Quality Public Service through Collaborative Governance in the Philippines:

Focus on Selected 2018 Galing Pook Awardees

MariaFeVillamejor-Mendoza1

ProfessorUniversity of the Philippines National College

of Public Administration and GovernancePhilippines

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IntroductionThedisciplineofPublicAdministrationhasmovedbeyondtheStateandnowencom-passesmarketandcivilsocietyinitsembrace.Ithasmovedfrom“governing”orStateorbureaucracy-centricparadigmto“governance”,whichisnowconcernedwithmanag-ingtheaffairsofsociety,givingtoeachdomain,e.g.,government,business,civilsocietyorganization,therole/sitcandobest(Carino2008;alsoinReyesetal.(eds.)2015).Ithaschangeditsfocusfrombureaucracyonly,tothatofcollaborationofvariousstakeholdersinthecontextofthenetworksociety,presumablytobringaboutbetterqualitypublicservices.

Publicadministratorshavealsoblurredthe linesbetweenthepeople, theprivatesectorandthegovernment.Althoughbureaucraciesstillremain,publicadministratorshavebeguntorecognize,considering ‘wickedproblems’andcomplicateddevelopmentchallenges, thatmorecanpotentiallybeachievedbycollaborationandnetworking(MorseandStephens2012).

Quality Public Service through Collaborative

Governance in the Philippines:

Focus on Selected 2018 Galing Pook Awardees

Abstract ThisstudyanalyzeshowcollaborativegovernancehasshapedthedeliveryofpublicservicesinthePhilippines.Itfocusesonselectedoutstandinglocalgovernanceprograms,whichgot recognizedas theGalingPook (GP)Awardees for2018.TheGPAwards,whichliterallymeans‘theexcellentplace’,haveforthepast25yearsawardedprogramsthathavebecomemodelsofgoodgovernanceandsustainablecitiesandmunicipalitiesinthecountry.Theseexemplarshavea)ledtopositiveresultsandimpactsonthecommu-nitytheyserve;b)promotedpeople’sparticipationandempowerment;c)showcasedin-novation,transferabilityandsustainability;andd)epitomizedefficiencyofprogramser-vicedelivery.TheseGPshave alsobecomeexemplars for innovative solutions tocommonandsharedproblemsinourplanet(www.galingpook.org).Theresearchbasicallytheorizesthatcollaborativegovernance,whichgoesbeyondtheauthoritiesorthepublic leaders, isneededtodeliverqualitypublicservices;especiallysincemanyof thedevelopmentproblems in localgovernmentunitshavebecometoocomplicatedtoberesolvedbyonlyonestakeholderorleader.Italsohopestoinferles-sonsandimplicationsongoodlocalgovernanceandqualitypublicservicesforsustain-ablecitiesinthePhilippines.Thequalitativemethodwasmainlyusedtodiscussthenarrativesatwork.Secondarymaterials,reportsandGPnominationsubmissions,wereexaminedtoshedlighttotheseconcerns.

keywords:collaborativegovernance,GalingPook,qualitypublicservices,sustainablecit-iesandmunicipalities

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Governancehasalsoevolvedtovarious forms, fromconflictualandadversarial toconsensusbuildingtocollaborativenetworks.Collaborativegovernancehasemergedasaresponsetothefailuresofdownstreamimplementationandtothehighcostandpoliti-cizationofregulation.Ithasdevelopedasanalternativetotheadversarialismofinter-estgrouppluralismandto theaccountability failuresofmanagerialism (especiallyastheauthorityofexpertsischallenged).Morepositively,onemightarguethattrendsto-wardcollaborationalsoarise fromthegrowthofknowledgeand institutionalcapacitybeyondthemonopolyoftheState.Asknowledgebecomesincreasinglyspecializedanddistributedandas institutional infrastructuresbecomemorecomplexand interdepen-dent,thedemandforcollaborationincreases.Thecommonmetricforallthesefactorsmaybe,asGray (1989)haspointedout, the increasing ‘‘turbulence’’ facedbypolicymakersandmanagers(AnsellandGash2008,544).

Ⅰ. The Research ProblemThisstudyaimstoanalyzehowcollaborativegovernancehasshapedthedeliveryofpublicservices inthePhilippines. It focusesonselectedoutstanding localgovernanceprograms,whichgotrecognizedastheGalingPook (GP)Awardees for2018.TheGPAwards,whichliterallymeans‘theexcellentplace’,haveforthepast25yearsawardedprogramsthathavebecomemodelsofgoodgovernanceandsustainablecitiesandmu-nicipalities.Theseexemplarshavea)ledtopositiveresultsandimpactsonthecommu-nitytheyserve;b)promotedpeople’sparticipationandempowerment;c)showcasedin-novation, transferabilityandsustainability; andd)epitomizedefficiencyofprogramservicedelivery.TheseGPshavealsobecomeexemplars for innovativesolutions tocommonandsharedproblemsinourplanet(www.galingpook.org).

Specifically,thisresearchaimstoexaminethenarrativesofselectedtoplocalgover-nanceprogramsofthe2018GalingPookAwards,fromthelensofcollaborativegover-nancethatmaymakeforsustainablecitiesandmunicipalities.AsAnsellandGash(2008)aver, ‘collaborativegovernancehasreplacedtheadversarialandmanagerialmodesofpolicymakingandimplementationbybringingtogetherpublicandprivatestakeholdersandengagingthem inconsensus-orienteddecision-making.’This “governingarrange-ment…is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative, and aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets collectively’ (AnsellandGash2008,544).Sustainablecities (andmunicipalities)havegame-changingprogramsforthepeo-ple,planetandprofitthatbalancetheimmediateneedsoftodaywithoutcompromisingtheneedsofthefuture(www.weforum.org).

Howcollaborativegovernancehappenedwillbeexaminedusingthe frameworkofthestudyinFig.2below.Specifically,thiswouldmeanfleshingoutfromtheGPcases,the (policyordevelopmental)problem/sthat they fixed (situationbefore), thepolicysolutionasmanifest intheprogramwhichwasdesignedandimplemented;andinbe-tween,thecollaborativeprocessandgovernancethatoccurredfocusingontherolesoftheleader/sandotherstakeholdersandthegoverningarrangementinplace.

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Theresearchbasically theorizes thatcollaborativegovernance isneededtosolvecomplicatedshareddevelopmentproblemsinlocalgovernments.SuchinvolvesleadersandstakeholdersbeyondtheStateauthorities.

Italsohopestoinferlessonsandimplicationsongoodlocalgovernanceandqualitypublicservicesforsustainablecities.

Thequalitativemethodwasmainlyusedtoworkonandmeettheseobjectives.Sec-ondarymaterials,reportsandGPnominationsubmissions,wereexaminedtoshedlightto theseconcerns.The2018Awardswasspecificallychosenbecause theresearcherwasamemberof theNationalSelectionBoardthatevaluatedandscreenedthewin-ners.

