quantum wierdness

7/29/2019 Quantum Wierdness

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Qn ory n RThe doctrine that te wo s mae up of objects whose exstece

is independent of uman conscousess trns ot to be in conct

ith qantm ecancs and wit cts establshed by exerimet

}y succsful thory in th physicascinc i xpctd to mak accurat prdictions ivn om

wll dnd xprimnt, th toryshould corrctly spcify th oucom or

should at last assign th corrct probabiiis to all th poss ibl ou comFrom thi point of viw quantum m-chanics must b judgd hihly uccsful As th fundamnta modrn thoryof atoms, of molcul, of lmntaryparticls, of lctromagntic radiationand of th soid tat it uppli mthods for calculating th rsults of xprimnts in all ths ralms

Apart from xprimntal conrmation, howvr somting mor is gnr-ally dmandd of a thory It is xpctdnot only to dtrmin th rsult of anxprimnt bu t also to provid om undrstanding of th phyical vnt tatar prsumd to undrli th obsrvrsus In ohr words, th thoryshould ot only giv th position of pointr on a dial but also xplain wyth pointr taks up that position Wnon sks information of this kind in thquantum thory crtain concptua dif-cultis aris For xampl, in quantummchanics an lmntary particl sucas an lctron i rprsntd by thmathmatical xprssion calld a wavfunction, which ofn dscrib th lctron a if it wr smard out ovr a

larg rgion of spacThis rprsntation is not in conictwith xprimnt; on th contrary, thwav fu ction yilds an accurat timat of th probability that th lctronwill b found in any givn plac Whnth lctron is actualy dtcd, howvr, it is nvr smard out but alwayshas a dni position Hnc it is notntirly clar what physical intrprtation should b givn to th wa func-tion or what pictur of th lctron onshould kp in mind Bcaus of ambiguiti uch as thi many physicists ndit most snsibl to rgard quantum m-chanic as mrly a st of ru that pr-crib th outcom of xprimnts Ac-cording to this viw th qu antum thoryi concrnd only wih obsrvabl ph

rrd d spg

nomna (th ob srv d p t n of thpo intr and no wit any und rly ingpyica tat (th ra position of thlctron)

t now turn out tat vn thi rnun-ciat ion i no ntir y atis factor yvn if quant u mcani c i consid-r n or tan a t of ruls,it i il i coni c wit a viw of

word any op would conidrobviou or natura i world viw ibad on tr aumption, or prmiss

a u b accpt without proof n i rali , doctrin that rulariti in brv nomna ar causy o p yica r ality whos xis tnc i ind ndn f u an obrvr con rmi ol ta induc iv infrnc i vaid od ofraonin n alid frly, ota i i a oncuion can b drawnfro c on i n rva tio n T tir drmi i a intin parability orintin ocaity an i ta t tha t n oinunc o an ind can propagafatr an t p of i T thrprmis, wic ar oftn asumd toav t tatu of wllstablishdtruts, or vn lfvi dnt trut hs, forth basis of what I sall call local r ali s

tic thoris of natur An argumnt d-ri d from ths prmi ads to anxplicit prdicion for th rsults of acrtain cass of xprimnts in th phys-ic of lmntary particls Th ruls

of quanum mchanics can alo b m-ployd o caculat th rsults of thsxprimnts Signicantly, th two pr-diction dir, and so ithr th localralisic thoris or uantum mchanicmust b wrong

Th xprimnts in usion wr rstproposd as "thought xprimns, in

ndd for h imagination only In thpat fw yars, howvr, vral vrsions of thm hav bn carrid out withra apparaus Althoug not al thndings ar consistnt with on anothr,most of thm suppor t prdict ion ofquantum mchanic, and it now smsta unl som xtr aord inar y coinc i-dnc ha distortd th rsults th quantum mchanical prdictions will b conrmd It follows that th local raliticthori ar almost cr tainly in r orTh thr prmi on which thos thori ar foundd ar ssntial to a com-monsns intrprtation of th world,and mot popl would giv thm upony with ructanc; nvrthlss, it appars that a ast on of thm will hav

