Constructing

Environments

Log Book

QIULIANG LI

621722

TUTORIAL 18

Contents

W01: Loads.………………...3

Basic structural forces and materials…………………4W02:

Structural forms…………………6Structural joints…………………8

W03:Footings and foundations…………………9

Structural elements…………….….10Mass construction and materials……………….11

Campus tour……….....……12W04:

Floor systems.………………14 Technical terms…………...…..15

Scale, annotation and drawing conventions……………….16W05:

Wall systems...……………..17Common systems...……………..18

Timber…..…………...19Engineered timber…………….....20

Oval Pavilion……………….21W06:

Metals.…………..…..23Roofing systems….……………25

Site presentations……………….26W07:

Detailing for moisture……………….27Detailing for heat……………….29

Plastic, rubber, paint……………….30W08:

Glass……………….31Openings……………….33

Section drawing……………….34W09:

Construction detailing……………….35Composite materials…………….…36

Site visit……………….37W10:

Failures…………….…38Oval Pavilion….……………39

Glossary:Key terms……………….40

Referencing:Reference list……………….41

W01

The structural system of a building must be able tosupport dynamic and static loads. (Ching, 2008)

Dynamic loads:Applied suddenly to a structure with rapid changein magnitude and point of application. Thestructure will develop inertial forces in relation to itsmass. Maximum deformation does not necessarilycorrespond to the maximum magnitude of theapplied force (Ching, 2008).Wind loads: forces exerted by the kinetic energy ofa moving mass of air, coming from horizontaldirections. Roof angle >30 degrees exerts positivepressure horizontally from wind. <30 degrees exertnegative pressure.Earthquake loads: more critical to the structurewith horizontal forces.

Static loads:Applied slowly to a structure until the static force ismaximized without fluctuating rapidly inmagnitude or position (Ching, 2008).Live loads: moving or movable loads on astructure, such as collected snow and water. Liveloads can act both vertically and horizontally dueto the dynamic nature.Occupancy loads: weight of people, furniture andstored materials.Snow loads: weight of snow accumulating on thebuilding.Rain loads: weight of water accumulating in thebuilding.Impact loads: kinetic loads of short duration, suchas vehicles.Dead loads: static loads acting verticallydownwards on a structure, comprising the weightof the structure.Settlement loads: imposed on a structure bysubsidence cause by the differentiation insupporting soil.Ground pressure: horizontal force of a soil massacting on a vertical retaining structure.Water pressure: hydraulic force of ground waterexerting upon the foundation.Thermal stresses: compressive or tensile stresses inmaterials caused by thermal expansion orcontraction.

Loads

W01Basic structural forces

and materials

Force:It is any influence that produces achange in the shape or movement ofa body. It is a vector quantitypossessing both magnitude anddirection. Force can be representedby an arrow whose length isproportional to the magnitude andwhose orientation represents thedirection (Newton, 2014).

Tension forces:When an external load pulls on astructure member, the particlescomposing the material move apartand undergo tension. The amount ofelongation depends on the stiffnessof the material, cross section areaand the magnitude of the load(Newton, 2014).

Compression forces:Produces the opposite effect of atension force. When an external loadpushes on a structural member, theparticles of the material compacttogether (Newton, 2014).

Activity: compression

Initial structural concepts:

The above structures haveweak horizontal links , thus,weight cannot be widelydistributed to the blocks. Asa result, increasescompression verticallydownwards.

This concept inter-lockseach block together, whichenhances the dispersion ofdead load and static loads.Therefore, creating adependent and very stablestructure as a whole.

Weight load

W01Basic structural forces

and materials

Activity: compression continued…

Disadvantages: the constructing processof the structure is very time and materialconsuming. During the demolitionphase, there were fewer blocks wecould take out as the blocks weredependent on another compared tothe other groups, such as below:

The material used for construction isMDF, which is relatively lightercompared to steel and timber. Thus, itdoes not need a complex structure tosupport its loads and will still be able tobe compressed.

