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Quality Accounts Quality Accounts

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Page 1: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Quality AccountsQuality Accounts

Page 2: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

OutlineOutline

• Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts• Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts

• AquifersAquifers• RiversRivers

• How to define quality classes?How to define quality classes?• Several country examplesSeveral country examples

• IssuesIssues• AggregationAggregation• MeasurementMeasurement

Page 3: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Why quality accounts?Why quality accounts?• Quality accounts describe the quality of water resources at Quality accounts describe the quality of water resources at

the beginning and end of the accounting period in terms of the beginning and end of the accounting period in terms of chemical, physical and biological characteristicschemical, physical and biological characteristics

• Important becauseImportant because• Quality limits water availability for certain purposesQuality limits water availability for certain purposes• It is a first step towards ecosystem accounting and its It is a first step towards ecosystem accounting and its

variantsvariantsBUT BUT

• Still experimental (few country experiences; little or no Still experimental (few country experiences; little or no standardization)standardization)

• Link with pressures due to human activities is not directLink with pressures due to human activities is not direct

Page 4: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Quality of what?Quality of what?• Quality of water bodies, NOT waterbeds / riparian Quality of water bodies, NOT waterbeds / riparian

zonezone• Water body : “mass of water distinct from other Water body : “mass of water distinct from other

masses of water”masses of water”• Examples: rivers, lakes, aquifers …Examples: rivers, lakes, aquifers …

Page 5: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Structure of quality accountsStructure of quality accounts

QUALITY CLASSESQUALITY CLASSES Physical Physical unitsunits

Quality 1Quality 1 Quality 2Quality 2 -- Quality nQuality n TotalTotal

Opening Opening stocksstocks

Changes in Changes in stocksstocks

Closing Closing stocksstocks

Source: SEEAW

Page 6: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Aquifers: AustraliaAquifers: Australia

Source: Water Account for Australia – 1993-94 to 1996-97 - Australian Bureau of Statistics, May 2000.

FreshFresh<500 mg/l<500 mg/l

MarginalMarginal500-1500 mg/l500-1500 mg/l

BrackishBrackish1500-5000 mg/l1500-5000 mg/l

SalineSaline>5000 mg/l>5000 mg/l

TotalTotal

19951995 477.5477.5 339.2339.2 123.3123.3 32.332.3 972.3972.3

1998 1998 (incomplete)(incomplete)

(39.1)(39.1) (566.6)(566.6) (141.1)(141.1) (n.a.)(n.a.) (746.8)(746.8)

Groundwater quality in Victorian provinces (in million m3)

Based on sustainable yield as a proxy, NOT volume of storage

Page 7: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Rivers: from point to monitoringRivers: from point to monitoring

State A

State B0100%100%

+0%13.5%13.5%

-19%37.5%56.2%

+31%50.0%18.8%

-13%0.0%12.5%

ChangeState B

State A

Quality class

Are these statistics relevant?

Page 8: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

RiversRivers• Monitoring of points & generalisation to water systems Monitoring of points & generalisation to water systems

• Particular difficulty with water courses: how to account for Particular difficulty with water courses: how to account for their relative size?their relative size?

• Runoff is measured at the lowest point of a basin – the Runoff is measured at the lowest point of a basin – the quality varies along the streamquality varies along the stream

• The mere length confuses large rivers and small streamsThe mere length confuses large rivers and small streams

• Statistics of points make sense only when the monitoring Statistics of points make sense only when the monitoring system is dense – rarely the casesystem is dense – rarely the case

Page 9: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Stretches / ReachesStretches / Reaches

Reach or stretch: Reach or stretch: a portion of a stream or river, as from one a portion of a stream or river, as from one turn to another, turn to another, supposedly having constant characteristicssupposedly having constant characteristics any distance between 2 monitoring pointsany distance between 2 monitoring points

River group

Small

Medium

Large

Quality

Class1

Class2

Class3

†…

ƒ

ˆ

Page 10: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Accounting unit: SRU (1)Accounting unit: SRU (1)