Withregardtotheconceptuallensofthestudy,AnsellandGash(2008,550;SeeFig.1)model is temptingly toopowerful touse for thisstudy.Themodelhas fourbroadvariables―startingconditions, institutionaldesign, leadership,andcollaborativepro-cess.Itwasborneoutofasystematicanalysisof137internationalcaseswhere,publicparticipation,collaboration,co-managementandattempts to implementcollaborativegovernance inparticularsectorswere found. Itwasrigorouslydoneandtook themyearstodevelopandfinetune.

Forthispaper,thisresearcheradopteda ‘simplified’narrativeanalysisofcollabora-tivegovernance,i.e.,thefinervariablesinFig.1abovewillnotbetestedorvalidatedasbindingortrueintheGPwinners/cases.GuidedbyFig.1’smainvariables,however,itwilluncoverhowcollaborativegovernancegenerallyhappenedontheground,e.g., intheoutstandinglocalgovernanceprogramsofGP.

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Source:AnsellandGash2008,550.

Figure 1:AModelofCollaborativeGovernance

Inotherwords, for lackofmaterial timeandresources, thestudywouldbe intomodeltestingorvalidationofAnsellandGash’ (2008) finerfindingsandkeyvariablesbutintoinferringfromthenarrativesofselectedGPwinners,howcollaborativegover-nancehappened.Thelatterwouldmeanfleshingoutfromthecases,the(policyorde-velopmental)problem/sthattheyfixed(situationbefore),thepolicysolutionasmanifestintheprogramwhichwasdesignedandimplemented;andinbetween,thecollaborativeprocessandgovernancethatoccurredfocusingontherolesoftheleader/sandotherstakeholders,aswellasthegoverningarrangementinplace(Fig.2).

Thisframeworkwillbeanchoredonthepolicyprocess,whichisacyclicalanditera-tiveprocessofpolicyproblem (re)definition,policy formulation, implementationandevaluation (Mendoza1998). Itusually ‘starts’witha triggerorapolicyproblemthatwouldbesolved,ananalysisofpolicyalternativesandsolutions,andanadoptionofapreferredsolution. Intheseprocesses,collaborativegovernancewillbeuncovered ini-tiallyfromtheprocessofpolicyformulationtoimplementation.

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Source:Author’sCreation.Mendoza,2019asadoptedfromAnsellandGash2008,550

Figure 2:SimplifiedNarrativeAnalysisFrameworkofCollaborativeGovernance.

Ⅱ. The Galing Pook Awards and the Top Local Governance Programs for 2018

TheGalingPookFoundationisaleadingresourceinstitutionthatpromotesinnovation,sustainability,citizenempowerment,andexcellenceinlocalgovernance.Itpromotesex-cellenceinlocalgovernancethroughtherecognition,sharingofinformationandsupportofeffortstoreplicatebestpracticesatthelocallevel.Itrecognizesinnovationandex-cellenceinlocalgovernancethroughitspioneeringprogramcalledtheGalingPook(GP)Awards.TheAwardsstartedinOctober21,1993underthejointinitiativeoftheLocalGovernmentAcademy-Departmentof the InteriorandLocalGovernment, theFordFoundation,andotherindividualadvocatesofgoodgovernancefromtheacademe,civilsocietyandthegovernment.TheAsianInstituteofManagementcarriedontheawardsprogramuntil2001.Earlierin1998,theGalingPookFoundationwasformedasajuridi-calinstitutiontosustaintheprogram.(www.galingpook.org)

Since1994,morethan250programshavealreadywonrecognition.TheGalingPookwinnersarechoseneachyearfromawidearrayofprogramsfromlocalgovernmentsafterundergoingarigorousmulti-levelscreeningprocess.Thewinningprogramsareselectedbasedon,amongothers,whethertheprogramsa) ledtopositiveresultsandimpactsonthecommunitytheyserve;b)promotedpeople’sparticipationandempower-ment;c)showcasedinnovation,transferabilityandsustainability;andd)epitomizedeffi-ciencyofprogramservicedelivery.TheweightsforthesecriteriaareintheGPwebsite(www.galingpook.org).

For2018,thetop10localgovernanceprogramsarethefollowing:

 1.CagayanDeOroCity:“NoVote,Ibot”NoMore:EmancipationofthePiso-PisoBeneficiariesProgram

 2.Bindoy,NegrosOccidental:FromRidgetoReefProgram 3.DelCarmen,SurigaoDelNorte:Siargao ItUp:TheDelCarmenMangrove

ManagementProgram 4.IloiloCity:Iloilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentProject

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 5.Loboc,Bohol:NurturingCulturalHeritagethroughMusicProgram 6.SanNicolas,IlocosNorte:PreservingLocalCulturalHeritage 7.NagaCity,CamarinesSur:BarangayeSkwelaandBarangayLiteracyWorker 8.NavotasCity:ACcessible,Holistic,andInclusiVeEducation (ACHIEVE)Pro-

gram 9.Tagum,DavaoDelNorte:TagumpayWorksProgramand10.ValenzuelaCity:ComprehensiveSafetyandSecurityPlan (www.galingpook.

org).

The2018GalingPookwinnersareamixofmainlyenvironmental,socio-cultural,ed-ucationalandeconomicprograms.Threeofthesemostoutstandingprogramsareenvi-ronmentalmanagementprograms:Bindoy’sfromridgetoreef;DelCarmen’smangrovemanagement;andIloilo-BatianoRiverdevelopmentprogram.Twoareheritageconser-vationorprotectionprograms:Loboc’smusicandSanNicolas’preservinglocalculturalheritage programs.Two are on education:Naga’s eskwela andNavotasCity’sACHIEVE.Oneeach ison landemancipation (CagayandeOro’s ‘novote,no ibot’nomore);Tagum’semploymentplacementprogram;andValenzuelaCity’scomprehensivesecurityandsafetyplan.

Forthispaper,primarilybecauseoftimeconstraints,onlythefirstsix-listedwinnerswillbethefocusofthestudy.Intermsofmix,threeare intoenvironmentalmanage-ment,twoareonculturalheritagepreservationandthelastisonlandemancipation.Abriefdescriptionofthesewinnersfollowsandacaseanalysisofhowcollaborativegov-ernancehappenedas inferred fromtheexperiencesof thesewinners is foundonthenextsection.

A The First Six-Listed 2018 Galing Pook Awardees2

1. Cagayan De Oro City: “No Vote, Ibot ” No More: Emancipation of the Piso-Piso Beneficiaries Program (Galing Pook 2019 Magazine: 8-9)

WhenelectionsdrewnearinCagayandeOroCity,landlessKagayanons3fearedlosingtheirhomessincetheirtenurewasdependentonthe incumbentcitymayor.Thecul-tureof“novote,ibot (evict)”forcedinformalsettlersintopatronagepoliticsforfearoflosingtheirhomessincetheywereonlygivencertificatesofoccupancyinsteadoflegalland titles. In2015, thecitygovernment launchedtheEmancipationof thePiso-PisoBeneficiariesProgramtoaddressthisissue,withtheaimofissuinglegallandtitlesto5,036householdsatanacquisitioncostof thepropertyeither in fulloron installmentbasis.Theamount fromtherepaymentofacquisitioncostgivenbythebeneficiarieswillbeusedtobuyotherpropertiestoserveanothersetofinformalsettlers.