Taking out blocks in our structurecaused the forces to becomeunequally distributed and actingonto one direction. This led to theseparation of the tower andultimately caused it to collapse.

Material properties:

• Strength • Stiffness• Shape• Material behaviors• Economy/cost• Sustainability

Note: Melbourne is built usingmostly basalt rock due to thevolcanoes that surroundMelbourne (Melbourne’sBluestone 2014).

W02Structural forms

Structural systems:

Solid: used in early architecture, such as Egypt. Compression is the main structuralaction.Surface: plain structure, such as Sydney opera house’s shell structure.Skeletal: most common structure as it is very efficient in transferring loads down tothe ground.Membrane: often used to enclose large areas efficiently and cheaply, such asstadiums.Hybrid: structural frames including cladding, skeletal, membrane, etc.

Constructing systems:

Considerations:• Performance requirements • Aesthetic qualities• Economic efficiencies• Environmental impacts

Enclosure systems: cover of the building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors.

Structural system: to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members.• Superstructure: vertical

extension of the building above the foundation.

• Substructure: foundation.

Service systems:

provide essential services to the building.• Water supply.• Sewage disposal.• Heating, ventilating and air

conditioning.• Electrical systems.• Transport systems.• Fire fighting system.• Recycling system.

(Ching, 2008)

Figure 1

Source: (Ching 2008, p. 2.03)

Activity: frame

With a limited amount of balsawood available for towerconstructing, we limitedourselves into using a triangularstructure. This is because it isboth material efficient andstrong.

On the left shows the full heightof the tower, however, it wasunable to support itself due tothe bent supporting columns.Thus, a diagonal supportingcolumn was constructed:

This single column allowed thewhole structure to support itselfupright.

W02Structural forms

Environmentally sustainable design (ESD) considerations (Newton, 2014):

• The utilization of natural elements, such as sun light to save electricityconsumption.

• Embodied energy: the total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stages of amaterial’s life.

• Recyclability.• Use of materials, such as using wood instead of steel allows less CO2 to be

produced. Thus, wood has a more positive carbon footprint.• Carbon footprint: a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated

during the fabrication, transportation and use of a particular product.

The picture aboveis the collapsedtower after thedemolition process.

The vertical supportcolumns were cutapart, as a result,the only supportingcolumn could notsupport the load ontop.

Pin joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014):Rotation allowed

Fixed joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014):No movement allowed

Roller joint (W02 s2 Structural joints 2014):Horizontal movement allowed

W02Structural joints

W03Footings and foundations

Footing Foundation

Shallow footing

Transfer loads

to the ground

Vertical load transfer to the

ground

Footed at bed rock

Unstable soil

Retaining wall

Linear loads

Raft foundation

Substructure

End bearing piles

Strip footing

Point load

adequate

Stable soil

Friction piles

Resist soil pressure

Joining footings together

Pad footing

Resistance of surrounding earth

ConcreteDeep foundationTimber

Steel

Creating

basement

W03Structural elements

Parallel to long axis

Strut

Tension

Beam

panels

Bending

resistance

Tie

Compression

Supported by beams

Carry vertical load

Slab/plate

Carry horizontal load

EquilibriumLoads = Reaction forces

W03Mass construction and materials

W03Campus tour

This is a contemporary building

with concrete and steel

reinforcement construction style,

which is very strong and durable. It

is supported by concrete beams

and struts. Reason for these

materials to be used is to allow

maximum supporting load with

minimum space taken and for the

installation of large glass windows.

The entrance of the South Lawn

car park is constructed with

concrete and steel framing. The

slab/plate structure as the roof

of the car park allows support

for vertical loads on top, such

as pedestrians. The slab/plate is

supported by concrete beams

as well as struts. E.g. the white

column.

Typical masonry constructed building with a hybrid

system and clay bricks bonded in stretcher course.

There are also steel beams as vertical load supports

to the roof. The beams are stabilized by steel ties

connected with pin joints to use tension and maintain

flexibility to the lower beams under the stairs.

This is a membrane structure

framed by steel and covered

mostly by plastic to maximum

space and coverage with little

supporting structures.

