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Qualitative Data Qualitative Data Analysis Analysis

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Page 1: Qualitative Data Analysis - evaluationcanada.ca · Qualitative Studies a. writing/editing the data b. storage of data c. coding data (keywords or tags) d. search and retrieval of

Qualitative Data Qualitative Data AnalysisAnalysis

Page 2: Qualitative Data Analysis - evaluationcanada.ca · Qualitative Studies a. writing/editing the data b. storage of data c. coding data (keywords or tags) d. search and retrieval of

Part 1 QDA MethodsOutcomes – learners understand the origin and current practice of QDA methods in general, grounded theory in particular, and possible applications of the methods.

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1. Methodsa. useful for inductive researchb. useful in naturalistic inquiryc. qualitative methods growing consensusd. collection ↔ analysis ↔ collection

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2. Qualitative Data (QD)a. open b. exploratoryc. useful when questions to ask not yet been definedd. allows insights

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3. Overview of QDA

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4. QDA cycle

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5. overview of process

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6. Work plan of research process

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7. Characteristics of QDAa. constructivist - many meaningsb. context bound ie "book is in the pen"c. uses inflection ie "THIS was good."d. can be sorted in many ways e. QD by itself has meaning ie “apple”

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8. Sources of QDa. interviewsb. focus Groupsc. field observationsd. survey comments e. historical recordsf. secondary datag. photos, paintings, songs ...

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9. Types of Qualitative Dataa. structured text, (writings, stories, survey

comments, news articles, books etc)

b. unstructured text (transcription, interviews, focus groups, conversation)

c. audio recordings, as above, music

d. video recordings, as above (graphics, art, pictures, visuals)

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10. Methods Matched to Type of Data

a. structured text b. unstructured textc. audio/ ie. interviews, anecdotes, “stories”

d. video/graphics

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11. Methods Matched to Principle Task

a. reduce amount of dataMatrix analysis

b. derive new ideas and insightsPhenomenology

c. test significance of ideasPost coding, Matrix analysis

d. map theoretical relation of ideas Grounded Theory Mapping

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12. Principles of QDA (J. Morse)

a. Data entry (gathering)b. Comprehending (immersion)c. Synthesizing (sifting)d. Theorizing (sorting)e. Re-Contextualizing (emerging theory)

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13. Data entry (analogous demonstration)

a. not easily mechanizedb. important part of processc. often done by analystd. concurrent with analysis e. transcribe thoroughly, ASAP f. write memos (reflect)g. coding (start with few)

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14. Comprehending (immersion)a. begin while entering data b. start QDA immediatelyc. “live with it”d. line by line examinatione. create new questions for collection

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15. Synthesizing (sifting) “quotes” (decontextualize)

a. use inductive categoriesb. find common threadsc. compare transcriptsd. aggregate stories

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16. Theorizing (sorting) “coding”

a. ask questions of the datab. find alternative explanationsc. allow sufficient time d. be open to insights

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17. Re-Contextualizing(grounded theory)

a. develop theoretical “elegance”b. apply to other settingsc. examine fit to literature/researchd. describe emerging theory

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18. Data Management Principlesa. stay close to the datab. be sensitive to emergent theoryc. allow recontextualizing d. it is a non-linear process

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19. Grounded TheoryPrimary documents (comprehending)

immerse in the primary documents

begin as data are collected

read/view/listen to the data

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b. Quotations (synthesizing)select and mark salient quotations/passages

compare each line to other data

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c. Coding (theorizing)assign codes in margin

group, sort, categorize codes into families

collect new data based on emerging theory, memos, codes

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d. Memos (aids in all processes)

record insights on memos or post-it notes ie: ideas for emerging theories, thematic ideas, linked memos

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e. Network (re-contextualizing)

create a network view (mind map)

add and arrange network nodes (quotes, memos and codes)

collect more data as needed

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f. Presenting (computer methods)

display quote and code lists

display node “mind-map” – export network .jpg into Wordexport quotation data into SPSS.sps, – run crosstab (matrix)export .html web page for multimedia use

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20. Q&A Questions and answers

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Part 2. EXERCISESPart 2. EXERCISES

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Part 3. QDA SOFTWARE OVERVIEW

Outcomes – learners will know how to choose among a few types of qualitative data analysis software, and their application to analyzing various qualitative data using QDA methods.

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Some QDA Methods (and Software)

1. Post-codingie. using SPSS, Excel

2. Matrix analysisie. using Nud●Ist, SPSS

3. Phenomenology - using mind mapsie. Inspiration, Atlas-ti

4. Grounded Theory Mapping ie. Atlas-ti

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Uses of computer software in Qualitative Studies

a. writing/editing the data b. storage of datac. coding data (keywords or tags)d. search and retrieval of datae. data linking of related textf. writing/editing memos about the datag. content analysish. display of selected reduced datai. conclusion drawingj. theory building - create explanationsk. graphic mappingl. preparing reports

Miles and Huberman 1994

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How to choose software -Key Questions

a. kind and amount of data?b. choosing for 1 project or next few yrs?c. theoretical approach to analysis?d. time to learn vs time to analyze?e. simplicity or detailed analysis?f. desired “closeness” to the data g. any desired quantification of results?h. individual or working as a team?i. peer software support available?j. Any cost constraints?

(Weitzman and Miles 1995; Lewins and Silver 2005).

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Audio Data Analysis Using Atlas-ti 5.0 - demo

These slides at cesbc.ca Go to Links

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QDA softwareAtlas-ti (Scientific Software Germany)NVivo (QSR Australia) Inspiration (USA)Concept Systems (USA)Excel, Access, SPSS (USA)

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Methodological foundationsGrounded Theory (i.e. Glaser and Strauss)Coding (i.e. Morse) Thematic Analysis (i.e. Giorgi)

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Atlas-tiVisual Qualitative Data Analysis Management and Model Building

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Steps in Atlas-ti1. Load primary documents2. Mark “quotes” 3. Create codes, drag and drop on quotes4. Retrieve coded quotes, conduct queries5. Write memos 6. Draw network models, draw conclusions

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Features• Allows many types of primary

documents: graphics, audio, video

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All share the same code set• Quotations to the letter or milli-second• Queries retrieve and (dis)play all quotes• Networks (dis)play all nodes and quotes• Exports to SPSS data and syntax• Exports to html

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Disadvantages• No matrix output display• Cannot edit Word docs or use Word tables • No drag and drop onto audio/video player