Asofthefirstquarterof2018,fifteenofthe32-resettlementareasweretransferredtothecitygovernment,and840householdshavebeengiventheirowntitles.AsofOc-tober2018,threeadditionalpropertiesweretransferredtothecity,fordivisionanddis-tributionoftitlestobeneficiaries.

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Acknowledgingthatthehousingneedsofthecityneededthecollectiveeffortandactiveparticipationoftheconstituents,thecitygovernmentcalledonallstakeholdersfortheCagayandeOroHousingSummittoaddressthehousingproblemandsynergizeeffortsofallsectorsinthecity.ThesummitproducedaManifestoofSupportsignedbydifferentgroupsthatidentifiedsevenmajorareasofconcern:(1)SecurityofTenure;(2)LandAcquisition,Development,andHousingConstruction; (3)LivelihoodandEmploy-ment;(4)Health,Education,andEnvironment;(5)PublicSafetyandPeaceandOrder;(6)InfrastructureandBasicServices;and(7)CreationoftheCityHousingDepartmentandStrengtheningtheHomeownersAssociations(HOAs).

TheresultsoftheHousingSummitallowedthecitygovernmenttoaligntheobjec-tivesof theprogramtoeffectivelymeet theneedsof thebeneficiaries.Orientationworkshopsontheprocessof landtitlingwereconductedtobuildsupportandunder-standingaroundtheprogram.Theprogramprovidedclearproceduresonthelandti-tlingprocessthatguidedprogramimplementation.

Toachievetheprogram’sobjectives, theTaskForce for theEmancipationofPi-so-PisoBeneficiaries(TFEPB)servedastheplatformforvariousgovernmentagenciessuchastheHousingandUrbanDevelopmentCoordinatingCouncil(HUDCC),NationalHousingAuthority(NHA),RegistryofDeedsaswellasrepresentativesfromlocaloffic-esandotherlineagencies,tocoordinateandworktogetherintheprocessingoflandti-tles.TheTFEPBalsomobilizedexpertssuchasgeodeticengineers,assessors,reales-tateexperts,communitydevelopmentspecialists,land-useplanners,andresearcherstoprovidenecessarytechnicalinputsinthelandtitlingprocess.Tosustaintheprogram,thefunctionsoftheTFEPBwilleventuallybeturnedovertotheCityHousingandUr-banDevelopmentDepartment.

Mentoringofhomeownerassociationofficerson the landtitlingprocesswasalsoconductedtodeterthemfromavailingservicesoffixers.Theinvolvementofthehome-ownerassociationshelpedbuildownershiparoundtheprogramandhasresultedintheactiveparticipationoftheinformalcommunitiesintheprogram.Withoriginallandtitlesinthehandsofinformalsettlers,theprogramhasmadeinformalsettlerstrulyKagay-anonswho leadmeaningfulanddignified lives,and let thembecomeproductivepart-nersofthecitygovernment.

2. Bindoy, Negros Occidental: From Ridge to Reef Program (Galing Pook 2019 Magazine: 6-7)

Outof10,975hectaresof forestland inBindoy,only1,420.92hectaresofnatural forestremainedin2010causedbyillegaltreecuttingandtheuseofkaingin4 method.In1998,theDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR)declaredthattheMan-talipReefwasdevastatedduetodynamitefishing,muro-ami,5andcompressorfishingwiththeuseofcyanide.Thesealarmingtrendspromptedthemunicipality to launchtheRidgetoReefProgramtoimplementsocialandtechnicalapproachestoaddressthedegradationofuplandandcoastalecosystemsbyadoptingalternativestrategies for

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farmersandfishermentoearntheirlivingwhilepreservingtheenvironment.

Giventhat70%ofitspopulationconsistsoffarmersandfisherfolk,themunicipalitylaunchedacampaigntoeducateitsconstituentsontheneedtopreservetheenviron-ment,whichservesas theirmainsourceof livelihood.Theprogramappliedtwoap-proaches,uplandresourcemanagementanddevelopment,andcoastalresourcemanage-mentanddevelopment.Fortheupland,farmersandotherstakeholderswereconsultedonwhatcropstoplant,andfarmersweregivencashincentivesrangingfromPhP1,000-5,000perhectaretoplanttimber,bambooandcoffee.

InpartnershipwiththeDENRandtheNationalGreeningProgram(NGP),themu-nicipalityachievedincreasedforestcoverfrom1,420.92hectaresin2010to5,420.92hect-aresin2018.Moreover,2,828hectaresoftimberplantations,200hectaresofagroforest-ry,620hectaresofcoffeeplantations,125hectaresofnativetrees,and85hectaresofbambooplantationswererevitalized. Its75hectaresdedicated forcacaoandrubberhadan86%survival rate.Therewasalsoan increasedappearanceofbirdspecies,whichinitiallydisappearedpriortotheimplementationoftheprogram.

Thecoastalresourcemanagementanddevelopmenteffortsledtothecreationofa65-hectaremarinesanctuarycoveringfive(5)coastalbarangays.TorevivetheMantalipReef,themunicipalitycollaboratedwiththeWorldBankandmobilizedPhP1.5millionfundingsupportfortheconstructionoftheMantalipguardhouseandpatrolboat.Thiswaspartof themunicipality’sefforts inproviding24/7protectionof the46-hectareMantalipReef.Theguardhousewasalsoexpandedtoaccommodateavisitors’areaandwaslaterdevelopedasaneco-tourismdestinationin2008.

ThepresenceoftheBlack-spottedSnapper,commonlyknownasalumahan (Tagalog)orlabongan (Visayan),whichhadnotappearedformorethaneightyears,wasaposi-tiveindicationofthemunicipality’ssuccessinitsconservationefforts.Bindoyalsodepu-tized42searangersinallsixcoastalbarangaystomonitoranyillegalfishingactivities.LocalfisherfolkwereabletocoordinatewithandreportanyillegalactivitiestothesearangersandtheBantayDagat(literallymeansGuardiansoftheSea)usingatelephonehotline.

Withthestrictenforcementofthelawagainstillegalfishingandkaingin,themunici-palityobservedanincreaseinfishcatchfrom1-2kgsin2010to4-5kgsin2016.Therewasalsoanimprovedhardcoralcoverfrom43.6%in2012to59.5%in2017.

In2012,themunicipalityofBindoypartneredwithanNGO,RarePhilippines,toim-plementasocialmarketingcampaignonmarineconservation.Called thePridecam-paign,variousactivitieswereundertakentohelp fisherfolkchange their traditionalwaysoffishing,whichwereharmfultotheenvironment.Theseincludedgames,infor-mationmaterials,andcommunityevents,whichweredesignedtopromotedeeperun-derstandingonthevalueofpreservingcoastalresourcesaswellasmodifyharmfulfish-

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ing practices. Socialmarketingwas incorporated in local festivities such as theFisherfolks’dayandLibodSayaw6 festival togeneratebroadparticipation.ThePridecampaignculminated inthecreationof theirownmascotcalled“Lovie”, representingtheresurgenceoftheBlack-spottedSnapperfollowingBindoy’sconservationefforts.