The South Lawn car park is

supported by struts at regular

intervals. The space is covered

entirely by concrete with steel

reinforcement. The flooring creates

a raft foundation, which joins all the

isolated footings into a single floor.

The struts also support the slab/plate

on top in order to support the load

of the South Lawn.

This particular roof uses a

hybrid steel structure with

steel beams. The loads are

being transferred through

the beams to the concrete

columns. The structure is

also a panel with can

support both horizontal and

vertical loads.

The Unimelb swimming pool is a

hybrid structure supported by steel

struts and beams that support both

the glass paneled walls and the roof.

The use of steel is very effect in

supporting heavy loads with

minimum space used. Thus, the

swimming pool is able to absorb a

large amount of natural lighting and

view to lighten up the atmosphere.

The Unimelb gym has a mixture of

masonry construction using clay

bricks as well as using steel beams

and struts to support heavy loads

and to allow long windows. The

column like structures outside the

building are used to cover up the

gutters.

W03Campus tour

The Oval Pavilion uses concrete

and steel reinforcement as its

main hybrid structure. Timber is

used to cover the structure to

increase the aesthetics of the

building. The back side of the

pavilion uses masonry

construction with clay bricks in a

stretch course and brick on edge

course.

The building structure outside Frank

Tate is a modern construction

supported by steel hybrid structure

proven by the steel strut and beam.

The exterior is covered by timber to

increase aesthetics. This structure relies

on equilibrium and gravitational forces

as it is very irregular in terms of its shape

and the supporting frames.

The modern new school of

architecture building utilizes the

strength of steel hybrid framing.

Steel beams and struts are wielded

together to supporting a large

overhang as in the photo. The bend

and flexibility of steel is much better

than masonry or concrete in

constructing heavy load buildings as

it is able to withstand extreme heavy

loads with efficient load transfer

abilities.

This is a masonry constructed

building. The slab/plate acting as a

extended roof is possibility

supported by steel framing covered

by the plastic looking covers.

Overall, from the 12 different buildings observed in the tour, a majority

uses the hybrid system structure which utilizes steel framing to

maximize strength and load capacity as well as saving more space

for human utilisations. All masonry buildings were bonded in stretch

course using clay bricks. Concrete was used to express a modern

style building as well as strengthen the structure. Timber was used

mainly for aesthetics.

W04Floor systems

Timber ConcreteSteel

Slab/plate

Structural steel

Curing

Reinforced concrete

Formworks

Divide construction to

smaller manageable

sections

Supported by joists, beams and struts.

permeable

Light gauge Pier stamps

Bearers

One way or 2 way spans

Construction joints

Shotcrete

Pouring

Steel mash or bar reinforcement

Girders

Vibration

Props and bracings

Control joints

Long term movement

change in concrete

controled

Hydration chemical process

Span

Joist span

Precast concrete

W04Technical terms

Span is the distance measured between two structural supports.

Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.

A beam is a (mostly) horizontal structural element. The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports.

A Cantilever is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant). The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support.

W04Scale, annotation and drawing conventions

In groups of 3, this week’s tutorial focused on understandingconstruction drawings. In our group, we have finalized the use ofscale in drawings as it allows drawings to stay in accurate proportionto the original design. The drawings will also be in proportion to theactual structure. This allows the stakeholders, such as clients,architects and engineers to perceive accurate exterior, interior,structural, elevations and plans of the building. Scales also allowlarge buildings to be viewed in a smaller proportional scale onpaper. Thus, it is much easier to work and modify on, saving time andincreases efficiency. Scale is generally used in 1:100, 1:50, 1:20 and1:10. different scales represent different sections of the constructionsite. For example, 1:100 might be the site plan, whereas, 1:50 mightbe the floor plan. Scale helps to change the size and proportion ofsections on paper to include the important sections and cutting outthe irrelevant sections.