• River reaches as basic accounting units for riversRiver reaches as basic accounting units for rivers• Importance is best measured by length and dischargeImportance is best measured by length and discharge• Best candidate is SRU (Best candidate is SRU (standard river unit) =standard river unit) =

reach length reach length discharge in m discharge in m3 3 ss-1-1

• Large and small rivers can be aggregated when measured Large and small rivers can be aggregated when measured in SRUsin SRUs

• Can be classified or weighted with quality indexesCan be classified or weighted with quality indexes• Results comparables from basin to basinResults comparables from basin to basin• Robust and easy to computeRobust and easy to compute

Page 11: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Accounting Unit: SRU (2)Accounting Unit: SRU (2)

X

Fast, small

Slow, medium

Large river Qi

Qj

Qk

Li

X

XLk

Lj

= a SRU

= b SRU

= c SRU

Flow Length

Page 12: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

SummarySummary

For compiling quality accounts we need: For compiling quality accounts we need:

• SRU value for each river reach for all riversSRU value for each river reach for all rivers

• We need to assign a quality for each reach We need to assign a quality for each reach for all riversfor all rivers

Page 13: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Accounting Unit: SRU (2)Accounting Unit: SRU (2)

X

Fast, small

Slow, medium

Large river Qi

Qj

Qk

Li

X

XLk

Lj

= 4 SRU

Q1

= 0.5 SRU

Q2

= 1.5 SRU

Q2

Flow Length

Page 14: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Structure of quality accountsStructure of quality accounts

QUALITY CLASSESQUALITY CLASSES Physical Physical unitsunits

Quality 1Quality 1 Quality 2Quality 2 -- Quality nQuality n TotalTotal

Opening Opening stocksstocks

44 22

Changes in Changes in stocksstocks

Closing Closing stocksstocks

Source: SEEAW

Page 15: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Ways of assessing water qualityWays of assessing water quality

• According to disturbances/perturbations to According to disturbances/perturbations to functionsfunctions

• Total hydraulic and osmotic power of river Total hydraulic and osmotic power of river basinsbasins

• Health of ecosystem approach (resilience)Health of ecosystem approach (resilience)

Page 16: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Defining quality classesDefining quality classes

• Normative values for “determinands” (parameters)Normative values for “determinands” (parameters)• Physical: temperature, colourPhysical: temperature, colour• Chemical: pH, Chemical: pH, NH4+NH4+ … …• Biological: bacteria, flora, fish … Biological: bacteria, flora, fish … • Etc..Etc..

• Allowable deviations from reference conditionsAllowable deviations from reference conditions• European Water Framework DirectiveEuropean Water Framework Directive

Page 17: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: Malaysia (1)Example: Malaysia (1)

WQI = 0.22*SI DO + 0.19*SI BOD + 0.16*SI COD WQI = 0.22*SI DO + 0.19*SI BOD + 0.16*SI COD + 0.15*SI AN + 0.16*SI SS + 0.12*SI pH+ 0.15*SI AN + 0.16*SI SS + 0.12*SI pH

where SI is the subindex of each parameter.where SI is the subindex of each parameter.DO - Dissolved OxygenDO - Dissolved OxygenBOD - Biological Oxygen DemandBOD - Biological Oxygen DemandCOD - Chemical Oxygen DemandCOD - Chemical Oxygen DemandAN - Ammoniacal NitrogenAN - Ammoniacal NitrogenSS - Suspended SolidSS - Suspended SolidpH - Acidity/AlkalinitypH - Acidity/Alkalinity

Page 18: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: Malaysia (2)Example: Malaysia (2)Usage  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WQI

