quantitative gas cromatography analisys of volatiles fatty acids in spent culture media

8
7/24/2019 Quantitative Gas Cromatography Analisys of Volatiles Fatty Acids in Spent Culture Media http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/quantitative-gas-cromatography-analisys-of-volatiles-fatty-acids-in-spent-culture 1/8 Vol. 23, No. 3 OURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1986 p. 523-530 0095-1137/86/030523-08 02.00/0 Copyright C 1986, American Society for Microbiology Quantitative Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids in Spent Culture Media and Body Fluids ANTHONY E. VAN DEN BOGAARD, MATHEW J. HAZEN, AND CEES P. VAN BOVEN Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Received 10 September 1985/Accepted 19 November 1985 Gas chromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids for identification of obligately anaerobic bacteria and for presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic infections is now widely practiced. However, it is difficult to compare data because only a qualitative analysis is done or only chromatograms ar e presented instead of quantitative data on volatile fatty acid production. We compared three stationary phases for volatile fatty acid analysis of aqueous solutions and four methods of pretreating samples for ga s chromatography. Quantitative analysis could be done accurately by using Carbowax as the stationary phase after pretreatment of spent culture media with Dowex columns. If only qualitative analysis is required (e.g., for presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic infections), ether extraction and headspace analysis ar e equally suitable. The overall variation coefficient for volatile fatty acid production by four reference strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria after 24 h ofincubation was approximately 1 0 . In the 25 years since gas chromatography (GC) was developed, many workers have used this sensitive technique for taxonomy and classification of microorganisms. For species identification of obligately anaerobic bacteria GC analysis of the volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are the principal metabolic products of interest in these organisms, is often necessary. The recent renaissance of medical anaerobic bacteriology has increased the use of GC techniques in clinical bacterio- logical laboratories. Because of improvements in isolation and culture methods and a greater awareness of the clinical importance of these methods among clinicians and bacteri- ologists, the rate of isolation of obligately anaerobic bacteria from clinical infections has increased during the last 10 years. In addition, the development and availability of antibiotics that are active especially against obligately anaerobic bacteria have caused an increasing demand for rapid laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic bacterial infections. Unfortunately, isolation and cultivation of obligately anaerobic bacteria are laborious and time consuming. Often critically ill patients are involved, and anaerobic bacterial infections m ay run a fulminating course, so an early pre- sumptive diagnosis is mandatory. Several authors have shown that detection of VFAs by direct GC analysis of clinical specimens (4-6, 12, 16-18, 21) and blood cultures (20) is a rapid and reliable method for detection of anaerobic bacterial infections. This procedure allows a presumptive diagnosis within 60 min at a relatively low cost once the necessary capital investments have been made. Moreover, the technique is not hampered by preex- isting antibiotic therapy, inadequate sampling, or delayed transport to thelaboratory. For these reasons GC analysis of VFAs has become an important technique in clinical anaerobic bacteriology in medical and veterinary laborato- rnes. Because GC is no w widely used, it would be very useful if results from different laboratories could be compared. How- ever, this is difficult since most laboratories perform only qualitative or semiquantitative analyses of VFAs and so far only chromatograms, which are influenced by the variety of * Corresponding author. the different GC systems used, have been published. This is especially a disadvantage if data on VFA production are used for identification and taxonomy. The use of an internal standard m ay facilitate the comparison of chromatograms obtained in different laboratories (8), but to be really able to compare results from different laboratories it is desirable to obtain quantitative data on VFA production by obligately anaerobic bacteria. Quantitative GC analysis of VFAs has been shown to be feasible for other purposes (3). The goal of this study w as to compare different pretreat- ment methods and different stationary phases for quantita- tive analysis of VFAs in aqueous solutions. The influence of different inoculum sizes and different incubation periods on the production of VFAs by four reference strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria w as also determined. The results obtained with each stationary phase were analyzed in terms of separation efficiency, analysis time, sensitivity, and variability. The pretreatment methods were compared for usefulness, level of recovery, and variability. Calibration curves were made for each VFA (C2 through C6) with one selected pretreatment method and stationary phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stationary phases. The following three stationary phases for packed columns were used: (i) Carbowax (Supelco Inc., Hilversum, The Netherlands), which contained 0.3 Carbopack C, 20 M Carbowax, and 0.1 H3PO4; (ii) Chromosorb 101 (Chrompack B.V., Middelburg, The Netherlands), a styrene divinylbenzene polymer; and (iii) SP 1200 (Supelco), which contained 10 SP 1200, 1 H3PO4, and acid-washed 80/100 Chromosorb W. The three stationary phases were selected because of suitability (according to the manufacturers) for analysis of VFAs in aqueous solutions. Standard solutions. To test the stationary phases, we used an aqueous standard solution gravimetrically blended con- taining 10 mmol of each of the following VFAs per liter: formic acid (C1), acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), isobutyric and n-butyric acids (C4), isovaleric and n-valeric acids (CO), isocaproic and n-caproic acids (C6), and n- heptanoic acid (C7). Three standard solutions, which con- tained 10 mmol of each gravimetrically blended VFA (C2 through C6) per liter in water, in GLC-broth (Biotrading, 523

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Page 1: Quantitative Gas Cromatography Analisys of Volatiles Fatty Acids in Spent Culture Media

7/24/2019 Quantitative Gas Cromatography Analisys of Volatiles Fatty Acids in Spent Culture Media

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/quantitative-gas-cromatography-analisys-of-volatiles-fatty-acids-in-spent-culture 1/8

V o l .

2 3 , N o . 3

OURNAL

O F C L I N I C A L

M I C R O B I O L O G Y ,

M a r . 1 9 8 6

p . 5 2 3 - 5 3 0

0 0 9 5 - 1 1 3 7 / 8 6 / 0 3 0 5 2 3 -0 8 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

C o p y r i g h t

C

1 9 8 6 ,

A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y

f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

Q u a n t i t a t i v e

G a s

C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c

A n a l y s i s

o f

V o l a t i l e

F a t t y

A c i d s

i n

S p e n t

C u l t u r e

M e d i a a n d

Body F l u i d s

ANTHONY

E . VAN

DEN BOGAARD,

MATHEW J . HAZEN,

AND

CEES P . VAN

BOVEN

D e p a r t m e n t o f M e d i c a l

M i c r o b i o l o g y ,

U n i v e r s i t y

o f

L i m b u r g , 6 2 0 0 MD

M a a s t r i c h t ,

T h e N e t h e r l a n d s

R e c e i v e d

1 0

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 5 / A c c e p t e d

1 9

November

1 9 8 5

G a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c

a n a l y s i s o f v o l a t i l e f a t t y

a c i d s f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f o b l i g a t e l y a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a

a n d

f o r

p r e s u m p t i v e

d i a g n o s i s o f a n a e r o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s

i s now

w i d e l y p r a c t i c e d .

H o w e v e r , i t

i s

d i f f i c u l t t o compare

d a t a

b e c a u s e

o n l y a q u a l i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

i s

d o n e

o r o n l y

c h r o m a t o g r a m s

ar e

p r e s e n t e d

i n s t e a d o f q u a nt i t at i v e

d a t a

o n v o l a t i l e

f a t t y

a c i d

p r o d u c t i o n .

We

c o m p a r e d

t h r e e s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s f o r v o l a t i l e f a t t y

a c i d a n a l y s i s

o f

aqueous

s o l u t i o n s a n d f o u r

m e t h o d s o f

p r e t r e a t i n g

s a m p l e s

f o r ga s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . Q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

c o u l d

b e

d o n e a c c u r a t e l y b y u s i n g

C a r b o w a x

as

t h e s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e a f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t o f s p e n t

c u l t u r e

m e d i a

w i t h Dowex c o l u m n s .

I f o n l y

q u a l i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s i s r e q u i r e d

( e . g . , f o r p r e s u m p t i v e

d i a g n o s i s

o f a n a e r o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s ) ,

e t h e r e x t r a c t i o n

a n d h e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s

ar e e q u a l l y s u i t a b l e .

The o v e r a l l

v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

f o r

v o l a t i l e f a t t y a c i d

p r o d u c t i o n b y

f o u r

r e f e r e n c e s t r a i n s

o f o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a

a f t e r 2 4 h

o f i n c u b a t i o n

was a p p r o x i m a t e l y

1 0 .

I n

t h e

2 5

y e a r s

s i n c e

g a s

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( G C )

w a s

d e v e l o p e d , many w o r k e r s

h a v e

u s e d

t h i s

s e n s i t i v e

t e c h n i q u e

f o r t a x o n o m y

a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f

m i c r o o r g a n i s m s .

F o r

s p e c i e s

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f

o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a

GC

a n a l y s i s o f t h e v o l a t i l e

f a t t y

a c i d s ( V F A s ) ,

w h i c h a r e

t h e

p r i n c i p a l

m e t a b o l i c p r o d u c t s

o f i n t e r e s t

i n t h e s e o r g a n i s m s ,

i s o f t e n

n e c e s s a r y .

T h e r e c e n t r e n a i s s a n c e

o f m e d i c a l

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i o l o g y

h a s i n c re a se d

t h e u s e

o f GC

t e c h n i q u e s i n

c l i n i c a l

b a c t e r i o -

l o g i c a l

l a b o r a t o r i e s .

B e c a u s e o f i m p r o v e m e n t s

i n i s o l a t i o n

a n d

c u l t u r e m e t h o d s a n d a

g r e a t e r

a w a r e n e s s

o f t h e

c l i n i c a l

i m p o r t a n c e

o f t h e s e m e t h o d s

among

c l i n i c i a n s

a n d b a c t e r i -

o l o g i s t s ,

t h e

r a t e

o f

i s o l a t i o n

o f o b l i g a t e l y a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a

f r o m c l i n i c a l

i n f e c t i o n s h a s i n c r e a s e d

d u r i n g

t h e

l a s t

1 0

y e a r s .

I n a d d i t i o n ,

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t

a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y

o f

a n t i b i o t i c s t h a t

a r e

a c t i v e e s p e c i a l l y a g a i n s t o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a h a v e

c a u s e d

a n

i n c r e a s i n g

d e m a n d f o r

r a p i d

l a b o r a t o r y d i a g n o s i s

o f a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a l

i n f e c t i o n s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,

i s o l a t i o n

a n d c u l t i v a t i o n

o f

o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a a r e l a b o r i o u s a n d

t i m e

c o n s u m i n g .

O f t e n

c r i t i c a l l y

i l l

p a t i e n t s

a r e i n v o l v e d ,

a n d

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a l

i n f e c t i o n s

may

r u n

a f u l m i n a t i n g c o u r s e ,

s o a n e a r l y

p r e -

s u m p t i v e

d i a g n o s i s

i s

m a n d a t o r y .

