quanta technology advancing the grid technology … · sil is the surge impedance loading....

Q U A N T ASERVICES

National Conference

of State LegislaturesThe Forum for America’s Ideas

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners

April 2011

November 2007

BGEJanuary 4, 2008

Quanta Technology Advancing the Grid

Technology Provides New Transmission Options

Dr. Aty EdrisSr. Director and Executive Advisor

[email protected]

SERVICES

Global Reach Global Reach -- National Presence!National Presence!

Quanta Technology HQ

Quanta Technology Offices

Quanta Presence

Quanta Technology Projects

US GridUS Grid

Electro-Mechanical Systems

Challenges

• Increased Transmission Capacity

• Maintain Power Delivery Stability

• Managed Real and Reactive Power Flow

4


Improved Reliability, Integrity, and

Efficiency of Transmission Grid

Smarten the Grid

Power Systems Complexity Power Systems Complexity

Electro-Mechanical Systems

Complexity results in major blackouts from time to time, affecting millions of people and loss of large

people and loss of large generating power

August 2003

February 2008

Complexity Attributes

Electric Power Grid Complexity

Power Flow StabilitiesReactive Power

ManagementOperator Training

Cap

Ind.

Data Exchange

DPRs PQ

MetersRTUsDFRs SERs PLCs

Data Integration

Information Exchange

CBMs

Database:

Raw and pre-processed measurements

System configuration data

DPRs PQ


Data Integration


CBMsDPRs PQ


Data Integration


Data Integration


CBMs

Database:

Raw and pre-processed measurements

System configuration dataIncreased Transmission

Capacity

6

Power Flows are not Optimally Controlled

Complexity Attributes

Reactive Power/ Reactive Reserve Need to be Managed

System Stabilities are not Fully Controlled

Inadequate Training for Planners and Operators

Lack of Effective Data Integration and Information Exchange

Limits of AC Transmission System

• Uncontrolled Power Flows

Results are:

– Low Power Transfer Capability

– Bottlenecks

– Loop FlowsUncontrolled Flow s

7

– Loop Flows

New YorkPower Pool

Ontario Hydro

Loop Flow

Uncontrolled Flow s

1

2

3 4

5

1-2

100%

50%

01-3 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 4-5

Unused capacity

Thermal Limit

Reactive Power Puts a Limit on theFull Utilization of Power Transmission

FOAM =“reactive power”

8

• Mvar Support is Exchangeable with MW

• The Exchange Rate could be up to 0.5 MW/Mvar

REACTIVE POWER SCALE “Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)”

“Light” Loading < SILCapacitive > Inductive

• Overvoltage Risk

Loading = SIL

Ind.

Ind.

Cap.

Cap.

9

Loading = SILInductive = Capacitive

Underutilized Transmission

“Heavy”Loading >SILInductive > Capacitive

Voltage Instability Risk

Ind.

Ind.

Cap.

Cap.

STABILITY ISSUES

Dynamic instability

Stable

Prefault

Transient instability180

120

60

Ro

tor

an

gle

δδ δδ in

de

gre

es

Transient Stability

Negatively damped

Reasonably dampedPrefault

Poorly Damped

180

120

60

Ro

tor

an

gle

δδ δδ in

deg

ree

s

Dynamic Stability

10

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time t in seconds

Prefault

tc = 0.1 s

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time t in seconds

Reasonably dampedPrefault

tc = 0.07 s

0

Ro

tor

an

gle

System

L1

L2

Voltage

PL+jQL

Tripping line L2

Slight increase

in loading

Collapse

Voltage

0 10 20 30 s

t

Voltage Instability

Thermal Limit

Uncontrolled Power Flow Limit

Stability Limit (SIL)

230 150 400

345 400 1200

500 900 2600

765 2200 5400

Voltage SIL Typical Thermal (kV) (MW) Rating (MW)

Transmission Capacity Limits??

Uncontrolled Power Flow Limit

Stability Limit (SIL)

Unused capacity

11

765 2200 5400

1100 5200 24000

• Thermal Limits

• Uncontrolled Power Flows

• Stability Limits << Thermal Limits

SIL is the Surge Impedance Loading

Squeezing more MWs from the Grid

• Increased Transmission Capacity


The objectives are:

12



Improved Reliability, Integrity, and

Efficiency of Transmission Grid

New Transmission Technology Options

Dealing with Thermal Limit

• Dynamic Thermal Circuit Ratings Technology

• High Temperature Low sag Conductor

Power Flow Control and System Dynamics

13


• Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers (FACTS and HVDC Technologies)