General Very Polluted Slightly Polluted Clean

Water Class

V IV III II I

Public Water Supply

Not Acceptable DoubtfulNecessary Treatment Becoming

more Expensive

Minor Purific

Required

Purification not Necessary

Recreation

Not AcceptableObvious Pollution

Appearing

Only for Boating

Doubtful for Water Contact

Becoming Polluted Still Acceptable Need Bacteria Count

Acceptable for all Sports

Fish, Shellfish and Wildlife

Not AcceptableCoarse

Fish OnlyHandy

Fish Only

Doubtful for

Sensitive Fish

Marginal for Trout

Acceptable for all Fish

Navigation

Not AcceptableObvious Pollution

AppearingAcceptable

Treated water Transportation

Not Acceptabl

eAcceptable

  10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WQI

Page 19: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: France (1)Example: France (1)

• SEQ-eau• Use-oriented

Recognizes: drinking water, leisure, irrigation, livestock watering, aquaculture aquatic life

• Based on 15 suitability indicators• Computed from 135 determinants• Matrices:

• determinants X indicators (computed from)• uses X indicators (significant for)• determinants X classes (threshold values)

Source: Presentation User-Producer Conference by R. Lalement

Page 20: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: France (2)Example: France (2)

Page 21: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: France (3)Example: France (3)

Page 22: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: France (4)Example: France (4)

• Results in • a class of suitability for each use • an index (and class) for overall quality

• For each indicator, the worst determinant wins• For each use, the worst indicator wins• For each determinant, apply the percentile 90 rule to

multiple samples (not the average)[this is called “Rule of the worst”]• ... an in depth assessment for uses, • but little ecology : independent of « ecotype »

Page 23: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

France: Monitoring Costs (5)France: Monitoring Costs (5)• The estimated cost of the surveillance monitoring programme is

• 77 M€ for rivers and • 8M€ for lakes

• for a management plan, or

• 50 k€ for rivers • 40 k€ for lakes

• per site for a management plan, or

• 150 €/km2 (rivers and lakes), or • 150 €/km (rivers).

Page 24: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Example: CanadaExample: Canada

S = scope, number of failed determinands/total

F = frequency, number of failed tests/total

E = excursion, target value/observed value

Page 25: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Results: French Quality AccountsResults: French Quality Accounts

Example:France 1992-1994

Results: organic matter indicator in SRU*1000

Page 26: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

ISSUESISSUES

• Choice of determinandsChoice of determinands

• Classification of usesClassification of uses

• Assessment: Rule of worstAssessment: Rule of worst

• Temporal issuesTemporal issues

• Aggregation over space (indicators)Aggregation over space (indicators)

• Link with economic sphereLink with economic sphere

Page 27: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Choice of determinandsChoice of determinands

Determinand group

Number of determinands

Total

of which: Specific to

Canada

of which: Specific to

France

of which: Specific to

South Africa

of which: Common

determinands

Environmental 10 1 1 1 6

Gases dissolved 5 2 1 1

Metals (and metalloids) 24 3 2 1 9

Nutrients 5 1 1 1

Pesticides 68 22 23 6 4

Radioactivity 26 26

Salinity 14 1 3 4

Toxics (n-metal, n-pesticides) 104 36 38 3 2

• Country and context dependentCountry and context dependent• Based on functions or usesBased on functions or uses

Page 28: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Classification of usesClassification of uses

• No standardized classification of uses or No standardized classification of uses or functionsfunctions

• Different uses for different type of water Different uses for different type of water bodies? (case of France)bodies? (case of France)

• Different uses per water body? (USA)Different uses per water body? (USA)

• How to deal with multiple use?How to deal with multiple use?