TheenvironmentalconservationeffortsofBindoymunicipalityreceivedseveralcita-tionssuchasthe2018GawadTugasAwardforRegionVIIBiodiversityConservationandManagement,2017OceanHeroAwardforBestManagedMarineProtectedAreainthePhilippines,amongothers.

3. Del Carmen, Surigao Del Norte: Siargao It Up: The Del Carmen Mangrove Management Program (Galing Pook 2019 Magazine: 10-11)

HousingthelargestcontiguousmangroveforestcoverinthePhilippines,withapproxi-mately1,900 fishinghouseholds, theMunicipalityofDelCarmendependson itsman-groveforlivelihood.Covering27kilometersinlengthandatleast500metersinwidth,themangroveblockisthehabitatofvariousspeciesespeciallytheendangeredPhilip-pinesaltwatercrocodileaswellasthePhilippineCockatoo.However,duetotheheavyrelianceonthesemarineresources, therewererampantmangrovecutting,gleaninganddynamitefishingthatthreatenedtoendangerthemangroveecosystem.

TheMunicipalityofDelCarmenlaunchedSiargaoItUp!TheDelCarmenMangroveManagementProgramin2013 inthehopetotransformmangrovecutters into fisher-folk,andillegalfishersintoboatguidesinordertopreservethemangroveforest,andatthesametimemaximizeitstourismpotential.Theprogrampartneredwithvariousorganizationsandtheprivatesectorintheoperationalizationoftheprogram,whichin-cludescapacitybuildingactivities,communityorganizing,educationaladvocacycam-paigns,andfundingforlivelihoodinnovations.

AMangroveManagementPlanwas formulatedwith theparticipationofvariousstakeholderstosystematicallyimplementactivitiesthatwilladdressmangrovecuttingandillegalfishing.Theplanwasalsoscience-basedasthemunicipalitypartneredwithscientists toeffectivelypreserve themangrove forest.Anotherhighlightof theplanwasthemonitoringandevaluationmechanismset inplacetomeasurethesuccessofthevariousactivities.

Leadingtoitsinceptionin2013,themunicipalityandvariousorganizationsin2012conductednumerousinformation,education,andcommunication(IEC)campaignactivi-ties,usingvariousmedia including filmto informpeopleof thehazardsofmangrovecuttingandillegalfishingaswellasits long-termimpacttothelivelihoodofthecom-munities.Tocomplementtheseawareness-raisingactivities,continuousorganizingandtrainingofpeople’sorganizations (POs)onalternativesourcesof livelihoodwerecon-ductedinthenearbymangroveandcoastalareas.

Throughitspartnershipwithpeople’sorganizations,themunicipalityconductedreg-

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ularmangroveplantingandrehabilitationinpartnershipwiththeDENR.Theprogramalsodeveloped innovativeapproaches tomangroverehabilitationsuchas theuseofmangrovepropaguleswithcoconuthusks.Itwasfoundthatthemangrovehada90%survivalratewiththecoconuthusksinsteadofpolyethyleneplasticbagandhadabet-terandstablerootsystem.Anurserywasestablishedforastablesupplyofmangrovepropagules tosupport therehabilitationprogram.Theuseof thissimple innovativetechnologyresulted inanaveragemangrovesurvivalrateof80%perareaplanted.BantayDagatactivitiesalsoledtoa200%fishstockincrease.

Theprogramalsopavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthecommunity-basedman-grovetoursthatprovidedalternativelivelihoodto248beneficiaries,whoareeitherille-galmangrovecuttersand fisherfolkandthoseaffectedbycommercial fishing.Man-groveeco-guideswerealsotrainedin2016withthesupportofShoreItUpandMPICFoundation for themtobeDepartmentofTourism (DOT)-certificateholders.AMan-groveProtectionInformationCenter(MPIC)wasestablishedtoserveasthetourismre-ceivingcenterorthejumpoffpointforthemangroveforesttourismtourswhereedu-cationalandartinstallationswereplacedaboutthemangroveforest,itsimportanceandpreservation.

Inaddition,plasticpaddleboatswereprovidedtotheillegalmangrovecutterswithlessproductioncost.Theseboatscaneasilybemaneuveredinwaterwaysbecausetheyarelightweight.Theyhavecheapermaterialsthatcanbesourcedoutlocallyandrela-tivelywithlowercost.Itsflexibilityandelasticityallowboatmakerstodevelopamorecomplexboatdesign,whichismoreappropriatetothetargetfishinggrounds.

Thevariousinitiativesundertheprogramledtothedrasticreductionofillegalac-tivities,95%threatreductionofmangrovecuttingaswellas90%decrease in illegalfishingbasedonareportofBantayDagat from2014-2018.Household family incomerosefromPhP4,000-5,000in2014toPhP8,000-10,000in2018.

Throughthesuccessoftheprogram,theMunicipalityofDelCarmenreceivedsev-eralkeyrecognitionssuchasDILGSealofGoodLocalGovernancefor2016,2017,and2018;GGGIClimateChampion forMangroveManagement for2015;andDOT/ATOP2ndBestTourismEventofPearlAwardsin2014.

4. Iloilo City: Iloilo-Batiano River Development Project (Galing Pook 2019 Maga-zine: 12-13)

Duetorapidurbanization,thenumberofoccupantsalongtheIloiloriverbankincreasedandasaconsequence, thishasresultedtounregulatedconversionofriverbanks intofishponds,indiscriminatecuttingofmangroves,unregulatedwastedisposalandinformalsettlements.TheIloiloRiverMasterPlanwasformulatedin2003undertheauspicesoftheIloiloRiverDevelopmentCounciltoengagethepeopletoreviveaswellaspreservetheIloiloRiver.Thecouncil,whichwasrenamedtoIloilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentCouncil(IBRDC)andchairedbythecitymayor,providedthevenueforinteractionand

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coordinationofprogramsfortherehabilitationofIloiloRiver.

In2011,tworiversummitswereconductedtoserveastheplatformforfuturecon-sensus-basedactionplanning,decision-makingaswellastheformulationoftheCouncil’sobjectivesandstrategies.Dialoguebetweenagenciesandstakeholderstookplaceandemergingissuesandintegratedcoursesofactionwerediscussed.Recognizingthatpeo-ple’sparticipationandempowermentrequiresinformation,theCouncilembarkedonamassivesocialmarketing,informationandeducationcampaign.

Forthispurpose,theIloilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentprojectwasdeveloped.Itisacollaborationamongnationalagencies,non-governmentorganizations,academeandthecitygovernment torehabilitate theIloiloRiver. Itbenefittedmorethan50 thousandresidentsfrom35barangayslivingalongtheIloiloRiverintermsof improvedhealth,ecologicalsustainability,andsenseofsecurityandlivability.Theprojectwasalsosuc-cessful intherelocationof informalsettlersalongtheriverbankaswellas inthere-movaloffishpenswhichresultedinincreasedfishpopulation,preventionofsoilerosion,andpreservationofthemangrove’shighbiodiversityindex.