S e v e r a l a u t h o r s h a v e

s h o w n t h a t d e t e c t i o n

o f

VFAs

b y

d i r e c t GC a n a l y s i s

o f c l i n i c a l s p e c i m e n s

( 4 - 6 , 1 2 ,

1 6 - 1 8 , 2 1 )

a n d b l o o d

c u l t u r e s

( 2 0 )

i s

a

r a p i d

a n d

r e l i a b l e

m e t h o d

f o r

d e t e c t i o n o f

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a l

i n f e c t i o n s .

T h i s

p r o c e d u r e

a l l o w s

a

p r e s u m p t i v e

d i a g n o s i s

w i t h i n

6 0

m i n

a t

a r e l a t i v e l y

l o w c o s t

o n c e

t h e n e c e s s a r y

c a p i t a l

i n v e s t m e n t s

h a v e

b e e n

m a d e .

M o r e o v e r ,

t h e

t e c h n i q u e

i s

n o t h a m p e r e d

b y

p r e e x -

i s t i n g

a n t i b i o t i c

t h e r a p y ,

i n a d e q u a t e s a m p l i n g ,

o r

d e l a y e d

t r a n s p o r t

t o

t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

F o r

t h e s e

r e a s o n s

GC

a n a l y s i s

o f

VFAs h a s

b e c o m e

a n

i m p o r t a n t

t e c h n i q u e

i n c l i n i c a l

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i o l o g y

i n

m e d i c a l a n d

v e t e r i n a r y

l a b o r a t o -

r n e s .

B e c a u s e

GC

i s no w

w i d e l y u s e d ,

i t w o u l d

b e

v e r y

u s e f u l

i f

r e s u l t s f r o m

d i f f e r e n t

l a b o r a t o r i e s

c o u l d

b e

c o m p a r e d .

How-

e v e r ,

t h i s i s d i f f i c u l t

s i n c e

most

l a b o r a t o r i e s

p e r f o r m

o n l y

q u a l i t a t i v e

o r s e m i q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s e s

o f

VFAs

a n d s o

f a r

o n l y

c h r o m a t o g r a m s ,

w h i c h a r e

i n f l u e n c e d

b y

t h e

v a r i e t y

o f

*

C o r r e s p o n d i n g

a u t h o r .

t h e

d i f f e r e n t

GC

s y s t e m s

u s e d ,

h a v e b e e n

p u b l i s h e d .

T h i s

i s

e s p e c i a l l y

a d i s a d v a n t a g e

i f

d a t a

o n VF A

p r o d u c t i o n

a r e

u s e d f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

a n d t a x o n o m y .

T h e u s e o f

a n

i n t e r n a l

s t a n d a r d may

f a c i l i t a t e

t h e c o m p a r i s o n

o f c h r o m a t o g r a m s

o b t a i n e d

i n

d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s

( 8 ) ,

b u t t o

b e

r e a l l y

a b l e t o

c o m p a r e

r e s u l t s f r o m

d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s i t

i s d e s i r a b l e

t o

o b t a i n

q u a n t i t a t i v e

d a t a

o n VFA p r o d u c t i o n

b y o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a .

Q u a n t i t a t i v e

GC

a n a l y s i s o f

VFAs h a s

b e e n

s h o w n

t o

b e f e a s i b l e f o r o t h e r

p u r p o s e s ( 3 ) .

T h e

g o a l o f

t h i s s t u d y

was t o c o m p a r e d i f f e r e n t

p r e t r e a t -

m e n t

m e t h o d s

a n d

d i f f e r e n t

s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s f o r

q u a n t i t a -

t i v e a n a l y s i s

o f VFAs

i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s .

T h e i n f l u e n c e

o f

d i f f e r e n t

i n o c u l u m

s i z e s a n d d i f f e r e n t

i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d s

o n

t h e

p r o d u c t i o n

o f VFAs b y

f o u r r ef e r en ce

s t r a i n s

o f

o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a

was a l s o

d e t e r m i n e d .

T h e

r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d

w i t h

e a c h

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e

w e r e a n a l y z e d

i n

t e r m s

o f

s e p a r a t i o n

e f f i c i e n c y ,

a n a l y s i s

t i m e ,

s e n s i t i v i t y ,

a n d

v a r i a b i l i t y . T h e p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s

w e r e c o m p a r e d

f o r

u s e f u l n e s s ,

l e v e l

o f r e c o v e r y ,

a n d v a r i a b i l i t y .

C a l i b r a t i o n

c u r v e s

w e r e

m a d e

f o r

e a c h VF A

( C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6 ) w i t h

o n e

s e l e c t e d

p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d a n d

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e .

MATERIALS

AND

M E T H O D S

S t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s .

T h e

f o l l o w i n g

t h r e e

s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s

f o r

p a c k e d

c o l u m n s

w e r e u se d :

( i )

C a r b o w a x

( S u p e l c o

I n c . ,

H i l v e r s u m ,

T h e N e t h e r l a n d s ) ,

w h i c h

c o n t a i n e d

0 . 3

C a r b o p a c k

C ,

2 0

M

C a r b o w a x ,

a n d

0 . 1

H 3 P O 4 ;

( i i )

C h r o m o s o r b

1 0 1

( C h r o m p a c k

B . V . , M i d d e l b u r g ,

T h e

N e t h e r l a n d s ) ,

a

s t y r e n e

d i v i n y l b e n z e n e

p o l y m e r ;

a n d

( i i i )

S P

1 2 0 0

( S u p e l c o ) ,

w h i c h

c o n t a i n e d

10

SP

1 2 0 0 ,

1

H 3 P O 4 ,

a n d

a c i d - w a s h e d

8 0 / 1 0 0

C h r o m o s o r b

W.

T h e

t h r e e

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s

w e r e s e l e c t e d

b e c a u s e

o f

s u i t a b i l i t y

( a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

m a n u f a c t u r e r s )

f o r

a n a l y s i s

o f VFAs

i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s .

S t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s .

To

t e s t t h e

s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s ,

w e u s e d

a n

a q u e o u s

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y

b l e n d e d

c o n -

t a i n i n g

1 0

mmol

o f

e a c h

o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g

VFAs

p e r

l i t e r :

f o r m i c

a c i d

( C 1 ) ,

a c e t i c

a c i d

( C 2 ) ,

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d

( C 3 ) ,

i s o b u t y r i c

a n d

n - b u t y r i c

a c i d s

( C 4 ) ,

i s o v a l e r i c

a n d

n - v a l e r i c

a c i d s

( C O ) ,

i s o c a p r o i c

a n d

n - c a p r o i c

a c i d s

( C 6 ) ,

a n d

n -

h e p t a n o i c

a c i d

( C 7 ) .

T h r e e

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s ,

w h i c h c o n -

t a i n e d

1 0

mmo l

o f

e a c h

g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y

b l e n d e d

VFA

( C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6 ) p e r

l i t e r

i n

w a t e r ,

i n G L C - b r o t h

( B i o t r a d i n g ,

5 2 3

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7/24/2019 Quantitative Gas Cromatography Analisys of Volatiles Fatty Acids in Spent Culture Media

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/quantitative-gas-cromatography-analisys-of-volatiles-fatty-acids-in-spent-culture 2/8

5 2 4

VAN D EN B OGA AR D

ET A L .

T A B L E

1 .

GC

c o n d i t i o n s

f o r t h e

s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s

e x a m i n e d

C o l u m n

O v e n

t e m p

( ° )

I n j e c t o r

D e t e c t o r

N .

c a r r i e r

A n a l y s i s

S a m p l e

S t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e l e n g t h

t e m p

t e m p

g a s

f l o w

t i m e

s i z e

( m )

I n i t i a l

F i n a l

( O C )

( 0 C )

r a t e

( m i n )

( p 1 )

C h r o m o s o r b

1 0 1 1 . 8 3 2 0 0

2 0 0 2 0 0

2 4 0

1 0

2 2

1

S P 1 2 0 0

1 . 8 3

1 2 5

1 2 5

2 0 0 2 0 0

4 0 1 2

1

C a r b o w a x

0 . 9 1

1 2 0 1 2 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

2 0

2 0

1

C a r b o w a x

0 . 9 1

1 1 0 1 9 0 1 5 0

2 0 0 2 0

1 0

1

W i l n i s , T h e

N e t h e r l a n d s ) ,

a n d i n

c o n c e n t r a t e d human

b u f f y

c o a t c e l l s i n

p l a s m a ,

w e r e

u s e d i n t h e

s e c o n d s e r i e s o f

e x p e r i m e n t s t o t e s t p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s . T h e

b u f f y

c o a t

c e l l s

s u s p e n d e d

i n

p l a s m a w e r e u s e d

t o m i m i c

b o d y

f l u i d s

a n d a r e r e f e r r e d

t o

a s p u s

b e l o w .

G C .

T h e

GC

s y s t e m

c o n s i s t e d

o f

a

P a c k a r d - B e c k e r

m o d e l

4 3 3

g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h

e q u i p p e d

w i t h

a

d u a l - c o l u m n

s y s t e m

a n d

f l a m e i o n i z a t i o n

d e t e c t o r s

i n

c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h

a

d i g i t a l

p r o c e s s o r . T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f

t h e d e t e c t o r s

w a s 1 0 - 1 4

A ,

a n d

t h e

d e t e c t o r s

w e r e

c o n n e c t e d t o a GC c o n t r o l

s t a t i o n

e q u i p p e d

w i t h

a p r i n t e r

p l o t t e r ( m o d e l 4 3 3 c o n t r o l

s t a t i o n ;

P a c k a r d - B e c k e r ,

D e l f t ,

T h e

N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

G l a s s

c o l u m n s

w e r e

u s e d

( 1 . 8 3 m b y 2 mm

f o r C h r o m o s o r b 1 0 1

a n d

S P 1 2 0 0

a n d

0 . 9 1 m

b y 2 mm

f o r

C a r b o w a x ) .

A l l

c o l u m n s

w e r e

c o n d i t i o n e d

o v e r n i g h t

w i t h t h e e f f l u e n t

e n d d e t a c h e d

f r o m

t h e

d e t e c t o r

a n d

a t

a c a r r i e r

g a s ( N 2 )

f l o w

r a t e

o f

2 0

m l / m i n .

T h e

S P

1 2 0 0

a n d

C a r b o w a x c o l u m n s w e r e c o n d i t i o n e d

a t

1 7 5 ° C , a n d

t h e

C h r o m o s o r b

1 0 1

c o l u m n

w a s c o n d i t i o n e d a t

2 5 0 0 C .

A f t e r

c o n d i t i o n i n g ,

t h e

c o l u m n s

w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h

w a t e r

t o

s a t u r a t e

t h e

s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s .