Section of roof

The actual Oval Pavilion is the 1:1 scale.Whereas, much smaller perspectives were

presented in the drawings with scales rangingfrom 1:20, which were mostly structuraldrawings showing intense details of joints andstructures presented by engineers. 1:50 scalesshowing elevation and floor plans of thepavilion, drawn by architects. Thus,architectural drawings are often in largerscales than structural drawings becausearchitectural drawings show the arrangementsof layouts and how different systems are joinedtogether, e.g. walls, windows and doors, assometimes we might not be able to perceivethe entire building in real life, however, scalingdown to a single A1 paper can. Structuraldrawings show much more detailed supportingjoints and structures and how each system isbeing installed together,. Thus, more close upscales are needed to show more details.

W05Wall systems

Timber ConcreteSteel

Load bearing wall

Bracing

Link to structural elements

Spandrel panels

Structural frames

Core/grout filled

Light gauge Post and poles

Stud wall

Column grid connected by beam

Better thermal and waterproofing

Cavity masonry

Girders

Reinforced masonry

Single, multiple skins

Solid masonry

2 skins

Reinforced concrete column

W05Common systems

Masonry construction with clay bricks is common inMelbourne suburban houses. The above birds eye viewof two types of brick laying are all cavity masonry whichare great at thermal performances and waterproofing.The weep holes and damp proof course between theskins allow water to drain through, avoiding leakage tointerior spaces.

Stud framing is anothercommon constructionsystem used in Melbourne.The site we have visited inNew Port is a residentialhouse using timber studframing as well as steelbracing. Rows of nogginsand steel bracing areapplied to prevent bucklingof the structure as the

lengths are restrained.

W05Timber

Grain

Weak perpendicular to grain

Back saw

Kiln seasoning, 20-40 hrs.

Stability & controlled moisture

Strong & stiff parallel to grain

Seasoned timber = 15% moisture

Seasoning

Radial saw

hardwood

Solar kiln seasoning, less cost

Quarter saw

Air seasoning, 6–24 months

softwood

W05Engineered Timber

W05Oval Pavilion

Our group have been assigned to do the left half of the front roofof the Oval Pavilion.

First of all, we have identified it is a roofing structure, which mustcontain supporting structure within the roof to support the largeoverhang. Thus, I have drawn up a birds eye view of the roof withsloping of the roof in black and ceiling sloping in red.

From the diagram above, it is proven that steel framing structure isused. The structure is hybrid with bracings to restrain the lengthsand shape of steel beams. Steel is used to maximize the strengthof the supporting structure as well as saving space. It is also usedas the weight of the roof is not too significant for reinforcedconcrete to be used. Thus, steel is efficient in transferring load tothe columns in red. The large overhang also require the flexibilityof the steel structure, whereas, concrete would be too rigid andtimber too weak. Thus, steel is a perfect structural material to beused in this large overhang.

W05Oval Pavilion

The exterior of the roof is covered by timber strips. This material isused for the solely purpose of aesthetics. The royal brown givesthe building a classy style along with good contrast with the whiteconcrete flooring. Timber is comparably a lighter material thansteel and concrete, thus it is smart to be used as a ceilingmaterial.

The base of our section consists of a concrete constructedfoundation. Shallow footing with pad footings were constructedas the building contribute light loads to the soil. There areretaining walls built to construct the basement with stairs reachingto the ground floor. The overhang and the floor is connected by 3concrete poles since concrete is an excellent compressionmaterial. The load from the roof travels through the steel structureto the poles and vertically down to the pad footings.

Roof

Concrete pole

Ground floor

Footing

Steel structure

Comparing to othergroups, we have verysimilar structure systems asthe entire building is smallin size, thus, light weightand effective steelstructure is used throughoutthe building.

