$mo r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& npíM_ H$s AZwdmX na§nam _| B©gmB`m| H$m Y_©J«§W ~mB{~b hràñWmZ q~Xw ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo ~mB{~b {h~«y _| {bIm Wm Ÿ& Omo{H$ gd©àW_ B©.ny. Vrgar -Xygar eVr _|`yZmZ ^mfm _| hþAm Ÿ& Bg empãXH$ AZwdmX Zo ^r ~mB{~b Ho$ nadVu AZwdmXm| H$mo H$m\$s à^m{dV{H$`m Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX gwg_mMmam| Am¡a yZmZr CÎma{dYmZ Ho$ AZwdmX hþE Ÿ& npíM_ _| bm¡{H$H$ gm{hË`Ho$ AZwdmX H$s g_¥Õ na§nam amo_Z bmoJm| Ûmam AZwdmX go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& B©. ny. Vrgar eVmãXr _|{b{d`g E|Ðr{ZH$g Zo hmo_aH¥$V Amo{‹S>er H$m EH$ nÚmË_H$ {H$ÝVw AZJ‹T> AZwdmX {H$`m Wm Ÿ& _Ü``wJ _| `yZmZr mfm - gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ`oVmAm| H$s g§»`m npíM_r yamon _| AË`ën ah JB© Wr Ÿ& Ú{n`h CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ Am`ab¢S> Ho$ à{gÕ {dÛmZ OmohmgZ ñH$moQ>g Ear{OZm Zo "O`moZr{g`g {XE[a`monJrV'H$m AZwdmX {H$`m Wm Ÿ& ~JXmX Ho$ Aa~r {dÛmZm| na AZwdmX H$m Xm{`Ëd n‹S>m Ÿ& CZbmoJm| Zo AañVy H$s Xme©{ZH$ H¥${V`m| Ho$ àm_m{UH$ ê$nm§Va H$mo {\$a b¡{Q>Z ^mfm _| ^mfm§VaU {H$`mJ`m Ÿ& `h _mZd-gä`Vm Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg _| AZwdmX Ho$ `moJXmZ H$m gdm}Îm_ àVrH$ h¡ Ÿ&nwZOm©JaU Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| {Og AZwdmX Zo EH _hËdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mB© Am¡a Omo ZE wJ H$m àñWmZ-q~Xw H$hm OmVm h¡, dh Wm {b`mo{Q> g nmBboQ>g Ÿ& nmBboQ>g Ûmam {H$`m J`m hmo_a H$m b¡{Q>Z _|AZwdmX &

`yZmZr Am¡a b¡{Q>Z H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ àM{bV A§J«oOr _| ghr-ghr AZwdmX H$m wJ E{bOm~oWàW_ Am¡a Ooåg àW_ Ho$ emgZ H$mb go Ama§ h¡ Ÿ& Bg wJ H$s gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© AZy{XV H¥${V gaQ>m°_g Zm°W© Ûmam AZy{XV àmMrZ yZmZ Ho$ Z¡{VH$VmdmXr boIH$ Am¡a ^mddmXr Xme©{ZH$ ßbwQ>mH©$ H$sH¥${V "bmBìO' h¡ Ÿ& ES>qbJQ>Z Ho$ {dnarV Om°O© M¡n_¡Z Ûmam {H$E JE Bbr`mS> Am¡a AmoS>rgr Ho$AZwdmX AË`{YH$ gr{_V VWm AmYw{ZH$ h¢ Ÿ& {dŠQ>mo[a`Z `wJ _| gO©ZmË_H$ gm{hË` Ho$ gmW-gmW

101

Xme©{ZH$m|-qMVH$m| Ho$ AZwdmX r hmoVo aho Ÿ& ßboQ>mo, AañVw Am{X Ho$ AZwdmX hþE Ÿ& B§½b¢S> _| ~|Om{_ZOm°doQ> Zo 1811 B©. _| ßobQ>mo H$m AZwdmX àH$m{eV {H$`m Omo e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go ~hþV AmS>§~anyU© h¡ Ÿ& gZ²1916 VH$ "bmo~ Šbm{gH$' ûm¥§Ibm Ho$ EH$ AZwdmXH$ Ûmam {H$`o J`o d{O©b Ho$ AZwdmXm| _| AZJ‹T>à`moJm| Ho$ H$B© CXmhaU {_bVo h¢ Ÿ& O_©Z AZwdmXH$ H$ht AÀN>o Wo Ÿ& _m{Q>©Z byWa Ûmam {H$E JE~mB{~b Ho$ AZwgaU go O_©Z ^mfm H$mo ZdOrdZ hr Zht {_bm, ~pëH$ CgHo$ nadVu AZwdmXm| H$moghO Am¡a AH¥${Ì_ boIZ Ho$ {bE EH$ AJ«ga VWm - _mZH$ AZwdmX {_b J`m Am¡a AZwdmX EH$gO©ZmË_H$ {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| _mÝ` hmo J`m Ÿ& CYa \«$m§g _| g~go CëboIZr` AZwdmX bH$m¡V X brbohþE Ÿ& npíM_ _| AZwdmXm| H$mo Omo J[a_m àmá hþB© h¡, CgH$m hr EH$ à_mU _¡Šg_yba Ûmam g§nm{XVAm¡a AZoH$ ^mfm{dXm| Ûmam AZy{XV nMmg I§S>m| H$m "X goH«o$S> ~wŠg Am°\$ X B©ñQ>' h¡ Ÿ& gZ² 1861 _|_¡Ï`y AmZ©ëS> H$m "Am°Z Q>m§gboqQ>J hmo_a' erf©H$ {dMmamoÎmoOH$ {Z~§Y àH$m{eV hþAm Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mXAZwdmX H$s g_H$mbrZ na§nam H$m gyÌnmV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s H${‹S>> m± H$B© g\$b AZwdmXm| _| {Z{_©V hþB©h¢ Ÿ&

~rgdt gXr _| nmíMmË` AZwdmX - gm{hË` H$m A^yVnyd© {dH$mg hþAm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË`, Xe©Z,{dkmZ, g_mOemó BË`m{X g^r {d^mJm| _| AZwdmX H$m`© hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& yamon, A_arH$m, OmnmZ, MrZAm{X Xoem| Ho$ AmMm`© - AZwdmXH$ AnZo-AnZo {díd{dÚmb`m| _| àmMrZ J«§Wm| H$s JdofUmË_H${dd¥{V`m± hr Zht àñVwV H$a aho h¢ ~pëH$ {díd Ho$ {demb gm{hË` H$mo AnZr-AnZr ^mfm _|,{deofV:, A§J«oOr, ê$gr Am¡a OmnmZr _| ê$nm§V[aV H$a aho h¢ Ÿ&

^maV H$s gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V`m± {^Þ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àmMrZ ^maVr`dm§½_` _| AZwdmX H$s npíM_r AZwdmX O¡gr na§nam Zht {_bVr Ÿ& V~ maV kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| H$m\$s AmJoWm Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V Am¡a nm{b mfmAm| H$s$ àMwa gm{hpË`H$ Xw{Z`m H$m Xygar mfmAm| _| AZwdmX hþAm Ÿ& BZ^mfmAm| Ho$ AZoH$ J«§Wm| _| H$m\$s n§{º$`m± g§ñH¥$V H$m N>m`mZwdmX àVrV hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ& àmH¥$V J«§Wm| Ho$ Hw$N>ñWbm| H$m g§ñH¥$V _| Xm-H$Xm mfm§Va {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& m {\$a g§ñH¥$V aMZmAm| _| à`wº$ àmH¥$V g§dmXm|H$m g§ñH¥$V ê$nm§VaU {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& na g_J« J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX H$aZo H$m àMbZ Zht {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&bo{H$Z ^maVr` na§nam _| AZwdmX H$m EH$ AÝ` ê$n ~hþV g§nÞ T>§J go {dH${gV hþAm Ÿ& `h ê$n h¡A§Va^mfm`r AZwdmX m A§Va mfm`r AZwdmX H$m Am§Va mfm`r AZwdmX & gm_mÝ`V: AZwdmX H$hZogo EH$ mfm go Xygar mfm _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ^mfm{dXm| Zo AZwdmX Ho$ VrZ àH$ma ~VmE h¢ -

1. A§V^m©fm`r AZwdmX - mZr EH$ mfm go Xygar mfm _| AZwdmX Ÿ&

2. Am§Va mfm`r AZwdmX - `mZr EH$ mfm _| àñVwV nmR> H$m Cgr mfm _|AZwdmX Ÿ& Bgo A§V:-^m{fH$ AZwdmX r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

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3. ^m{fH$ àVrH$m| H$m AÝ` àVrH$m| _| AZwdmX - Bg_| m{fH$ àVrH$m| H$m AÝ`g§àofU àVrH$m| _| ê$nm§Va {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

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{hÝXr H$m AmYw{ZH$ H$mb AZwdmX H$s Ñ{ï> go AË`{YH$ g§nÞ H$mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& àmMrZ g§ñH¥$VaMZmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX maVoÝXw go nhbo hr ewê$ hmo JE Wo Ÿ& maVoÝXw wJ Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX Vmo h H«$_ ~‹S>o{gb{gbodma T>§J go Mbm Ÿ& amOm bú_U qgh Ûmam "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb_²' H$m "eHw§$Vbm ZmQ>H$'Zm_ go AZwdmX Vmo AË`{YH$ bmoH${n« hþAm Ÿ& AÝ` AZwdmXm| _| maVoÝXw Ûmam {demIXÎm Ho$ "_wÐmamjg'H$m, bmbm grVmam_ Ûmam "_oKXyV', _¥ÀN>H${Q>H$' "CÎma am_M[aV', ~mb_wHw§$X Jwá Ûmam aËZmdbrH$m, n§. gË`ZmamÙ H${daËZ Ûmam "CÎma am_M[aV' Am¡a "_mbVr _mYd' H$m AZwdmX {deof ê$n _|hþAm Ÿ&

AZwdmX eãX H$mo AmO AbJ AW© _| à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z eãXH$ënÐþ_ H$moe _|AZwdmX eãX H$m AW© AdYm[aV H$mo {\$a H$hZm Mmho dh Cgr mfm _| hr Š`m| Z hmo {Og_| _yb nmR>h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go ^mî` VWm Q>rH$m H$mo r "AZwdmX' H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$m ê$n g_mZ hmoVmh¡, na doXm| H$s ì`m»`m H$mo "Q>rH$m' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| Šbm{gH$b g§ñH¥$V Ho$ J«§Wm| H$s ì`m»`m H$mo"Q>rH$m' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| H$m _yb òmoV h_ nX-nmR> Am¡a {Zé{º$-nÕ{V H$mo _mZ gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

{H$gr mfm Ho$ àËòH$ dmŠ` H$mo CgHo$ àm`: g^r nXm| H$m AW© XoVo hþE AÝ` mfm _| àñVwVH$aZm "AZwdmX' H$m ì`mnH$ AW© h¡ - AmO r ì`mnH$ ê$n go h Bgr ê$n _| àM{bV hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVwàmMrZ maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V g§ñH¥$V, nm{b, àmH¥$V Am¡a AmJo Mb H$a An^«§e Am{X mfmAm|H$s gm_J«r H$mo BZ_| go {H$gr AÝ` mfm _| àñVwV H$aZo AWm©V² AZy{XV H$aZo H$m ~hþV A{YH$ àMbZZht ahm Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$mìèmór` VWm ZmQ²> emór` J«§Wm| _| JmhmgÎmgB©, d¥hËH$Wm, goVw~§Y, Jm¡S>dhmo,H$ny©a_§Oar Am{X àmH¥$V - J«§Wm| go J¥hrV `Woï> ñWbm| H$m g§ñH¥$V AZwdmX àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&àmMrZ maVr` gm{hË` _| AZwdmX H$s H«$_~Õ na§nam bo hr Z hmo bo{H$Z maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ {dídH$s AÝ` ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX Am¡a ê$nm§VaU hmoVo aho h¢ Ÿ& _wJb H$mb _| AH$~a Zo àmMrZ J«§Wm| Ho$Aa~r -\$magr _| AZwdmX Ho$ {bE EH$ ñdV§Ì {d^mJ ñWm{nV H$am`m Ÿ& Bg_| am_mÙ, _hm^maV,JrVm Am{X Ho$ \$magr _| AZwdmX H$amE JE Ÿ& AZwdmX H$s Ñ{ï> go n§MV§Ì H$m d{eï> ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ&

AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| bJ^J g§nyU© d¡{XH$ gm{hË`, nwamU, _hm^maV, am_mÙ, à~§YH$mì`,

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JÚH$mì`, ZmQ²> -gm{hË` Ho$ A{V[aº$ ñ_¥{V - J«§W, {M{H$Ëgm, {d{Y Am{X go g§~§{YV g§ñH¥$V J«§Wm|Ho$ AZwdmX AZoH$ {dXoer mfmAm| O_©Z, \«|$M, A§J«oOr, \$magr, MrZr, {g§hbr Am{X _| àñVwV {H$òJò h¢ Ÿ&

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BZ VrZ _hmZ A»`mZ - H$mì`m| Ho$ Cnam§V g§ñH¥$V _| AZoH$ Am¡a ~hþ{dY _hmH$mì`m|,ZmQ>H$m|, Jr{VH$mì`m| Ho$ A{Va{º$ JÚ H$mì` H$s aMZm hmoVr ahr Ÿ& àm`: BZ g~ Ho$ AZwdmX A§J«oOrVWm AÝ` AZoH$ {dXoer mfmAm| _| hmo MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& "_oKXyV' H$m maV H$s bJ^J g^r à_wI mfmAm|_| AZwdmX hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& "_oKXyV' H$s hr Vah "A{^kmZ eHw$ÝVb_' Ho$ maV Am¡a {dXoem| H$s AZoH$^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX hþE h¢ Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ bJ^J g^r à»`mV _hmH$mì`, _wº$H$ H$mì`, ZmQ>H$,JÚH$mì` Am{X H$m AZwdmX {dXoer ^mfmAm| _| hmo MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> aMZmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX Vmo ~ma-~mahmoVo aho h¢ Ÿ& BZ_| "lr_X² JdV JrVm' Am¡a "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb_' H$m Zm_ {deof ê$n go {b`m OmgH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

AÆ>mahdt -CÞrgdt eVmãXr _| ^maV H$m npíM_r ^mfmAm| Am¡a kmZ -{dkmZ go n[aM`hþAm Ÿ& {Og Vah npíM_r {dÛmZm| Zo àmMrZ maVr` Šbm{gH$ gm{hË` H$m AnZr mfmAm| _| AZwdmXH$a Cgo öX`§J_ H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Cgr Vah maVr` OZ r npíM_r kmZ H$mo maVr` mfmAm| _|bmZo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ hþE Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n maVr` mfmAm| _| npíM_r, {deof ê$n go A§J«oOr aMZmAm|Ho$ AZwdmXm| H$m Xm¡a Mb n‹S>m Ÿ& ~mB{~b Ho$ ~mX eoŠgnrà Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX ^maVoÝXw Ho$ g_`go ewê$ hþE Am¡a AmO VH$ hmoVo Am aho h¢ Ÿ&

{d{^Þ maVr` mfmAm| Ho$ ~rM AZwdmX H$m Xm¡a AmYw{ZH$ maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s {d{eîQ>KQ>Zm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr _| BgH$s à{H«$`m ^r ^maVoÝXw go hr ewê$ hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~mX _| ^r ~§{H$_, adrÝÐZmW,eaV Am{X Ho$ AZwdmXm| H$m {dnwb ^§S>ma {hÝXr _| CnbãY hþAm Ÿ& ~§Jbm H$o$ A{V[aº$ Amo{‹S> m,Ag{_`m, _amR>r, JwOamVr, V{_b, VobwJy, H$ÞS> Am{X ^mfmAm| go {Za§Va AZy{XV aOZmE± {hÝXr _|AmVr ahr h¢ Am¡a Am ahr h¢ Ÿ& {d{^Þ g§ñWmE± ^r Bg na AmJ«h àH$me H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& O¡go gm{hËÀH$mX_r, maVr` -kmZnrR>, ZoeZb ~wH$ Q>ñQ>, maVr` mfm n[afX Am{X Bg H$m`© _| g§b½Z h¢ Ÿ&