T h i s w a s d o n e

b y i n j e c t i n g

5

, u l o f w a t e r

i n t o t h e

C h r o m o s o r b c o l u mn 2 0

t i m e s . T h e S P

1 2 0 0

c o l u m n

w a s p r e t r e a t e d

b y

i n j e c t i n g

1

, u l o f w a t e r 1 0

t i m e s .

W i t h t h e

C a r b o w a x

c o l u m n

5

R I

o f

f o r m i c

a c i d

( 0 . 1

[ v o l / v o l ]

i n

w a t e r ) w a s

i n j e c t e d

a t

1 7 5 ° C s ev e n t i m e s ;

t h e

t i m e

i n t e r v a l

b e t w e e n i n j e c t i o n s w a s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

1 0

m i n .

A n a l y s e s w e r e c a r r i e d

o u t

b y u s i n g

t h e

GC c o n d i t i o n s

r e c o m m e n d e d

b y

t h e

m a n u f a c t u r e r s

o f

t h e

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s

( T a b l e

1 ) .

T h e

C a r b o w a x

c o l u m n w a s

u s e d

b o t h

i s o t h e r m a l l y

a t

1 2 0 ° C

a n d

w i t h

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

t e m p e r a t u r e

p r o g r a m :

a n

i n i t i a l

o v e n

t e m p e r a t u r e

o f 1 1 0 ° C ;

a f t e r 1 . 5

m i n t h e o v e n

t e m p e r a t u r e w a s

r a i s e d

2 0 ° C / m i n

t o

1 9 0 ° C ; a n d t h e f i n a l

t e m p e r a t u r e w a s h e l d

f o r

4 . 5

m i n . I n

a d d i t i o n t o

g o o d

p e a k

s e p a r a t i o n , p e a k

s y m m e t r y ,

a n d l a c k o f

t a i l i n g

o n t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m s ,

t h e

c o l u m n s

w e r e t e s t e d

f o r

g h o s t i n g b y

r e p e a t e d

i n j e c t i o n s w i t h

t w i c e - d i s t i l l e d w a t e r

a n d 0 . 1 f o r -

m i c

a c i d .

S e n s i t i v i t y w a s

d e t e r m i n e d

b y

m e a s u r i n g t h e

m i n i m u m

l e v e l s a t

w h i c h e a c h o f

t h e

VFAs

( C 2

t h r o u g h C 6 )

c o u l d

b e m e a s u r e d .

T h i s

w a s d o n e

b y i n j e c t i n g

1 - p l I

p o r t i o n s

o f

t w o f o l d

d i l u t i o n s o f

t h e

a q u e o u s s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n u n t i l

we

i d e n t i f i e d t h e l o w e s t

d i l u t i o n a t

w h i c h a l l

VFAs ( C 2

t h r o u g h C 6 )

c o u l d b e

m e a s u r e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y a t

t h e h i g h e s t

p o s s i b l e d e t e c t o r

s e n s i t i v i t y .

F o r m i c

a c i d ,

w h i c h

i s

l o g i c a l l y

g r o u p e d

w i t h t h e

V F A s , w a s n o t

m e a s u r e d b e c a u s e f l a m e

i o n i z a t i o n

d e t e c t o r s

d o n o t r e s p o n d

t o i t .

V a r i a t i o n w a s

c a l c u l a t e d a f t e r 1

, u l

o f

t h e

a q u e o u s

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n w a s

i n j e c t e d

i n t o e a c h

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e 1 0 t i m e s

c o n s e c u t i v e l y .

T h e

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t

f o r e a c h VFA

w a s e s t i m a t e d

f r o m

t h e

r e s u l t s

o f

1 0 i n j e c t i o n s

a n d w a s c a l c u l a t e d

a s

f o l l o w s :

( s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n / m e a n )

x

1 0 0 . T h e

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f

a

c o l u m n

w a s

c o n s i d e r e d

t o b e t h e s u m

o f t h e

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s

o f

t h e

VFAs ( C 2

t h r o u g h

C 7 ) d i v i d e d b y

t h e

n u m b e r

o f

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s ( n

=

9 ) .

T h e

v a r i a t i o n i n

t h e

r e t e n t i o n

t i m e s f o r

e a c h

VFA ( C 2 t h r o u g h

C 7 ) w a s c a l c u l a t e d

i n

t h e same

w a y .

A f t e r e a c h

i n j e c t i o n

t h e

s y r i n g e

was

w a s h e d w i t h

g l a s s - d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r ,

e t h a n o l ,

a n d

e t h y l

e t h e r

a n d d r i e d

b y

s u c t i o n .

S a m p l e p r e t r e a t m e n t . I n a s e c o n d s e r i e s o f

e x p e r i m e n t s

w e

c o m p a r e d

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

f o u r

p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d

m e t h o d s

f o r

p r e t r e a t m e n t

o f

s p e n t

c u l t u r e

m e d i a

a n d

b o d y

f l u i d s

p r i o r

t o

GC

a n a l y s i s

o f

V F A s :

vacuum

d i s t i l l a t i o n

( 2 2 ) , m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g

( 1 , 1 5 ) , h e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s

( 7 ) ,

a n d

e t h e r e x t r a c t i o n

( 1 2 , 1 3 ) .

A l l

c o nc en t ra t i o ns o f

f o r m i c a c i d

g i v e n b e l o w

a r e

v o l u m e

p e r c e n t a g e s

i n

w a t e r ,

a n d a l l

GC a n a l y s e s w e r e

d o n e

b y

u s i n g C a r b o w a x

a s t h e

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e

a n d

t h e

t e m p e r -

a t u r e

p r o g r a m

d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e .

( i )

Vacuum

d i s t i l l a t i o n . A 2 - m l

s a m p l e

was a c i d i f i e d w i t h

2 0 0

R I

o f

0 . 1 f o r m i c

a c i d ,

a n d 1

d r o p

o f

a n t i f o a m i n g

a g e n t

3 3 1 5 1

 B DH

C h e m i c a l s

L t d . ,

P o o l e ,

U n i t e d

K i n g d o m ) was

a d d e d . T h e

s p e c i m e n f l a s k

( 2 2 ) w a s

c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

a r e -

c e i v e r

t u b e ,

w h i c h

w a s

c o o l e d

i n

l i q u i d

n i t r o g e n . T h i s

r e c e i v e r

t u b e

w a s

t h e n

e v a c u a t e d

w i t h

a

w a t e r j e t

pump

a n d

k e p t e v a c u a t e d

b y

c o n t i n u o u s

s u c t i o n , w h i l e t h e

c o n t e n t s o f

t h e

s p e c i m e n

f l a s k

w e r e

m i x e d w i t h

a m a g n e t i c

s t i r r e r a n d

s l o w l y

h e a t e d

o v e r a p er i o d o f 2 0 m i n

f r o m

room

t e m p e r a -

t u r e

t o 1 2 0 ° C i n

a n o i l

b a t h . A f t e r t h i s t h e

s p e c i m e n

was

r e d u c e d t o

c o m p l e t e

d r y n e s s ,

a n d a f t e r

t h e

d i s t i l l a t e

w a s

t h a w e d a t room

t e m p e r a t u r e ,

i t

w a s

d i r e c t l y i n j e c t e d

i n t o

t h e

GC

a p p a r a t u s .

( i i )

M o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g .

P a s t e u r

p i p e t t e s w e r e f i l l e d w i t h

1 m l

o f

p a c k e d

c a t i o n - e x c h a n g e r e s i n i n

t h e

h y d r o g e n f o r m

( A G

5 0

W - X 4 ; 2 0 0 - 4 0 0

m e s h ;

B i o - R a d

L a b o r a t o r i e s ,

R i c h m o n d ,

C a l i f . )

o n

p h o s p h o r i c

a c i d - t r e a t e d

g l a s s

w o o l

( c a t a l o g n o .

2 - 0 3 8 3 ;

S u p e l c o ) . A f t e r t h e f l u i d w a s

d r a i n e d ,

t h e s e

D o w e x

c o l u m n s w e r e

r e a d y

f o r

u s e . B e f o r e t h e

c o l u m n s

w e r e

f i l l e d ,

t h e

r e s i n w a s

c o n v e r t e d

t o

t h e

h y d r o g e n

f o r m

b y

w a s h i n g i t

w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r

u n t i l t h e

s u p e r n a t a n t w a s

c l e a r ;

t h i s

w a s

f o l l o w e d

b y

w a s h i n g w i t h 1

N

NaO H f o r

2 4 h .

A f t e r

n e u t r a l i z a t i o n

t o

pH 7

b y r e p e a t e d

w a s h i n g

w i t h

d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r ,

t h e

r e s i n w a s w a s h e d w i t h

4 N H C l

f o r 2

h .

B e f o r e

u s e

t h e r e s i n w a s

a d j u s t e d t o

pH 7 . A 1 - m l

p o r t i o n

o f

a

s a m p l e

w a s a c i d i f i e d

w i t h

1 0 0

p u l

o f

0 . 1

f o r m i c a c i d ,

a n d t h i s

p r e p a r a t i o n

w a s

p a s s e d

t h r o u g h t h e

r e s i n ;

i n

a d d i t i o n , t h e

r e s i n

c o l u m n

w a s r i n s e d

t w i ce w i t h

0 . 5

m l o f

0 . 1 f o r m i c

a c i d . A l l

o f t h e e f f l u e n t s

f r o m t h e

c o l u m n

w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n

a

t e s t t u b e a n d a n a l y z e d

b y G C .

( i i i )

H e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s .

S a m p l e s

( 3

m l )

w e r e

a c i d i f i e d

w i t h

3 0 0

p u l

o f 0 . 1

f o r m i c

a c i d ,

a n d

t h e s e

p r e p a r a t i o n s

w e r e

t r a n s f e r r e d t o

1 0 - m l

a m p o u l e s

c o n t a i n i n g 2 g o f

a n h y d r o u s

N a 2 S O 4 .

T h e

f l a s k s w e r e s e a l e d

g a s

t i g h t w i t h

r u b b e r s t o p -

p e r s

a n d

p r o t e ct e d w i t h a l u m i n u m

c r i m p c a p s b e f o r e

b e i n g

h e a t e d i n a w a t e r

b a t h a t

7 5 ° C f o r 1 0 m i n w i t h

o c c a s i o n a l

s h a k i n g .

T h e n

2

m l

o f

t h e

g a s

a t m o s p h e r e i n t h e

b o t t l e s w a s

w i t h d r a w n

i n t o a

H a m i l t o n

g a s - t i g h t

s y r i n g e a n d

i n j e c t e d

i n t o t h e

GC

a p p a r a t u s . T h e

s y r i n g e

w a s

p r e h e a t e d t o 8 0 ° C t o

a v o i d

c o n d e n s a t i o n

o f

t h e

s a m p l e

c o m p o n e n t s d u r i n g

i n j e c -

t i o n .

