qiang zhao institute of high energy physics, cas
DESCRIPTION
Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS. Puzzles in charmonium decays. Qiang Zhao Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS and Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities (TPCSF), CAS. USCT, Hefei, July 9, 2009. Outline. Charmonium decays as a probe for non-perturbative QCD mechanisms - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Qiang Zhao
Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS
and Theoretical Physics Center for Science Facilities (TPCSF), CAS
USCT, Hefei, July 9, 2009
Institute of High Energy Physics, CASInstitute of High Energy Physics, CAS
Puzzles in charmonium decaysPuzzles in charmonium decays
OutlineOutline
• Charmonium decays as a probe for non-perturbative QCD mechanisms
• Several exisiting puzzles in charmonium decays
“ puzzle” in J/, VP decay
M1 transition problem in J/, c, ( c)
(3770) non-DD decay
Isospin-violating decay of J/ 0
Hidden cc state with I=1, e.g. Z(4430), and other exotic configurations
Scalar a0(980)-f0(980) mixing in J/ f0(980) 0
Glueball search in charmonium hadronic decays
These puzzles could be related to non-pQCD mechanisms in charmonium decays.
Several well-known puzzles in charmonium decays
“ puzzle” in J/, VP decay
M1 transition problem in J/, c, ( c)
(3770) non-DD decay
Isospin-violating decay of J/ 0
Hidden cc state with I=1, e.g. Z(4430), and other exotic configurations
Scalar a0(980)-f0(980) mixing in J/ f0(980) 0
Glueball search in charmonium hadronic decays
Focus of hadron physics
• Complexity of QCD in the non-perturbative regime exotic hadrons (glueball, hybrid, multiquarks …)
• Lattice QCD, QCD sum rules, effective theory… Phenomenological tools
• Break-down certain problems • Experimental information: Light hadron
spectroscopy (JLab, ELSA, MAMI, ERSF, Spring-8); Heavy quarkonium hadronic and EM decays (BES, CLEO-c, Belle, BaBar, LHC…)
Charmonium spectrum
glue
c
c qq Meson
J/
• Glue-rich intermediate states• Ideal for the search for exotic states (hybrid, glueball …) • Quark-gluon interaction in light hadron production
Mesonq
q
q
q
A probe of strong QCD dynamics
hybridglueball
J/
c
c uudd(I=0)
J/
c
c
(I=0)
ss(I=0)
= (uu + dd)/2 = ss
A flavour filter for Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) disconnected transitions
V=
• OZI rule violations• Isospin violations
(I=0)
qq (I=1)
c(2980)J/(3096)
0 (L=0,S=0) 1 (L=0,S=1)
Ma
ss (
MeV
)
c(2980)
Light mesons, , K*K, …
DD threshold
OZI rule violating transition
’(3686)
”(3770)
1 (L=2,S=1)
Open-charm effects in charmonium decays
Mass axial J/(3096) (3686) (3770)
DD
The open DD threshold is close to (3686) and (3770), which suggests that these two states will experience or suffer the most from the open channel effects. However, such effects behave differently in the kinematics below or above the threshold.
(3770) non-DD decay
-- Evidence for intermediate D meson contributions to charmonium decays
Particle Data Group 2008
Particle Data Group 2008
Particle Data Group 2008
(3770) non-DD decay
Experimental discrepancies:
Exclsusive DD cross sections are measured at BES and CLEO-c:
CLEO-c:
BES-II: non-DD branching ratio can be up to 15%
The lower bound suggests the maximum of non-DD b.r. is about 6.8%.
Inclusive non-DD hadronic cross sections from BES
In theory
Theoretical discrepancies:
Short-range pQCD transition;Color-octet contributions are small;2S-1D state mixings are small; NLO correction is the same order of magnitude as LO.
pQCD calculation: BR(non-DD) < 5%
Q: How about the long-range non-pQCD mechanisms?
Recognition of long-range transition mechanisms
pQCD (non-relativistic QCD):
If the heavy cc are good constituent degrees of freedom, c and c annihilate at the origin of the (cc) wavefunction. Thus, pQCD should be dominant.
If pQCD is dominant in (3770) light hadrons via 3g exchange, the OZI rule will be respected.
(3770) non-DD decay will be suppressed.
Non-pQCD:
Are the constituent cc good degrees of freedom for (3770) light hadrons? Or is pQCD dominant at all?
If not, how the OZI rule is violated?
Could the OZI-rule violation led to sizeable (3770) non-DD decay?
How to quantify it?
Recognition of long-range transition mechanisms
in spectrum studies
1. Success of potential quark model
OGE + Linear confinement; spin-dependent force is perturbative.