104

AmO gmao {díd _| AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$m AZw d {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| Adí` {H$`mOmVm h¡ Ÿ& {d{^Þ ^mfm-^mfr g_wXm`m| Ho$ ~rM g§àofU à{H«$`m H$m _hËdnyU© KQ>H$ ~Z H$a AZwdmXh_mao gm_Zo AmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO g§gma Ho$ {H$gr r Xoe _| H$moB© ZB© ImoO hmoVr h¡, H$moB© Z`m {dMma gm_ZoAmVm h¡ H$moB© ZB© {d{eï> H¥${V M{M©V hmoVr h¡ ŸVmo ha ì`{º$ hr MmhVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s gyMZm OëXr goOëXr dh AnZr mfm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo Xoedm{g`m| H$mo Xo gHo$ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma àËòH$ ^mfm g§aMZmAnZo _| {d{eï>> hmoVr h¡ Cgr Vah go Cg mfm H$m gm_m{OH$ - gm§ñH¥${V g§X^© r {d{eîQ> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&AZwdmX Xmo mfmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW Xmo g§ñH¥${V`m| H$mo r {ZH$Q> bo AmVm h¡ Ÿ&

AZwdmX Ho$ O[aò h_ {díd gm{hË` H$m n[aM` àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go n§MV§Ì H$s H$hm{Z`m|H$m AZwdmX {díd H$s AZoH$ mfmAm| _| hþAm VWm BZ H$hm{Z`m| Zo AmJo Mb H$a E{e`m VWm yamon Ho$H$Wm gm{hË` H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m Ÿ& na AmO Vmo AZwdmX h_mar A{Zdm`©Vm hr ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& {d{^Þamï>m| Ho$ ~rM {ZË` ZB© -ZB© Vah Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y ñWm{nV hmo aho h¢ ŸAm¡a{ZË` {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ XñVmdoO g§~§Y-nÌ XmoZm| Xoem| H$s mfmAm| _| V¡ ma {H$ò OmVo h¢ Ÿ& h AZwdmXÛmam ghO, gab VWm gwb^ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& y.EZ. _| Omo r dº$ì` n‹T>m OmVm h¡, CgH$m AZwdmX Vwa§Vhr {díd H$s AZoH$ (gmV)^mfmAm| _| CnbãY H$am`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ AmO{díd _§M na AZwdmX H$s {H$VZr _hÎmm h¡ h_ ñd`§ AZw d H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

maV Vmo ~hþ mfm- mfr Xoe h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ mfmE± hm± ~mobr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& BZ mfm-^mfr bmoJm|Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm, VWm ^mdmË_H$Vm ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE AZwdmX H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hrZht {ejm, H$mZyZ, àemgZ, {M{H$Ëgm, dm{UÁ` Ed§ ì`dgm`, H¥${f, n`©Q>Z, Xyag§Mma Am{X Ho$ joÌm|_| ^r g^r ^maVr`m| H$mo EH$ gyÌ _| ~m§Yo aIZo Ho$ H$m`© _| AZwdmX H$r ^y{_H$m _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& àmo.JmonrZmWZ Ho$ eãXm| _| ""AZwdmX EH$ Eogm goVw ~§YZ H$m H$m`© h¡ {OgHo$ {~Zm {díd g§ñH¥${V H$m{dH$mg g§ d Zht h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ Ûmam h_ _mZd Ho$ Bg {díd Hw$Qw>§~ _| g§nyU© EH$Vm Ed§ g_PXmar H$s^mdZm {dH${gV H$a gH$Vo h¢, _¡Ìr Ed§ ^mB©Mmao H$mo {dH${gV H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a JwQ>~§Xr, g§Hw${MVàmÝVr`VmdmX Am{X go _wº$ hmoH$a _mZdr` EH$Vm Ho$ _yb {~ÝXw VH$ nh±þM gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&'' AmYw{ZH$ wJ_| Vmo AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm d¡ {º$H$ ê${M na AmYm[aV Z hmoH$a gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$Amdí`H$VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& BÝht Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ H$maU A~ AZwdmX ì`{º$ n[a{Y go {ZH$bH$a g_{ï> H$s n[a{Y _| Am J`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO Ho$ g_mO _| AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm BVZr A{YH$ ~‹T> JB©h¡ {H$ AZwdmX H$m H$m`© A~ g§J{R>V ê$n _| g§ñWm ~Zm H$a {H$`m OmZo bJm h¡ AV: {ZîH$f© ê$n _| hH$hm Om ahm h¡ {H$ AZwdmX H$m H$m`© r AmO AÝ` ì`dgm`m| H$s hr m§{V EH$ ì`dgm` ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ&

105

^maVr` gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg g^r mfm Ho$ gm{hËò{Vhmg go àmMrZ Ed§ H$bm_` h¡ Ÿ& maV_| àmMrZ H$mb go A~ VH$ ^maV H$s {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| Am¡a ~mo{b`m| _| g¥OZ hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr`gm{hË` Ho$db {d{^Þ mfmAm| H$s aMZm go g§~§Y Zht aIVm ~pëH$ maVr` gm{hË` Bg ~hþ mfr Am¡ad¡{dÜ`nyU© Xoe H$s gm_m{gH$ g§ñH¥${V$Ho$ g_oH$Z H$m à`mg ^r h¡ Ÿ& AHo$bo gyaXmg H$s MMm© A~gm{hË` _| Zht hmoJr, ~pëH$ gyaXmg Ho$ gmW JwOamVr Ho$ Zagr _ohVm, VobwJw Ho$ nmoVZm, Amo{‹S> m Ho$OJÞmW Xmg, Ag{_`m Ho$ e§H$aXod, H$ÞS> Ho$ nwa§Xa Xmg Am¡a ~§Jbm Ho$ M§S>r Xmg Am{X H${d`m| H$sàmg§{JH$ MMm© hmoJr Ÿ& h An[ahm`© ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& O~ {hÝXr _| N>m`mdmXr H${dVmE± {bIr Om ahr Wt,R>rH$ Cgr g_` ~§Jbm, _b`mb_, n§Om~r, qgYr, CX©y, JwOamVr, VobwJw, _amR>r Am{X V_m_ maVr`^mfmAm| _| md Am¡a gm¢X`© na AmYm[aV ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr H$mì` aMm Om ahm Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z _b`mb_ goAn[a{MV H$mìà{gH$ Ho$ {bE H${R>Z h¡ {H$ dh Hw$_ma AmgZ H$s ^mddmXr H${dVmAm| go Ow‹S>o Ÿ& Omo_amR>r Zht OmZVm dh {dO` V|XwbH$a Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Am¡a Hw$gw_mJ«O H$s H${dVmAm| H$m agmñdmXZ ZhtH$a gH$Vm Ÿ& Omo {hÝXr Zht OmZVm , dh ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m| Am¡a nagmB© Ho$ ì`§Jm| go AZ{^k hr ahOmEJm Ÿ& mfm kmZ Ho$ {~Zm maV H$s {d{^Þ mfmAm| _| eVmpãX`m| _| a{MV gm{hË` H$s CnbpãY`m|go n[a{MV hmoZm Ag§ d h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Ag§ d H$mo AZwdmX g§ d ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ hr H$maU VwbgrAm¡a H§$~Z, ào_M§X Am¡a eaVM§Ð, H$~ra Am¡a do_Zm, A§S>mb, H$m{bXmg Am¡a dmë_r{H$, maVoÝXw ,{XZH$a, BH$~mb, d¥§XmdZbmb d_m©, h[aZmamÙ AmßQ>o, C_me§H$a Omoer, Ako Am¡a JmonrZmW Am{X^maVr` aMZmH$mam| go gmam {hÝXwñVmZ n[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& adrÝÐ ZmW R>mHw$a, H$~ra, Jm{b~ Am{X AZwdmXHo$ H$maU {g\©$ ~§Jmb, {hÝXr `m CX©y Ho$ nmR>H$m| H$mo _w½Y Zht H$aVo, ~{ëH$ {díd Ho$ nmR>H$m| Ho$ MhoVo~Z Jò h¢ Ÿ& maVr gm{hË` H$s AZ_mob CnbpãY`m± AZwdmX Ho$ H$maU mfm Am¡a XoeH$mb H$s gr_m_| ~§Yr hþB© Zht h¢ Ÿ& ñd^mdV: maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z Am¡a AmñdmXZ _| AZwdmX H$s y{_H$m H$moZH$mam Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ&

AZwdmX {g\©$ EH$ gm{hpË`H$ H$m`© Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s nhMmZ OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| g{H«$` gmYZHo$ ê$n _| Câr h¡ Ÿ& àemgZ, {M{H$Ëgm, H$bm, g§ñH¥${V, {dkmZ, à{Vajm, {d{Y, àm¡Úmo{JH$s,VH$ZrH$s, AZwg§YmZ, ì`dgm`, nÌH$m[aVm, OZg§Mma Am{X {d{^Þ joÌm| _| A~ AZwdmX Ho$ {~ZmHw$N> Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& maV O¡go ~hþ mfr Am¡a {d{dYVmAm| go anya Xoe _| amï>r` EH$Vm Ho$ gyÌm| H$mog_oQ>Zo _| ^r AZwdmX H$s AnZr {d{eï> ^y{_H$m h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` Ed§ A§Vam©ï>r` gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z -AÜ`mnZ _| AZwdmX H$s CnmXo Vm Ag§{X½Y h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Vah gm{hË` Ho$ VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z Am¡aAZwg§YmZ H$s {d{^Þ {XemE± AZwdmX go hr {Z`§{ÌV Am¡a {dñV¥V hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& H«$_e: AZwdmX EH$ ñdV§Ìì`dgm` Ed§ AmOr{dH$m H$m gmYZ ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& Ag§»` bmoJm| H$s amoOr-amoQ>r AZwdmX go gå_mZOZH$

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VarHo$ go Mb ahr h¡ Ÿ& kmZ - {dkmZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Am¡a dm{UÁ`-ì`dgm` Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| _|AZwdmX Ho$ ì`mnH$ Cn`moJ Zo Bgo A{YH$m{YH$ bmoH${à` ~Zm`m h¡ Ÿ& ~hþ mfr Xoe maV _| ~hþ mfr{ejm - àUmbr H$s g§ mdZmAm| Ho$ gmW r AZwdmX H$m g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& OrdZ H$s ha {Xem _| AZwdmX H$sàmg§{JH$Vm à_m{UV hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& AmJo amï>r` Am¡a A§Vam©ï>r` ñVa na AZwdmX Ho$ _hËd H$s CÎmamoÎmaàJ{V hmoJr Ÿ& A~ d¡ídrH$aU H$m Xm¡a Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr ^r ^maV go ~‹T> H$a A§Vam©ï>r` ñVa na\¡$b ahr h¡ Ÿ& h A§J«oOr H$s Vah H«$_e: {díd mfm H$m ê$n bo ahr h¡ Ÿ& A~ {j{VO ~hþV {dñV¥V hmoahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE AZwdmXH$m| H$mo r ~‹T>M‹T> H$a AmJo AmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Omo Xm{`Ëd g_` Zo CZ na {X`mh¡ CgHo$ {bE àñVwV hmoH$a Cgo nyam H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&

107

3.4 H$m`m©b`r leLee d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s AZwdmX

* ^y{_H$m :^mfm H$m à`moJ mdm| H$mo eãX ê$n XoZo _| hr Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh {df`dñVw, {d{^Þ {df`m| H$s

gm_J«r H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo _| ^r à`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| VH$ZrH$s -d¡km{ZH$ {df` (O¡go {\${OŠg,B§Or{Z`[aJ, EamoZm[Q>Šg, dm{UÁ`, à~§YZ Am{X ) AZoH$ {df` AmVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm {d{^ÞH$m_ AmZo dmbo {df` r h¡§ Ÿ& BZ_| H$m`m©b` H$m H$m_ h¡, Cgr àH$ma nÌH$m[aVm _| à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&Vmo {\$a {dkmnZ _| r Am¡a _r{S> m Ho$ ê$n _| Ÿ& mfm OrdZ Ho$ g~ joÌm| _| ì`º$ hmoZo Ho$ {bE ì`döVhmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE Bgo mfm H$m à`moOZ_ybH$ ê$n H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ H$s Oê$aV Bg _| AmOmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ^mdZm go BVa gmao H$m`© ì`mnmam| H$mo Bg_| aIm OmVm h¡ -

qhXr H$m à`moJ A~ VH$ ~hþV gr{_V joÌ _| hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& C^` ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ed§ {df` H$sÑ{ï> go Jm§YrOr Zo Bgo A§J«oOr N>mo‹S> AnZo Xoe H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| h{W`ma ~Zm`m Wm Ÿ& gmao Xoe H$m`h amOZr{VH$ Am¡a EH$ H$aZo H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m_ qhXr Ûmam g§ d Wm Ÿ& ñdV: bmoJ Bg gr{_V qhXrH$mo ~‹S>r gabVm go AnZm gHo$, à`moJ ^r H$a gHo$ Wo Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE Jm§YrOr Zo EH$ ~‹S>m amï>ì`mnrAm§XmobZ Mbm`m Wm Ÿ&

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108

na§Vw AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX g§{dYmZ g^m ~Zr Ÿ& dhm± H$m_H$mO H$m gdmb CR>m Ÿ& A§J«oO JE, A~A§J«oOr H$mo r OmZm hmoJm Ÿ& Vmo {\$a H$m_ H$mO H¡$go hmoJm ? g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vm g^m Zo AmXoe {X`m {H$n§Ðh gmb Vmo qhXr -A§J«oOr XmoZm| _| H$m_ hmo Ÿ& BVZm Q>m§OreZ nr[a`S> H$m\$s h¡ Ÿ&

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109

àgm[aV H$s JB© Ÿ& àmoËgmhZ dmbr moOZmE± AnZr OJh Wr Ÿ& ha Ñ{ï> go à`moOZ Ho$ {bE qhXr Ho$ nm§d_O~yV {H$ò JE Ÿ& Bg na {ZJamZr H$aZo hoVw g§gXr` amO^mfm g{_{V`m± ~Zr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Xoe â Ho${d{^Þ H$m`m©b`m|, H$maImZm| à`moJembmAm| Ed§ AÝ` joÌm| H$m Xm¡am H$a pñW{V H$m OmÒm {b`m Ÿ&_mJ©Xe©Z {H$`m Ÿ& grYo AnZr [anmoQ>© amï>n{V H$mo gm¢nr Ÿ& Cg AmYma na ~rM-~rM _| amï>n{VOr Ho$AmXoe {ZH$bo Ÿ& qhXr AZwdmX Ed§ à`moJ Ho$ {bE {Z`_ -{d{Z`_, AÜ`mXoe ... {ZH$bo Ÿ& V~ OmH$aqhXr _| H$m_H$mO H$m ñVa ~Xbm Ÿ& A{YH$m[a`m| Am¡a H$_©Mm[a`m| g~Zo AXå` CËgmh {XIm`m Ÿ&

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* à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr _| AZwdmX :Š`m|{H$ ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© Bg_| A§J«oOr hr EH$ _mÌ H$km_H$mO _| ì`döV ^mfm Wr Ÿ& na§Vw

1949 Ho$ ~mX H«$_e: ^maVr` ^mfm, {deof ê$n _| qhXr H$m à`moJ ~‹T>Zo bJm Ÿ& Ohm± gm_J«r Zht{_bVr A§J«oOr go AZwdmX H$a boVo Ÿ& AV: h_ ewê$ _| ~hþV A{YH$ AZwdmX na {Z^©a H$aVo Ÿ& H«$_e:h_ AnZr ^mfm _| g_¥Õ hmoVo aho Ÿ& ^maVr` ^mfmAm| g_oV qhXr _| àMwa AZwdmX hþAm Ÿ& AV: Bggm{hË` H$s _m§J ~‹T>Zo bJr Ÿ& VoOr go d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s hr Zht H$m`m©b`r gm_J«r Ho$ AZwdmX H$s rOê$aV ~‹T>Zo bJr Ÿ& Bg H$m`© H$mo ì`mnH$ ê$n _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