( i v )

E t h e r

e x t r a c t i o n . An

a c i d i f i e d 1 - m l

s a m p l e w a s e x -

J . C L I N . M I C R O B I O L .

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GC

ANALYSIS

O F VFAs

5 2 5

T A B L E

2 .

R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y

o f GC

s y s t e m s ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e

i n j e c t i o n

p r o c e d u r e s

V a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s o f p e a k

a r e a s

M % Y '

f o r VFA

V a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

r e t e n t i o n t i m e s ( ) f o r VFA

Stationary ~~~~~~~~~C2

,

S t a t i o n a r y

C 2

C 3

i s o - C 4 n - C 4 i s o - C 5

n - C s

i s o - C 6 n - C 6

C 7 t h r o u g h

C .

C ,

i s o - C 4 n - C 4

i s o - C 5

n I C 5

i s o - C 6

1 - C 6

C 7

t h r o u g h

C h r o m o s o r b 3 . 3

4 . 3 1 . 9 3 . 3

2 . 9 4 . 9 2 . 6

3 . 7

5 . 6

3 . 7

0 . 7 0 . 4 0 . 2 0 . 3

0 . 2

0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3

0 . 4 0 . 3

1 0 1

S P

1 2 0 0 3 . 0 2 . 9 2 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 2 2 . 4 9 . 1 5 . 3 3 . 7 3 . 7

6 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 6 3 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 8

1 . 2 0 . 9 0 . 5 2 . 6

C a r b o w a x

1 . 8

2 . 7

2 . 1 3 . 1 2 . 3

2 . 6

1 . 4

1 . 1

1 . 4

2 . 0

1 . 1

0 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 2

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 4

 

T h e

r e s u l t s

a r e

t h e

m e a n s o f 1 0 i n j e c t i o n s .

b

C a l c u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

( s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n / m e a n ) x 1 0 0 .

t r a c t e d

w i t h

1 m l

o f e t h e r

t h o r o u g h l y

m i x e d u s i n g

a V o r t e x

m i x e r a n d t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d t o b r e a k t h e e m u l s i o n . A 1 - , u l

p o r t i o n

o f t h e e t h e r

l a y e r

w a s i n j e c t e d

d i r e c t l y i n t o

t h e GC

c o l u m n .

T h e

t e s t t u b e s c o nt a i ni n g e t h er w e r e

k e p t o n i c e

t o

p r e v e nt e v ap o r a t i o n o f t h e e t h e r .

B e c a u s e

s w a b s a r e

o f t e n u s e d

t o c o l l e c t c l i n i c a l

m a t e r i a l

s u c h a s

p u s

f o r b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,

t h e f o l l o w i n g

f o u r

t y p e s o f s w a b s w e r e t e s t e d : c o t t o n

s w a b s , c h a r c o a l -

c o a t e d s w a b s ,

f e t a l

c a l f

s e r u m - c o a t e d s w a b s ,

a n d

p o l y e s t e r

s w a b s ( A l b i c B . V . , M aa ss l u i s,

T h e

N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

T h e c h a r -

c o a l - c o a t e d

a n d f e t a l c a l f

s e r u m - c o a t e d

s w a b s w e r e

p r e p a r e d

b y

s o a k i n g

c o t t o n s w a b s i n

a n

a q u e o u s 1 c h a r c o a l

s u s p e n -

s i o n

a n d

i n

f e t a l c a l f

s e r u m , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A f t e r d r y i n g a n d

a u t o c l a v i n g t h e s w a b s w e r e

i m m e r s e d i n t h e s t a n d a r d p u s

s o l u t i o n ,

d r a i n e d o f

e x c e s s

f l u i d , r e p l a c e d

i n a

h o l d e r ,

a n d

s t o r e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e

f o r 2 h

t o

s i m u l a t e t h e d e l a y

b e t w e e n

c o l l e c t i o n

a n d

p r o ce ss i ng o f c l i n i c a l

s p e c i m e n s .

T h e

a m o u n t o f t h e

a b s o r b e d

s t a n d a r d w a s m e a s u r e d

b y w e i g h i n g

t h e s w a b

b e f o r e

a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r i m m e r s i o n i n t o t h e

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

a n d d r a i n i n g

o f

t h e

e x c e s s

f l u i d . F o r

VFA

a n a l y s i s

t h e s w a b

h e a d

w a s

s n a p p e d f r o m

i t s s t i c k

i n t o

a

m i c r o t e s t

t u b e .

E t h e r ( 1 m l ) a n d 1 0 0

, u l

o f 0 . 1 f o r m i c

a c i d

w e r e a d d e d .

T h e

m i c r o t e s t

t u b e w a s c a p p e d a n d

v o r t e x e d

f o r

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

2 0 s . A f t e r

c e n t r i f u g a t i o n

a t

2 5 0

x

g f o r

2

m i n ,

1

1 . l

o f

t h e

e t h e r

l a y e r

w a s

i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e

GC

a p p a r a t u s .

A f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t e ac h s a m p l e

w a s

s p i k e d

w i t h

2

, i l

o f

h e p t a n o i c a c i d ( a n a l y t i c a l

g r a d e ;

c a t a l o g n o .

A - 9 3 7 8 ; S i g m a

C h e m i c a l

C o . ,

S t .

L o u i s , M o . )

p e r

m l a s

a n

i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d

a n d

a n a l y z e d

f o r VFAs

b y

G C . T h e

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t a n d

r e l a t i v e e r r o r ( i . e . ,

1 0 0

x

[ e r r o r / t r u e v a l u e o f e a c h p r e t r e a t -

m e n t

m e t h o d

i n

c o m b i n a t i o n

w i t h t h e C a r b o w a x c o l u m n ] )

f o r

e a c h

VFA

( C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6 )

w e r e

c a l c u l a t e d .

C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s .

C a l i b r a t i o n

c u r v e s

f o r

q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s e s

o f

C 2 t h r o u g h

C 6

VFAs i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s

w e r e

o b t a i n e d

a f t e r p r e t r e a t m e n t b y

m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g

a n d

GC

a n a l y s i s .

S i x

s a m p l e s o f

f o u r s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s

c o n t a i n i n g

0 . 1 , 1 , 1 0 ,

o r

2 0

mmol

o f e a c h

VFA

( C 2 t h r o u g h

C 6 )

p e r

l i t e r

i n

GL C b r o t h

s u p p l e m e n t e d

w i t h

c o o k e d m e a t

w e r e

p r e -

t r e a t e d

b y

m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g

o v e r

D o w e x

c o l u m n s .

A

c a l i -

b r a t i o n l i n e was

f i t ,

a n d

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

was

c a l c u l a t e d .

I n o c u l u m

s i z e a n d

i n c u b a t i o n

p e r i o d .

The i n f l u e n c e o f

i n o c u l u m s i z e a n d i n c u b a t i o n

p e r i o d

o n

t h e

p r o d u c t i o n

o f

VFAs b y o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a

i n a s t a n d a r d m e d i u m

w a s m e a s u r e d b y i n o c u l a t i n g o n e , t h r e e ,

a n d f i v e c o l o n i e s

a n d a

s w a b

o f

c o n t i n u o u s

g r o w t h

f r o m

a c u l t u r e

a f t e r

4 8

h

o f

i n c u b a t i o n o n

W e n s i n c k

a g a r ( 1 9 )

i n t o

t u b e s

c o n t a i n i n g

5 - m l

p o r t i o n s

o f

GL C

b r o t h

s u p p l e m e n t e d

w i t h

c o o k e d

m e a t . A l l

i n o c u l a t i o n s

w e r e

d o n e

i n

t r i p l i c a t e .

A f t e r

2 4 a n d 4 8

h

o f

i n c u b a t i o n a t

3 7 ° C

i n

a n

a n a e r o b i c

g l o v e

b o x ,

t h e amounts

o f

C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6

VFAs

p r o d u c e d w e r e m e a s u r e d b y

t e m p e r a -

t u r e - p r o g r a m m e d

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y

w i t h

C a r b o w a x

a f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t b y m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g .

B a c t e r o i d e s

f r a g i l i s

N C T C 8 5 6 0 , F u s o b a c t er i u m v a r i u m A T C C 8 5 0 1 , C l o s t r i d -

i u m

d i f f i c i l e

A T C C 9 6 8 9

a n d P e p t o st r e p t o c o c cu s a n ae r o b i u s

A T C C 2 7 3 3 7

w e r e

u s e d

a s

r e f e r e n c e

s t r a i n s .

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

S t a t i o n a r y p h a s e s .

T h e v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s

f o r

p e a k

a r e a s

a n d r e t e n t i o n

t i m e s

f o r

e a c h

VFA

( C 2 t h r o u g h

C 7 ) i n t h e

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s

t e s t e d a r e s h o w n i n

T a b l e

2 .

C h r o m o s o r b

1 0 1 w a s n o t c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y .

T h e

p e a k s o f

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m c o u l d

n o t

b e c o m p l e t e l y s e p a -

r a t e d b e c a u s e

o f

t a i l i n g ( F i g .

1 A ) . R e p e a t e d r e c o n d i t i o n i n g ,

o v e r l o a d i n g

t h e c o l u m n s w i t h

w a t e r ,

a n d

t e m p e r a t u r e p r o -

g r a m m i n g d i d

n o t i m p r o v e

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m s

o f

a q u e o u s

s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s

o f

V F A s ,

n o r d i d

s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e c a r r i e r

g a s

w i t h

f o r m i c a c i d . D e s p i t e t h i s , q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s w a s

p o s s i b l e .

T h e

a n a l y s i s

t i m e

w i t h t h i s

c o l u m n w a s

l o n g ( > 2 0

m i n ) .

N o

g h o s t i n g o c c u r r e d ,

a n d t h e minimum

l e v e l o f

d e t e c t i o n f o r

C 2 t h r o u g h C 7

VFAs

w a s 0 . 0 4 m m o l / l i t e r .

S P 1 2 0 0

w a s

l e s s

s a t i s f a c t o r y .

T h e

p e a k s

o f t h e c h r o m a t o -

g r a m s h o w e d t a i l i n g , a n d c o m p l e t e s e p a r a t i o n

w a s n o t

p o s s i b l e

( F i g .

1 B ) .

R e c o n d i t i o n i n g o f

t h e

c o l u m n

was

n e c e s -

s a r y

a f t e r

e a c h

1 0

t o

1 2

s a m p l e s .

A t

h i g h

d e t e c t o r

s e n s i t i v i t y

t h e

p e a k s

o f

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m

b e c a m e

d e f o r m e d ,

a n d

i n j e c t i o n

o f

t w i c e - g l a s s - d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r

p r o d u c e d

g h o s t

p e a k s .