Contact S*S from OGE;Implies S=0 and S=1 c.o.g. degenerate for L > 0.(Not true for vector confinement.)
2. Hadronic loop effects
AA
B
C
T. Barnes and E. Swanson, PRC77, 055206 (2008)
Unquench the naïve quark
model scenario
Three loop theorem
“These hold to all orders if there are no final state interactions in the continuum channels.”
Also by Tornqvist
For the states A in a given Ni and Li multiplet,
Mass shift and cc-bar probabilities for low-lying charmonium states due to couplings to two-meson continua.
Recognition of long-range transition mechanisms
in (3770) non-DD decays
c
c*
M1
M2
(3770)
g
M1
M2
(3770)
(3770) decays to vector and pseudoscalar via DD and DD* + c.c. rescatterings
Zhang, Li and Zhao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 172001 (2009)
Transition amplitude can thus be decomposed as:
The V VP transition has only one single form of coupling as anti-symmetric tensor
Short-range pQCD amp.
Long-range non-pQCD amp.
Effective Lagrangians for meson couplings
Coupling constants:
i) Determine long-range parameter in (3770) J/ .
(3770)(3770)
J/ J/
The cut-off energy for the divergent meson loop integral can be determined by data, and then extended to other processes.
Soft production - mixing is considered a form factor is needed to kill the loop integral divergence
ii) Determine short-range parameter combing (3770) and (3770) .
Relative strengths among pQCD transition amplitudes:
iii) Predictions for (3770) VP.
Brief Summary -I
The t-channel transition is much more important than the s channel.
The s-channel can be compared with Rosner’s (2S)-(1D) mixing.
The only sizeable s channel is in (3770) J/. It adds to the t-channel amplitude constructive. In contrast, the isospin-violating (3770) J/0 experiences a destructive interference between the s and t channel.
There exists a strong correlation between the SOZI parameter gS and phase angle . By varying , but keeping the rate unchanged (i.e., gS will be changed), we obtain a lower bound for the sum of branching ratios, 0.41%.
It is essential to have precise measurement of all the VP channels, i.e. , K*K+c.c. etc.
Brief Summary -II
Coherent study of the (3686) VP is important for clarifying the role played by long-range transition mechanisms, in particular, the open-charm effects.
It is essential to quantify (3770) VT, VS, etc.
It is important to investigate the meson loop effects in other processes, e.g. “ puzzle”, J/ and (3686) radiative decay. [see e.g. Zhao, Li and Chang, PLB645, 173(2007); Li, Zhao, and Chang, JPG (2008); Zhao, Li and Chang, arXiv:0812.4092[hep-ph], and work in progress]
It is important to investigate the relevant isospin-violating channels as a correlation with the OZI-rule violation (OZI-rule evading) process. [Wu, Zhao and Zou, PRD75, 114012(2007)]
An analogue to the (3770) non-DD decay: the (1020) non-KK decay [see Li, Zhao and Zou, PRD77, 014010(2008); Li, Zhang and Zhao, JPG in press].
……
“ puzzle” and “12% rule”
• pQCD expectation of the ratio between J/ and ' annihilation:
• “ puzzle” R() =
c
J/, '
g c
c*
*
J/, '
c*
Large “12% rule” violation in !
JPC = 1
0.2 %
“ puzzle” and “12% rule”
Theoretical explanations:
1. J/ is enhanced• J/-glueball mixing:
Freund and Nambu, Hou and Soni, Brodsky, Lepage and Tuan
• Final state interaction:
Li, Bugg and Zou
• Intrinsic charmonium component within light vectors:
Brodsky and Karliner, Feldman and Kroll
2. ' is suppressed• Karl and Roberts: sequential fragmentation model
• Pinsky: hindered M1 transition model
• Chaichian and Tornqvist: exponential form factor model
• Chen and Braaten: color octet Fock state dominance in J/• Rosner: ' and " mixing
3. Others … Recent review by Yuan et al.
Branching ratios for J/ (cc) V P
Same order of magnitude !
• What accounts for such a large isospin violation? • Implications of the “ puzzle” …
Comparable !?
Branching ratios for V P
Particle D
ata Gro
up
3g
3g
• “12% rule” will not hold if EM, and/or other possible transitions are important.
c
c*
V
P
J/
g c
c*
V
P
J/
*
+/ EM + Long-range int.
+/ EM + Long-range int.
The property of antisymmetric VVP coupling suggests that one can investigate the origin of the “ puzzle” between the strong and EM transitions.
The EM transition can be investigated by vector meson dominance (VMD) model.
The strong transition amplitude contributes to both isospin-conserved and isospin-violated transitions.