W06Metals

Non-ferrous FerrousAlloys

Oxidation

Ironless=non-ferrous alloy

Galvanic series High flexibility

Low fragility

Iron

High density

Iron=ferrous alloy

Durable

Impermeable

Combined metals

Cost effective

High ductility

Less reaction to oxide

Good conductor

Galvanized steel with zinc coating

Aluminum

Copper

Zinc

W06Metals

Cast iron Steel Wrought iron

Bars for windows and doors

Primary structure

Framing

Iron and carbon

Cold formed

decorations

Tensile resistance used to

produce reinforced concrete

Hot rolled

Heated and hammered

Very strong

Structural steel

Melted and molded

Reinforcing bars

Secondary structure

High ductility

Sheeting

Cladding and roofing

Stainless steel

Chromium (>12%)

Used in harsh envs

W06Roofing systems

Reinforced concrete roofing has manylayers that protect the roof fromweathers and water.

Wear course

Roofing membrane

Rigid form

Vapor retarder

Reinforced concrete slabFlat structural steel roofuses a combination ofprimary and secondaryroof beams for heavy

roof finishes.

Sloping structural steelroof uses acombination of roofbeams and purlins andlighter sheet metalroofing.

Portal frames uses acombination of bracedrigid frames with purlinsfor the roof and girts forthe wall.

Truss roofs are constructed inopen web type steel ortimber. Components arefixed together to be able tospan long distances, e.g.bridges.

W06Site presentations

Williamstown

This building had been planned for 16 months. There are 4 stories, 7 units of this structure. And a terrace on the rooftop.

Deep foundation

Pad footings

Pile cap pad footings

There was a big excavation of foundation before our visit. Excavator had worked for 6 weeks to move out 560 m³ soil, which loaded 57 trucks.

Reinforced concrete frame structure

Strong in compression and tension

Concrete and steel cages

Reinforced concrete columns

Concrete slab flooring

Masonry brick walls form ground floor up

The current construction phase inWilliamstown is the foundationconstruction. It is a 4 floors apartmentbuilding. Thus, reinforced concrete is usedto construct the foundations as it isexcellent in withstanding compressionand tension. Thus, effective in carryingtensile loads through the pad footing andthe deep foundation to stable soil or rocksto maintain stability.

North Melbourne

It is a residential house that is currently in the process of exterior wall construction. Foundation have already been completed.

Timber stud frame structure

Steel bracing

Reinforced concrete flooring

Reinforced concrete foundation

Pad footings

Shallow footings

The residential house has alreadyreached to its exterior wall construction.However, from the reinforced concreteflooring, we can tell that the foundation isreinforced concrete as well with shallowpad footings as the soil is stable and thehouse light weighted with small loads. Thetimber stud frame structure is similar to my

site, which is New Port, where steelframing and noggins are used to restrainthe lengths and shape of timber structure.

W07Detailing for moisture

Neutralising forces

that move water

Storm water systems

Grading roof

Deterioration of materials

Windows, doors

Opening

Gasket (rubber frames)

Gutters

Overlapping cladding

Remove openings

Keeping water away from openings

Planned

Poor construction

Anti-water penetrating strategies

Exposed to weathering

Sealants (silicone)

Unplanned

Downpipes

Gravity

Capillary action & surface tension

Momentum

Air pressure differential

W07Detailing for moisture

Tanking applied where thefoundation is covered bywaterproof membranelayer.

To prevent water frompenetrating:

• Remove opening• Keep water away from

opening• Neutralise the forces

that move waterthrough openings.

Neutralising forces thatmove water:

Gravity strategiesinclude slopes andoverlaps to carry wateraway from the building.Flashings are used totransport water.

Surface tension andcapillary actions use adrip or break betweensurfaces to preventwater from clinging tothe underside ofsurfaces (e.g. windowsills). The surface tensionof the water is broken atthe drip/gap location.Instead, the capillaryaction movement ofthe water stops and thewater is released in drop

form.

Momentum methodsinclude constructinggaps in more complexlabyrinth shapes, whichslow the momentum ofmoisture and helps todeflect the water awayfrom the gap entry.

Air pressure differential forces waterto be pumped from a high pressureenvironment to a low pressureenvironment.Rain screen assemblies introducesan air barrier on the internal side ofthe labyrinth, a ventilated anddrained pressure equilisationchamber (PEC) is created and thewater can no longer to pumpedinto the assembly.