ORREION BEWEEN DISTANT EVENTS c f te f ccuss butte stuctue of the wold uppose a ysicst sets u eeet ch subtoic ptcles such as potons e ed oe t a tie ito istuet tt c ve oly to pssbeeadis plus and mns He ds tt f soe pots te ed is pus ad f otesit is us but he cannot tel whethe te istuet easues soe e pety of the potos o meely ecods adom uctutios. The physicst te es to detcl tuets wth souce that emits two pts siutaeousy He bseves a stict etivecoeti: wheeve one instuet eds us te ote eds ius. O te bs of ths coelt the physicist concludes tt a el pety f pts is esposibe f te edsad tt its value detemin befoe te pts leve te suce. If te se of pticeseasued mee cein statstcal tests he c o to ife tt evey p f potos eittedby e souce consists of oe poto th the popety pus d oe t te ety useve eithe poton subitted t esueet Te ccluis e esoble fthe peises ae accepted s valid: tht t least se ees of te d hve esteceidepedet of huan obseves that iductive ifeece c be ed feey ad tht a easueet ade with oe stuet caot uece te eut f esueet de ith

te othe istue moe estictive fo of te lt ee fbds suc iueces oly te two measuemets ae so ely siuteous tt te uece u d ve to potefste th lt The peises c be ideted s e te fee ue f iducto ad sepbity te me etictve vei f te sebty ee ced Esti seblity o Etei lcty. Ay tey tt c t c c estc teoy

1979 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


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to b abanon or moie or in somway constrain

Th xprimnts ar concrn withcorrlations btwn istant vnts andwith th causs of thos corrationsFor xample, suppos two particls afw mtrs apart ar foun to hav intical valus of som proprty, such aslctric charg If this rsult is obtaind

onc or a fw tims, it might b ismiss as coincinc, but if th corrlation is tct consistntly in manymasurmns, a mor systmatic xpla

?EASM

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nation is cal for It wou make nirnc if th masur valus wralways opposit instad of th sam; thcorrlation woud thn b a negativon, but its magnitud woul b just asgrat, an it would b just as unlikly toaris by chanc

Whnvr a consistnt corrlation btwn such vnts is said to b unr

stoo, or to hav nothing mystriousabout it, th xplanation or alwayscits som link of causality Eithr onvnt causs th othr or both vns

(ww

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UANTUM MECHANCS

BE NEQUAT

S SOMETMES NVA

EXPEMENTATEST

OCL RELISTIC THEORIES d qutu ecic ke cicti edicti fceti eeie i ic ditt evet e celted I ticul, lcl elitic teieedict tt eti cled te Bell iequlity il be beyed, ee qutu ecicedic vilti f te iequlity Tee i t eeietl evidece tt te iequity vilted i te y edicted by qutu ecic Lc eitic teie teefe ee be utebe, d t et e f te eie udeyi te teie ut be i e.

av a common caus Until such a linkhas bn discovrd th min cannotrst satis Morovr, it cannot do sovn if mpirical ruls for prictin futur corrlations ar alray nown Acorrlation btwn th tis and thmotion of th moon was obsrv in antiquity an ruls wr formulatd forpricting futur tis on th basis o

past xprinc Th tis could not bsai to b unrstoo, howvr, untilNwton introuc his thory of univrsal gravitation

Th n to xpain obsrvd corrations is so strong that a commoncaus is somtims postulat vnwhn thr is no vinc for it byondth corration itslf Whthr or notthis procur can always b justi isa cntral issu in th conict btwnquantum mchanics an loca ralisticthoris Th corrlations in qustionar btwn obsrvations of subatomicparticls, whr a quantummchanica

scr iptio n, with its attnant pi stmological hazars, is inispnsabl Thprictions of local ralistic thories,howvr, can b ilustr t by consiring how corrlations btwn

istant

vnts ar xplain in a mor familiar contxt, whr quantum mchanicsne not b introuc

magin t at a psychologist has dvis a simp tst, which a subjctmust ithr pass or fail, so that thrcan b no ambiguity in th rsuts Thpsychologist ns that som popl

pass an som fail, but h dos notknow what istinguishs th two groupsothr than thir prformanc on th tstitslf In othr wors, h cannot tllwhthr th tst masurs som ral aptitue or attribut of th subjcts orwhthr th rsults ar haphazard