110

* gm{hpË`H$ ~Zm_ d¡km{ZH$ AZwdmX :nrN>o h_Zo XoIm {H$ gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX ~hþ ñVar` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m {deof à`moJ hmoZo Ho$

H$maU {g\©$ eãXH$mofr mfm CgHo$ {bE Woï> Zht hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& eãXm| H$mo$ g§X © Ho$ gmW XoIZm n‹S>Vm h¡Am¡a CZH$m à`moJ AZwdmXH$ Om§M-naI H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` _| Vmo eãXm| H$m ì`{º$JV à`moJ~‹T> J`m Ÿ& \$bñdê$n eãX g§Ho$V ì`{º$ Ho$ AmYma na AW© XoVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo _| CgH$m Cgr ñVa naAW©J«hU H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± na VÏ` go AH$ VËd Am¡a Xe©Z g_m{hV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g¥OZmË_H$gm{hË` _| mdm| H$m g_mhma h¡ Omo {H$ àm`: A_yV© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝh| _yV© ê$n XoZo H$mà`mg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË` AnZo wJ H$s A{^ì`{º$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmXH$ H$mo Cg wJ go n[a{MVhmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& EH$ gm{hË`H$ma hr gm{hpË`H$ gm_J«r H$m AZwdmX H$ao Vmo Cg_| A{YH$ g\$b hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& bú` mfm _| Z`r B_maV dhr I‹S>r H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& bú` mfm _| g¥OZ H$s gmar O{Q>bVm gmarg_ñ`m Am¡a gmar ì`dñWm _yb H$mo öX`§J_ H$a Ho$ MbVm h¡ Ÿ&

O~ {H$ d¡km{ZH$ -VH$ZrH$s _| eãX H$s g_ñ`m EH$ {^Þ ñVa na ahVr h¡ Ÿ& dh VÏ` naH$g§X^m] H$s g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& hm± na _yV© ê$nm| H$m ZB© ^mfm _| _yV© ê$nm§VaU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gyMZm àYmZ hmoZo Ho$H$maU g_mZmWu eãXm| H$mo H$moe _| Ty>§T>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g~ ^mfmAm| _| AnZr -AnZr d¡km{ZH$VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr ~Zr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g§X^m©Zwgma CZ eãXm| H$mo T§>y>T> H$a dh ZB© gm_J«r H$m {Z_m©U H$aboVm h¡ Ÿ& dh eãXm| H$m A{^Ym Ho$ AmYma na AW© {ZH$mb boVm h¡ Ÿ& ~g hr XoIZm h¡ {H$ {H$g g§X^©_| dh eãX à`wº$ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hr eãX H$m g§X^© ~XbZo na AW© ~Xb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: Cg g§X^©Ho$ Ame`dmbm eãX ì`dhma H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± EH$ g§X^© _| eãX EH$mWu hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr H$s h g~go ~‹S>r ghÿ{b`V h¡ Ÿ& hm± h_ "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' H$m BñVo_mbH$a EH$ AmgmZ amh na Mb gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& `h ^mfm {df` H$mo {ddaU, {díbofU, {ddoMZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&Xoe -H$mb `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ -Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maH$ à^md Zht S>mbVo Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| d¡km{ZH$ VÏ`bJ^J gmd© m¡{_H$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& `h gyMZm ^a ^mfmZwdmX _| ê$nm§V[aV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m {ddaU bú`^mfm _| àñVwV H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± eãX bú` ^mfm _| Z hmoZo na _yb H$m eãX ^r aI XoVo h¢ Ÿ&Š`m|{H$ d¡km{ZH$ eãXmdbr AnZo-AnZo Xoe Ho$ bmoJm|, dhm± Ho$ AZw dm| Ed§ AZwg§YmZm{X go OÝ_ boVrh¡ Ÿ& AV: dh eãXmdbr ñWmZr` eãX {Z_m©U e¡br, na§nam Ed§ ì`{º$ -ñWb {deof H$mo _hËd Xo H$a~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m AZwdmX ha AmX_r ha Xoe _| AnZo-AnZo T>§J go Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& {d{Y {Z{_©Vì`dñWm Am¡a bú` ^mfm _| ñdrH$m`© g_Vwë` eãXm| go ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: CgH$s AnZr gr_m`| hmoVrh¢ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE `hm± h ~§YZ _mZZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg mfm H$s gm_J«r H$m AZwdmX MmaAZwdmXH$ Mma Vah go Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& dh nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ AZwemgZ _| ah H$a H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

111

~hþV Á`mXm ñdV§ÌVm Zht ahVr (dmŠ` {Z_m©U g§~§Yr e¡br JV Wmo‹S>r Ny>Q> Oê$ar ahVr h¡ ) d¡km{ZH${Z`_m| _| Am¡a {H«$`m -à{H«$`mAm| _| ~hþV Ny>Q> Zht hmoVr Ÿ& d¡{dÜ` H$s g§ mdZm bJ^J Zht hmoVr Ÿ&{df` {ddoMZm Ho$ {bE {df` H$m kmZ Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& bú` ^mfm _| Cg g§X^© _| à`wº$ eãXmdbr gon[aM` Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& _yb AW© H$mo boH$a búd mfm _| Cgo C{MV T>§J go àñVwV Z H$aZo na dh AZwdmX~mo{Pb hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AQ>nQ>m bJZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& g§àofU _| H${R>ZmB© n¡Xm H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& eãX Ho$ ~mXà{VeãX EH$-EH$ H$a aIVo OmZm H$m\$s Zht hmoVm Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s mfm _| OrdZ Ho$ {deofAZw d hr kmZ H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h kmZ -{dkmZ Cg YaVr Ho$ OrdZ, dhm± H$s Obdm`w, na§namAmdí`H$Vm, m¡{VH$ OrdZ H$s g_ñ`m go OÝ_ boVm h¡ Ÿ& AZm`mg Zht Ÿ& gà`mg Am¡a à`moJembmgo OÝ_ boH$a ZyVZ VÏ` g§~{bV gm{hË` {Z{_©V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$ënZm H$a CÝh| {deof narjU {ZarjUH$a gË` ê$n _| bmVo h¢ Ÿ& dh gm{hË` AZwdmX Ho$ {bE O~ àñVwV hmoVm h¡ dhm± do Amdí`H$VmE± hmogH$Vr h¢, na CZ AZw dm| H$s XoZ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh eãXmdbr àm`: Zht hmoVr & Cg g_` m Vmo_yb H$mo J«hU H$a boVo h¢, `m CgH$s Vah J‹T> boVo h¢ `m {\$a AnZo (bú` _|) Hw$N> eãXm| H$mo CgHo$g_H$j dh AW© dhZ H$aZo dmbm _mZ boVo h¢ Ÿ& V~ CgH$m à`moJ H$a AZwdmX H$a boVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± na^mfm H$s nmaXeu Am¡a EH$mH$s hmoZm CgH$m g~go ~‹S>m JwU hmoJm Ÿ& Bgr{bE gQ>rH$Vm na ~b {X`mOmVm h¡ Ÿ& A{^Ym Ho$ ghmao AZwdmX H$aZo _| {XŠH$V Zht ahVr Ÿ& O~{H$ gm{hË`mZwdmX _| pñW{V nhbohr ñnï> H$s Om MwH$s h¡ Ÿ&

AV: gm{hË` Am¡a {dkmZ AZwdmXm| H$m bú` EH$ h¡, à{H«$`m -à{d{Y ^r EH$ h¡ Ÿ& na§VwCgH$s g_ñ`m`| {^Þ-{^Þ h§¡, Am¡Oma {^Þ h¢ Am¡a ñVa {^Þ -{^Þ h¢ Ÿ& àVrH$ XmoZm| _| h¡§, naàVrH$mW© {^Þ h§¡ Ÿ&

`hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BŠH$sgdt gXr _| VH$ZrH$s -d¡km{ZH$ AZwdmX H$mo BVZm _hËd {X`m Omahm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe _| "amï>r` AZwdmX {_eZ' na Aa~m| én`o IM© hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& Xoe _| H|$Ðr` gaH$ma ZoAZwdmX ~yamo ~Zm H$a Xoe ^a _| CgHo$ à{ejU H$s ì`dñWm H$a aIr h¡ Ÿ& {díd{dÚmb` ñVa naMmam| Amoa à`moOZ _ybH$ qhXr Am¡a à`moOZr AZwdmX Ho$ nmR²> H«$_m| H$s gwqM{VV àUmbr {dH${gV hmoMwH$s h¡ Ÿ& eãXmdbr {Z_m©U hoVw {demb EH$ H|$Ðr` Am`moJ dfm] go H$m`©aV h¡ {OgZo A~ VH$ ~mahbmI eãX {Z{_©V H$a {bE h¢ Ÿ& g¡H$‹S>m| J«§W {Z{_©V hþE h¢ Ÿ& maVr` mfmAm| _| AZwdmX H$m h H$m`©ì`mnH$ ñVa na Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& maVr` mfmAm| _| AmYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s d¡km{ZH$ gm_J«r H$m A^md ZhtahoJm Ÿ& àmoËgmhZ H$m A^md Zht h¡ Ÿ& AmO Bg {Xem _| H$_©R> H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$m A^md A{^b{jV hmoahm h¡ Ÿ&

112

Xa Agb

i) {df`JV àm_m{UH$Vm

ii) Wm VÏ`Vm

iii) gwnmR²> Vm

VrZ à_wI JwU Bg AZwdmX Ho$ {bE Oê$ar h§¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm e¡br H$mo AmJo MbH$ag_m{hV H$a| Vmo gmoZo _| gwJ§Y hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ~mV _whmdao AmZo na CR>Vr h¡ Ÿ& V~ ^mfm gOmZo H$m,A{YH$ gwÝXa H$aZo H$m à`mg g§ d h¡ Ÿ& hm± na g§Ho$V AnZo AnZo g§X^© _| EH$X_ {d{eï> AW© dhZH$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {MÝhm| H$m Cn`moJ r Cgr àH$ma {d{eï> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& o d¡km{ZH$ -VH$ZrH$s àVrH$ gm_mÝ`^mfm _| Zht MbVo Ÿ& CÝh| {deof OmZH$ma hr g_P nmVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± Hw$N> {MÝh gmd©Xo{eH$ hmo OmVo h¢Am¡a gmao {díd _| CZH$m à`moJ g_ê$n _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ `h ^mfm ^r {deofrH¥$Vh¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ -VH$ZrH$s mfm H$mo d¡go hr d¡km{ZH$-VH$ZrH$s ê$n _| bú` mfm _| aIZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&`hm± ^r nhbo go à`wº$ joÌ Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ewê$ _| AQ>nQ>m bJ gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

3.5 nm{a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Am¡a CgH$m _hËd :

`h d¡go hr O¡go S>mba H$mo én`m| _| ~XbZm AWdm é~b m XrZma m oZ H$mo én`m| _| H$a|grHo$ ñVa na n[adV©Z H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& \$H©$ `hr h¡ {H$ H$a|gr _| ^md KQ>Vo -~‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw VH$ZrH$sà`moJ hoVw à`wº$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m _yë` pñWa hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$mod¡km{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s AmYma{ebm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± eãX H$s (AW©JV) gr_m ~m§Y H$a gw{ZpíMVH$a Xr JB© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s VrZ {deofVmE± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

i) ò gr{_V AW© H$s gyMZm XoVo h¢ Ÿ&

ii) Cg AW© H$mo dhZ H$aZo hoVw EH$ hr eãX à`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {dH$ën Zht Ÿ&

iii) `hm± AW© {d{eï> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ g§X^© _| à`wº$ eãX gm_mÝ` AW© Zht, dh g§X^© H$mAW© àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

O~ à`moJ ~‹T> OmVm h¡ Vmo dhr eãX gm_mÝ` O¡gm bJZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& à`moº$m yb OmVm h¡ {H$BgH$m {Z_m©U {deof AW© _| hþAm Ÿ& `h ^r Ü`mZ _| aIZm Oê$ar h¡ {H$ h_ ^mfm {dH$mg Ho$ Xm¡a goJwOa aho h¢ Ÿ& qhXr _| VH$ZrH$s -d¡km{ZH$ à`moJ H$s mfm Am¡a eãXmdbr ~Z ahr h¡ Ÿ& gmW-gmW XoeBg joÌ _| ÐwVJ{V go AmJo ~‹T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& [agM© Ho$ O[aò Zò joÌ Ow‹S> aho h¢ Ÿ& Omo bmoJ pñWa _mZH$eãXmdbr H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢ CÝh| Bg ~mV H$mo ^r Ü`mZ _| aIZm hmoJm Ÿ& h_ A^r pñWa Ed§ O‹S>

113

nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ ñVa VH$ Zht nh±þMo Ÿ& {dH$mg Ho$ Xm¡a _| aKwdra Ûmam {Z{_©V eãXmdbr VH$H$mo nrN>o N>mo‹S> MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& AmO CZH$m _hmZ H$m`© h_mao {bE Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hËd H$m Oê$a h¡ Ÿ& na§Vwà`moJ Ho$ ñVa na VH$ZrH$s Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ eãXmdbr Am`moJ Ûmam ñdrH¥$V Ed§ {Z{_©V eãXmdbr hr{deof _hËd aIVr h¡ Ÿ&

{\$a r yZoñH$mo Ûmam àH$m{eV àmo.E. godmo{XZ Ho$ J«§W "gmB§{Q>{\$H$ E§S> Qo>pŠZH$b Q>m§gboeZE§S> AXa EñnoŠQ> Am\$ b|½doO àmãb_' Ho$ AZwgma nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$s à_wI {deofVm {ZåZ h¢ -

i) CƒmaU _| gabVm - nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m CƒmaU à`moJ H$aZo dmbo Ho$ {bEgab hmo Ÿ& V^r dh Cgo Á`mXm go Á`mXm ì`dhma H$aZo _| g_W© hmoJm Ÿ& hm± namB© mfm go J«hU {H$`oeãX H$mo AnZo AZwHy$b ~ZmZo H$s à{H«$`m Iy~ Mb ahr h¡ -

Under - A§Xa

Lantern - bmbQ>oZ

Interim - A§V[a_

Academy - AH$mXo{_$

Tragedy - ÌmgXr

Comedy - H$m_oXr

Glucose - ½byH$mog

ii) nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m AW © -ñnï>, gw~moY Am¡a gw{ZpíMV hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& AW©g§H$moM `m AW© {dñVma go {\$a dh nm[a^m{fH$ Z ah H$a gm_mÝ` eãX ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

iii){df`~Õ - nm[a^m{fH$ EH$ {df` g§X^© _| AW© àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Xygao g§X^© _| `mXygao {df` joÌ _| dhr AW© Zht XoJm Ÿ& `hm± na Cg {df` H$s gyMZm dhr eãX XoJm Ÿ& O¡goGoverment eãX H$m AW© gaH$ma Am¡a emgZ XmoZm| h¢ Ÿ& h_mao Xoe _| qhXr H$m ê$n g§ñH¥$V{Zð> Am¡aCXy©{Zð> XmoZm| ñdrH$m`© hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~hþV ~ma Xmo eãX nm[a^m{fH$ ê$n _| ñdrH$m`© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡goH$m`m©b`, XâVa; Zm¡H$a - Mnamgr A\$ga, A{YH$mar Ÿ&

iv) g§{jáVm - eãX g§{já hmo Vmo ~ma-~ma à`moJ _| gw{dYm ahVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go H$a, Am`,~¢H$, F$U, Vma, BZH$m à`moJ Iy~ hmoZo bJm h¡ Š`m|{H$ `o eãX g§{já Am¡a AmgmZ h¢ Ÿ&

v) Cd©aVm - nm[a^m{fH$ eãX _| àË``, CngJ© bJm H$a AZoH$ eãX ~ZmZo H$s j_Vm hmoZrMm{hE O¡go - CËnmXH$ -CËnmXH$s`, {dÚwV - {dÚwVrH$aU , H$a - H$amYmZ, amÁ`- amOH$s` Ÿ&