Theprojectalsoattractedtheconstructionofcircumferentialandradialroadsandtheestablishmentofconventioncenters,hotels,andcondominiumswhichspurredlocaleconomicdevelopment,createdmore jobsand livelihoodactivities, increased income,andimprovedqualityoflife.Aspartofdevelopmentofwaterway,theEsplanadepro-videdtheneededaccess to IloiloRiverandbroughtasenseofprideandownershipamongIlonggos.7Today,itservesnotonlyasamajortouristdestinationbutalsoasavenueformanyoutdoorsrecreationandhealthylifestyleactivitiesaswellascommuni-tyassemblies.

ToensurethesustainabilityoftheCouncil,acityordinanceinstitutionalizingtheIl-oilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentCounciliscurrentlybeingdrafted.Theproposedordi-nancewillhighlighttherolesandresponsibilitiesofthecitygovernment,memberagen-cies and stakeholders aswell as themechanisms,policies andprocedures for theintegratedmanagementoftheIloilo-BatianoRiverSystem.

TheIloilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentCounciland itsaccomplishmentshavebeenacknowledgedthroughvariousawardsandrecognitionssuchasthe2010GoldLivcomAward for the “IloiloRiverDevelopmentProjects”, 2011SpecialAward for the “Ad-vancingtheIloiloRiverDevelopmentInitiativesThroughIntegratedSustainableMan-agement”, amongothers.Among its internationalpartners includetheRiversof theWorldFoundation,InternationalRiverFoundation,InternationalCouncilforLocalEnvi-ronmentalInitiatives,CITYNET,UrbanEnvironmentalAccord,BrehmenOverseasRe-searchandDevelopmentAssociation,and theUSAgency for InternationalDevelop-ment.The close collaborationwith these organizations exemplified the strongpublic-privatepartnershipthattheprojectwasabletoachieve.

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5. Loboc, Bohol: Nurturing Cultural Heritage through Music Program (Galing Pook 2019 Magazine: 14-15)

ThemunicipalityofLobochadalwaysbeenknownforitsmusicalheritage.MusiciansfromLobochadbeenrecognizedandinvitedtoperformwithinandoutsideBoholProv-ince.However,themunicipalgovernmentobservedthedecreasingnumberofmusiciansinLoboc.Inabidtorevivethemunicipality’smusicalheritage,theLobocMusicPro-gramwaslaunchedtoprovidefreeeducationtotheyouthtoencouragethemtotakeupmusicasaprofession.Theprogramoffersalternativesourcesof livelihoodwhilepromotingyouthdevelopmentforitsconstituency.

In implementingtheprogram, themunicipalitycollaboratedwiththeLobocYouthEducationAssociation(LYEA)composedofrepresentativesfromthemunicipality,pri-vatesectorandthecommunityofLobocmusicians.TheLYEAoperatesandmanagestheLobocSchoolofMusic,whichwasestablishedin2008.Barangaysorvillageswerealsoinstrumentalintheimplementationoftheprogram.Intheprogram’sinitialyears,thebarangayscontributedPhP10,000.00eachtobuythe initialsetofmusical instru-ments.TheyhadcontinuouslyextendedtheirsupportthroughtheprovisionofannualbudgetallocationofPhP5,000fromeachbarangay.

Amulti-stakeholdermanagementcommitteewascreated to furtherenhance theprogram. It iscomposedofrepresentatives fromthemunicipality, theprivatesector,theParents’Association,DepartmentofEducation (DepEd), thepoolofmusiciansandteachers,aswellasothersectors.Themanagementcommitteemeetsquarterlytotack-leissuesandconcernsinvolvingtheprogram,andconductsoversightintheimplemen-tationoftheprogram.

Since its establishment in2008, at least 1,436enrollees to theprogrambecametrainedmembersoftheLobocYouthAmbassador’sBandintheLobocSchoolofMusic.ThecostofenrollmentiscoveredthroughthepooledresourcesoftheLobocmunicipal-ityand theLYEA.Freeclasseswereoffered to students fromthirdgrade tohighschool.Mini-concertswereheldtoenablethestudentstoapplyandhonetheirskillsaswellassharetheirtalenttothepublic.

Engaginglocalteachersandmusicianstopassontheirskillsthroughthetrainers’trainingandcontinuingeducationprogramcontributedto thepositiveresultsof theprogram.Localmusiciansandmusic teacherswereorganized toserveasapooloftrainers.Thereareatleast30musicianslivinginLoboctodaywhohadbeentappedtosharetheirknowledge.Thestudentsalsoearnfromtheirperformancestoaugmentandcoverschoolexpenses.LYEApartneredwithdifferentcollegesanduniversitiesinBo-holProvincetoaccommodatethegrowingnumberofstudentsoftheLobocSchoolofMusic.

Of the298currentmembersof theLobocYouthAmbassador’sBand,around69youtharecurrentlyprovidedwithcollegescholarshipsfromdifferenteducationalinsti-

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tutionsintheprovince.Asaresult,theliteracyrateofthemunicipalityincreasedfrom98.9%in2010to99.3%in2015.Italsopartly ledtothedecrease inpovertyincidencefrom38.6%in2009to24.7%in2015.

Theprogramsignificantlychangedthe livesof theprogram’sbeneficiariesby in-creasing theiremploymentopportunitieswhilepromoting themunicipality’smusicalheritage.Theprogramprovidedemploymenttosuccessfulgraduates,whichresultedinfixedincomefortheirfamilies.Havingastablesourceoflivelihooddidnotonlyimprovethepeople’swellbeingbutalsoempoweredthemtobecomeproductivemembersofthecommunity.

6. San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte: Preserving Local Cultural Heritage (Galing Pook 2019 Magazine: 20-21)

Convincedthatunderstandingone’shistoryandcultureisthekeytogenuinedevelop-ment,theSanNicolasCulturalHeritageConservationProgramwasdevelopedin2004.Theprogramaimedtoincreaseanddeepenawarenessinthemunicipality’srichcultur-alheritageandatthesametime,capacitateandempowerculturalworkersandtargetbeneficiaries.Theprogram’sslogan“Cultural Heritage, Makakain Ba ‘Yan? Maituturo! (CulturalHeritage,CanItbeEaten?It’sTaught!)”,aimstoaddressthenegativepercep-tionthatthereisnomeansoflivelihoodinpromotingone’sculture.