T h i s m a d e i t

i m p o s s i b l e

t o

m e a s u r e

t h e

l o w e s t

d e t e c t i o n

l e v e l .

I n o u r h a n d s S P

1 2 0 0

w a s

n o t

s u i t a b l e f o r

q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s

o f VFAs

i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s .

C a r b o w a x

p e r f o r m e d

t h e b e s t a n d w a s

w e l l s u i t e d f o r

q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s

o f VFAs

i n

d i l u t e

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s .

R e p e a t e d

i n j e c t i o n s

o f

0 . 1

( v o l / v o l )

f o r m i c

a c i d

s t a b i l i z e d

t h e

c o l u m n ,

a n d

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m

s h o w n

i n

F i g . 1D

was

m a d e

a f t e r m o r e t h an 5 0 0

s a m p l e s

h a d b e e n

i n j e c t e d

i n t o

t h e

c o l u m n .

When i s o t h e r m a l

a n a l y s i s

was

u s e d ,

t h e

a n a l y s i s

t i m e w a s r a t h e r

l o n g ,

a n d

d e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e

p e a k s

l a t e i n t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m

o c c u r r e d

( F i g .

1 C ) .

W i t h

t e m p e r a t u r e

p r o -

g r a m m i n g

t h e

a n a l y s i s

t i m e

was

l e s s

t h a n

1 1

m i n ,

a n d

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m ( F i g . 1 D ) i m p r o v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y ,

w i t h b e t t e r

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

e a r l y p e a k s .

A

d i s a d v a n t a g e

o f

C a r b o w a x

w a s

t h a t a f t e r

e t h e r e x t r a c t i o n

q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

o f a c e t i c

a c i d

a n d

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d was

d i f f i c u l t ,

b e c a u s e

t h e

p e a k s

o f

t h e s e

a c i d s

o v e r l a p p e d

w i t h t h e e t h e r

p e a k .

T h e v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s

o f t h e

p e a k

a r e a s a n d

t h e r e t e n t i o n

t i m e s w ere

s m a l l e r

t h a n t h o se

f o r b o t h o t h e r

s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e s

( T a b l e 2 ) ,

a n d

t h e

minimum l e v e l o f

d e t e c t i o n f o r

C 2 t h r o u g h C 7

VFAs

w a s

0 . 0 2

m m o l / l i t e r .

P r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s .

T a b l e

3 s h o w s

t h e

v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i -

c i e n t s ,

r e l a t i v e

e r r o r s ,

a n d

r a t e s o f

r e c o v e r y

f o r

t h e f o u r

V O L .

2 3 ,

1 9 8 6

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5 2 6 VAN

DEN BOGAARD

ET AL.