114

Bg àH$ma à`moº$m H$m H$m`© AmgmZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

vi) _yb{Zð>Vm - nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {Og _yb go ~Zm, Cg AW© Ho$ {ZH$Q> hmo Ÿ& V^r dhAW© ghr T>§J go ñnï> hmoJm Ÿ& O¡go - àofU - g§àofU, {ZH$Q> - {ZH$Q>Vm, g{ÞH$Q> Ÿ&

vii) ñdV§ÌVm Ed§ ñdm`gÎmm - `o AW© àXmZ _| ñdm`Îm hmoVo h¢ ŸAm¡a {d{eï> hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&Bggo H$moB© g§Xoh m Xw{dYm Zht hmoVr - {Z`_ - A{Y{Z`_, {Z`_mdbr Ÿ&

viii) gm§Ho${VH$Vm - Bg_| eãX g§{j{áH$aU H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {dkmZ _| BgH$m {deof _hËd h¡ Ÿ&

O¡go - H2o H$m à`moJ nmZr Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ , C.{Z.$ - Cn{ZXoeH$

BZ {deof ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ ~rM AZwdmX CZ g§H$ënZmË_H$ eãXm| H$m ê$nm§VaU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& _ybVmo Am{dîH$Vm© AnZr mfm _| CÝh| OÝ_ XoVm `m T>mbVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Ho$ g_` Cg g§H$ënZm na OmoaXoH$a T>mbZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± n`m© MwZVo g_` Hw$N> H$_ m Hw$N> A{YH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ~moY Ho$ñVa na _yb O¡gm à^mdr hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& `h h_oem g§ d Zht hmoVm Ÿ& H$moB© eãX J«hUr`Vm H$m àíZ~Zm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© eãX J«hU hmo OmVm h¡ , Mb n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© Ny>Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| bmoH$_mZg_hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& amOZr{V Am¡a gm_m{OH$ MbZ Á`mXm y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢ Ÿ& AmO AIR H$m qhXr"AmH$medmUr' Iy~ MbVm h¡ Ÿ& TV H$m d¡go hr XyaXe©Z Mb n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ& àmo. gyaO ^mZqgh Zo Bg naJm¡a H$a ñdrH$mam h¡ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ -

""ha Z`m kmZ ^mfm go eãXmdbr Am¡a A{^ì`{º$ H$s _m§J H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo AÝdofH$ Z`mAm{dîH$ma XoVm h¡, dhr Cgo Zm_ XoVm h¡ Ÿ&'' Bg àH$ma eãXm| H$m OÝ_ _yb ê$n _| {^Þ h¡ Vmo AZwdmX_| Cgo g_P Cgr àH$ma CËnÞ H$aZm m AZwHy$bZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& O~ H$moB© g§H$ënZm {d{eï> h¡, VmoCgo ì`º$ H$aZo dmbm eãX r {d{eï> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h gm_mÝ` mfm _| hmo r gH$Vm h¡ , m AW© {d{eï>ì`º$ H$aoJm Ÿ& AV: gm_mÝ` qhXr OmZH$ma BZHo$ {deof g§X^© H$mo boH$a {deof AW© _| Cgo OmZo V~~mV ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± ñ_aU H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s MMm© gm_mÝ`OZ Ho$ {bE Zht h¡ Ÿ&BgH$m à`moJ {d{eï>OZ Ho$ {bE h¡ Omo Cg joÌ go g§~Õ h§¡ m Cg_| {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| H$m`©aV h¡§ Ÿ&Am¡am| H$m Cggo H$m_ H$_ n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

`h dmñVd _| Ü`mZ XoZo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ VH$ZrH$s Ed§ d¡km{ZH$ eãXmdbr EH$-EH$ {df`{deof Ho$ {bE ê$‹T> hþAm H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& CgH$m gm_mÝ` à`moJ AÝ` g§X^© _| g§ d Zht Ÿ& AV: qhXr _|VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr Ho$ g§X^© _| Omo "XwéhVm', A~moÜ`Vm Am¡a "AàM{bV' eãXmdbr H$m AmamonbJm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& h AZmdí`H$ Am¡a Xw m©dZm ào[aV r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Omo CgH$m à`moJ Zht MmhVo,

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do Hw$N> {deof CÔoí` aIH$a Eogm Amjon H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE _o{S>H$b _| à`wº$ nyareãXmdbr O_©Z, OmnmZ AWdm \«|$M AmYma na ~Zr h¢ Ÿ& h_mam Cg àUmbr, Xdm AWdm à{H«$`m _|H$ht H$moB© moJXmZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& h_ H¥$VkVm nyd©H$ Cgo J«hU H$a aho h¢, _mZdr` CnH$ma H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a Ÿ& Bgo gmYmaU Ñ{ï> go XoIo§ Vmo `h EH$X_ AQ>nQ>r, Xwéh Am¡a [An[a{MV bJoJr Ÿ& na§Vw BZH$mg§~§Y CËnmXZ, AZwg§YmZ, à`moJ Ed§ AÝ` Ñ{ï> go A§Vamï>r` A{dÀN>oÚ g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg_| (O¡gmZm_mdbr) g§emoYZ, n[adV©Z, g_rH$aU `m ^maVr`H$aU g§ d Zht hmoJm Ÿ& Bggo h_ EH$ d¥ÎmhaH$m`©H«$_ go H$Q> H$a ñWmZr` ~Z H$a ah Om`|Jo Ÿ& Cggo Ow‹S>r d¡pídH$ àJ{V go Zò g§YmZm| go h_mamg§~§Y Ny>Q> OmòJm Ÿ& `h VH$ZrH$ _| Á`mXm _hËd aIVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~hþV VoOr go n[adV©Z Am aho h¢ Ÿ&Bg eãXmdbr go N>o‹S>N>m‹S> h_mao {hV _| Zht hmoJr Ÿ& Omo BZ joÌm| (O¡go S>mŠQ>a,B§Or{Zà, Q>oŠZmoH«o$Q>Am{X) Ow‹S>o h¢ , BZ eãXm| H$m CÝht go g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& do BgHo$ gmW Aä`ñV§ hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CZH$s_oYm hr d¡gr ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr Ho$ A§Vam©ï>r` A§e na {Q>ßnUr H$aVo g_`h_| {deof gmdYmZ hmoZm n‹S>oJm Ÿ& Cg_| Zm_ gyMH$ eãXm| Ho$ Abmdm ^mfm Ho$ AÝ` A§Jmo § (Com

ponents) {dMma H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& dhm± O{Q>bVm go CZH$m H$m`© H${R>Z hmoJm Ÿ& CÝh| H$moB© gw{dYm Zht{_boJr Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aI H$a h_ qhXr Ho$ ^mfmJV à`moJ na MMm© H$a|Jo Ÿ& b§~o Ag} VH$H«|$Ðr` eãXmdbr Am`moJ {g\©$ qhXr eãXmdbr {Z_m©U na Ü`mZ H|${ÐV {H$ò ahm Ÿ& na§Vw A~ gm§{d{YH$_|S>oQ> Ho$ H$maU `h amï>r` {Oå_oXmar H$m Ho$ÝÐ ~Z J`m Ÿ& joÌr` ^mfm eãXmdbr H$m H$m`© VoOr goH$aZo _| VËna hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ ~moS>mo O¡gr gÚ ñdrH¥$V ^mfm na ^r AZwdmX Ho$ ghmaoCëboIZr` àJ{V H$aZo _| g\$b hþAm h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw qhXr _| {Z{_©V nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Á`mXmVa A§J«oOr go ~Zr h¡ Ÿ& ^maV H$s AÝ`^mfm`| ^r Bgo AmXe© _mZ H$a MbVr h¢ Ÿ& qhXr AZwdmX _| gVH©$ ahZo H$s {deof Oê$aV h¡ Ÿ& BgrH$maU g§ñH¥$V H$s Amoa PwH$md A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& d¡go g§{dYmZ ~hþ{dY gm_m{gH$ g§ñH¥${V H$s ~mV H$hVmh¡ Ÿ& {dH$mg gmao Xoe _| Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& Z¡g{J©H$ {dH$mg à{H«$`m _| eãX {Z_m©U Ed§ ^mfm n[adV©Z H$mH«$_ gmW-gmW Omar h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX à{H«$`m H$mo ghO Am¡a gab ~mZmZo hoVw qhXr _| AZwdmX H$mo _mZH$ê$n àXmZ H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& AV: qhXr _| à`wº$ eãXmdbr H$mo ^maVr` gdm©oÀM Ý`m`mb` Ûmam àXÎm{Xem {ZX}emZwgma ~ZmZm hmoJm Ÿ& Bg_| Am`moJ H$s ~ZmB© eãXmdbr H$m à`moJ H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& Bg_|{H$gr g§emoYZ H$m r Xm{`Ëd Bgr H$m h¡ Ÿ& à`moJ H$aVo -H$aVo Ohm± g_ñ`m hmo dhm± gwYma H$a gH$Voh¢ Ÿ& Eogo _| gmao Xoe Ho$ {bE g_ñVa na AZwdmX H$m`© g§ d hmoJm Ÿ& àmo. Ho$earbmb d_m©, Am`moJHo$ AÜ`j H$hVo h¢ - Am`moJ VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr Ed§ mfm H$s àJ{V maV H$s g^r ~mB©g mfmAm|_| H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{V~Õ h¡ Ÿ& CXmhaUmW© H|$Ðr`qhXr {ZXoemb` Zo "_hmH$moe' {Z{_©V {H$`m Ÿ& Bg_|

116

^maV H$s _mÝ` g^r mfmAm| Ho$ _mZH$ eãXm| Ho$ g_mZ ê$n CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& Bggo VH$ZrH$s d d¡km{ZH$^mfm hr Zht àemgZ H$s ^mfm ^r EH$ ñVa na pñWa hmo gHo$Jr ŸŸ& h_mao {dH$mg H$m ^mfmB© amo‹S>m hQ>gHo$Jm ŸAm¡a gm_§Oñ` ñWm{nV hmoZm g§ d hmoJm Ÿ& {\$a AZwdmX (d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s) H$s ^mfmH$mo _mZH$ ê$n {_boJm Am¡a Xoe ^a _| ñdrH$m`© hmo gHo$Jr Ÿ& Jm§d-H$ñ~o XohmV go eha -ZJa Am¡aamOYmZr VH$ gd©Ì g_ ^mfm ~ZoJr Ÿ& `h h_mao {dH$mg H$mo Ëdam àXmZ H$a gHo$Jr Ÿ& Eogo g_mO _|d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mg H$s Ymam gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo ñne© H$aVo hþE JwOaoJr Ÿ&

* d¡km{ZH$ -VH$ZrH$s AZwdmX H$s g_ñ`m`| :Eogo gm{hË` Ho$ AZwdmX H$s Hw$N> g_ñ`mAm| na MMm© nrN>o hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& _w»` MMm© VH$ZrH$s

`m nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr na hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ àm_m{UH$ eãX nmZm hr hm± à_wI g_ñ`m hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

eãXm| _| Vmo {deof g§H$ënZm ^ar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& do hr CgHo$ ~rO hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw bú` ^mfm _|VZwê$n AZwf{JH$ ì`mH$a{UH$ BH$mB`m± ^r hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& g§àofU bmZo hoVw dmŠ` JR>Z na ^r Ü`mZ XoZmOê$ar h¡ Ÿ& O¡go {H$ h_ n[a{MV h¢, A§J«oOr _| dmŠ` ~hþV b§~o aIZo H$s na§nam h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| Eogm Zht Ÿ&AV: EH$ A§J«oOr dmŠ` H$mo qhXr _| d¡km{ZH$ VÏ` ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE àñVwV H$aVo g_` gd©Zm_,{deofU Ed§ Ag_m{nH$m g_m{nH$m {H«$`mAm| H$m à`moJ EH$m{YH$ ~ma H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| qbJ{ZYm©aU EH$ Amoa g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& VH$ZrH$s -d¡km{ZH$ {df` Vmo Šbrd hmoVo h¢ m Aàm{UdmMH$ Ÿ& CZH$moqhXr H$s ~mBZar qbJ àUmbr _| T>mbZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& hmb hr _| CX² m{dV$ ñnwQ>{ZH$, H§$ß`yQ>a, _mCg,B§Q>aZoQ>, \o$g~wH$, BZ eãXm| H$m mÅ>{ÀN>H$ qbJ {ZYm©aU H$aZm ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& dh bmoH$ àMbZ go{^Þ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& _yb H$m ^r dMZ/qbJ AZwH$aU AZwdmX _| g§ d Zht Ÿ& AV: AZwdmXH$ H$moñd{ddoH$ go _mJ© {ZH$mbZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AZwdmX _| e¡br H$m MwZmd H$aVo g_` g_mZ e¡brb§o `m é‹T> eãX ì`dhma H$ao Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AZwgma Mbo§ `m CXy© `m XoeO à`moJ H$ao§ Ÿ& Bg Vah H$sì`mH$a{UH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo bm§K H$a MbZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

g ¡Õm§{VH$ A mm_ _| Vmo A ZwdmXH$ ^ mf m Ho$ EH$ _mZ aI Vm h¡ O¡go (Theory of species)AWdm(Analysis of dreams) Eogo J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h b{bV gm{hË` Ho$AZwdmX go ^r ~‹T> H$a H$bmË_H$ ^mfm _| {H$`m J`m H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| dh ñVa ~ZmZm ~hþV ~‹S>rMwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& hm± AZwdmXH$ {df` H$s JhZVm Ho$ gmW-gmW mfm Ho$ bmdÊ` go r ê$-~-ê$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&`hm± ~moYJå`Vm go AmJo ~‹T>H$a gm{hpË`H$ ñVa VH$ nh±þMZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h AZwdmX H$s gr_m Zht,e{º$ {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

{dkmZ gm_J«r àH$meZ H$s gw{dYm hmoVr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| AnZo

117

AZwg§YmZ bãY n[aUm_m| AWdm H$m`©H«$_ g§~§Yr gyMZmAm| `m go{_Zma nona H$mo qhXr _| {bIZo H$màmoËgmhZ Zht nmVo Ÿ& A^r ^r `Woï> à`moJO{ZV Aä`mg Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do bmoJ qhXr ì`dhma ZhtH$aVo Ÿ& g§H$moMde do A§J«oOr _| {bIVo h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmX _| {dkmZ Ho$ OmZH$ma H$hm± h§¡ Omo Xj AZwdmX H$agH|$ Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX _| loð> d¡km{ZH$ gm{hË` Zht Am nmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~hþV Am¡gV XO} H$m H$m_ qhXrnmR>H$m| H$mo {_b nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo hmoVm r h¡ Cgo d¥hÎma nmR>H$ dJ© Zht {_bVm Ÿ& gr{_V ahZo H$mo d¡km{ZH$AmO r _Z Zht ~Zm nmVm Ÿ& dh {díd H$s à{gÕ nÌ -n{ÌH$mAm|, àH$meZ hmCgm| VH$ AnZm H$m_^oO XoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$ht amo‹S>m, H$ht H$m§Q>m, H$ht D§$Mm-ZrMm (D$~‹S>-Im~‹S>) ... ha Vah H$s O_rZ{_bVr h¡ Ÿ& ga Oo.gr ~mog O¡gr amï>r` ñdm{^_mZr _oYm hr mfm _| H$m_ H$aZo H$m _Z ~Zm nmVr h¡ Ÿ&dhm± na nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r dh na§nam ^r _O~yV hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ&

3.6 _erZr AZwdmX :H§$ß`yQ>a AmZo Ho$ ~mX AmX_r Cggo ~hþV Amem Am¡a AmH$m§jm H$aZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s j_Vm

Vmo gr{_V bJVr h¡, na§Vw g§ mdZmE± Agr_ h¢ Ÿ& Q>§H$U H$m H$m`© AmX_r ~mob H$a H$aZo bJm Ÿh¡ &AmdmO nH$‹S>Vm h¡ Vmo Cggo AmJo mfm r nH$‹S>oJm Ÿ& Bgr {gÕm§V na H§$ß`yQ>a H$m Cn`moJ AZwdmX _|H$aZo H$s ~mV Am`r Ÿ& `h gM h¡ {H$ d¡km{ZH$ {Z`_ H§$ß`yQ>a _| S>mb H$a eãXmdbr Ho$ {Z`_mZwê$nAZwdmX ñdV: H§$ß`yQ>a H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` Hw$N> S>oQ>m Cg_| S>mbVm h¡ Ÿ& AW© Ho$ {bE Hw$N> àmoJ«mq_J{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Á`m|-Á`m| gm_J«r Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ñdMm{bJ H§$ß`yQ>a ê$nm§VaU H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm±_Zwî` S>oQ>m ^aZo H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mH$s à{H«$`m ñdV: hmoZo bJVr h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` H$mo AZwdmX H$m`© _|Hw$N> Zht H$aZm Ÿ&