To jumpstart theprogram,SanNicolascreated itsmunicipalanthemin2004enti-tled,Ili Nagtaudak, whichwassunginallimportanteventsofthemunicipality,baran-gays,schools,andbusinessestablishments.Theprogramintensifiedpartnershipswithvarious organizations such as theNationalCommission forCulture and theArts(NCCA), theDepartmentsofEducation (DepEd)andTourism (DOT)aswellasotherstakeholders intheproductionof instructionalmodules;preservationofold,historicalstructures;mappingofculturalheritage,andotherrelatedinitiatives.TheSanNicolasCulturalHeritageMappers(SNCHM)composedofvolunteerteachers,barangayhealthworkers,andmunicipalofficialsandpersornel, identifiedanddocumentedthemunici-pality’sculturalheritageresourcesfordevelopment.ItalsoassistedarchaeologistsfromtheNationalMuseumintheconductofarchaeologicalinvestigationattheDaan nga Ili. TheSNCHMandheritagesocietiesinschoolsventuredonprogramstosustainthecul-turalheritagegalleriesinschoolsandbarangays.

With theassistance fromNCCA,abookwaspublishedonthemunicipality’s folksonganddance,calledAgdamdamili, whichdepictsthewayoflifeoftheearthenwareworkersandthestepsinmakingclaypot.ThebookwaslaudedbytheNCCAforitsnoveltyanduniqueness,andwasendorsedtoformpartoftheCompendiumofPhilip-pineFolkDances.Inaddition,themunicipalitysupportedtheupdatingofthebookonthehistoryofSanNicolasbyAtty.ManuelF.Aurelio.WiththeapprovalofDepEd,thebookwasintegratedinthecurriculumofthestudentstofamiliarizethemwiththerichhistoryandcultureofthemunicipality.

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Undertheprogram,theMuseoSanNicoleño,SchoolofLivingTraditions,andtheSanNicolasDamiliModularProductionCenterwereestablishedtoconserveandpro-motehistoryandthecenturiesolddamili industry.Renowned2006SanNicolenseoftheYearAwardeeandtheoldestpotterinthemunicipality,Paulina“NanaPaul”Rang-capan,servesastheculturalmaster.Itisnosurprise,thecenterhasbecomeatouristdestinationforeducationaltours.

Theprogramresulted intherevivalof traditional industriesandcrafts, improvedawareness on culture andhistory, and increasedyouthparticipation. It had alsostrengthened theparticipationof interest clubs in schools, classrooms, andculturalshows.TheSanNicolasCulturalTroupe,composedofelementary,highschool,andcol-legestudents,joinedvariousfestivalsandcompetitionsintheprovinceandtheregion.PresidentialProclamationNo.1832was issuedon6July2009,whichdeclared2009astheCentennialYear for theReconstitutionof theTownofSanNicolas, IlocosNorte,recognizingtheroleofSanNicolasinPhilippinehistoryandnationaldevelopment,andpromotedSanNicolas’richculturalheritage.

InDecember2015,theconservationeffortsofthemunicipalityhavetakenasignifi-cantleapwhenfiveoftheculturalpropertiessituatedinthemunicipalityweresimulta-neouslydeclaredas ImportantCulturalPropertiesbytheNationalMuseum,namely,SanNicolasRomanCatholicChurch includingtheconventandroad-sideViaCrucis(Stationsof theCross),MunicipalHall (CasaTribunal),SanNicolasElementarySchool(anotherCasaTribunal),Valdez-LardizabalHouse,andArchaeologicalSiteatBrgy.24Sta.Monica(Nagrebcan).ThesedeclarationsbroughtanincreaseinpublicawarenessoftheintrinsicpartofthepatrimonyoftheFilipinopeopleandcreatedsignificanttourismactivities.

Themunicipalitywas furtherrecognizedbytheRegionalDevelopmentCouncilastheRegionalChampioninthe2014SearchforLGUBestPracticeswithitsculturalcon-servationprogram.

B The Collaborative Governance Process: Some Commonalities and InferencesInferringfromthenarrativesoftheselectedGalingPookwinnersof2018,Table1wasgenerated(seeTable1).

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Table 1:HowCollaborativeGovernanceHappenedinSelectedGalingPookWinners

Trigger:PolicyProblem

CollaborativeProcess/Governance

PolicySolution:Policy/Program Benefits/Impacts

CagayanDeOroCity2015-2018(3years)

Landless informalsettlers/Kagaya-nosatriskofevic-tionanytime, andat the mercy ofpatronagepolitics(security of landtenure andhous-ingissue)

Stakeholders:Localgovernmentofficials ledby theMayor,ViceMayorandotherofficials, infor-mal settlers, citizens, variouslandandhousing-relatednationalagenciessuchastheRoD,HUD-CC,NHA, experts, homeownerassociations

Approaches:consultativeCDOHousingSummit thatpro-duced aManifesto of Supportwithrecommendedareasofcon-cern.Eventuallythisbecametheframeworkof theProgram;Ori-entationworkshops on land ti-tling; creation of Task ForceEmancipationofPiso-PisoBenefi-ciaries (TFEPB); coordinationwithvarious land andhousingrelatedbodies;collaborationwithexpertsfromvariousprofessionsand theacademe;mentoringofhomeownerassociations

“NoVote,Ibot”NoMore:EmancipationofthePiso-PisoBeneficiariesProgram,which aimstoissuelegal landtitles,andnotcertificatesofoccupancy, for a fee, totheinformalsettlers.Repayment ofacquisition costwill be seedmoneytobuyotherproperties to serveother informalsettlers

35 resettlementareaswereac-quiredby thecitygovernment;840householdsweregiventheirown titles; several homeownerassociationswereformed

Provideddignitytoinformalset-tlersingeneral

Bindoy,NegrosOccidental2010-2018(10years)

Environmentaldevastationanddeg-radation, particu-larly of naturalforestsbecauseofillegaltreecuttinganduseofkainginmethod, and alsoof the MantalipReef because ofdynamite fishing,muro - am i , a ndcompressor fish-ing,with theuseofcyanide

Stakeholders:LocalGovernmentledbyMayor,environmentofficer,farmersandfisherfolks, community groupslike theBantayDagat,nationalagencieslikeDENRwithitsNa-tionalGreeningProgram;devel-opment financial agencies likethe World Bank; NGOs l ikeRAREPhilippines

Approaches:Educationcampaignontheneedtopreservetheen-vironment,whichservesastheirmainsourceoflivelihood;Consultation onwhat crops to plant;Cash incentive forplanting;Col-laborationwithanexistingNa-tionalGreeningProgram;

Collaboration with the WorldBankDeputizingBantayDagat;Useoftelephonehotline;Strict implementation of lawsagainst illegal fishing and cut-ting;Socialmarketingcampaignonmarineconservationandvalu-ingNature (Pride Campaign),which is embedded in culturalactivitieslocaltothearea

RidgetoReefProgram-acomprehensiveuplandtocoastal ecosystemsmanagement anddevelopmentprogram

Increasedforestcover;increasedcropplantation (timber, coffee,bamboo, native trees); appear-anceofmorebirdspecies

Creationofahugemarinesanc-tuary; increased fish catch; in-creasedhardcoralcover

More local folksembracingna-tureconservationandparticipat-ing in itspreservationandman-agementefforts

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DelCarmen,SurigaoDelNorte2013-2018(5years)

Rampantmangrovecutting, gleaning anddynamitefishingthatthreatened toendangerthemangroveecosystem.