A

A

c

c

C

P

iB

B

i V

V

i C

B

D

VI

i v

B

A

i c

H

I

~~~~~~~~~~~~IIII

 1 5   1 0

m i n u t e s

minutes

F I G .

1 .

C h r o m a t o g r a m s o f a s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g

1 0 m m o l o f

e a c h VFA

( C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6 )

pe r

l i t e r i n

w a t e r ,

a n a l y z e d

w i t h

Chromosorb 1 0 1

( A ) ,

SP 1 2 0 0

( B ) ,

Carbowax

( i s o t h e r m a l l y ) ( C ) ,

a n d Carbowax

( t e m p e r a t u r e

p r o g r a m m e d )

( D ) . A ,

A c e t i c

a c i d ;

P ,

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d ;

i B , i s o b u t y r i c

a c i d ; B , n - b u t y r i c a c i d ;

iV,

i s o v a l e r i c

a c i d ; V ,

n - v a l e r i c

a c i d ; i C ,

i s o c a p r o i c

a c i d ; C , n - c a p r o i c

a c i d ; H , n - h e p t a n o i c

a c i d .

d i f f e r e n t

p r e t r e a t m e n t m e t h o d s

w i t h

s a m p l e s

o f

t h e t h r e e

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s ,

a n d

F i g . 2

s h o w s

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m s

o b t a i n ed w i t h a

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

c o n t a i n i n g

1 0 m m o l o f

e a c h

VFA

( C 2 t h r o u g h

C 6

p e r

l i t e r i n

pus

a f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t .

( i ) Vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n . Vacuum

d i s t i l l a t i o n

was

a l a b o r i -

o us

m e t h o d ;

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0

m i n o f

t r e a t m e n t

per

s a m p l e

was

r e q u i r e d .

T h e r a t e s o f r e c o v e r y

w i t h t h i s m e t h o d w e r e

b e t w e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 0 a n d 1 1 0

i n

s p e n t c u l t u r e

m e d i a

a n d

pus.

T h i c k a n d s t i c k y pus

a n d

even t i s s u e c o u l d

b e

p r e t r e a t e d

b y

t h i s

m e t h o d .

( i i ) M o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g .

T h e

Dowex

c o l u m n s were

p r e p a r e d

i n

a d v a n c e a n d s t o r e d a t 4 ° C u n t i l use. L a r g e

n u m b e r s

o f

s a m p l e s

c o u l d

b e

p r e t r e a t e d

i n

a

s h o r t

t i m e

b y

t h i s

m e t h o d .

T h e r a t e s

o f r e c o v e r y

were

b e t w e e n

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

9 0 a n d

1 1 0 .

The

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r

t h i s

m e t h o d

were

o f

t h e

same o r d e r

o f

m a g n i t u d e

as t h e v a ri a ti o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s

f o r

t h e

u n p r e t r e a t e d

aqueous

s t a n d a r d w i t h t h e

Carbowax c o l u m n .

A

d r a w b a c k o f

t h i s

m e t h o d was t h a t

o n l y

l e s s

v i s c o u s

s a m p l e s

c o u l d

b e

a s s a y e d .

The r e l a t i v e erro rs were <10 .

( i i i ) H e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s .

B e c a u s e i s o a c i d s ar e more v o l a t i l e

t h a n

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t r a i g h t - c h a i n a c i d s , t h e y

p r o d u c e d

much

l a r g e r

p e a k s

i n

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m s

( F i g .

2 D ) .

The l e v e l

o f r e c o v e r y

o f

t h e

l a r g e r

VFAs

was

c o n s i d e r a b l y

l o w e r

t h a n

t h e

l e v e l o f

r e c o v e r y

o f t h e o t h e r

a c i d s b e c a u s e o f

t h e i r

h i g h e r

b o i l i n g p o i n t s .

T h i s d e c r e a s e d l e v e l

o f r e c o v e r y o f

t h e

l a r g e r

VFAs

m i g h t

h a v e

b e e n d u e

t o c o n d e n s a t i o n

i n

t h e

T A B L E

3 .

C o m p a r i s o n

o f

f o u r

d i f f e r e n t p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s . R a n g e o f

t h e v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , l e v e l s

o f

r e c o v e r y ,

a n d r e l a t i v e e r r o r s

a f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t

a n d

GC

a n a l y s i s

w i t h

C a r b o w a x

o f a n

a q u e o u s

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n ,

a

G L C - b r o t h

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n ,

a n d

a

p u s s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

c o n t a i n i n g

1 0

mmol

o f

e a c h

VFA

( C .

t h r o u g h

C 7 )

p e r

l i t e r

V a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t s

( )

L e v e l s

o f

r e c o v e r y ( )

R e l a t i v e

e r r o r s

( )

P r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d

A q u e o u s

P u s

b r o t C

A q u e o u s

P u s

GL C

A q u e o u s P u s

G r o L t C

s t a n d a r d s t a n d a r d s t a n d a r d s t a n d a r d

b r o t h

s t a n d a r d s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s o l u t i o n

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s o l u t i o n

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n s o l u t i o n

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

s o l u t i o n

s o l u t i o n

M o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g 0 . 5 - 2 . 6 1 . 6 - 4 . 3 0 . 4 - 2 . 3

9 2 . 6 - 1 0 6 . 6

8 8 . 7 - 1 0 9 . 5

9 6 - 1 0 9 1 . 2 - 7 . 4 0 . 8 - 1 1 . 3 2 - 1 0 . 3

H e a d s p a c e a n a l y s i s 4 5 . 4 - 6 0 . 4 2 2 . 4 - 8 0 . 9 1 1 . 8 - 1 4 2

6 . 5 - 1 0 8 5 . 3 - 9 1 1 6 . 5 - 1 7 0 . 5 5 - 9 3 . 5

9 - 9 4 . 7

2 6 . 1 - 8 3 . 5

Vacuum

d i s t i l l a t i o n

1 . 5 - 4 . 9 2 . 2 - 1 8 . 2

1 . 7 - 1 1 . 4

9 0 . 6 - 9 5 . 8 8 0 . 6 -1 0 9 . 4 7 9 . 4 - 1 0 9 . 8 4 . 2 - 9 . 4

0 - 1 9 . 4 1 . 8 - 2 0 . 6

E t h e r

e x t r a c t i o n

3 . 5 - 5 . 5 2 . 1 - 6 . 2

3 . 1 - 8 . 7 1 0 0 . 8 - 1 1 3 . 5

1 1 4 - 1 2 4 1 0 8 - 1 4 7 0 . 8 - 1 3 . 5

1 4 - 2 4

8 - 4 7

 

E a c h s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n w a s

p r e t r e a t e d

a n d

a n a l y z e d

t h r e e

t i m e s .

I

c

 

J . C L I N .

M I C R O B I O L .

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GC

A N A L YSIS O F

VFAs

5 2 7

A

A

L

V

C

jc

H

10

m i n u t e s

B

0 5

10

minutes

D

6

5

m i n u t e s

F I G . 2 . Chromatograms

o f a

s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n

c o n t a i n i n g

1 0

mmol

o f

e a c h

VFA ( C 2 t h r o u g h

C6

pe r

l i t e r

i n

pus

a f t e r

p r e t r e a t m e n t

b y

vacuum

d i s t i l l a t i o n

( A ) , e t h er e xt r ac t i on

( B ) ,

m o l e c u la r

s e i v i n g

( C ) , a n d

h e a d s p a c e a n a l y s i s

( D ) .

GC

a n a l y s i s

was

p e r f o r m ed b y

u s i n g

Carbowax as

t h e s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e

a n d

t e m p e r a t u r e

p r o g r a m m i n g .

F o r an

e x p l a n a t i o n

o f

a b b r e v i a t i o n s ,

se e t h e l e g e n d t o

F i g .

1 .

s y r i n g e

a n d

a b s o r p t i o n

t o

g l a s s o f

t h e

l a r g e r

VF A m o l e c u l e s .

F o r t h e s e reasons

h e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s

i s u n s u i t a b l e

when

q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

i s r e q u i r e d .

The minimum

l e v e l s

o f

d e t e c t i o n o f

C 3 t h r o u g h C 6

VFAs

c o u l d

n o t b e

d e t e r m i n e d

f o r

t h i s m e t h o d .

( i v )

E t h e r e x t r a c t i o n .

W i t h C a r b o w a x

as t h e s t a t i o n a r y

p h a s e ,

a c e t i c a c i d

a n d

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d

c o u l d n o t

b e p r o p e r l y

m e a s u r e d

q u a n t i t a t i v e l y ,

as t h e p e a k s

o f

C 2 a n d

C 3 a c i d s

o n

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m s

were n o t s e p a r a t e d

f r o m

t h e e t h e r

p e a k s .

The

l e v e l s

o f

r e c o v e r y f o r

t h e o t h e r

VFAs

( C 4

t h r o u g h

C 6 )

were

b e t w e e n 1 0 0

a n d 1 4 7 .

Q u a l i t a t i v e

a n a l y s e s o f

p us

s a m p l e s

t a k e n

w i t h c h a r c o a l - c o a t e d

s w a b s

p r o v e d

t o b e

more

s e n s i t i v e

t h a n

a n a l y s e s o f

s a m p l e s

t a k e n

w i t h o t h er

s w a b s . T h i s

was d u e t o

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

t h e

c h a r c o a l - c o a t e d

s w a b s a b so r b e d

more s t a n d a r d pus

s o l u t i o n ( 0 . 3 4

±

0 . 0 5 g )

t h a n

n y l o n

s w a b s ( 0 . 1 2

±

0 . 0 5 g ) .

S e r u m - c o a t e d

s w a b s

a n d

p l a i n

c o t t o n

s w a b s

a b s o r b e d

a l m o s t n o t h i n g .

C a l i b r a t i o n

curves.

The

r e s u l t s o f

an

a n a l y s i s

o f

GLC

b r o t h

s t a n d a r d s c o n t a i n i n g

d i f f e r e n t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f

C 2

t h r o u g h C 6

VFAs ar e

shown i n T a b l e

4 . A

t y p i c a l e x a m p l e

o f

T A B L E 4 . L e v e l s

o f

r e c o v e r y

o f

C . t h r o u g h

C ,

VFAs

b y

GC

a n a l y s i s

f o l l o w i n g

m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g

o f a GL C

b r o t h

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

c o n t a i n i n g

d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f VFAs

C o n c n

No o f

L e v e l s

o f

r e c o v e r y

( m m o l / l i t e r )

( m m o l /

l i t e r )

s a m p l e s

C 2

C )

i s o - C 4

n - C 4

i s o - C s

n - C s i s o - C 6 s

n - C 7

0 . 1 3

0 . 0 8

+

0 . 0 1 0 . 0 4

+

0 . 0 2 0 . 0 6

+

0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

+

0 . 0 1

0 . 0 7

±

0 . 0 1

0 . 0 8

+

0 . 0 1 0 . 0 9

+

0 . 0 1

0 . 1 6

+

0 . 0 2

( 8 0 )

( 4 0 )

( 6 0 )

( 6 0 )

( 7 0 )

( 8 0 ) ( 9 0 )

( 1 6 0 )

1

3

0 . 8 7

+

0 . 2 1 0 . 7 4

±

0 . 1 4

0 . 7 4

+

0 . 0 9

0 . 8 0

+

0 . 0 8

1 . 0 7

+

0 . 0 8 1 . 0 4

+

0 . 1 0 1 . 1 2

+

0 . 0 6 1 . 2 0

±

0 . 0 8

( 8 7 )

( 7 4 ) ( 7 4 )

( 8 0 )

( 1 0 7 )

( 1 0 4 )

( 1 1 2 )

( 1 2 0 )

1 0

3

1 0 . 5 5

+

0 . 5 6

1 0 . 1 1

±

0 . 4 6

9 . 9 0

+

0 . 5 7 1 0 . 0 3

±

0 . 5 1 9 . 9 8

±

0 . 5 5

1 0 . 1 9

±

0 . 4 8 9 . 9 1

±

0 . 4 6 9 . 9 2

±

0 . 4 0

( 1 0 6 )

( 1 0 1 )

( 9 9 )

( 1 0 0 )

( 1 0 0 )

( 1 0 2 ) ( 9 9 )

( 9 9 )

2 0

3 2 0 . 3 6

+

0 . 6 6

2 1 . 7 9

±

0 . 3 2 2 1 . 8 2

±

0 . 2 2

2 2 . 5 7

±

0 . 5 6

2 2 . 3 3

±

0 . 2 3 2 3 . 3 6

±

0 . 2 3 1 9 . 6 0

±

0 . 3 5

2 0 . 4 8

±

0 . 1 7

( 1 0 2 )

( 1 0 9 )

( 1 0 9 )

( 1 1 3 )

( 1 1 2 )

( 1 1 7 )

( 9 8 )

( 1 0 2 )

aMean

±

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .

Th e n u m b e r s

i n

p a r e n t h e s e s

a r e

p e r c e n t a g e s .

c

V O L .

2 3 ,

1 9 8 6

v

i

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5 2 8

VAN D EN B O G A A R D

ET

A L .

- E

2

 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y

1 , 0 1 4 8 X + 0 , 0 4 7 1

r

0 , 9 9 9 5

0

5

1 0 1 5

2 0

m M / L

s t a n d a r d

s o l u t i o n

c

F I G . 3 . S t a n d a r d

c u r v e o f c ap r o i c

a c i d .

Z

2 )

a c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e

o f

o n e VFA

( c a p r o i c a c i d )

i s s h o w n

i n

F i g .

3 .

W i t h

t h e

e x c e p t i o n s

o f

a c e t i c a n d

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d s t h e

0

v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s

o f t h e

o t h e r

VFAs

w e r e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

0

10

o r

l e s s a t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

1

a n d

2 0 m m o l / l i t e r .

I n o c u l u m s i z e

a n d

i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d .

T h e r e s u l t s o f

a

C 2

t h r o u g h

C 6

VFA a n a l y s i s

a f t e r 2 4

h

o f

i n c u b a t i o n

a r e

s h o w n

i n T a b l e

5 . T h e i n o c u l u m

s i z e s e e m e d

n o t

t o

b e

v e r y

c r i t i c a l ,

c