• Reactive Power Management

• Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorbers Vision

• Wide Area Monitoring and Control-Synchrophasor Technology


Thermal limit




14






Dynamic Thermal Ratings Technology

Monitoring

dt

dT

pmCQconvQradQsunQgen *++=+

Heat Balance Equation

Results in 10%-15% Increase of transmission capacity

The idea

15

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1

33

65

97

12

9

16

1

19

3

22

5

25

7

28

9

32

1

35

3

38

5

41

7

44

9

48

1

51

3

54

5

57

7

60

9

64

1

Number of 15 minute Periods

Ra

tin

g -

am

pe

res

Weather Only (22 deg wind angle) Tension/Weather Static Rating

Static Thermal Rating

Conservative Criteria,

low wind speed, high ambient temperature

Dynamic Thermal RatingVideo Sagometer

Number of 15 minutes periods

dtp

C3 – Conditionally Committed Capacity for Overhead Transmission Lines- “Smart idea” for time-ahead generation scheduling

High Temperature Low Sag Conductors

Conventional, ACSR ConductorHeavy, Low Ampacity, High Mechanical Elongation

17

Clearance

New High Temperature Low sag ConductorsLess weight, Higher Ampacity, Higher Strength Higher cost

New Transmission Conductors

Aluminum Conductor-

Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

3M CompositeConductor

Composite core (Alumina Fiber)1.5-3.0 Ampacity improvementLow thermal expansionHigh strength-to-weight ratioCosts 8-10 times

Conventional (reference)

18

CRAC-Composite Reinforced Aluminum Conductor

Composite core (thermoplastic)1.3-2.0 Ampacity improvement30% strength increase25% weight reductionCosts 1.5-2.0 times

Costs 8-10 times

Sumitomo GappedConductor

Extra high-tensile galvanized steel coreHeat resistant aluminum alloy (added zirconium)Gapped heat resistant grease30% less sag for the same temperature 1.5 -2.0 Ampacity improvementCosts 2-3 times


Thermal limit




19






Power Flow Control and Management of System Dynamics

� Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Technology

� High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology(HVDC) Technology

� Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorber Concept

� Reactive Power Management Concept

� Synchrophasor Technology�

�

Thomas Edison DC

Nikola Tesla AC

Power Electronics-based Transmission Controllers


� Increased transmission capacity

� Improved flexibility and controllability of transmission grid

“HVDC and FACTS” have the ability to help in rerouting power to eliminate

transmission bottlenecks and prevent a potential of cascading outagessituation.”

Smart Transmission Grid

� Bulk power transmission in the GW range over distances of 1,000 kilometers and more

� Reduction in CO2 emissions, grid access of large wind, hydro, and solar power plants

� Increased robustness and reliability of transmission grid

Flexibility

ReliabilityControllability

Accessibility

P = V 1 V 2 s i n ( δδδδ 1 - δδδδ 2 )1

X

V 1 δδδδ 1 V 2 δδδδ 2P

T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e X

Power Flow Equation

22Edris

Thyristor

Gate Turn-Off

Vo

Voltage source

converter with

controlled

output voltage

Transmission line

L

V0

ITransformer

inductance

Voltage

SourcedVoltage

sourced

Transformer

inductance

VL

V0

Transmission line

I

Voltage-Sourced Converter“A Building Block for New Transmission Controllers”

Gate Turn Off Switch

Edris

If V L=V 0, I = 0

If V L<V 0, I = capacitive

If V L>V 0, I = inductive

Vd c

DC

capacitor

Sourced

Invertersourced

inverter

DC

capacitor

Vd c

Pulse-Width Modulation

Three-Level Switching

Gate Turn Off Switch

GTO, GCT, IGBT

Vo

Vo

P = V 1 V 2 s in ( δδδδ 1 - δδδδ 2 )1

X

V 1 δδδδ 1 V 2 δδδδ 2P

T ra n s m is s io n L in e X

FACTS Technology

Electricity flows passively

Smart control of Electricity flows

Gate Turn OffPower Switches Smart

IdeaSmart control of Electricity flows

Converter 2(series)

Transmission lineto Big Sandy

V21

P

Inez 138kV bus

conv1conv1Q P

Converter 1(shunt)

conv2Q

conv2P

Q

V1

V2dc

ParameterSettings

Internal converter control

Shunttransformer

AC

+ V

Transmission line

Converter 1 (shunt)

AC

Seriestransformer

Converter 2 (series)

IVpq

V1 V’1

Ish

Ish

VpqRef

V’1

V1

IqRef

I

Vdc

System variables:

P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control

Gate signals

Breaker P

Q

dc

ParameterSettings

Internal converter control

Shunttransformer

AC

+ V

Transmission line

Converter 1 (shunt)

AC

Seriestransformer

Converter 2 (series)

IVpq

V1 V’1

Ish

Ish

VpqRef

V’1

V1

IqRef

I

Vdc

System variables:

P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control

Gate signals

Breaker P

Q

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

GTO

IGBT

ETO

Relieving Major Transmission Bottleneck

LV1

CoopersCorners

line

LV2

BR11

TR-SE1

MOD-1 CS-1 MOD-2 CS-2 MOD-3 MOD-4 MOD-5 MOD-6

Marcy Bus

TR-SH

New

Scotland line BR12

TR-SE2

Example of Field Application of Converter-Based TechnologyThe Convertible Static Compensator installed at NYPA’s Marcy substation

ThyristorBypass #2

M

M

SWDC1

M

M

Thyristor

Bypass #1

M M M

Transmission bottleneckat Marcy Substation

2x 100 MVA ConvertibleStatic Compensator-a smart solution

NYPA’s Marcy Convertible Static Compensator

“Smart Technology” Relieving Transmission Bottlenecks

Relief of major transmission bottleneck

Strong dynamic voltage support at Marcy has resulted in

increase of transmission capacity increase of transmission capacity

by about 200 MW, approximately

enough power for about 200,000 homes.

Introduction of unprecedented “Smart” controllability and flexibility in transmission grids

HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW

HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW

Overhead LinesTwo conductors

Alt.Submarine cables

HVDC Transmission Technology

Submarine cables

Thyristor Thyristor

Investment Cost versus Distance for AC and DC

Edris

AC versus HVDC – Right-of-Way

10000

AC

HVDC

Edris

30 40 50 60 70 80 m

Right-of-Way Width

Power transmitted

100

MW

1000

AC

AC versus HVDC – Right of Way

Comparison of Towers for 800 kV AC Line a) and �� 500 kV DC Line b), at same Transmission Capacity

3000 MW

Edris

AC DC

DC versus AC Transmission Solution for System Interconnection

� With DC Solution, Interconnection Rating is determined only by the

actual Demand on Transmission Capacity

� With AC Solution, for System Stability Reasons, AC Rating must be

higher than the actual Demand of Power Exchange

� Increase in Power Transfer: with DC, Staging is easily possible

Edris

� With DC, the Power Exchange between the two Systems can be

exactly determined by the System Operator

� DC features Voltage Control and Power Oscillation Damping

� DC is a Barrier against Stability Problems and Voltage Collapse

� DC is a Firewall against cascading Blackouts

� Predetermined mutual Support between the Systems in Emergency

Situations

HVDC TechnologiesHVDC Classic – VSC HVDC (PLUS/LIGHT)

HVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHTHVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHT

Line-Commutated Self-commutated

current-sourced Converter (LCC) Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)

Thyristor with turn-on Capability Semiconductor Switches with turn-on

only and turn-off Capability, e.g. IGBTs

Main Differences in Features and Characteristics of LCC HVDC and VSC HVDC

• In service since 1954

• Installed Capacity > 70 GW

• Highest Voltage +800 kV

• Requires adequate AC voltage

• In service since 1997

• Installed Capacity 1GW

• Highest Voltage +150 kV

• Self commutated, no commutation

LCC HVDC VSC HVDC

33

• Requires adequate AC voltage support for commutation

• Requires large Filters

• Converters absorb 0.5 Mvar for each MW transferred (2-quadrant control)

• Large footprint

• Lower power losses <1%

• Reverse of power flow direction requires change in DC voltage polarity

• Self commutated, no commutation problem

• Smaller, high frequency filters

• Capable of both injecting or absorbing reactive power (4-quadrant control)

• Smaller footprint

• Higher power losses>1.5%

• No change in the DC polarity

VSC Back-to-Back ConceptHVDC Light/HVDC Plus Technology

B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2


System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

Smart

Idea

Transmission line

L

V0

Vd c

ITransformer

inductance

DC

capacitor

Voltage

Sourced

Inverter

Voltage

sourced

inverter

Transformer

inductance

VL

V0

DC

capacitor

Vd c

Transmission line

I

Transmission line

L

V0

Vd c

ITransformer

inductance

DC

capacitor

Voltage

Sourced

Inverter

Voltage

sourced

inverter

Transformer

inductance

VL

V0

DC

capacitor

Vd c

Transmission line

I

Segmentation with Grid Shock AbsorbersProof of Concept

E

Ontario

D

Hydro

QuebecA

New

England

A


System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2


System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

B

New York

C

Outside World

PJM

B D

C


System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2


System 1

V1

System 2

+ +

- -

12P

V2

Eastern InterconnectionVoltage supported buses

Segmentation with Grid Shock Absorbers

Proof of Concept

2003 Blackout

Lights on

An Excellent Application of VSC HVDC

Edris

Q U A N T ASERVICES

Thanks for your attention

Edris

November 2007

BGEJanuary 4, 2008

Quanta Technology Advancing the Grid

SERVICES

Dr. Aty EdrisSr. Director and Executive Advisor

[email protected]

quanta technology advancing the grid technology … · sil is the surge impedance loading....

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