_mZd {Z`§{ÌV _erZr AZwdmX _| VrZ gmonmZ h¢ :

E) nmR> H$m {díbofU (Analysis of text)

~r) A§VadVu à{H«$`m(Intirmettent process)

gr) àOZZ (Generation )

Bg àH$ma AZwdmXH$ _erZ _| nmR> H$mo \$sS>>> {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {d{dY ì`mnH$ ñVam| na Cgo{d^m{OV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX à{H«$`m _| BH$mB`m| _| {d^º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& bú` ^mfm H$mo ~am~a CËnÞH$a nmR> {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& `h (Output ) H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h H$m_ nhbo O_©Z, \«|$M, ê$gr Am{X^mfmAm| _| ewê$ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& _erZr AZwdmX Ho$ gmonmZ h¢ :

òmoV mfm nmR>, òmoV ^mfm nmR> {díbofU , bú` ^mfm nmR> àOZZ g§íbofU,

bú` mfm nmR>

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^maV _| _erZr AZwdmX Ho$ {bE ^maVr` àm¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmZ, H$mZnwa _| "Ajam ^maVr' Ho$A§VJ©V H$m_ ewê$ hþAm Ÿ& ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| nmg©a (nX ì`m»`m) Am¡a àOZZ (Generator) H$m{dH$mg H$a {d{^Þ mfmAm| Ho$ ~rM AZwdmX H$aZo H$m à`mg hþAm Ÿ&" nm{UZr` Ho$ H$maU nmg©a' H$m{dH$mg hþAm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _| nañna _erZr AZwdmX Ho$ g§X^© _| g¡Õm§{VH$ n¥ð> y{_V¡ ma hþB© Ÿ& 1995 B©. _| h¡Xam~mX `w{Zd{g©Q>r Ho$ gh`moJ go VobwJw -qhXr, H$ÞS> -qhXr, n§Om~r -qhXr, ~§½bm -qhXr, _amR>r -qhXr H$m {dH$mg hþAm Ÿ& o AZwgmaH$ LINUX ßboQ>\$m_© na V¡ ma {H$òJE Ÿ&

^maV _| AZwdmX H$m joÌ A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& g{H«$` amO^mfm _| Oê$aV _hgyg hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ&AV: _erZr AZwdmX H$m {deof {dH$mg CDAC, nwUo _| Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& H$m`m©b`r H$m_H$mO H$mo {deofÜ`mZ _| aIH$a _§Ìm(Machine Assisted Translation) H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma "Am§½b^maVr'Ho$ A§VJ©V maVr` mfmAm| _| gmâQ>do am| na grS>H$, nwUo Ed§ AÝ` AZoH$ àm¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmZm| _| VoOrgo {dH$mg H$m`© Mb ahm h¡ ! Bg_| yEZEb (Universal Networking Language) Ho$ _mÜ`_ go qhXrH$mo amï>g§K H$s ^mfmAm| go Omo‹S>Zo H$m H$m_ Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr go (UNL) _| n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE Am¡a(UNl) go qhXr _| n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE (Enconverter) V¡ ma hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&

OmnmZ Zo Bg joÌ _| àJ{V H$a _erZ na _m¡{IH$ AZwdmX H$s Amoa H$X_ ~‹T>mò h¢ Ÿ& OmnmZrgo qhXr, A§J«oOr, MrZr Am{X gmV ^mfmAm| _| ~mobVo -~mobVo AZwdmX H$s nÕ{V n`©Q>Z joÌ _|{dH${gV hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m {\$bhmb à`moJ n`©Q>Z H$m`©joÌ _| hmoJm Ÿ& Bg_| dmH²$ A{^kmZ (Sheeeh

recognition) à_wI h¡ Ÿ& `h H$m`© grS>mH$ nwUo _| ^r àJ{V na h¡ Ÿ& Cƒm[aV nmR> H$mo _erZ boH$aQ>mBn H$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| `h 80-85% VH$ g\$bVm àmá H$a MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& `h gmâQ>do a ~Oma _|CVmaZo H$m à`mg hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& H§$ß`yQ>a Q>mBqnJ _| Bg g\$bVm Ho$ ~mX "`w{ZH$moS>' H$s Vah \$m°Q> ImobZoH$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ hmoZo H$s {Xem _| ~‹T> aho h¢ Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma XoI aho h¢ {H$ H§$ß`yQ>a Ho$ AmJ_Z go AZwdmX Ho$ joÌ _| H$m\$s J{V H$s g§ mdZm ~‹T>ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ gmW b{bV gm{hË` Ho$ AZwdmX H$mo AJbr nr‹T>r Ho$ g§YmZ _| g\$bVmnm`r Om gHo$Jr Ÿ& gm§ñH¥${VH$ O{Q>b nmR> H$s g_ñ`m gwbPm boZo H$s g§ mdZm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo bJm {H$ h_{nN>‹‹S> aho h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw {díd Ho$ gmâQ>do a ~Oma _| _hËdnyU© CnpñW{V XO© H$amZo Ho$ ~mX h_| {dídmghmo J`m {H$ Bg AmYw{ZH$V_ àUmbr Ho$ O[aò AZwdmX Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| _| g\$bVm nmZm H${R>Z ZhthmoJm Ÿ& g_ñ`m g_mYmZ Am¡a gw{dYm àXmZ Vmo AZwg§YmZ Ho$ à_wI H$m`© h¢ Ÿ& _erZr joÌ H$m VH$ZmoH«o$Q>{ZV Zò Am{dîH$ma H$aZo _| OwQ>m h¡ Ÿ& Amem h¡ dh {XZ Xya Zht hmoJm O~ {díd _| ^maVr` _erZrAZwdmX AnZr YmH$ O_m gHo$Jm Ÿ&

119

d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| `o _erZr H$m`© h_| gmJa bm§KZo _| _XX H$aoJm Ÿ& A~ gmJa `mÌm go_mb hr OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~w{Õ Am¡a MoVZm H$s `mÌm Vmo H§$ß`yQ>a B§Q>aZoQ> {Q‰>Q>a na hmo ahr h¢ Ÿ& AV:ì`mdgm{`H$ d¡ídrH$aU go ~‹T> H$a _mZd H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ MoVZm Ho$ ñVa na gm¡hmX© nyU© ~§YwVm^mdmnÞ_obOmob g§ d hmo gHo$Jm Ÿ& _erZr AZwdmX H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {XZ na {XZ ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&

3.7 H$m`m©b`rZ AZwdmX :

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX h_Zo AnZo H$m_H$mO (Office Business) Ho$ {bE qhXr H$mo amO^mfm Am¡a(A~) 22 mfmAm| H$mo AmR>dt gyMr ~Zm H$a amÁ`^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$mam h¡ Ÿ& O~ VH$ g~ ñdrH$maZ H$a b| V~ VH$ A§J«oOr ^r H$m_H$mOr ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| MbVr ahoJr Ÿ& _Ja ewê$ _| Vmo qhXr _|H$m_H$mO H$m {H$gr H$mo H$moB© AZw d Z Wm Ÿ& AV: A§J«oOr hr MbVr ahr Ÿ& na qhXr H$mo A§J«oOr H$mghmam XoH$a H$m`m©b`r H$m_H$mO H$s mfm ~ZmZo H$m à`mg Mbm Ÿ& AV: AZwdmX na ~b {X`m J`m Ÿ&EH$ Amoa AZwdmX à{ejU Mbm Xygar Amoa eãXmdbr Am`moJ ~Zm Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ gh`moJ, Vmb_obEd§ CÚ_ go Xoe ^a _| AZy{XV gm_J«r VWm à{e{jV AZwdmXH$m| H$m à`moJ hmoZo bJm Ÿ& qhXr ^mfràXoem| VH$ _| `h H$m`© nyao EH$ Am§XmobZmË_H$ T>§J go H$aZm n‹S>m Ÿh¡ Ÿ& V~ OmH$a pñW{V gwYar Ÿ&AqhXr ^mfr joÌm| _| V{_bZmSw> _| H$m`m©b`rZ qhXr H$mo H$X_ -H$X_ na H${R>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZmn‹S>m Ÿ& Oå_y-H$í_ra _| Vmo g§{dYmZ VH$ H$m hdmbm XoH$a ~Mm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± ñ_aU aIZm hmoJm {H$ ^mfmJV `h g§emoYZ H|$Ðr` gaH$ma Ho$ H$m`m©b`m|, g§K Ho$_§Ìmb`m|, aob, ajm, {dÎmr` g§ñWmZ(~¢H$) Am`moJ, {d^mJm| Am{X _| gd©Ì Ano{jV h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$Abmdm Ý`m`nm{bH$m, g§gX, ha àH$ma Ho$ àemg{ZH$ {d{YH$ Ed§ AÝ` gaH$mar H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bEqhXr _| H$m`© Oê$ar hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: H«$_e: Bgo bmJy H$aZo hoVw A{YH$ go A{YH$ AZwdmX H$aZoOmZo bJm Ÿ& {nN>bo {XZm| g§gXr` amO^mfm g{_{V Ho$ g§ moOH$ gm§gX S>m. àgÞ nmQ>emUr Zo H$hm h¡- h_mao Xoe _| amO^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| qhXr Am¡a amÁ`m| _| amO^mfm XmoZm| H$s àJ{V Am¡a Cn`moJ Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&{nN>bo AmYr gXr _| ~mah bmI eãXm| H$m AZwdmX ~‹S>r CnbpãY h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar ñVa na AZwdmX H$aha joÌ _| {Û^m{fH$ pñW{V g§ d hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ&

gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _| VH$ZrH$s Ed§ J¡a VH$ZrH$s XmoZm| Vah H$m AZwdmX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> _|VH$ZrH$s H$m_ A{YH$ hmoVm h¡ - ajm, noQ>mo{b`_, agm`Z, H¥${f, {d{Y, D$Om© Am{X Ho$ H$m`m©b` XmoVah H$m H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&

1) àemg{ZH$ - BZ_| Á`mXmVa \$mBb ~ZmZm, àemgZ g§~§Yr H$mJOr H$m_ H$aZm Am{Xà_wI hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| A{YH$mar Am¡a H$_©Mmar EH$ Xygao hoVw nÌ àñVwV H$aVo h¢, BZ_| _w»`V: nÌ,

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AY©gaH$mar nÌ, n¥ð>m§H$Z, kmnZ m H$m`m©b` kmnZ, A{YgyMZm, g§H$ën, AmXoe, H$m`m©b` AmXoe,A§V{d© mJr` {Q>ßnUr, (Vma oOZm A~ ~§X hmo J`m h¡) {Z{dXm, H$ama, {dkmnZ Am{X AmVo h¢ Ÿ&

àemg{ZH$ mfm _| n`m© Zht hmoVo Ÿ& àËòH$ eãX H$m à`moJ {deof à`moOZ go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go-Order, Instruction, Direction VrZm| {^Þ md aIVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: BZHo$ AZwdmX _| -

"AmXoe' ({H$gr A{YH$ma `m e{º$de XoVo h¢ "AmXoe, {ZX}e' (`h Am¡nMm[aH$ pñW{V _|H$m`© nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE XoVo h¢)

"_mJ© Xe©Z' - H$m_ nyam H$aZo hoVw {Xem g§Ho$V BZ_| {^Þ -{^Þ bú` ñnï> h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$mah_ XoIVo h¢ - A) Sanction

B) Approval

C) Pearmisson

VrZm| H$m {^Þ Ame` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ {bE H«$_e: E) _§Oyar Ÿ& ~r) AZw_moXZ Ÿ& gr) AZw_{V &

AZwdmX _| à`moJ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& gyú_ A§Va AZwdmX _| n[ab{jV hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma -

(Dismissal, Removal, Termination, Discharge) Ho$ AZwdmX _| gyú_ A§Va h¡ Ÿ& dh H«$_e:~aImñVJr, {ZîH$mgZ, g_m{á Am¡a godm-_w{º$ _| XoI gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& BZ Mmam| H$mo EH$ Xygao _| AXb-~Xb Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& ò AnZm {deof AW© ì`º$ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a C{MV g§X^© _| BZH$m ì`dhma {H$`mOmVm h¡ Ÿ&

A§J«oOr Ho$ eãXm| H$m AZwdmX g§X^© bo H$a {H$ò {~Zm CbQ> \o$a hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _§Ìmb` Ho$ EH$^mJ H$mo Section H$hVo g_` qhXr _| "AZw mJ' {bIVo h¢ Ÿ& O~ {H$ aobdo _| "goŠeZ' eãX H$mà`moJ CnI§S> hmoJm Ÿ& (Division) eãX - à^mJ/ AZw mJ

Bg àH$ma AZwdmX _| {deof H$a H$m`m©b`r AZwdmX _| VrZ-Mma {deof Ü`mZ XoZo H$s ~mV|hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&

1) g~go à_wI Vmo h h¡ {H$ gO©ZmË_H$ gm{hË` {^Þ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h ^mdZm àYmZ Zht hmoVm Ÿ&

2) h Am¡nMm[aH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ì`{º$JV A{^é{M m A{^`moJ AWdm AZw moJ H$mo ñWmZ Zht ahVm Ÿ& AZwdmX _| `h Ñ{ï> Oê$ar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&

3) ~H$ar Ho$ ~ƒo H$m ŠbmoZ ~Zm H$a h_ Xygao nXmW© go ~H$ar H$m ~ƒm n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_|~H$ar Ho$ gmao JwU hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$m`m©b`rZ gm_J«r Ho$ AZwdmX _| dhr nyU©Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm Zht{_bVr Ÿ& JwU-{d^mJ g~ _yb Ho$ AZwgma h¡ Ÿ&

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4) H$m`m©b`rZ ^mfm Ho$ A§J«oOr ê$nm| H$m qhXr AZwdmX H$aVo g_` qhXr H$s gm§ñH¥${VH${deofVmAm| na Ü`mZ aIm OmZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&

(CXmhaUmW© - You - Amn Ÿ& H$m`m©b` _| H$^r Vw_ H$m à`moJ Zht {H$`m OmVm ) Cgr VahHe AmXamW© _| "do' AZwdmX H$a dmŠ` ~hþdMZ _| hmoJm Ÿ&

5) mdwH$Vm a{hV mfm {_boJr Ÿ& AZwdmX _| BgH$m Ü`mZ aho Ÿ& AnZËd m AmË_r` mddmbr^mfm Z bo H$a {Zanoj Am¡a {Zînj ^mfm _| AZwdmX H$aZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&

6) H$m`m©b` _| àemg{ZH$ H$m_-H$mO hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ VH$ZrH$s Ed§d¡km{ZH$ Am`moJ Zo {ZpíMV eãXmdbr àñVwV H$a Cg eãXmdbr H$m à`moJ H$aZm ~mÜ`Vm_ybH$ hmoJ`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX H$m`© gmao Xoe _| EH$ ñVa na hmoJm Ÿ& g§àofU _| H$moB© g§Xoh m {^ÞVm ZhtahoJr Ÿ&