a s

t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s

d i d

n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i n c r e a s e

i f t h e

r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d

a f t e r

i n o c u l a t i o n

o f

o n e ,

t h r e e ,

o r

f i v e

c o l o n i e s

w e r e c a l c u l a t e d

t o g e t h e r

o r

s e p a r a t e l y .

H o w e v e r ,

a f t e r

i n o c u l a t i o n

o f t h e b r o t h c u l t u r e

w i t h a

s w a b o f

c o n t i n -

u o u s

g r o w t h ,

t h e

s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n s

t e n d e d

t o

i n c r e a s e

i n

some

o r g a n i s m s

a n d f o r

s p e c i f i c

V F A s .

A f t e r

i n o c u l a t i o n

o f

o n e , t h r e e ,

o r

f i v e

c o l o n i e s

t h e v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s

w e r e

b e t w e e n 1 a n d 1 5 .

A f t e r 4 8 h

o f i n c u b a t i o n

t h e

s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d .

We c h o s e q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

o f

VFAs i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u -

°

t i o n s

b e c a u s e

t h i s m e t h o d

s i m p l i f i e s

a n d

s p e e d s

u p p r e t r e a t -

m e n t o f s a mp l es , b u t m o s t l y

b e c a u s e o r g a n i c

e x t r a c t i o n

m e t h o d s ,

s u c h

a s e t h e r

e x t r a c t i o n ,

d o

n o t

e x t r a c t a l l VFAs

e q u a l l y ,

w h i c h m a k e s q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

m o r e

d i f f i c u l t .

Q u a n t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s e s

o f

VFAs i n

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s w i t h

C h r o m o s o r b 1 0 1 a n d S P 1 2 0 0 p r o v e d t o

b e

d i f f i c u l t ,

m a i n l y

b e c a u s e

o f t a i l i n g .

T h i s

c a u s e d

i n c o m p l e t e

s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

0

p e a k s

a n d

was

d u e

t o t h e

i n s t a b i l i t y

o f

t h e s e

c o l u m n s

i f

. °

a q u e o u s

s o l u t i o n s w e r e i n j e c t e d .

E

D e s p i t e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y o t h e r

w o r k e r s ( 2 , 1 0 , 1 1 ) ,

0

s a t u r a t i n g

t h e

c a r r i e r

g a s

w i t h f o r m i c

a c i d d i d

n o t

i m p r o v e

t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e

o f

t h e

C h r o m o s o r b 1 0 1

c o l u m n

a t

a l l , b u t

p r o v e d

t o

b e d e l e t e r i o u s

t o o u r GC

e q u i p m e n t . T h e a n a l y s i s

t i m e w i t h t h i s

c o l u m n

w a s r e l a t i v e l y l o n g ( > 2 0 m i n ) .

W i t h

t h e

C a r b o w a x

c o l u m n

w e u s e d t e m p e r a t u r e p r o g r a m m i n g

t o

i m p r o v e

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m

a n d t o

s h o r t e n

t h e e l u t i o n

t i m e .

V FA

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a s l o w a s

0 . 0 2

m m o l / l i t e r

c o u l d t h e n

b e

m e a s u r e d i n

a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s .

T h e q u a l i t y o f

t h e c o l u m n

i m p r o v e d

w h i l e

i t w a s

u s e d .

T h e s e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e p e a k s w a s

c o m p l e t e ,

t h e o v e r a l l

v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t

w a s 2 ( r a n g e ,

1

t o

3 ) ,

a n d

t h e e l u t i o n

t i m e

w a s s h o r t

( l e s s t h a n 1 2 m i n ) .

T h e

l a t t e r

i s o f p r i m e i m p o r t a n c e when

many s a m p l e s

a r e t o b e

0 e

0-

00

.

E

U

&

8

_ e

0

c

 

_ e

0-

0 0 c

Q E 8

_ e

C e

_ :

 

c

2

0 - c

0 0

QE

  ~

U - e

U t c Q

c

C .

8

_ O

00

2

o

. 0

< :

0

ON

O N

( - I

re )

o o 00

0000

+ 1

+ 1

+ 1 + 1

' I C

N C

' l

' I C

C = C =

D 6

~. ON.

+ l

+ l

NC

0 0

'I

00

r 000

0000

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

r

0 0

NC

N C

'I

t l + l

+ l

+ l

1 +

  £ o No

0

NC

NC000

 

t l

t l N C t l + l

ON

) ci

r' f

N

N I C

0 = -

0000

+ 1 + 1

+ 1

+ 1

N r NC

I N - -

00

NNC

o

_ ;

+ 1 + 1

<,

N

NC

N

0 0

N I C

C I I

=

0 0 0

00

r ' I

1

r 5 n

 

S )

ooo

+ 1 + 1 + 1

+ 1 + 1

+ 1

N l C

C C

ON

O N l

0

C I A

N C

T

C

 ~ ~

0 0 0

 

0 0

N

N

0

N C

 t

N , C

0 -

 

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

+ 1

+ 1

N°C

- 4

N

- 4

t r

)

CC

CC ~

~0 0

44

5' ) Fc-

. 0 .

. 0 . . 0 .0

a

a aE

a

z

. 2

 

.

 _

t

5

* _ z S z

t . :

i

.6

J .

C L I N .

M I C R O B I O L .

s

. 0

.u

>

Q

0>

ci

3

r -

0

0

0

C

C

;

m u

>

6 : 2

S .

t

a . 0 + , I

1 1 ( ~

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GC

A NA LY SI S O F

VFAs 5 2 9

a n a l y z e d . F o r q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f

VFAs

i n

a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s C a r b o w a x

a p p e a r e d

t o b e t h e b e s t

c o l u m n

m a t e r i a l

i n

o u r h an d s . H o w e v e r ,

i f

e t h e r e x t r a c t s

w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e C a r b o w a x c o l u m n , t h e p e a k s o f a c e t i c

a n d

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d s

c o u l d n o t

b e

r e a d i l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e

s o l v e n t

p e a k

i n

t h e c h r o m a t o g r a m . H o w e v e r , l o w e r i n g t h e

i n i t i a l

c o l u m n

t e m p e r a t u r e

t o

6 0 ° C

a n d c h a n g i n g t h e t e m p e r -

a t u r e

p r o g r a m

c o u l d h a v e s o l v e d t h i s

p r o b l e m , b u t

a t

a c o s t

o f

a

c o n s i d e r a b l y

l o n g e r

e l u t i o n t i m e .

An e x t r a p e a k

w a s

f o u n d

j u s t

b e f o r e t h e

i s o v a l e r i c a c i d

p e a k .

T h i s

p e a k w a s

f o u n d i n

a l l

o f t h e

s t a n d a r d s

a n d

a f t e r

i n j e c t i o n

o f

p u r e

a n a l y t i c a l g r a d e i s o v a l e r i c a c i d

s o l u t i o n s .

M a s s s p e c -

t r o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s

r e v e a l e d t h a t t h i s

p e a k w a s c a u s e d b y

2 - m e t h y l - b u t y r i c a c i d . T h i s p e a k w a s

a l s o

o f t e n

p r e s e n t i n

s p e n t

c u l t u r e m e d i a

a n d

i n

c l i n i c a l s a m p l e s .

D i r e c t GC

a n a l y s i s

o f t h e

s u p e r n a t a n t s

o f a c i d i f i e d

s p e n t c u l t u r e

m e d i a

h a s

b e e n

p r o p o s e d ( 1 4 ) . T h i s i s e a s y t o p e r f o r m b u t h a s t h e

c o n s i d e r a b l e

d i s a d v a n t a g e

t h a t

n o n v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s t e n d

t o

b l o c k t h e i n j e c t o r a n d t h e

c o l u m n .

P r e t r ea t m en t e x t en d s

t h e

l i f e - s p a n

o f

GC

c o l u m n s

a n d , b y r e m o v i n g i n t e r f e r i n g

s u b s t a n c e s ,

i m p r o v e s

t h e

q u a l i t y

o f

c h r o m a t o g r a m s .

T h i s i s

e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s .

T h e

vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n

p r e t r e a t m e n t g a v e g o o d r e s u l t s .

T h e

d i f f e r e n c e s

i n

t h e

l e v e l s

o f r e c o v e r y

a m o n g

t h e

VFAs

m i g h t

h a v e b e e n d u e

t o

a b so r p ti o n o f l a r g e r

V FA

m o l e c u l e s

t o t h e

g l a s s

w a l l

o f

t h e

c o n n e c t i n g t u b e . B e c a u s e v a c u u m

d i s t i l l a t i o n i s l a b o r i o u s a n d t i m e

c o n s u m i n g ,

i t d o e s n o t

s e e m

v e r y s u i t a b l e

a s

a

p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d f o r l a r g e n u m b e r s o f

s a m p l e s .

T h i c k ,

s t i c k y p u s

a n d e v e n t i s s u e c o u l d b e

p r e -

t r e a t e d

b y

t h i s

m e t h o d

W i t h

h e a d s p a c e

a n a l y s i s

o n l y

v a p o r i z e d

m a t e r i a l i s

i n t r o -

d u c e d i n t o

t h e

GC

a p p a r a t u s ,

b u t

v o l a t i l e

c o m p o u n d s

o t h e r

t h a n

VFAs

i n

t h e

s a m p l e

a r e

a l s o

v a p o r i z e d

a n d

may

c a u s e

i n t e r f e r i n g p e a k s

o n t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m ;

t h i s m a k e s

i d e n t i f i -

c a t i o n o f

t h e

VFAs d i f f i c u l t a n d

s o m e t i m e s

e v e n

i m p o s s i b l e .

B e c a u s e t h e

p e a k

a r e a s

d o

n o t

p r o p o r t i o n a l l y r e p r e s e n t

t h e

t r u e

c o nc en t ra t i o ns o f

t h e VFAs

p r e s e n t

i n a

s a m p l e ,

q u a n -

t i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

i s

n o t p o s s i b l e .

E t h e r

e x t r a c t i o n i s t h e m o s t o f t e n u s e d m e t h o d o f e x t r a c -

t i o n f o r

VFAs.

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,

a p p r e c i a b l e

a m o u n t s o f a c e t i c

a n d

p r o p i o n i c

a c i d s r e m a i n

i n

t h e

a q u e o u s

p h a s e

a f t e r

e x t r a c t i o n , r e s u l t i n g

i n

r e l a t i v e l y

p o o r

l e v e l s o f

r e c o v e r y

o f

t h e s e

a c i d s .

T h e

r e c o v e r y

r a t e f o r t h e o t h e r VFAs

i s

b e t w e e n

1 0 0

a n d 1 4 5 .

F o r

q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s

e t h e r e x t r a c t i o n i s

m o r e l a b o r i o u s t h a n m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g ,

b e c a u s e

s p e c i a l

p r e c a u t i o n s

m u s t

b e t a k e n

t o

p r e v e n t e v a p o r a t i o n

o f

t h e

e t h e r . An

a d v a n t a g e

o f

t h i s

m e t h o d

i s t h a t

m o r e

v i s c o u s

s a m p l e s

c a n

b e

r e a d i l y p r e t r e a t e d ,

a n d

e v e n s w a b s

m o i s t -

e n e d w i t h

p u s

c a n b e

u s e d . T h i s i s

i m p o r t a n t

a s o f t e n

j u s t

a

s w a b

d i p p e d

i n t o

p u s

i s d e l i v e r e d

a s a

s p e c i m e n

t o

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y , d e s p i t e

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

s e n d i n g

s w a b

s p e c i m e n s

f o r

i s o l a t i o n

o f

o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a s h o u l d b e

s t r o n g l y

d i s c o u r a g e d .

C h a r c o a l - c o a t e d

s w a b s

c a n a d s o r b

e n o u g h

VFAs f r o m

b r o t h c u l t u r e s

a n d

p u s

f o r

q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s

o f

t h e

VFAs

b y G C .

As

c o t t o n

a n d

wood

may

c o n t a i n

V F A s ,

w o r k e r s

s h o u l d

t e s t e a c h

b a t c h

o f

s w a b s b e f o r e u s e .

S w a b s

f o r

GC

a n a l y s i s

s h o u l d a l s o b e

t r a n s p o r t e d

i n t h e

d r y

s t a t e .

T r a n s p o r t

medium

d o e s

n o t i n t e r f e r e

w i t h

GC

a n a l y s i s ,

b u t

e x t e n s i v e

d i l u t i o n

i n t o t h e

m e d i u m

o f

t h e VFAs

d r a s t i c a l l y

r e d u c e s

t h e r a t e

o f d e t e c t i o n o f

V F A s ,

w h i c h

m i g h t

o n l y

p a r t l y

b e

c o m p e n s a t e d

f o r

b y

e v a p o r a t i n g

t h e e t h e r

t o

c o n c e n t r a t e t h e

VFAs

p r e s e n t . H i g h - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t

ma-

t e r i a l

( e . g . ,

e x t r a c e l l u l a r

l i p i d s )

p r e s e n t

i n e t h e r

e x t r a c t s

may

c a u s e

t a i l i n g , may a p p e a r

o n

t h e

c h r o m a t o g r a m

i n a

l a t e r

a n a l y s i s ,

o r

may

e v e n

b l o c k

t h e GC

c o l u m n s .

A

s i m p l e ,

r a p i d ,

a n d

r e l i a b l e m e t h o d

i s

p r e t r e a t m e n t

o f

s a m p l e s w i t h c o l u m n s p a c k e d

w i t h c a t i o n - e xc h an g e

r e s i n .

T h i s n o t o n l y r e m o v e s l a r g e

m o l e c u l e s a n d