W07Detailing for heat

Controlling heatthrough conduction:Thermal insulation toreduce heatconduction.Thermal breaks madefrom low conductivematerials, such asplastic to reduce heattransfer from outside toinside, vice versa.

Above shows my site inNew Port, which usesthermal insulation toreduce the conductionof heat from escapingthe house. It is placeswithin the timber studframing and steelbracing.

Double glazing or tripleglazing reduces the flowof heat in the air spacethrough the glazedelements.

Radiation is controlledby using reflectivesurfaces to reducebuilding elements fromabsorbing heat andbecoming hot.

Shading systems areused, as suchverandahs, blinds andvegetation to preventradiation from strikingthe building envelopdirectly.

Thermal mass iseffective when there isa large area of exposedthermal mass, oftenconcrete masonry orwater bodies that canabsorb and store heatover time.

When temperaturedrops, the heat isreleased, which workswell in conditions whereday/night temperaturesranges in a great scale.

Air leakage is similar towater intrusion withsimilar characteristics.

Solutions are to wrapthe building inpolyethylene orreflective foil sarking toprovide an air barrier.

Weather stripping canbe installed arounddoors, windows andother openings.

W07Plastic, rubber, paint

Plastic:

Thermoplastic moldablewhen heated andhardens when cooled.• Polyethylene

• Polymethyl (acrylic)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

• Polycarbonate

Thermosetting plastics can only bemolded once.Melamide formaldehyde (laminex)

Polystyrene (insolation panels)

Elastomers (syntheticrubbers)• EPDM

• Neoprene

• Silicone

Paint:

Oil based and water based.Oil based has very good highglass finishes.Water based are flexible anddurable.

Paint creates a protective layerfor walls from temporarymoisture, heat and other minorweathering.

W08Glass

I century BC – blown glassFormers

Fluxes

Stabilisers

1959 – float glass

11-13 cent – sheet glass

Clear float glass

Lower the melting temperature

Plastic interlayer (PVB) between 2 glass panes

Flat/shaped glass

Ingredients to produce glass

Cheapest, break into shards

1910 - lamination

Laminated glass

Formers + fluxes

17 cent – lead crystal/plate glass

Tempered glassHeated to 650 degrees then rapidly cooled with high compression, break into shatters

Tinted glass

Wired glass

Patterned glass

Curved glass

Photovoltaic glass

Glass channels

Slumped & formed glass

Glass fibres

Reduce visible light transfer

Steel mesh between 2 glass panes

Creates privacy and absorbs light

Molded to specific shapes

Integrated solar cells

Façade systems

Design features

telecommunications

W08Glass

Description Thickness (mm)

Low-e (-)

STC (decibel)

U-value (W/m2K)

Single glazing 3 N 24 dB 5.9

Conventional double glazing

3-6-3 N 26 dB 3.4

Standard double glazing

4-16-4 Y 32 dB 1.1

Sun protection double glazing

6-16-4 Y 36 dB 1.1

Quality triple glazing 4-12-4-12-4 Y 33 dB 0.7

Double and triple glazing glass are effective in decreasing heat lossas well as direct sunlight penetration. This is because the heat flow inthe air space between the glazed element is slowed down. Glazingalso generates noise cancellation. Can be used in libraries, privatehousing, etc.

Glass is waterproof. It can be a strong material with high fragility whenhardened, but high flexibility when molten. It is low in ductility. It isdurable and highly recyclable, however costly to transport.

W08Openings

Doors & windows

Security/safety

Timber

Steel

Aluminum

Commercial/office

Residential

Door leaf

Architrave

Rough opening

Handle, latch & lock

Jamb

Stop

Head

Sill/threshold

Door swing

Top rail

Stile

Mid rail

Bottom rail

Panel elements

Doors and windows areopenings that createmoisture and heatmovements. Thus, thejoining between theopenings to the wallsare very detailed andimportant in preventingleakage and heat loss.

Wood Aluminum Steel

Above show the 3Dview of a head detailof a window frame.

