quantification of hd in-use vehicles using the …...quantification of hd in-use vehicles using the...
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Quantification of HD In-Use Vehicles using the Portable Emissions AcQuisition System (PEAQS)
JEREMY D. SMITH, WALTER HAM, MARK BURNITZKI , SHANNON DOWNEY, CODY HOWARD, DAVID QUIROS, SHAOHUA HU, DON CHERNICH, TAO HUAI
28TH CRC REAL WORLD EMISSIONS WORKSHOP
MARCH 18TH-21ST, 2018
“High Emitter” Problem
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Small fraction of fleet emits disproportionately greater amounts of pollutants such as Black Carbon (BC) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) relative to remainder of fleet.
=
Ban-Weiss, George et al. Measurement of Black Carbon and Particle Number Emission Factors from Individual Heavy-Duty Trucks. ES&T 2009.
Preble, Chelsea et al. Effects of Particle Filters and Selective Catalytic Reduction on Heavy-Duty Diesel Drayage Truck Emissions at the Port of Oakland. ES&T. 2015.
PEAQS Project GoalsDevelop CARB road-side plume capture system :
◦ Targeted heavy-duty vehicle screening and inspection tool
◦ Aid in community air quality monitoring
Design criteria:
◦ Real-time measurements built-in QA/QC
◦ Portable
◦ Characterize vehicle speed and acceleration
◦ Plug and play operation
◦ Explore low-cost technology
◦ Ability to scale up
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Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEAQS)
Emissions Plume Capture Measurement System
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ALPR
Instrument
Trailer
Updraft
exhaust intake
Downdraft
exhaust intake
PEAQS Components
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Additional Inspection
Species Instrument
CO2 Licor-840
BCMagee AE-33
AethLabs AE-51
NOX
CAI CLD-64
EcoPhysics CLD-60
OtherGeovision Camera
Doppler Radar, Lidar
PEAQS Software
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CO
2N
Ox
BC
Captured Truck
Exhaust PlumesNo Measurable BC or NOX
Vehicle ImageMost Recent Valid EFBCEF gP kgFuel
−1 =𝑖
𝑗Pj − P𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑖
𝑗CO2𝑗 − CO2𝑖 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑤c
PEAQS Field Deployments
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•PEAQS deployed at 6 locations across California
• >10,000 valid vehicular plumes measured
• California Department of Food and Agriculture, Truckee
• Port of Oakland
• Stockton, CA Intermodal Railyards
• Port of Los Angeles
• Cottonwood- California Highway Patrol Weigh Station
• Caldecott Tunnel – Oakland, CA
PEAQS Field Deployments
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Cottonwood Highway Patrol Weigh Station
Port of Los Angeles
April 10-14th 2017April 3-7th 2017
1989 1999 2003 2007 2011 20150.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Cottonwood CHP Station April 2017
Chassis MY
BC
EF
(gB
C/k
g f
uel)
PEAQS: Black Carbon
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2001 2008 2010 2012 2014
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Port of Los Angeles April 2017
Chassis MY
BC
EF
(gB
C/k
g f
uel)
• Majority of vehicles measured had BC < detection limit
• Port of Los Angeles BC emissions different than Cottonwood Weigh Station
• Higher emitting vehicles found at both sites
n = 142n = 90
PEAQS: Nitrogen Oxides
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1985 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014
020
40
60
80
100
120
Cottonwood CHP Station April 2017
Chassis MY
NO
x E
F (
gN
Ox/k
g f
uel)
• Broader model year distribution at Cottonwood
• NOX emissions similar between two sites
• NOX emission averages driven by higher emitting vehicles
2001 2006 2009 2011 2013 2015
020
40
60
80
100
120
Port of Los Angeles April 2017
Chassis MY
NO
x E
F (
gN
Ox/k
g f
uel)
n = 368 n = 321
Care should be taken when comparing NOX emission factors as vehicle speed, acceleration, and load vary on
vehicle by vehicle basis
PEAQS Applications: Targeted Vehicle Enforcement
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• Partnership with CARB Enforcement Division
• Emission ‘Threshold Values’ to aid roadside enforcement
◦ Goal: Identify top few percent of BC emissions
◦ Vehicles ‘Screened’ for further inspection
CARB Field
Staff
Vehicle Traffic
Direction
Stockton Intermodal Railyards
Pilot deployments at
CDFA Truckee and
Stockton Intermodal
railyards
PEAQS Applications: Community Monitoring
• Community air quality can be linked to vehicular emissions
• PEAQS units can be used in source-oriented community air quality monitoring
• Small, low-cost PEAQS units in development
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California Department of Food and
Agriculture, Truckee
Summary and Next Steps•PEAQS successfully identifies higher emitting vehicles through roadside plume capture
oEmissions driven by high-emitting vehicles
•PEAQS as an important air quality tool
oTargeted enforcement action
o Inform vehicle emission inventory methodologies
oEnd-check of Inspection and Maintenance Programs
•Development and expansion of PEAQS for source-oriented community air quality monitoring
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Demonstration of PEAQS at the UC Riverside PEMS Workshop March 22nd 2018
AcknowledgementsARB Enforcement Division – Todd Sax, Shannon Downey, James Goldstene, Heather Quiros, Warren Hawkins, Cindy Stover, Nancy O’Connor, Eric Walton, Katie English, George Poppic, Bill O’Brien, Valente Armenta, Shailendra Pratab, Paul Jacobs, Kristen McKinley, Hang Liu, Brad Peznick, Daphne Greene
ARB Monitoring and Laboratory Division – Catherine Dunwoody, Robert Ianni, Wayne Sobieralski, ArlmonVanzant, Mac McDougall, Ken Stroud, Sherwine Abellana, Keshav Sahay, Kwangsam Na, David Nicholas
ARB Air Quality Policy and Science Division – Michael Benjamin, Chandan Misra, Sherrie Sala-Moore, Sam Pournazeri
ARB Research Division- John Collins, Chris Ruehl, Seungju Yoon, Hector Maldonado
ARB Mobile Sources Control Division – Kim Heroy-Rogalski, Bill Robertson, Krista Fregoso, Jason Hill-Falkenthal, Renee Littaua, Hung-Li Chang
ARB Legal Office – Shannon Dilley
California Department of Food and Agriculture – Adriaan Gilis, Michelle Pham, Leslee Gamlin, Roger Cline
Trapac, Inc. – Scott Axelson, Mike Porte, Dave O’Neill
California State University, Sacramento – Anhely Estrada, Shawn Alisea, Jeffery Foran
University of Denver – Gary Bishop, Donald Stedman, Molly Haugen
University of California, Berkeley – Thomas Kirchstetter, Robert Harley, Chelsea Preble
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Extra Slides
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Mid-grade System
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Model Year Distribution
• Includes Class 6,7, and 8 vehicles at each location
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Data Validation
Data must meet multiple criteria:◦ Valid pollutant peaks co-aligned with CO2 peak
◦ LIDAR tripped
◦ Vehicle image captured
◦ Valid vehicle speed
Adaptive background subtraction and peak detection
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450
CO
2 C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pm
)
Elapsed Time (s)
CO2 Raw Data (ppm)
Baseline Threshold