AmO Xoe a _| J¥h_§Ìmb` Ûmam gaH$mar H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ {bE H$m`m©b`r AZwdmX {gImZo H$sì`mnH$ ì`dñWm hmo MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& Xoe â Ho$ {díd{Úmb`m|, H$mboOm| _| {d^mJ Iwbo h¢, qhXr {d^mJ Ho$A§VJ©V H$m`m©b`rZ qhXr n‹T>mZo H$s gw{dYm hþB© h¡ Ÿ& nÌmMma nmR²> H«$_ h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$m`m©b`rZAZwdmX AmO g_ñ`m àYmZ Zht ah J`m Ÿ& A~ Vmo ~g _mZ{gH$Vm H$s H$_r h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar àmoËgmhZ^r ânya h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| h_| qhXr Ho$ d¡pídH$ ê$n H$s qMVm H$aVo g_` Bg Am§V[aH$Xw~©bVm H$mo erK« Xya H$a boZm hmoJm Ÿ& ~hþV Xoa H$aZo na {díd h_| nrN>o N>mo‹S> AmJo {ZH$b OmòJm Am¡ah_ `m Vmo EH$ {H$Zmao hmo Om`|Jo `m AÝ` bmoJm| H$s Oo~ _| Mbo Om`|Jo Ÿ& AV: H$m`m©b`rZ H$m_H$mOH$s qhXr AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hmo `m O¡go hmo nyar Vah AnZm boZm Xoe {hV _| h¡ Ÿ&

Mmho Bg H$m`m©b`rZ AZwdmX H$mo H¥${Ì_ goVw H$h|, na BgZo h_mar ~hþV ~‹S>r gm§d¡Ym{ZH$Oê$aV H$mo nyam {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& mfmB© Ag_§Og H$s K‹S>r _| h_| H$m_H$mO H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo _| nyar _XX H$sh¡ Ÿ& BZ nMmg dfm] _| h_ hmW go Am¡a gmR>r H$b_ go boIZ H$m`© Ho$ Xm¡a go AmO "ñnrM arS>a' Ho$Xm¡a VH$ JwOa MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& H$m`m©b`m| H$mo VoOr go ~XbVo Xm¡a _| H$m\$s Hw$N> VZmd PobZm n‹S>m h¡ Ÿ&AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX qhXr H$m H$moB© H$m`m©b`rZ VmZm-~mZm Z hmoZo go `h Z`m amñVm {Z_m©U H$aZm n‹S>m Ÿ&Cg_| {\$a AmYma^y{_ h_oem n[ad{V©V hmoVr ahr Ÿ& Cg_| nwZ: g§emo{YV H$aVo aho Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$~Xbmdm| H$mo ghVo hþE H$m`m©b`m| H$s j_Vm na à^md Z n‹S>o Ÿ& hm±, H$^r-H$^r P§wPbmhQ> hmoVr h¡ -""Š`m o ñQ>rb _rb ~§X H$a amO^mfm H$m {ejU-à{ejU {H$`m Om` ?'' {\$a YraO go H$m_ boH$aA§J«oOr go qhXr H$s nQ>ar na AmZo H$m H$m_ AmJo ~‹T>Zo bJm Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJ g_PVo h¢ AmO ^r `hAZwdmX T>rbm h¡ Ÿ& na h_mar JUVm§{ÌH$ na§nam, qhXr H$s g_mdoer àH¥${V Ed§ "bmR>r go Zht ào_ go'{Z`_ Ho$ ~b na `h AZwdmX H$m`© Xoe H$s EH$Vm -g§h{V Ñ‹T> H$aVo hþE MbVm ahoJm Ÿ&

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(H$) ^mdmZwdmX

3.8 ^mdmZwdmX :

AZwdmX Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ CgH$s ì`mdhm[aH$Vm na ~hþV nhbo go MMm© hmoVr ahr h¡ Ÿ&AmYw{ZH$ wJ _| Bgo òmoV mfm (EgEb) Ho$ g§Xoe H$mo nhbo AW© Am¡a {\$a g§Xoe H$m (Q>rEb)^mfm _|{ZH$Q>V_, ñdm^m{dH$ VWm VwbZmË_H$ CnmXmZ àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& mdmZwdmX Ho$ g_` _yb H$s eãXmdbr,dmŠ` g§MaZm Ed§ Hw$b {_bm H$a dh àmopº$$ EH$ B_mB© ê$n _| gm_Zo ahVr h¡ Ÿ& nyao H$s bú` ^mfm _|Z`o ê$n _| g§H$ënZm H$a br OmVr h¡ Am¡a bú` ^mfm _| Z`m ê$n {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&

Bg_| _yb Ho$ eãXm| Am¡a _whmdam|, H$hdmVm| Am{X H$s g_Vwë` eãXmdbr , nXmdbr AWdm_whmdam|, H$hmdVm| S>mbZo H$s g_ñ`m ~hþV H$_ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& bú` ^mfm H$m dh ê$n Cg_| CnbãYeãX, nX, _whmdao boH$a àñVwV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ&

JÚ Ed§ H$mì` XmoZm| _| hr `h à`moJ g§ d h¡ Ÿ& H$mì` _| Vmo dh ^mfm hr gm_mÝ` go Hw$N> hQ>H$a hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: bú` _| dh d¡gr H$mì`^mfm ~Zm H$a àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _yb Ho$ N>§X,Ab§H$ma, {~å~ {dYmZ Am{X nyar Vah ~Xb OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z _yb H$m ^md AWdm Ame` AjwÊUaIZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| n[adV©Z H$a XoZo na dh EH$X_ ZB© H${dVm ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Zht ahOmVr Ÿ&

`hm± na AZwdmXH$ H$s j_Vm H$m nVm Mb OmVm h¡ Ÿ& òmoV mfm Ho$ mdm|, Ame` H$mo g_PH$a, Cg_| ì`º$ {dMmam| H$s gr_mAm| H$mo g_P H$a bú` mfm H$s ^mfmB© àH¥${V Ho$ AZwê$n gwg§JVAm¡a VH©$ g§JV T>§J go bú` mfm _| àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& h H$m`© eãXg AZwdmX AWdm gVhr AZwdmXgo EH$X_ {^Þ ñVa na hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± qMVZ Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& Cgo dh Ñ{ï> àmá H$aZr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Am¡a bú`^mfm _| _yb Ho$ ^md H$mo g¥OZ H$aZo H$s j_Vm r hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& AV: `h AË`§V H${R>Z, l_gmÜ`Am¡a JhZ ñVa na g_P ~yP go hr g§ d hmo nmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ho$db mfmÝVa eãXm§Va go h H$m`© {^Þ ñVana g§nÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& aMZm Ho$ Jy‹T>>mW© VH$ nhþ±Mo {~Zm md J«hU Zht H$a nmVm {\$a mdmZwdmX r g§ dZht hmoVm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ^mdmZwdmX _| _yb Ho$ Ord§V {dMma `m AZw d AWdm XmoZm| H$mo bú` _|g§àofUr` T>§J go ì`º$ H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± eãX, ^mfm H$m {^Þ ê$n CVZm _hËd Zht aIVo {OVZm{dMma AWdm m` H$m Ÿ&

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^mdmZwdmX: g§jonV: h_ Bgo Bg àH$ma H$h gH$Vo h¢ -

1) _yb mfm nmR> H$mo g_J« BH$mB© _mZ§o {\$a A§em| H$m {H$g àH$ma J«hU H$a g_w{MV T>§Jgo à{VñWmnZ H$ao Ÿ&

2) _yb nmR> _| g§a{MV {dMma, AZw d, OrdZ àH$m`©, _yë`m| go g§~§{YV bmoH$mo{º$, _whmdao,A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ ê$nm§VaU H$s MwZm¡Vr ñdrH$mao Ÿ&

3) _yb nmR> Ho$ ñWmZr` a§J Am¡a g§ñH$mam| H$s ì`m»`m AZwdmX H$s MwZm¡Vr Ÿ& hm± {dXoer mfmH$s _yb g§ñH¥${V go n[a{MV H$amZm h¡ Ÿ&

4) _yb nmR> Ho$ A{^àoV H$mo Cg ñVa na bú` _| àñVwV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ&

5) _yb nmR> H$r g§doXZm H$mo J«hU H$a bú` ^mfm _| àjo{nV H$aZm h¡ Ÿ&

6) bú` mfm _| nmR> H$mo Z`m ê$n XoZo H$s MwZm¡Vr h¡ _yb H$m gm¡ÝX`© CgH$s àH¥${V Am¡a dhg¥OZmË_H$Vm öX`§J_ H$a bú` _| ào{jV H$aZm ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ& CXmhaUmW© dH«$mo{º$, gm§Ho${VH$,àVrH$, {~å~ {dYmZ Am{X bú` ^mfm Ho$ g§ñH$mam| _| g§ mo{OV H$a nmZm ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ Ÿ&

`hm± na h_ CXmhaU àñVwV H$a aho h¢ Omo ^mdmZwdmX H$s Ñ{ï>, e¡br Am¡a g_ñ`m H$m g§Ho$VH$aVo h¢ :

1) _yb : ""{Og_| X`m Am¡a {ddoH$ h¡, dhr _oar amZr h¡ Ÿ&''

bú` : . woman with compassionand intellect is true Rani

`hm± AZwdmXH$ Zo _oar amZr true rani Am¡a "{ddoH$' - compassion

2) _wI H$m§{VhrZ hmo J`m

his face went cold

3) Or H¡$gm h¡ Vwåhmam

how are you feeling

4) {H$VZo {N>N>moao hmo -

how shameful

BZ CXmhaUm| _| eãXmZwdmX Ho$ ~Xbo ^mdm| H$mo bú` ^mfm _| _hËd {X`m h¡ Ÿ&

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eãXm§VaU :XaOZm| - scoresIoV-I{bhmZ - fieldnm§d Ny>Zm pay -respectOrVm Z N>mo‹S>Zm -to kill{H«$`m H$a_ - cremation~¡{R>E, VH$ëbw\$ Z H$s{OE -sit down

dmŠ` -A~ Vw_ go ~hg H$m¡Z H$ao

it is no use arguing with youBg àH$ma h_ XoIVo h¡ {H$ mdmZwdmX _| _yb^mfm -bú` mfm H$s g§aMZmË_H$, gm_m{OH$

àH$m`©Vm, g§ñH¥${VH$ d¡peï²> , g§àofUr`Vm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aI H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± _ybHo$ g§X^©,n[apñW{V Am¡a md na Ü`mZ aIZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§àofUr` KQ>H$m| na r Ü`mZ aIZmhmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

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3.9 AZwdmX H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Am¡a gmW©H$Vm :

3.10 g_H$mbrZ `wJ _| AZwdmX :

B{Vhmg _| AZwdmX H$m à`moJ {d{^Þ H$maUm| go hþAm h¡ Ÿ& kmZ Am¡a {dkmZ XmoZm| H$mo g_H$mbrZ^mfm _| àñVwV H$aZm à_wI Wm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ {b{n Am{dîH$ma go Omo mfm ~Zr dh ÐþV n[adV©Z Ho$ Xm¡a goJwOar Ÿ& AV: Bg n[ad{V©V/g§emo{YV AWdm g_wÝZV mfm _| nyd© g§{MV kmZ, md, {dkmZ H$s g§nXmH$mo A§VaU H$aZm n‹S>m Ÿ& V~ `h g~go ~‹S>r Oê$aV nyar H$s JB© Ÿ& ~mX _| OZg§»`m {dñVma Am¡aAm~mXr Xya-Xya VH$ \¡$bZo Ho$ H$maU à`wº$ mfm _| oX hmoVm J`m Ÿ& do AbJ g_wXm` AbJ amï> ~ZJE Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$ AbJ joÌ hmo JE Ÿ& CZHo$ Amngr g§~§Y, g§nH©$ Am¡a XoZ-boZ Ho$ {bE AZwdmX H$mo_hËd {X`m J`m Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| AZwdmX O¡gm gmYZ Am{dîH$ma {H$`m J`m Ÿ& h Hw$N> AXb-~XbHo$ gmW AmO r Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& h AnZo [aíVm| H$s nhMmZ AWdm [aíVo ~ZmZo XmoZm| bú` go AZwdmXH$m à`moJ Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& Vrgao dJ© Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo nmg aI H$a VwbZm H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ AnZo-AnZo ^mfmB© XwJ© _| ahVo g_` `h VwbZm g§ d Zht Ÿ& EH$X_ An[a{MV H$s ^y{_ na g§dmX VH$ñWm{nV Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& AZOmZ ~Zo ah|Jo Ÿ& Eogo g_` XmoZm| H$mo EH$ gm_mÝ` YamVb na bmZm hmoVmh¡ Ÿ& V~ OmH$a XmoZm| nmaXeu ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ& Vrgam AmX_r BZ XmoZm| H$mo g_P, öX §J_ H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& V~R>rH$ T>§J go VwbZm g§ d h¡ Ÿ& V^r XmoZm| gm{hË`m| H$m AmZÝX EH$ VwbZm Ho$ ñVa na CR>m gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&Xygao eãXm| _| VwbZmË_H$ gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg AZwdmX H$s AmYma^y{_ na hr g§ d h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$AdJw§R>Z go _wº$ H$a gm{hË` H$mo nmaXeu gm¡ÝX`© H$m Om_m nhZm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bgo nyam ì`dpñWVEd§ Ìw{Q>nyU© ê$n àXmZ H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& {d{^Þ -{d{^Þ joÌm| Ho$ {dMma, g§ñH$ma, g§doXZm Am¡agm¡ÝX`©~moY H$m AZw d {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo h_ gm{hpË`H$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m amO_mJ© àñVwVH$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& AJa {H$gr H¥${V H$m AÜ``Z CgHo$ gm{hpË`H$ gm¡ÝX`© na H$aVo h¢, dh AmH$bZ AmYm-AYyam bJ gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw AÝ` EH$ AZy{XV g_ H¥${V Ho$ g§X^© _| H$aVo h¢ Vmo gm{hË` Ho${dH$mgerb AWdm {nN>‹S>o ñdê$n Am¡a à^md H$m AÜ``Z gwJ_ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

BgHo$ A{V[aº$ {dkmZ Am¡a kmZ Ho$ gmW VH$ZrH$s Ho$ EH$ mfmjoÌ go {ZH$b CgH$s d¡pídH$nh±þM AZwdmX go ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& `h gË` h¡ {H$ MrZ, OmnmZr `m ê$gr O_©Z-\«|$M CX² mdZm| H$mo A§J«oOrßboQ>\$m_© na AmZo Ho$ ~mX d¡pídH$ ~mOma, d¡pídH$ _mÝ`Vm Am¡a d¡pídH$ àMma {_b gH$m h¡ Ÿ&

126

3.11 ½bmo~b g§X^© Am¡a AZwdmX :

AmO _yb ê$n _| ~mOma Am¡a ì`dgm` Ho$ CXmarH$aU go EH$ Z`r qMVZYmam H$m {dH$mg hþAmh¡ Ÿ& g~ Xoe AnZo dmYH$ VËd hQ>m H$a d¡Xo{eH$ gm_mZ Ho$ AmZo-OmZo H$m _mJ© gm\$ H$a aho h¢ Ÿ& AmJogm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ _| Bgo bmJy H$a d¡ídrH$aU H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$n H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ joÌ go Xygao joÌ _|A~mY AmdmJ_Z AZwdmX Ho$ {~Zm g§ d Zht Ÿ& AV: AJa h_| ½bmo~b ~ZZm h¡ Vmo AZwdmX H$m_hËd Ag§{X½Y md go ñdrH$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& maV _| Vmo {díd~§YwËd H$s MoVZm wJm| go h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw A~Cgo gmH$ma ê$n XoZo, CZ MoVZm dhZ H$mar nXmWm], H¥${V`m| H$mo Z`m ê$n XoZm hmoJm Ÿ& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bgo"AdVma' H$h aho h¢ Ÿ& `h Ym{_©H$ eãXmdbr Hw$N> {^Þ g§Ho$V Z Xo Ÿ& AV: h_ Mmh|Jo `hnwZéËnm{XV {df` d¡pídH$ ê$n bo Am¡a AnZr ñWmZr` nhMmZ go AmJo ~‹T> H$a d¡pídH$ nhMmZ~Zmò Ÿ& h H¡$go g§ d hmoJm ! AZwdmX H$s _mÌm, CgH$m ñVa Am¡a {df` VrZm| H$m M`Z VoOr go H$aZmhmoJm Ÿ& d¡pídH$ ñVa na J{V àXmZ H$aZr hmoJr Ÿ& gyMZm H«$m§{V Am¡a B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ wJ _| {díd Ho$ {d{^Þ^mJm| Ho$ ~rM g§nH©$ Hw$N> jUm| _| g§ d hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ Bg g§~§Y _| CZH$sgm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha H$m ^r AmXmZ-àXmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g§dmX Ho$ Bg àdmh _| AZwdmX AË`§V _hËdnyU©^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² {dH$ma Am¡a ^mdZm AZwdmX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Zò gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU _|erK« nh±þM OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX go dh ZB© gm{hpË`H$ g§ñH¥${V _| OmH$a ZB© àoaUm, Zò H$bmË_H${dMma, ZB© e¡br Am¡a {eën H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡ AWdm àgma XoVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU H$m `hr Vmo amoS>_¡nh¡ Ÿ&