d e b r i s

f r o m

t h e

s a m p l e b y

( m o l e c u l a r )

s i e v i n g , b u t a l s o r e m o v e s o t h e r m o l -

e c u l e s a n d

i o n s b y c a t i o n e x c h a n g e .

The

l e v e l

o f

r e c o v e r y

o f

t h e

VFAs

f r o m

p u s

a n d

t h e

GL C

b r o t h s t a n da rd

w a s

b e t w e e n 9 0

a n d

1 1 0 , w i t h a v a r i a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f o n l y

3 ±

1

w i t h

t h e

GL C b r o t h

s t a n d a r d . T h i s

i s

o n t h e s a m e

o r d e r

o f m a g n i t u d e a s

t h e

v a r i a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

o f

t h e C a r b o w a x

c o l u m n

u s e d

f o r

a n a l y s i s .

A

d i s a d v a n t a g e

o f

t h i s p r e t r e a t -

m e n t

m e t h o d

i s

t h a t v i s c o u s

c l i n i c a l

s p ec i m e n s h a v e t o b e

d i l u t e d .

C a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n

t o

p r e v e n t

e m u l s i f i c a t i o n

d u r i n g d i l u t i o n .

T h e c a l i b r a t i o n

c u r v e s

s h o w

t h a t

a t

c o n c e n -

t r a t i o n s b e t w e e n 1 a n d

2 0 m m o l / l i t e r q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f

C 2 t h r o u g h C 6

VFAs i s

f a i r l y

a c c u r a t e

a n d

make

i t

f e a s i b l e

t o

p r e s e n t

q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a

o n VFA

p r o d u c t i o n

b y o b l i g a t e l y

a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a i n s t e a d

o f

c h r o m a t o g r a m s .

T h i s

i s i m p o r -

t a n t

f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

a n d t a x o n o m i c

p u r p o s e s .

D e s p i t e

t h e

f a c t

t h a t

t h e i n o c u l u m

s i z e d i d n o t

s e e m t o

b e

v e r y

c r i t i c a l i f VFA p r o d u c t i o n w a s

m e a s u r e d

a f t e r

2 4 h o f

i n c u b a t i o n , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f c u l t u r e m e d i a ,

c u l t u r e c o n d i -

t i o n s ,

a n d i n o c u l a i s

n e c e s s a r y

t o m a k e s u r e

t h a t d i f f e r e n t

l a b o r a t o r i e s

o b t a i n

t h e s a m e r e s u l t s w i t h t h e

s a m e

s t r a i n

o r

s p e c i e s .

C a r b o w a x

i s

t h e

p a c k e d

c o l u m n

m a t e r i a l

o f c h o i ce

f o r

q u a l i t a t i v e

a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f

VFAs

i n b i o l o g i c a l

a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s .

I n

o u r

h a n d s , m o l e c u l a r s i e v i n g

w i t h

D o w e x

c o l u m n s

i s

t h e b e s t

p r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d when

q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s

i s

r e q u i r e d ( e . g . ,

f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d

t a x o n o m i c p u r p o s e s ) . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f

a

C a r b o w a x c o l -

um n a n d

p r e t r e a t m e n t

o f

s p e n t c u l t u r e

m e d i a

b y m o l e c u l a r

s i e v i n g

w i t h

a

D o w e x c o l u m n m a k e s

i t

f e a s i b l e

t o p r e s e n t

q u a n t i t a t i v e

d a t a

o n

VFA

p r o d u c t i o n

o f

o b l i g a t e l y a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a l

s p e c i e s

i n s t e a d o f

c h r o m a t o g r a m s .

F o r

q u a l i t a t i v e

a n a l y s i s

( e . g . , p r e s u m p t i v e d i a g n o s i s

o f

a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a l

i n f e c t i o n s )

e t h e r e x t r a c t i o n

a n d

h e a d s p a c e

GC a r e

g o o d

a l t e r n a t i v e s

f o r

p r e t r e a t m e n t

o f

s a m p l e s .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We

a r e

g r a t e f u l

t o

H .

W.

T h i j s s e n

f o r

v a l u a b l e

a d v i c e a n d

h e l p f u l

d i s c u s s i o n s

d u r i n g p r e p a r a t i o n

o f

t h e

m a n u s c r i p t .

LI TE RA T U RE

CITED

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f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f b a c t e r i a l m e t a b o l i c

p r o d u c t s . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l .

2 5 : 2 8 7 - 2 8 9 .

2 .

C o c h r a n e ,

G . C .

1 9 7 5 . A

r e v i e w

o f

t h e

a n a l y s i s

o f

f r e e

f a t t y

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( C ' - C 6 ) .

J .

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S c i . 1 3 : 4 4 0 - 4 4 6 .

3 .

G e h r k e ,

C .

W . ,

a n d W. M. L a m k i n . 1 9 6 1 .

Q u a n t i t a t i v e

d e t e r -

m i n a t i o n

o f s t e a m - v o l a t i l e

f a t t y

a c i d s

b y

g a s - l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g -

r a p h y . A g r i c .

F o o d

C h e m .

9 : 8 5 - 8 8 .

4 .

G o r b a c h ,

S .

L . ,

J .

W.

M a y h e w ,

a n d

J .

G .

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R a p i d

d i a g n o s i s

o f

a n a e r o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s

b y

d i r e c t

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a -

t o g r a p h y

o f

c l i n i c a l

s p e c i m e n s .

C l i n .

I n v e s t .

5 7 : 4 7 8 - 4 8 4 .

5 .

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M.

G . ,

D . A .

E s c h e n b a c h ,

C .

A .

S p e i g e l - B r o w n ,

a n d

K . K .

H o l m e s .

1 9 8 2 .

R a p i d d i a g n o s i s

o f

a m n i o t i c - f l u i d i n f e c t i o n

b y

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y .

N .

E n g l .

J .

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H .

M a l a m o u - L a d a s ,

G .

P a l i k a r i s ,

a n d

A .

A r s e n i .

1 9 7 9 .

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o f a na er o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s

b y g a s -

l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y .

J .

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7 .

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P .

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a n d

G .

Odham. 1 9 7 8 . D e t e c t i o n

o f

a l c o h o l s

a n d v o l a t i l e

f a t t y

a c i d s

b y h e a d s p a c e g a s c h r o m a t o g -

r a p h y

i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

o f a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a .

J .

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7 : 2 3 - 2 7 .

8 .

M a y h e w ,

J .

W . ,

a n d

S .

L .

G o r b a c h .

1 9 7 9 .

I n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d s

f o r

g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c

a n a l y s i s

o f

m e t a b o l i c

e n d

p r o d u c t s

f r o m

a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r i a .

A p p l .

E n v i r o n .

M i c r o b i o l .

3 3 : 1 0 0 2 - 1 0 0 3 .

9 .

N o r d ,

C .

E . 1 9 7 7 .

D i a g n o s i s

o f a na er o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s

b y g a s -

l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y .

A c t a

P a t h o l .

M i c r o b i o l .

S c a n d . S e c t .

B

VOL.

2 3 ,

1 9 8 6

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5 3 0 VAN D EN B O G A A R D

ET A L .

2 5 9 : 5 5 - 5 9 ,

1 0 . O t t e n s t e i n , D . M . ,

a n d D .

A .

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1 9 7 1 . S e p a ra t io n o f f r e e

a c i d s C 2 - C 5

i n d i l u t e a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n

c o l u m n t e c h n o l o g y . J .

C h r o m a t o g r .

S c i . 9 : 6 7 4 - 6 8 1 .

1 1 .

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1 9 6 5 .

D e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f

s t e a m - v o l a t i l e

o r g a n i c

a c i d s

i n

f e r m e n t a t i o n

m e d i a

b y

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . A p p l . M i c r o b i o l .

1 3 : 2 2 - 2 7 .

1 2 . P h i l l i p s ,

K .

D . ,

P . V . T e a r l e ,

a n d A . T . W i l l i s .

1 9 7 6 .

R a p i d

d i a g n o s i s o f a n a e r o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s b y

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y

o f

c l i n i c a l

m a t e r i a l .

J .

C l i n .

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2 9 : 4 2 8 - 4 3 2 .

1 3 . R e e d , P . J . , a n d

P .

J . S a n d e r s o n .

1 9 7 9 . D e t e c t i o n o f

a n a e r o b i c

w o u n d

i n f e c t i o n b y a n a l y s i s o f p u s

s w a b s f o r

v o l a t i l e

f a t t y a c i d s

b y g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . J .

C l i n .

P a t h o l .

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1 4 . R o g o s a ,

M . , a n d

L .

L . L o v e .

1 9 6 8 . D i r e c t q u a n t i t a t i v e g a s

c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c

s e p a r a t i o n o f

C 2 - C 6 f a t t y a c i d s ,

m e t h a n o l ,

a n d

e t h y l a l c o h o l

i n

a q u e o u s

m i c r o b i a l

f e r m e n t a t i o n

m e d i a . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l .

1 6 : 2 8 5 - 2 9 0 .

1 5 .

S a s a k i ,

N . ,

a n d I . T a k a z o e .

1 9 7 4 . S u b g r o u p i n g

o f B ac t er o i de s

m e l a n i n o g e n i c u s

f r o m t h e p a t t e r n o f v o l a t i l e f a t t y

a c i d

p r o d u c -

t i o n . B u l l . T o k y o D e n t .

C o l l . 1 5 : 1 2 5 - 1 3 2 .

1 6 .

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H . , a n d

P . K . G an g o p a d h y a y .

1 9 8 0 . R a p i d

d i a g n o s i s

o f a na er o b i c empyema

b y d i r e c t

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y

o f

J . C L I N .

M I C R O B I O L .

p l e u r a l f l u i d . C h e s t

7 7 : 5 0 7 - 5 1 3 .

1 7 .

v a n d e n B o g a a r d ,

A . E .

J .

M . ,

a n d M. J .

H a z e n . 1 9 8 3 . T h e

d e t e c t i o n o f

o b l i g a t e

a n a e r o b i c b a c t e r i a

i n s w i n e a b s c e s s e s . A

c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n

g a s - l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y a n d b a c t e r i o -

l o g i c a l

c u l t u r i n g m e t h o d s .

V e t .

M i c r o b i o l .

8 : 3 8 9 - 3 9 6 .

1 8 .

W a t t ,

B . ,

P .

A .

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G r e e n a n ,

S .

K .

N a p i e r ,

a n d

A .

M i t c h e l l . 1 9 8 2 . G a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n t h e d i a g n o s i s

o f

a n a e r o b i c

i n f e c t i o n s :

a t h r e e

y e a r e xp e r i en ce .

J . C l i n .

P a t h o l .

3 5 : 7 0 9 - 7 1 4 .

1 9 .

W e n s i n c k ,

F . ,

a n d

J .

G . H . v a n

R u s e l e r - E m b d e n .

1 9 7 1 .

T h e

i n t e s t i n a l

f l o r a o f c o l o n i s a t i o n

r e s i s t a n t m i c e .

J .

H y g .

6 9 : 4 1 3 - 4 2 1 .

2 0 . W u s t , J .

1 9 7 7 . P r e s u m p t i v e

d i a g n o s i s o f a n a e r o b i c

b a c t e r e m i a

b y

g a s - l i q u i d

c h r o m a t o g r a p h y o f

b l o o d

c u l t u r e s .

J .

C l i n . M i c r o -

b i o l . 6 : 5 8 6 - 5 9 0 .

2 1 .

W u s t , J .

1 9 8 0 .

S c h e l l d i a g n o s e

a n a e r o b e r I n f e c t i o n e n

m i t d e r

d i r e c t e n

g a s

c h r o m a t o g r a p h i s c h e n

U n t e r s u c h u n g v o n

K l i n i s c h e

M a t e r i a l .

S c h w e i z .

M e d .

W o c h e n s c h r . 1 1 0 : 3 6 2 - 3 6 8 .

2 2 .

Z i j l s t r a ,

J . B . ,

J .

B e u k e m a ,

B . G .

W o l t h e r s ,

B . M. B y r n e ,

A .

G r o e n ,

a n d

T . D a n k e r t .

1 9 7 7 . P r e t r e a t m e n t

m e t h o d s

p r i o r

t o

g a s

c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s

o f v o l a t i l e f a t t y

a c i d s

f r o m f a e c a l

s a m p l e s .

C l i n . C h i m .

A c t a

7 8 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 0 .