Stakeholders:Localgovernmentofficials ledbytheMayor,man-grovecutters, fisherfolks, touristguides,partnerscientists,institu-tionsintheacademe,privateandpublic sector,DENR, People’sOrganizations(POs),ShoreItUpandMPICFoundation,BantayDagat

Approaches:AdoptionofaMan-grove Management Program,whichincludescapacitybuildingactivities,communityorganizing,educationaladvocacycampaigns,and funding for livelihood inno-vations.

Useofvariousmedia, includingfilm for education, awarenesscampaigns; trainingPeople’sOr-ganizations (POs)onalternativelivelihood; strict implementationoflawsagainstillegalfishingandmangrovecutting;capacitytrain-ing to be DoT-certified eco-guides

SiargaoItUp:TheDelCarmenMangroveManagementProgramtotransformmangrovecutters into fisherfolk,andillegalfishers intoboatguides formangroveforest preservationandtourism

Drasticreductionofillegalactivi-ties, 95% threat reduction ofmangrovecuttingaswellas90%decreaseinillegalfishing(ReportofBantayDagatfrom2014-2018)

Increase inhousehold family in-comerose fromPhP4,000-5,000in 2014 toPhP8,000-10,000permonthin2018.

Innovative indigenousapproachtomangroverehabilitation (withcoconuthusks) led tohigh80%survivalrateand200% increaseinfishstock

Pavedtheway for thedevelop-mentof community-basedman-grovetours

IloiloCity(2003-2018)(15years)

Unregulatedconver-sionof riverbanksint o f i shponds ,indiscriminatecut-tingofmangroves,unregulatedwastedisposalandinfor-malsettlements.

Stakeholders:Iloilo-BatianoRiverDevelopmentCouncil (IBRDC),former IRDC ledby theMayorandcomposedofrepresentativesfromtheprivate,public,NGOs,academe sectors; collaborationamongnational agencies, non-government organizations, aca-demeandthecitygovernment

Approaches:CraftingofanIloiloRiverMasterPlan; conduct oftwoRiverSummits;dialoguewithgovernmentagenciesandotherstakeholders; Socialmarketing,informationandeducationcam-paign

Acityordinance institutionaliz-ing the Iloilo-BatianoRiverDe

velopmentCouncil is currentlybeingdrafted.

Iloilo-BatianoRiv-er DevelopmentProjectgenerallyaimedat rehabili-tating the IloiloRiver

Improvedhealth,ecological sus-tainability,andsenseofsecurityand livabilityof residentsalongtheriver

Relocation of informal settlersalongtheriverbankaswellasintheremovalof fishpens,whichresulted in, increased fishpopu-lation,preventionofsoilerosion,and preservation of theman-grove’shighbiodiversityindex.

Multipliereffects: theconstruc-tionofcircumferentialandradialroadsand theestablishment ofconvention centers, hotels, andcondominiumswhichspurredlo-caleconomicdevelopment,creat-edmore jobs and livelihoodac

tivities, increased income, andimprovedqualityoflife.

TheEsplanadeprovidedtheneededaccesstoIloiloRiverandbroughtasenseofprideandownershipamongIlonggos.8Today, itservesnotonlyasamajortouristdestinationbutalsoasavenueformanyoutdoorsrecreationandhealthylifestyleactivitiesaswellascommunityassemblies.

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Loboc,Bohol(2008-2018)(10years)

Needtorevivethemusical heritageof themunicipality;dwindlingnumberofmusicians

Stakeholders:Localgovernmentledby theMayor,LobocYouthEducationAssociation (LYEA),barangaycouncils, youthmusi-cians,DepEd,PTAs

Approaches:Creationandman-agementof theLobocSchoolofMusic; fundraisingwithbaran-gays or villages; collaborationwiththeLYEA,DepEdandoth-er institutionsandstakeholders;trainingof trainers;partneringwithdifferentcollegesanduni-versitiesinBoholProvincetoac-commodatethegrowingnumberof studentsof theLobocSchoolofMusic

LobocMusicPro-gramaimedatre-vivingthemunici-pality’s musicalheritage

CreationofaLobocYouthAm-bassador’sBand

Increasedemploymentopportu-nitieswhilepromoting themu-nicipality’smusicalheritage.

Increased literacyrate to99.3%in2015andpartlyledtothede-creaseinpovertyincidencefrom38.6%in2009to24.7%in2015.

SanNicolas,IlocosNorte(2004-2018)(14years)

Need to increaseanddeepenawarenessinthemunicipality’srichculturalheritageandcapacitateandempowerculturalworkersandtargetbeneficiaries.

Need to counternegativeperceptionthatculturalheritage conservationdoesnotpay.

Stakeholders:LGUofSanNico-las,NationalCommissionforCul-tureand theArts (NCCA), theDepartments o f Educat ion(DepEd)andTourism(DOT),SanNicolasCulturalHeritageMap-pers

Approaches:Advocacycampaignof “Cultural Heritage, Makakain Ba ‘Yan? Maituturo! (CulturalHeritage,Can ItbeEaten? It’sTaught!)”; creation of a sharedanthemforthemunicipality;har-nessing the heritage societies,balikbayans,heritagemappers;encouraging school children tolivetheheritageexperienceandserveasguidesforthenextgen-eration

SanNicolasCulturalHeritageConservationProgramand the establishment of theMuseo SanNicoleño,School of LivingTradit ions , andthe San NicolasDamil i ModularProductionCenter

Revivalof thedamili indigenouspottery industry; fiveof thecul-turalproperties situated in themunicipalityweresimultaneous-lydeclaredasImportantCultur-al Properties by theNationalMuseum, namely, SanNicolasRomanCatholicChurch includ-ing the convent and road-sideViaCrucis(StationsoftheCross),MunicipalHall (CasaTribunal),SanNicolasElementarySchool(another Casa Tribunal), Val-dez-LardizabalHouse, andAr-chaeologicalSiteatBrgy.24Sta.Monica (Nagrebcan).Thesedeclarationsbroughtanincreaseinpublicawarenessoftheintrinsicpartof thepatrimonyof theFilipinopeopleandcreatedsig-nificanttourismactivities.

Source:Author’sCreationfromtheNarrativesofthe2018GPWinners.

Trueto form, theseoutstanding localgovernanceprograms ledtopositiveresultsandimpactsonthecommunitytheyserve;promotedpeople’sparticipationandempow-erment;showcasedinnovation,transferabilityandsustainability;andepitomizedefficien-cyofprogramservicedelivery,thefourmaincriteriaoftheGalingPookAwards.