• Choose the most stringent use? (AUS)Choose the most stringent use? (AUS)

Page 29: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Assessment : Rule of the worstAssessment : Rule of the worst

• ““One out, all out”One out, all out”• Reason: assure equal weight to all parametersReason: assure equal weight to all parameters

• Applicable at level of determinands, indicators Applicable at level of determinands, indicators or usesor uses

• Problem:Problem:• Extreme values; seasonal variationsExtreme values; seasonal variations• Improvement of monitoring leads to increased Improvement of monitoring leads to increased

probability of finding bad statusprobability of finding bad status

Page 30: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Rule of the worst: ApplicationRule of the worst: Application

Reach "2005" "2006" RofW_05QC 05 RofW_06QC_06 SRU1Det 1 Det 2 Q Det 1Det 2 Q

Station1 25 60 12 20 60 60 20 12 1 60 3 5002 25 60 60 20 60 60 20 60 3 60 3 5003 25 60 60 20 60 60 20 60 3 60 3 5004 25 60 60 20 60 60 20 60 3 60 3 500

QC1 QC2 QC3 QC4 QC5Opening stocks 500 0 1500 0 0Closing stocks 0 0 2000 0 0Changes in stocks -500 0 500 0 0

Page 31: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Aggregation: space (1)Aggregation: space (1)

• Which rivers to include?Which rivers to include?

• Scale determines outcomeScale determines outcome

• River basinRiver basin

• Weighted average indicatorWeighted average indicator

• HotspotsHotspots

• Pattern indexPattern index

Page 32: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Aggregation: space (2)Aggregation: space (2)

• River Quality Global Index (RQGI)Quality Global Index (RQGI)

• Aggregates over river basinAggregates over river basin

• Weighted average of SRU according to quality classWeighted average of SRU according to quality class

• Scale 0-10Scale 0-10

• nn is number of classes is number of classes

Page 33: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers
Page 34: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Aggregation: space (3)Aggregation: space (3)

• Pattern indexPattern index

• Measures the variability in space in quality Measures the variability in space in quality of the River Basinof the River Basin

• Able to distinguish “hotspots”Able to distinguish “hotspots”

Page 35: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers
Page 36: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Temporal issuesTemporal issues

• How to reflect seasonal variations in the quality How to reflect seasonal variations in the quality accounts?accounts?

• What to do with inter-annual variations (wet What to do with inter-annual variations (wet years..)years..)• Actual SRU or averages?Actual SRU or averages?

• How to deal with sudden eventsHow to deal with sudden events• Frequency of monitoringFrequency of monitoring

SEEAW advocates compilation of Quarterly SEEAW advocates compilation of Quarterly AccountsAccounts

Page 37: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Link with economic sphere (1)Link with economic sphere (1)

• Water quality accountsWater quality accounts• Ideal is to measure efficiency of water quality Ideal is to measure efficiency of water quality

management programmes at basin levelmanagement programmes at basin level• BUT: changes in water quality can have different causes BUT: changes in water quality can have different causes

Water quality t1 = f(Water quality t0, ∆(uncontrolled Water quality t1 = f(Water quality t0, ∆(uncontrolled events), ∆(abstractions), ∆(emissions), ∆(expenditure))events), ∆(abstractions), ∆(emissions), ∆(expenditure))

• f() = unknownf() = unknown• Therefore…….Therefore…….

Page 38: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

Link with economic sphere (2)Link with economic sphere (2)QC1QC1 QC2QC2 -- QCnQCn TotalTotal

Opening stockOpening stock

Changes due Changes due to economic to economic causescauses

Discharge of Discharge of waste waterwaste water

AbstractionAbstraction

ReturnsReturns

Changes due Changes due to natural to natural causescauses

accidentsaccidents

Closing stockClosing stock

Page 39: Quality Accounts. Outline Why Quality AccountsWhy Quality Accounts Structure of Quality AccountsStructure of Quality Accounts AquifersAquifers RiversRivers

QuestionsQuestions

• Data availability? Data availability? • Frequency?Frequency?• Distribution of monitoring stations?Distribution of monitoring stations?• Are flows and quality measured Are flows and quality measured

simultaneously?simultaneously?• Which determinands are measured?Which determinands are measured?• Economic data per river basin?Economic data per river basin?

• Are different uses distinguished?Are different uses distinguished?• Experience in compilation?Experience in compilation?