Window frame

Mitred joint

Timber lintel over opening

W08Section drawing

The above is a scale 1:20 drawing of a detailed expansion joint usedon roofing systems. Steel roofing expands and contracts with changesin temperature. Thus, the expansion joint is placed to allow steelmovement in relation to temperature. As a result, buckling andbending of steel roofing is avoided. The joint is commonly used onprojects with long runs of roof sheeting. In addition to allowing forexpansion, it provides an effective solution for end lapping sheeting.The expansion joint is located on roof tops and cannot be observedfrom below.

Cover

Roof deck

Compressible insulation

Rigid insulation

Lap sealant

EPDM roof membrane

EPDM flashing

The photos of the actual site are taken on the ground floor showingthe ceiling of the roof, which is covered and decorated with timberstrips. However, the roofing system is supported by steel truss system.Corrugated iron sheets were used to construct the roof. Thus,expansion joints were used to allow the expansion and contraction ofsteel in response to temperature.

W09Construction detailing

Elongated

Movement joints

Compressed

Ageing

Resistance to damage

Repairable surfaces

Health and safety

Stepping of stairs

As installed

Cleanable surfaces

Corner bead

Material selection (fire level)

Constructability Easy to assemble

Distinguishable

Combined materials

Hybrid

Fibreglass

Dis/continuous fibres Fibrous

Particular

Bonded with retaining properties

Aluminum sheet

Fibre reinforced cement (FRC)

Laminar

Cladding with flexibility

Cladding

W09Composite materials

Sandwich panels

Gravel and resins

Combined composite types

Transparent cladding

Timber Beams and trusses

Fibre reinforced polymersStructural elements

W09Site visit

This week’s tutorial, we visited 485 Spencer St West Melbourne. It is arenovating building with timber stud structure and steel framing. Theexterior wall uses horizontal cladding. Skylights are installed with timberframing to increase light sources.

W10Failures

Iron

Galvanic corrosion

K-bracing

Wind & earthquakes

Lateral forces

Connects horizontally, allowing

loads to be transferred to

vertical bearings.

Diaphragms

W10Oval Pavilion

The photos of the actual siteare taken on the ground floorshowing the ceiling of theroof, which is covered anddecorated with timber strips.However, the roofing systemis supported by steel trusssystem. Corrugated ironsheets were used toconstruct the roof. Thus,expansion joints were used toallow the expansion andcontraction of steel inresponse to temperature.

Waterproofing is evident withthe use of galvanized steelsheeting roof and glassskylights.

Glossary

1. Beam2. Bracing3. Column4. Compression5. Frame6. Load path7. Masonry8. Point load9. Reaction force10. Stability11. Structural joint12. Tension13. Moment14. Pad footing15. Retaining wall16. Strip footing17. Slab on ground18. Substructure19. Joist20. Steel decking span21. Girder22. Concrete plank23. Spacing24. Stud25. Nogging26. Lintel27. Axial load 28. Buckling

29. Seasoned timber30. Rafter31. Purlin32. Cantilever33. Portal frame34. Eave35. Alloy36. Soffit37. Top chord38. Drip39. Vapour barrier40. Gutter41. Parapet42. Downpipe43. Flashing44. Insulation45. Sealant46. Window sash47. Deflection48. Moment of inertia49. Door furniture 50. Stress51. Shear force52. Sandwich panel53. Bending54. Skirting55. Composite beam56. Shadow line joint57. Cornice58. Shear wall59. Soft story60. Braced frame61. Life cycle62. Defect63. Fascia64. Corrosion65. IEQ

Key terms

Referencing

Reference list:

Ching, FDK 2008, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.

Construction environments 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne.

Melbourne’s Bluestone 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne.

Newton, C 2014, Basic structural forces, Online recording, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

Newton, C 2014, Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) considerations , Online recording, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

W02 s2 Structural joints 2014, video recording, University of Melbourne ENVS 10003, Melbourne.

USG 2007, Details, USG, U.S. Viewed on 12 May 2014, http://www.usgdesignstudio.com/download-details.asp?globalnav_referrer=download-details.