Bg_| Xmo ~mV| à_wI h¢ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ _yb nmR> H$m M`Z H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& h ì`{º${Zð> Am¡a dñVwJVH$maUm| go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZ¡{VH$, gm{hpË`H$, dñVwJV H$maU à_wI hmoVoh¢ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ AnZo AZwdmX H$mo nmR>H$m| H$s é{M XoI e¡brJV g§emoYZ H$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r -H$^r_yb nmR> Ho$ à{V nyar d\$mXmar {XImVo hþE bú` mfm Ho$ nmR>H$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ -gm§ñH¥${V na§nam H$moCno{jV H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma dh AZwdmX H¥${V`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>m Vmo boVm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw XmoZm| Ho$ ~rMgmW©H$ g§dmX n¡Xm Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ& hr Zht AmH$f©U Z n¡Xm H$aZo go nmZr na VobH$s ~y§X n‹S>Zo H$s VahAbJ-WbJ n‹S>m ahVm h¡ Ÿ& XyY-nmZr H$s Vah A§Va§J Zht hmo nmVm Ÿ& AZwdmX H$m`© Vmo hmo J`m,CgH$s gmW©H$Vm g§{X½Y ahVr h¡ Ÿ& d¡pídH$ g§X^© _| Eogm H$m`© {ZaW©H$ hmoZo na Xygao bmoJ AnZrnhMmZ ~Zm H$a AnZr gwnr[a`[aQ>r ñWm{nV H$aZo bJVo h¢ Ÿ& H$hmdV h¡ "gmoBbm nwAmo a ^mJZmqh ' Ÿ& d¡pídH$ Xm¡a _| AZwdmX H$s OmJéH$Vm {~Zm AmnH$s nhMmZ Zht hmo gH$Vr Ÿ& AmnH$s ZB©

127

nr‹T>r ^r ZB© MH$mMm¢Y XoI boVr h¡ Ÿ& (B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a Q>rdr M¡Zbm| na H$moB© éH$mdQ> Vmo h¡ Zht ) AV:{\$a H$hZo bJVo h¢ -""h_mar ^mfm _a ahr h¡ .... h_mar g§ñH¥${V na AmH«$_U hmo ahm h¡ .... h_marOrdZYmam Am¡a _yë`m| H$m emofU, X_Z Am¡a {dKQ>Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡ ....'' Bg gmao IVam| H$m gm_Zmgeº$ gmW©H$ Am¡a ghr dñVw Ho$ AZwdmX go g§ d h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE ½bmo~b `wJ _| AZwdmXH$ Ho$ gm_Zog~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡ AnZr Apñ_Vm H$mo AjwÊU aIZo H$s Ÿ& amOZr{V Am¡a AW©Zr{V AnZo -AnZo_moM} na Bg g_ñ`m H$m gm_Zm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw namoj g§H$Q> H$m gm_Zm Vmo AZwdmXH$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `h_moMm© V~ {XImB© XoVm h¡ O~ VH$ g~ Hw$N> Mya_ma hmo MwH$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& X{bV Am¡a Cno{jV hmoH$a {nN>‹‹S>OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cg _¡XmZ _| EH$mH$s hmao -WHo$ g¡{ZH$ H$s Vah Mmam| Amoa XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& gm_Zo Xya ~‹T> JB©Am§Yr h¡ CgHo$ AmJo amoeZr _| ~‹T> ahm Owbyg `m Cg_| em{_b hmoZo H$m H$moB© h{W`ma, gmYZ, Cnm`~Mm Zht h¡§ Ÿ& AmO `hr Xem A\«$sH$m H$s AZoH$ mfm`| ^moJ MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& _a JB© m _m¡V Ho$ H$Jma nah¡§ Ÿ& CZH$s {JZVr aIZo dmbo ^r H$moB© Zht Ÿ& ^maV _| Eogr pñW{V hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo {dZï> hmoZo go nhbonhMmZ H$a A§Jwbr {ZX}e H$aZm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Zï> hmo ahr, {nN>‹S> ahr ^mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V ñd`§AZw d H$a nmVr h¡ Ÿ&

hmbm§{H$ A§J«oOr Ho$ à^md go ~‹T> H$a Amo{‹S> m mfm Ho$ ~mao _| Eogr Ame§H$m OVm aho h¢ Ÿ& hì`W© H$m emoa h¡ Ÿ& Amo{‹S> m Om{V maV H$s AZoH$ mfm g§ñH¥${V`m| go A{YH$ OmJéH$ h¡, gMoVZ h¢ Ÿ&EH$ Amoa g§doXZerb g_mhmaerb h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa MoVZmnyU© Am¡a OmJéH$ h¡ Ÿ& O~ Oê$aV n‹S>r VmoAnZo H$mo à_m{UV H$aZo _| Xoa Zht bJmB© Ÿ& maV H$s Šbm{gH$b mfm hmoZo Ho$ ~mao _| R>mog g~yV OwQ>mH$a ^maVr` _mZnQ> na aIm J`m Ÿ& Xoe H$mo _mZZm n‹S>m Ÿ& H${_Q>r Zo g§ñVw{V H$s Am¡a gaH$ma VWmg§gX Zo Bg _wÔo na _wha bJm Xr {H$ Amo{‹S> m EH$ Šbm{gH$b ^mfm h¡ Ÿ&

na§Vw Bggo EH$ ~‹S>r {Oå_oXmar Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& amï>r` ñVa go ~‹T>H$a A§Vam©ï>r` ñVa na BgoAnZo H$mo à_m{UV H$aZm hmoJm Ÿ& ZB© nr‹T>r gMoVZ h¡ Ÿ& na Cgo ~mha nh±þMmZo H$m H$m_ A§J«oOr gr{_VñVa na H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& qhXr H$s amï>r` n[agr_m ~‹T> H$a A§Vam©ï>r` joÌ _| _hVm ñdrH¥$V h¡ Ÿ& AV:Amo{‹S> m H$m qhXr _| _mZH$ Ed§ ñVar` AZwdmX Bg {Xem _| H$m\$s ghm`H$ à_m{UH$ hmoJm Ÿ&

3.12 ì`mdgm{`H$ AZwdmX Am¡a AZwdmX H$m ì`dgm` :AmO go gmR> df© nhbo VH$ AZwdmX go H$moB© noQ> Zht a gH$Vm Wm Ÿ& h ewÕV: ñdm§V:gwIm`

AWdm Eogo hr {H$gr Z¡{VH$ _yë` go Ow‹S>m H$m`© Wm Ÿ& AmO AZwdmX ~‹S>m ì`dgm` ~Z MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& eãX`m Aja {JZ H$a bmoJ AZwdmX H$m _mob MwH$mVo h¢ Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ B§½b¢S> _| àH$meH$m| -boIH$m| ZoH${dVm H$s EH$ n§{º$ AZwdmX na Xmo -VrZ nm¢S> H$s Xa H$s V{»V`m§ bJm aIr h¢ Ÿ& nhbo {g\©$ ê$g,

128

A_o[aH$m, O_©Zr, \«$m§g Am{X A§~m{g`m| go WmoH$ md _| AZwdmX hþAm H$aVo Ÿ& dh CZHo$ àMma-àgmaH$m _mÜ`_ Wm Ÿ& ~mX _| g§ñWm`| (àH$meZ, nwñVH$ ì`dgm`r, AH$mXo{_`m§) Aja-eãX {JZ H$a_ohZVmZm MwH$mZo bJr h¢ Ÿ& amO^mfm Ho$ H$m`© _| b§~o Ag} VH$ A§J«oOr AZwdmXm| H$s Xa| MbVr ahr Ÿ&AZwdmXH$ H$mo Zm¡H$ar Xr OmVr Am¡a AZwdmX H$s gr_m V` hmoVr, daZm doVZ nyam Zht hmoJm Ÿ&

gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m| H$m AZwdmX A_o[aH$m Ed§ `yamon _| "nmnyba grarO' H$h H$a Iy~ hþAm Ÿ&^maV _| ^r AÀN>r g\$bVm {_br h¡ Ÿ& EH$ gmW H$B© ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX H$a, {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$g§ñH$aU ~Zm H$a AWdm g§{já H$a AZwdmX g§ñH$aU gm_Zo Amò Ÿ& A{Ib ^maVr` ñVa àMm[aVH$aZo _| EZ~rQ>r, gm{hË` AH$mXo_r, kmZnrR>, maVr` mfm n[afX, ynr qhXr g§ñWmZ Am{X Zo à_wI^y{_H$m {Z^m`r h¡ Ÿ& X{jU _| Vmo Eogr AZoH$ g§ñWm`| h¢ Omo V{_b, _b`mb_, H$Þ‹S>, VobwJw go qhXrAZwdmX H$a nmR²> nwñVH$ Ed§ AÝ` ê$n _| àMm[aV H$aZo _| g\$b ahr h¢ Ÿ& ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ àH$meZ{d^mJ, gyMZm {d^mJ Am{X Zo Bg joÌ _| H$m\$s H$m_ {H$`m Ÿ& nm[al{_H$ XoH$a AZwdmX H$am`m, CgoàH$m{eV {H$`m Ÿ& ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, Jm§Yr, Zohê$ gm{hË` Am{X à_wI amï>{hV H$s gm_J«r qhXr _|gñVo _| CnbãY h¡ Ÿ& Cgr Vah JrVm àog Zo Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ J«§W_mbmAm| H$mo ~hþV H$__yë` _| bmIm| nmR>H$m| VH$ AZwdmX Ho$ O[aò nh±þMm`m Ÿ& X`mZÝX gm{hË`, am_H¥$îU Ed§ {ddoH$mZÝXgm{hË`, lram_ e_m© gm{hË`, BñH$mZ gm{hË` ... Am{X {d{dY àH$ma H$m gm{hË` AZwdmX ì`mdgm{`H$ñVa na hþAm Ÿ& na§Vw BZ H$m _yë`m`Z, nm[al{_H$, {dH«$`, àMma-àgma ~mOma md na Zht hþAm Ÿ&AV: h Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ àmMrZ -Adm©MrZ gm{hË` _aZo go ~Mm Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht "am_ M[aV_mZg' Am¡a CgHo$ AZwdmXm| go A{YH$ {~H«$r {H$gr H$s g§ d Zht hþB© Ÿ& BgHo$ {OVZo AZwdmX hþE ,{~Ho$, àgm[aV hþE, CVZo maV _| {H$gr Ho$ Zht hþE Ÿ& adrÝÐZmW, eaVMÝÐ, ~§{H$_, {d_b {_Ì Am{XZo AZwdmX _| EH$ go ~‹T>H$a EH$ Zò bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ _mZX§S> ñWm{nV {H$ò h¢ Ÿ&

nÌH$m[aVm _| "M§Xm_m_m' Vmo AZwdmX Ho$ ~b na Mb ahm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma ~mb gm{hË`,OmJaU, Zd^maV Q>mBåg, Zd ^maV, gÝ_mJ© ... X¡{ZH$ nÌm| _| AZwdmX Zo Iy~ gh`moJ {X`m h¡ Ÿ&\$bñdê$n o A§J«oOr Q>rAmoAmB© ñQ>oQ²>g_oZ Am{X H$mo ~hþV nrN>o N>mo‹S> MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& nÌH$m[aVm Zo ì`mdgm{`H$ê$n _| AZwdmX H$mo àl` {X`m Ÿ& mfm _| gwYma {H$`m Ÿ& gm_J«r {Z_m©U Ho$ Zò _mZX§S> ñWm{nV {H$ò Ÿ&amBQ>a Am{X d¡pídH$ g§ñWmAm| go gm_J«r bo H$a ÐþV AZwdmX `m Amew AZwdmX H$a CgH$m {nN>‹S>mnZXya {H$`m Ÿ& qhXr nÌH$m[aVm AmO ^maV _| Jm¡adnyU© ñWmZ nmZo _| g\$b hþB© h¡ Ÿ&

Q>>rdr M¡Zbm| _| A§J«oOr H$s â_ma Wr Ÿ& na XoIVo -XoIVo EH$-EH$ H$a g~ qhXr hmoVo JE Ÿ&~ƒm| Ho$ CN, Discovery, Animal world Am{X g~ M¡Zb qhXr AZwdmX _| ~Xb JE Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ BZH$moXe©H$m| go ânya g_W©Z {_bm Ÿ& AZwdXH$m| Zo bJZ go H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ& AV: nyam Q>rdr {díd EH$ -Xmo-

129

Mma M¡Zb N>mo‹S> qhXr AZwdmXm| go N>m J`m h¡ Ÿ&

{\$ë_m| Zo r qhXr AZwdmX H$mo H$m\$s g_¥Õ {H$`m Ÿ& "Jm§Yr' {\$ë_ maV _o§ A§J«oOr go A{YH$qhXr _| Mbr Ÿ& {Z`{_V ê$n go ^maV gaH$ma H$m {\$ë_ {S>{dOZ Ý`yOarb Am¡a S>mHy$_|Q>ar ~Zm H$aAZwdmX H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g~ -Q>mBb go Xoe â H$s ^mfmAm| _| àgm[aV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& nhbo h_ EH$ {\$ë_qhXr _| ~ZmVo {\$a AÝ` mfmAm| _| nwZ{Z©{_V H$aVo Ÿ& hmb hr _| Light of Asia (ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX Ho$OrdZ na OJXre {_l Ûmam {Z{_©V d¥Îm {MÌ)H$m {Z_m©U ~§Jbm _| {H$`m Ÿ& Cgo {\$a qhXr, _amR>r,Amo{‹S> m Am{X {^Þ-{^Þ mfmAm| _| nwZJ©{R>V H$a {ddoH$mZÝX H$s 150dt O`§Vr na àMm[aV {H$`m Ÿ&Bg àH$ma "g~- Q>mBQ>b' H$m AZwdmX H$m`© H$m\$s _hËd aIZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw am_mÙ, O` hZw_mZ,e{º$_mZ O¡go gr[a`b S>q~J Ho$ O[aò gd© ^maVr` ñVa àMm[aV hmo ahr h¡§ Ÿ& `hm± AZwdmX H$aAmH$f©H$ mfm H$m Om_m nhZmZm _hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& ~mH$s {ZXoeZ, {\$ë_m§H$Z g§nmXZ Vmo AnZo _hËd Ho$H$maU à{gÕ h¢ Ÿ& qhXr `m AÝ` ^mfm AZwdmX CZH$mo A{V[aº$ e{º$ `m bmoH${à`Vm àXmZ H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& `hm± na Jmodm H$m {\$ë_\o$pñQ>db, {Xëbr g_mamoh Am{X _| g¡H$‹S>m| {\$ë_ àX{e©V hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ&{díd H$s {d{dY ^mfmAm| H$s loð> H¥${V`m§ AmVr h¢ Ÿ& `h g~Q>mBQ>b Ho$ H$maU ghO Am¡a g§àofUr`g§ d hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& ~mOma r A§Vam©ï>r` ~ZZm g§ d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&

h_Zo g§Mma _| nÌH$m[aVm, B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a {gZo_m H$s MMm© H$s h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw A~ gdm©{YH$ ì`mnH$joÌ B§Q>aZoQ>, H§$ß`yQ>a Am¡a B© _ob Zo XIb H$a {b`m h¡ Ÿ& Vah-Vah H$s gyMZmE± , mVm`mV g§Ho$V g~Bg_| h¢ Ÿ& A{^ì`{º$naH$ ê$n$ ì`mnH$ hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& hm± gmam AZwdmX H$m`© mfm§VaU h¡ Ÿ& gyMZmnaH$h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Iy~ g§{já, {df`{Zð>, g_P AmZo bm`H$ g§Ho$V wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$moS> {_lU Eogm {H$ mfmgm_mÝ` OZ H$s g_P gr_m Ho$ A§Xa hmo Ÿ& {g\©$ gm§Ho${VH$ Zht,Ÿ g§àofU naH$ {deofVm Am¡a{d{dYVm na Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZwdmX ì`dgm` _| Am¡a ì`mdgm{`H$ AZwdmX XmoZm| _| qhXrAJ«J{V H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ&