VP coupling:
V* coupling:
Transition amplitude:
EM transitions in VMD
I. Determine gVP in V P
V
P
II. Determine e/fV in V e+ e-
V*
e+
e-
III. Determine gP in P
All the relevant data are available !
IV. Form factors
Corrections to the V*P vertices:
P
V. Isospin-violated channel
We determine the cut-off energy in the form factor by fitting the experimental branching ratios for the isospin-violating J/ and decays.
By taking the branching ratio fractions, it shows that the 12% rule is approximately satisfied.
Note: i) The short-distant 3g transition
is suppressed.ii) parameter is determined by
assuming the dominance of EM transition in isospin-violated channels. It should be refitted when strong isospin violation is included.
Rth(%) Rexp(%)
Parameterize the strong decay transition
Fig. (a): Contributions from short-range interactions
Fig. (b): Contributions from long-range interactions with the double OZI-rule violation
Possible glueball components inside I=0 mesons
Short-range dominant, single OZI process
Long-range dominant, double OZI process
Parameterized strong decay amplitudes:
Form factor to take into account hadron size effects:
with
reflects the strong decay coupling strength.
Fitting results
Zhao, Li and Chang, PLB645, 173(2007)Li, Zhao, and Chang, JPG (2008)
Branching ratio fraction “R” including EM and strong transitions Zhao, Li and Chang, PLB645, 173(2007), Li, Zhao, and Chang, JPG (2008)
Unanswered questions
i) What is the origin of the strong coupling suppression on the VP?
ii) What is the role played by long-range interactions?
iii) What is the correlation between the long-range interaction with the OZI-rule-evading mechanisms?
Mechanisms suppressing the VP strong decays should be clarified!
Open-charm effects as an OZI-rule evading mechanism
J/ ()c
c
0
D
D
D*
• Interferences among the single OZI, EM and intermediate meson loop transitions are unavoidable.
Mechanism suppressing the strong decay amplitudes of VP
J/ ()
t-channel
J/ ()
V
J/ ()
s-channel
Decomposition of OZI evading long-range loop transitions
D
D
D
D
D* …
Zhang, Li and Zhao, 0902.1300[hep-ph]; Li and Zhao, PLB670, 55(2008)
Recognition of interferences
Property of the anti-symmetric tensor coupling allows a parametrization:
Zhao, Li, and Chang, 0812.4092[hep-ph].
In order to account for the “ puzzle”, a destructive phase between
and is favored.
The intermediate meson loops will contribute to the real part of the couplings since both J/ and are below the open charm threshold.
Since the has a mass which is closer to the open DD threshold, its amplitude via the DD loop will be qualitatively larger than J/ due to near-threshold effects. Similar behavior due to intermediate DD(D*) and DD*(D) loops also shows up in a coherent study of J/ and c and c. (Li & Zhao, PLB670, 55(2008))
Light intermediate meson loops are strongly suppressed due to large off-shell effects. Open charm effects are essential for understanding " non-DD decays (Zhang, Li & Zhao, PRL102, 172001(2009))
Some features about the open charm Some features about the open charm
Puzzles in J/, c, ( c)
-- Further evidence for intermediate D meson contributions to the M1
transitions
c
c
J/
• M1 transition flips the quark spin• The initial and final qq states are in the same multiplet • The initial and final qq states have the same spatial wavefunction
M1 transition in a naïve quark model
c
c
c
M1 transition in the relativised Godfrey-Isgur model
• Relativistic corrections, e.g. finite size corrections• Form of long-rang force is unknown • Sensitivities to the quark masses and details of the potential• c is also allowed (hindered transition)
NRQCD, higher-order corrections, relativistic quark model,…
Relativistic quark model, Ebert et al. : predictions are sensitivity to Lorentz structure of the quark potentials
J/ c
Tree level effective Lagrangian
In terms of effective coupling, the correction is to the VVP coupling form factors.
• Intermediate meson exchange with effective Lagrangians
• Vertex couplings are determined by available experi. Info.
Contact diagrams
with
Results and discussions
Overall transition amplitude:
J/ c
D
D
D*
J/
c
Small imaginary amplitudes
The real part is supposed to cancel the M1 amplitude
Simultaneous account of the J/, c with the same cut-off energy
Prediction for c
Summary
• Open DD channel effects are essential for understanding a lot of puzzles in low-lying charmonium decays.
• It contains rich information about the strong QCD dynamics via a correlation between the OZI evading and long-range interactions, and also isospin violations.
“ puzzle” in J/, ’ VP
M1 transition problem in J/, c, ( c)
(3770) non-DD decays
……
• Experimental data from BES, CLEO-c, KLOE, and B-factories will further clarify those issues.
Thanks !Thanks !