Quality Control

What is quality control ?

• The process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they fulfill with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to reduce causes of unsatisfactory performance.

• The process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance. Also, the organizational unit that is assigned responsibility for quality control.

Difference

• Often, quality control is confused with quality assurance. Though the two are similar, but there are some basic differences. Quality control is concerned with examining the product or service — the end result and ‐quality assurance is concerned with examining the process that leads to the end result.

Tools

DMAIC• DMAIC is a systematic, closed-loop process for continued improvement

that is scientific and fact based– Define: Define the problem/opportunity, process, and customer

requirements. Tool used include project charter, requirements, Voice of the Customer data.

– Measure: Define measures (in terms of defects per million), then collect, compile, and display data

– Analyze: inspect process details to find improvement opportunities; search for root cause of problems

– Improve: Generate solutions and ideas for improving the problem; pilot test the solution

– Control: Track and verify the stability of the improvements and the predictability of the solution

Six Sigma Roadmap (DMAIC)Define

Define the problem/opportunity, process, and customer requirements. TCustomers, Value, Problem StatementScope, Timeline, Team

MeasureDefine measures (in terms of defects per million)then collect, compile, and display data

Analyze (and fix the obvious)Detail Studyinspect process details to finds improvement opportunities; earch for root cause of problems

ImproveOptimize KPOVs & test the KPIVsRedesign process, set pacemaker5S, Cell design, MRSVisual controlsValue Stream Plan

ControlDocument process (WIs, Std Work)Mistake proof, TT sheet, CI ListAnalyze change in metricsValue Stream ReviewPrepare final report

Validate Project $

Validate Project $

Validate Project $

Validate Project $

Celebrate Project $

Run Chart

• When you create any chart, you are typically trying to answer a question. For example, you might be asking, “Has my process improved?” or, “Has my process gotten worse?” You might be asking, “How is the process running today compared to yesterday?” Before you decide on using a run chart or a control chart, consider the type of question you want to answer.

• A run chart is the simplest of charts. It is a single line plotting some value over time. A run chart can help you spot upward and downward trends and it can show you a general picture of a process.

Performance

Time

3. Control Charts

Performance Metric

Time

Tools used for continuous improvement

5. Check sheet

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Tools used for continuous improvement

6. Histogram

Frequency

Tools used for continuous improvement

7. Pareto Analysis

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Pareto Analysis

• Pareto analysis involves identifying the vital few contributors that account for the most quality problems in a system

• Also called the 80-20 rule, meaning that 80% of problems are often due to 20% of the causes

• Pareto diagrams are histograms that help identify and prioritize problem areas

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Quality Control Charts• A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the

results of a process over time.• The main use of control charts is to prevent defects, rather than

to detect or reject them.• Quality control charts allow you to determine whether a

process is in control or out of control.– When a process is in control, any variations in the results of the process

are created by random events; processes that are in control do not need to be adjusted.

– When a process is out of control, variations in the results of the process are caused by non-random events; you need to identify the causes of those non-random events and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them.

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The Seven Run Rule

• You can use quality control charts and the seven run rule to look for patterns in data.

• The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for non-random problems.

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Figure 8-3. Sample Quality Control Chart

Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

Inspection• Inspection includes activities such as measuring,

examining and testing undertaken to determine whether results conform to requirements

• Inspection can be carried out on the level of a single activity or a final product

• Inspections can be called reviews, product reviews, audits, and walk-throughs

Process Adjustment

• Process Adjustment is an activity in Quality Control where you as the project manager identify some problems in your teams project execution and make some adjustments to the way the project is being executed. This is usually done to bring things back into control like a schedule delay can be brought back into control by adding new resources or making people work a few extra hours. This would be an example of process adjustment.

Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

Trend Analysis• The trend analysis involves the use of mathematical

techniques to forecast future outcomes based on historical results it is often used to monitor:- Technical performance – how many defects have been identified and how many remain uncorrected

- Cost and schedule performance – how many activities in a certain period were completed with significant variances

Outputs for Quality Control

• Quality improvement ( previously described)

• Acceptance decisions, where the inspected items will either be accepted or rejected and those rejected may be reworked

• Rework, which is an action taken to bring defects or nonconforming items into compliance with requirements and specifications. Rework is a frequent cause of project over-runs and the project management team must make an effort to minimize it .

Outputs for Quality Control

• Completed Checklists, which become a part of a project record when they are used

• Process Adjustments, which involves immediate corrective or preventive action as a result of quality control measurements. In some cases the adjustment may need to be handled according to procedures for overall change control.

Conclusion In conclusion we find that in order to achieve PQM or Project

Quality Management , one has to integrate the concepts of Project management with the processes of quality management at the project scale and throughout its different phases.

for effective PQM it is essential that the project management team be aware of the concepts of quality management to be able to make use of the described processes and implement them to achieve the required end product