* AZwdmXH$ Am¡a AZwdmX :AZwdmX H$m`© H$mo AmO r Hw$N> bmoJ R>mbo ~¡R>o H$m H$m`© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& AWdm {H$gr Ho$ AZwamoY

na {H$`m {Û^m{fH$ H$m`© _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& XaAgb h_mao `hm± EH$ ~ma nyN>m J`m - èmoXm {Og nyV H$monmb-nmog ~‹S>m H$a CgH$m _w±h Imob H$a XoIVr h¡, dh g~ Š`m {H$gr H$mo ~mobH$a ~Vm gH$Vr h¡ ?H$hoJr Vmo H$m¡Z _mZoJm {H$ BgHo$ A§Xa {H$VZm Hw$N> g_m`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: dh gOm H$a Cgo _Wwam oO XoVrh¡ Am¡a dh dhm± XoIVo hr H§$g H$mo _§M go {Jam XoVm Am¡a {\$a ÛmaH$m `mÌm VWm _hm^maV _| `moJoídaH$m ê$n {XImVm h¡Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Ho$ H$m`©, CgH$s j_Vm Am¡a {Zñn¥hVm H$m EH$ _mZX§S> ~Zm {X`m h¡

130

èmoXm Zo Bg n§{º$`m| _| -

hmo¢ Vmo Ym`-{Vhmao gwV H$s

_¡ m H$aVr a{h`mo Ÿ&''

OÝ_ Z XoH$a ^r H¥$îU H$mo "èmoXmZÝXZ' H$hm J`m h¡ ! bo{H$Z èmoXm H¥$îU Ho$ gmaoJwUmdJwUm| go ^br^m§{V n[a{MV h¡, CgH$s gmar AmXV| OmZVr h¢ Ÿ& Oob _| OÝ_o H¥$îU H$m ê$nm§VaèmoXm H$aVr h¡, XodH$s Zht Ÿ&

O~ AZwdmXH$ Am¡a AZwdmX Ho$ [aíVo H$mo Q>Q>mobVo h¢ Vmo o ñVar ~mV| gmW©H$ bJVr h¢ Ÿ& BZH$mg§Ho$VmW© ~hþV Hw$N> H$h XoVm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Ho$ à_wI JwU `hm± g§Ho${VV$ hmo aho h¢ {OZH$mo Bg àH$ma^m{fV H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&

H$hVo h¢ AZwdmXH$ _yb H$s AmË_m _| àdoe H$aVm h¡ ! `h Ag§ d h¡ ? Bgo H$h| {H$ AnZo~mø `m AnZr AmË_m _| _yb H$mo YaU H$aVm h¡, dhm± CgHo$ gmW EH$mH$ma hmo H$a dh "ZdH$boda'àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh Z`m ê$n boH$a OJÞmW (gmao OJV H$m _§JbH$Vm© ñdm_r) lrJw§{S>Mm _§{XaH$s Amoa àñWmZ H$aVm h¡, dhm± g~H$mo Xe©Z XoVo, g~H$m AnZm ~ZZo dhm± {Zdmg H$a {\$a bm¡Q>Vm h¡ Ÿ&h_Zo nrN>o ~Vm`m CZH$s h "`mÌm' hr AZwdmX mÌm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ gmaWr ~Zm aW hm§H$Vm h¡, {Xemg§Ho$V H$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {\$a go CÝh| aËZqghmgZ na {~R>mZm h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmX Am¡a AZwdmXH$ H$m `h[aíVm Hw$N> hX VH$ ghr ì`m»`m H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& eV à{VeV ì`m»`m XoZodmbr n[a^mfm A~ VH$ Zht~Zr h¡ Ÿ&

1) AV: AZwdmXH$ H$mo H¥${V Am¡a H¥${VH$ma Ho$ gmW A§Va§J hmoZm g~go ~‹S>r ~mV h¡ Ÿ&

2) gh_V hmo m Z hmo, ha H¥${V Cgr H$s é{M Ed§ {dMmaYmam _| {bIr Zht hmoVr Ÿ& `h _ybH$m AnZm joÌ (S>mo_oZ) h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ Cgo YmaU H$a B©_mZXmar go Cgo ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AJag§emoYZ MmhVm h¡ Vmo _yb boIH$ Ho$ nmg Mb H$a AZwamoY H$ao Am¡a {\$a BgH$s g§ mdZm ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ&AJa _yb Z hmo Vmo dh \w$Q>ZmoQ> _| Bg Vah H$s Ñ{ï> Xo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&

3) _yb go AnZr VwbZm H$^r Z H$ao Ÿ& Cgo Y¡ ©erb hmoZm h¡ Ÿ& ~hþV Hw$N> CR>m Z nmò,ñWmZmÝVa Z H$a gHo$, nwZ{Z©_m©U Z H$a gHo$ AWdm nwZ:ì`m»`m{`V Z H$a gHo$ Ÿ& Y¡ © go _yb Ho$g§Ho$V XoH$a AmJo ~‹T>o Ÿ& AnZo H$mo dhm± CbPm Z bo Ÿ& ^mfmñVa Am¡a {df`ñVa XmoZm| na Cgo AZy{XVnmR> g§àofUr` ~ZmZm h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE H$hVo h¢ {H$ nwZJ©R>Z Ho$ dº$ dh (AZwdmXH$) boIH$ H$s y{_H$m{Z^mVm h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ àH$ma H$m "ghnmR>' àñVwV H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ&

4) O~ _yb go OyPVm h¡, Cgo AmË_m _| J«hU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& V~ dh "lÕo nmR>H$' H$s

131

^y{_H$m _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg lÕm {~Zm nmR>H$ Zht hmo gH$Vm Ÿ& Bggo nmR> H$mo ghr n[aàoú` _| dh AnZmboVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh nmR> CgH$m AnZm ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg {df` dñVw H$mo AnZm _mZ H$a ì`º$ H$aVmh¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ _| `h JwU Z hmo Vmo dh H$^r g\$b AZwdmXH$ Zht ~Z gH$Vm Ÿ&

5) ~Z OmZo Ho$ ~mX AbJ hQ> H$a {Z_©_ ê$n _| Cgo {\$a XoIVm h¡ Ÿ& `h nwZarjU ñd`§ ZH$a d¡go hr g§doXZerb, d¡go hr __VmnyU© ì`{º$Ëd H$mo AZwdmX gm¢nVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo Cg Zò ê$n H$moAmË_r`Vm nyd©H$ nR>Z `mo½` àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g§emoYZm| go S>aZm Zht Ÿ& BZ na AmH«$moe Zht Ÿ& òVmo nwZarjH$ H$m {X`m Golden Touch hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo bmoho H$mo gmoZm VH$ ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ& `hnwZarjU Ho$ {bE àñVwV ahZm AZwdmXH$ H$s ghZerbVm Ed§ Xygao H$s Ñ{ï> H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo O¡gmH$m`© h¡ Ÿ& g~ Ho$ {bE g§ d Zht hmoVm Ÿ&

6) A~ AmVm h¡ Q>§H$U ! h_mao Xoe _| AZwdmXH$ àm`: Q>§H$U Zht H$a nmVm Ÿ& Mmho "H§$ß`yQ>ahmo m Q>mBnamBQ>a AWdm ñnrMarS>a Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo Q>§H$U H$s Ìw{Q> m§ XoIZm, ày\$ arqS>J H$aZm Am¡aOJh -OJh à_mXde Ny>Q>o A§em| H$mo nwZ: ñWm{nV H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h nwZJ©R>Z AË`§V _hËdnyU©ñVa h¡ Ÿ& hm± AZy{XV nmR> H$mo A§{V_ ê$n {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& hm± hmoZo dmbr Jb{V`m± AZwdmX {H$ò nmR> nae§H$m, g§Xoh, A{dídgZr`Vm n¡Xm H$a XoVr h§¡ Ÿ& `hm± ñd`§ AZwdmXH$ H$mo hr AmJo ~‹T>H$a g_yMrAZy{XV H¥${V go hmo H$a {\$a EH$ ~ma JwOaZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ&

7) A~ ZdmYmZ _| ZdH$boda _| H¥${V àñVwV h¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo gagar Vm¡a na nyar H$moCbQ>Zm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$B© ~mV| Ny>Q> OmVr h¡§ Ÿ& Bg ñVa na CZH$s Va\$ Ü`mZ XoH$a H¥${V H$mo A§{V_ ê$nXoVm h¡ Ÿ&

8) AZwdmXH$ H$m AnZm Ñ{ï>H$moU XoIZm h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ ê$n _| XoIVo h¢ {H$ dh {H$g CÔoí` go`h H$m`© hmW _| bo ahm h¡ Ÿ& `hm± na CgH$m A{^àoaH$ Motivation XoI b| Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo ~‹S>oamï>r` _wÔo go Ow‹S> H$a AZwdmX H$aZm h¡ `m dh Hw$N> nÞo eãX {JZ H$a n¡go H$_mZo AZwdmX H$a ahm h¡AWdm H$moB© N>mo‹Q>m -_moQ>m AZwdmX nwañH$ma ~Q>moaZo AZwdmX H$a ahm h¡ AWdm dh {H$gr Am¡a H$s Bg_o§_XX H$a ahm h¡ Ÿ& AmO Ho$ `wJ _| `h ~hþV Yw§Ybr Ñ{ï> gm\$-gwWar Am¡a ñnï> hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& daZmdh EH$ ~‹S>o nmn,, AÝ`m` H$m gh^mJr ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmOH$b AZwdmX nwañH$mam| H$s H$_r Zhtahr Ÿ& AZwdmX H$s gr‹T>r go nwañH$mam| VH$ nh±þMZm AmgmZ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&

H$^r -H$^r AZwdmXH$ H$mo AnZo àMma-àgma (amOZr{V, Ym{_©H$, gm§àXm{`H$, d¡Mm[aH$)Ho$ {bE {deof Ymam go Omo‹S> boVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo AZw~§{YV AZwdmXH$ OmZ hr Zht nmVo {H$ CZHo$ H$_© H$m\$b {H$VZm Xya àgmar hmoJm Ÿ& X{jU A_o[aH$m _| AmJÝVwH$m| Zo dhm± H$s mfm grIr Ÿ& Cgo AZwdmX Ho$_mÜ`_ go AnZm H$a dhm± Ho$ _yb {Zdm{g`m| H$s {ZarhVm na H$amao àhma H$a AnZr YmH$ O_m br Ÿ&

132

`hm± VH$ {H$ dh Om{V hr AZwdmX Ho$ h{W`ma hmW _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX {ZnmoV H$a Xr JB© Ÿ& Amo{‹S>em _|Y_© àMmaH$m| Zo AnZo Y_© J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX H$am`m Ÿ& ~m¡Y- H§$Y_mb, g§~bnwa, ~bm§Jra, H$mbmhm§S>r,H$moamnwQ> {Obm| _| g§àXm` àMma Mbm Ÿ& Cg A§Yo ^r_^moB© Zo AnZo _{h_m Jmogm§B© H$s ~mV CR>mB© Ÿ&CgZo doX-Cn{ZfX Am{X H$m ê$nm§VaU {H$`m Ÿ& Cgr joÌ H$mo {e{jV {H$`m Ÿ& àMma Am¡a {dXoer à^mdHo$ gm_Zo dh AHo$br AmdmO Xrdma ~Z H$a I‹S>r hmo JB© Ÿ& A~ AZwdmX H$m AZwdmX go gm_Zm Wm Ÿ&_wH$m~bm Wm Ÿ& EH$ Amoa {ZhËWm, AZn‹T> Am¡a {Zñg§~b ~Zdmgr H§$Y Ÿ& Xygar Am¡a AË`mYw{ZH$gmYZm|, _erZm|, j_Vm Ed§ emgZ g_W©Z na àMma Mbm Ÿ& Jm§d-Jm§d ^Q>H$m Ÿ& {\$a ^r ^r_ Ho$_{h_m Jmogm§Bª Cg joÌ H$s O~mZ na Eogo M‹T>o {H$ gmao g§gma Zo _mZm

"" _mo OrdZ nN>o ZH}$ n{‹S> WmC

OJV CÕma hmoC Ÿ&''

AZwdmXH$ A§Yo H$s `h Ñ{ï> gmao g§gma H$s AmO OJVrH$aU' Ho$ ê$n _| Am±I ~Zr hþB© h¢ Ÿ&AZwdmX H$s j_Vm Am¡a CgH$s Ñ{ï> {H$VZr Xya Om gH$Vr h¡, r_ moB© go H$moB© AZwdmXH$ grI gH$Vmh¡ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$m Y_©, CgH$m g§àXm`, CgH$m bú` àmá g~ ^r_ ^moB© _| {_b OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV:AZwdmXH$ H$s AqH$MZVm, CgH$s Xw~©bVm Z g_P| Ÿ& dh g_mO Ho$ Cg N>moa na hmoVm h¡ Ohm± go Z`mgm{hË`, Z`r {Xem Am¡a ZB© Ñ{ï> OÝ_ boVr h¡ Ÿ& dmë_r{H$ Ho$ ~mX VwbgrXmg, gmabmXmg, OJÞmWXmg,gyaXmg Bgr{bE XoXrß`_mZ Á`mo{VîH$ ~Z gHo$ Ÿ& AZwdmXH$ H$mo AnZr Apñ_Vm nhMmZ H$a Bg n{dÌH$m`© _| AOmVeÌw H$s Vah H$m_ H$aZm h¡ Am¡a

H$sa{V {Z{V y{V {b hmoB© Ÿ&

gwag[a g_ g~ H¢$h {hVhmoB© Ÿ&''

gd©_§JbH$mar AZwdmX H$s Cggo g_mO Anojm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&

***

133

3.13 ŸAä`mg àíZ

XrK© àíZ : {ZåZ Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE

1) maV _| Ym{_©H$ AZwdmXm| H$s na§nam ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&

2) gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$s {deofVmAm| na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

3) gm{hpË`H$ AZwdmX H$s Oê$aV na {dMma H$s{OE Ÿ&

4. qhXr _| d¡km{ZH$ gm{hË` na MMm© H$s{OE Ÿ&

5) AZwdmX _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr na {dMma H$s{OE

6) nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$s à_wI {deofVm na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&

7) d¡km{ZH$ -VH$ZrH$s AZwdmX H$s {deofVm ~VmBE Ÿ&

{ZåZ na g§{já {Q>ßn{U`m± {b{IE :

H$) _erZr AZwdmX

I) H$m`m©b`r AZwdmX

J) ½bmo~b g§X^© _| AZwdmX

K) AZwdmX$ H$m ì`mdgm{`H$ nj

L>) AZwdmXH$ Ho$ JwU Ÿ&

M) AZwdmX Ho$ IVao Ÿ&

134

3.14 ghm`H$ J«§W :

1. AZwdmX {dkmZ - S>m.^mobZmW {Vdmar

2. AZwdmX {dkmZ H$s ^y{_H$m - S>m.Ho$. Ho$. Jmoñdm_r , amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr

3. AZwdmX H$s ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm- S>m. {Xbrn qgh, dmUr àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr

4. AZwdmX {dkmZ - S>m. gwaoe Hw$_ma

5. AZwdmX H$s à{H«$`m : VH$ZrH$s Am¡a g_ñ`mE±-S>m. lrZmam`U g_ra,

bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr Ÿ&

6. g¥OZmË_H$ gm{hË` Am¡a AZwdmX - g§. gwaoe {gh§b Am¡a nyaZM§X Q>§S>Z

7. AZwdmX ~moY - S>m. JmJu Jwá, nyaZM§X Q>§S>Z, ^maVr` AZwdmX n[afX, ZB© {Xëbr

8. Theory and practice of translation , Naida

qhxr (e .e.) - ddceutkal.ac.inddceutkal.ac.in/syllabus/ma_hindi/paper-13.pdf · unit - iii (h$)...

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