Stakeholders, Leaders and the Governing Structure.Theprogramsaddressedcomplicateddevelopmentproblemsrangingfromenvironmen-taldegradation,landtenuresecurityandanemicculturalheritagepresence.Thestake-holdersinvolvedleaders,whofunctionallyarenotexclusivetothelocalchiefexecutives(mayors),butalsoinclusiveofcommunity-basedpeople’sorganizations(DelCarmen),de-velopmentcouncils(Iloilo),youthassociations(Loboc),taskforces(CagayandeOro),andprogrammanagers(Bindoy).Theytoagreatextentembracedthesharedresponsibilityof findingsolutionstothedevelopmentproblem/stheyare facedwith.These leaders

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aremoreopentoshare-rule,more innovative intheirapproachesandarerisk-takers,particularlyinconfrontingthevulnerabilityoftheirdecisionsagainsttheprevailingsta-tusquo.Inour localparlance,theyarebukas (open),matino (ethical),magaling(excel-lent),maypuso(withheart)forpublicservice.

Otherstakeholders includeamongothers,theculpritsandbeneficiariesofthepro-grams,themselves,Theyalso includetheBantayDagat,thescientificcommunity,theacademe,non-governmentorganizations involved in socialmarketing, transformingmindsets,educationandskillstraining,theprivatesector,includingdevelopmentfinan-cialinstitutions,andothernationalandlocalgovernmentagencies.

Approaches.Earlyon,theleadershaverealizedthatthecomplicatedproblemstheyfacecannotbesolvedovernightbyonesectoralone,butbyalmosteveryoneinthecityormunicipali-ty.Theyconducteddialogues,consultations,summitsandforumstogotothecoreofthematter.Theyconsulted,collaborated,cooperatedandcommunicatedtodefinetheproblem,offersolutionsandchartstrategiesanddirections.TheCagayandeOroHous-ingSummit, forone, informedthecitygovernmenttoaligntheobjectivesofthepro-gramtoeffectivelymeettheneedsof thebeneficiaries,addressthehousingproblemandsynergizeeffortsofallsectorsinthecity.TheSanNicolasHeritageConservationProject‘talked’withthepeopletoretracetheirrichculturaltradition,reliveandensurethatthechildrenandthenextgenerationwillknow,rememberandappreciate.

CarrotsandstickswereemployedparticularlywiththeenvironmentalprotectionandmanagementprogramsinBindoyandDelCarmen,e.g.,thestrictimplementationofthelawswithsanctionsandpunishmentsagainsterringfisherfolks,mangrovecutters,andkaingeros;whileatthesametime,givingthemincentivesforplantingtreesandse-curingtheforestsandthecoastalresources.Inaddition,theyaregivenorientationses-sions,skillstrainingandthelikesothattheywillhavealternativelivelihood.

Socialmarketing,valuingnatureandtransformationofmindsetfromculpritorde-stroyertoagentofchange,werealsocommoninmostoftheprograms.Informalset-tlersweregivensecurityoflandtenureforafeewhileeducatingthemtobemorecon-sciousoftheirrightsandresponsibilitiesasproductivemembersofthesociety.

Theprivatesectorhasbeenanimportantplayernotonlyinfinancingprojectsbutalsoasco-decisionmaker(IloiloandBindoy).Unintendedeffectsofco-regulationofnatu-ralresourcesandco-implementationofsocialemancipationandheritageconservationprojectswiththeprivatesector,non-governmentorganizationsandthescientificcom-munityandacademeprovetobemanyandpositive.

Conclusions: Lessons and Implications on Local Governance and Leadership for Sustainable CitiesInplaceforthelastthreetofifteenyears,these2018GPwinnersdeliveredqualitypub-

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licservicesandbroughtaboutpositiveeffectsintheirlocalities.Directly,theycontrib-utedtoforestandcoastalresourceregeneration;mangroveprotection;emancipationofanumberof informalsettlerhouseholds; increasedemployment; landuseregulationalongtheriverbanks;providedalternativelivelihood;increasedproductionandharvest.Indirectly,theyhaveinculcatedbetterappreciationandvaluationofnature;reclaimeddignityasaperson; spurredeconomic, social andculturaldevelopment in thearea.Thesecouldnothavehappenediftherewereonlyoneorfewproblemsolversandthevisiontoabetterqualityoflifetodayandinthefuturewerenotsharedbymostofthestakeholdersconcerned.

Theirjourney,however,isnotawalkintheparkanddidnothappenovernight.Itwasdifficulttochangemindsets,andtransformillegalfisherfolks,mangroveandforestcutters, informalsettlersandpatheticculturalscenes intoguardiansoftheforest, theseaandothernaturalresources;productivemembersofthesociety;orrobustculturalchampions,awareof their richculturalheritage.Theseprogramshaveshownthatchangeandtransformationarepossiblewhenleadersarebeyondthemselves,collabora-tioninthegovernanceofdevelopmentprojectsisatwork,andacollectiveandsharedengagementbetweenandamongvariousstakeholdersispresent.

Moreresearchesarehoweverneeded to findways tomakecollaborativegover-nanceawayoflifenotonlyinthebestlocalgovernanceprogramsinGalingPook,butin the thousandsofothermunicipalitiesandcitiesout there.ThePhilippineshas81provinces,145cities1489municipalitiesand42,036villages (www.dilg.gov.ph).The10GPwinnersannuallyarejustdropsinthebucketandthereisaneedtoinspirethou-sandsofotherlocalgovernmentunitsouttheretoshare,collaborateandworktogether,toachievetheirvisionforanexcellentplaceandprosperousplanet,withotherstake-holdersofthesociety.Thecomplicatedtaskscannotbedonealone.

Notes 1 ProfessorandformerDean,NationalCollegeofPublicAdministrationandGovernance,Uni-

versityofthePhilippinesDiliman. 2 Thissectioncontainsexcerpts fromtheadvancecopyofthe2019 Galing Pook Magazine,

featuringthe2018GalingPookWinners,sentbyemailtothemembersoftheNationalSe-lectionBoard.TheresearcherisamemberoftheGalingPookandtheGalingPookNationalSelectionBoardfor2018.

 3 KagayanonsarethenativesofCagayandeOro. 4 Kaingin isbasicallytheslashandburnmethodemployedinshiftingagriculturecultivation

offorestlandsintosomethingelse.Itisbelievedtobeworsethanillegallogginginthatnotreesorseedsareleftafterthefire.(www.odi.org/publications/752-kaingin-philippines-it-end-forest)

 5 Muro-AmiFishing,otherwiseknownasreefhunting, isoneofthecruelest,mostcataclys-micformsofillegalfishingthatdestroysthecoralreefsandexploitschildren.Thispracticeconsequentlydestroyscoralswhichtakewhole lifetimesto formandcausesthedeathsofsomeoftheseunfortunatechildren(studyhippo.com/essay-muro-ami).

 6 Thetermlibod means,“tomakerounds”inthedialect,andsayaw,means,“dance”.TheLi-bod SayawFestivaliscelebratedinthetownofBindoyasathanksgivingfortheskillsand

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kinddeedsof itspatronsaint,SaintVincentFerrer, thebuilderofoneof theCatholicChurchesinBindoy(LibodSayawFestivalofBindoy-BuglasanFestival-Negros...bugla-sanfestival.com/.../libod-sayaw-festival-bindoy).

 7 IlonggosarethenativesofIloilo. 8 IlonggosarethenativesofIloilo.

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