It sms thr is no gnral solution tothis problm, but in a spcial cas itmight b solve Supp s th tst is administr not to a sris of iniviuasbut to a sris of marri coupls andthat a strong corrlation is dtc intheir answrs Th procur might consist in sparating th husbans from th

wivs bfor th tst an thn giving thtest to ach of thm in isolation Whnt rsults ar analyz , it is foun againthat part of th popuation has passdan part has fai, but in th cas ofach coupl whr th husband passdso i th wife; similarly, whnvr th

usban fai so i th wifIf this corrlation prsists aftr many

coupls ar tste, th psychologist isamost sur to conclu that th rspons of ach subjct is not trmindrano my at t tim of tsting O n thcontrary, th test must rval som ral

proprty or attribut of th subjcts.Th property must alray b prsntin th subjcts bfor thy ar tst,an in bfor thy ar sparahanc may hav ha som inuencon th eveopment of t proprty,



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BELL INEQUALITY, formulated by John S. Bell of the EuropeanOrganization or Nuclear Research (CERN), can be proved in twostages. The iequality appli to experiments with partcles that havethree stable properties, and each of which can have the valuesplus and minus. Thus tere are 23 or 8, possible class of particles,corrponding to the eight region of the diagrams shown here. If aparticle has bee found to have the propertes + and -, then itmust be a member either of the class +-+ or of the class +--.Hence if (+- reresets the number of such particles, it mustbe equal to the sum (++) + ( +--). In a similar way it cabe show that (+-) is equal to (++-) + (+-), fromwhch it fllows that (+-) is greater than or at least equal to(+-). The same reasoning leads to the conclusion that (+)must be greater ta or equal to (+-+). These three relations

ca now be combned to yield a further nequality, wic asserts thatthe umber of + picl cannot exceed the sum of the +particles and the + particles. The same relaton holds i all signsare revers to give the iequality (-+) (+) + (+-.The last two inequalities can be added to yield a relation among allindividual particles for which two properti have opposite valu

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THEB_528i.A T SHDSOFTHE0

WTHOUT VOLINGTECPO A B.

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based on hese figures an estimated mpg range ofl2791mils ana highway range of 42 miles.

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rh merca c he BW raemark a g are regere raemark Baerce re Werke

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&yr nearst MW ea- 'r n e wi arranga trg test rive atyr convenenc.THEULDIMHINE.Bavarian Motor Woks, Munch, Germany. 1979 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


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band s and wive s would ave to propaate faster t an t e spee d of lig t, t eassumption is e uivalent to insteinseparability.

At rst t e conclusi ons drawn fromtis ypot etical experiment in psyc oloy seem to follow quite obviously fromte data. An episte moloist mig t none-tele ss maintain t at t e conclusions arencertain. In particular an epistemolo-

ist trai ned in t e foundation s of quan-tm mec anics mi t arue t at t ere isno loical nece ssity for acceptin t etree premises of t e psyc oloist's ar-ument; ence neit er would it be neces-sary to conclude t at a correla tion exist-ed between t e usbands and wives before t ey were test ed, or t at dierences existed between t e couples beforeany tests were iven. Te psyc olois t islikely to nd t ese objections la u able,an expression of misplaced do ubt or of avery unscienti c ad erence to paradoxIn t e literature of quantum mec anics,

owever, t ere are numerous arumentssimil ar or equivalent in form to t is one,all purpo rtin to s ow t at correlationsand dierences need not exist until t eyare measured.

A sing ular feat ure of quan tum mec anics is t at its predictions enerallyive only t e proba bility of an event, nota deterministic statement tat te eventwill appen or tat it will not . T e wavefnction employe d to des cribe t e motion of an elementary particle is oftennterpreted probabilistically: te proba-bilty of ndin te particle at any ivenpoint s proportional to t e square of

te wave functio n at t at point. As Imentioned above, a wave function canometime be spread out over a larereion, w ic implies t at te prob abil i-ty can also be broadly distributed. Ofcourse, en a measurement is actuallymade at some c osen point, t e particlemust eit er be detect ed or not be detect-ed; te wave function is t en said to col-lapse Suppose t e particle is detect ed.T e quest ion of epistemoloical interestis t en: Did t e particle ave t at denite position all alon, even before t emeasurement was made

T e conclus ions of t e psyc oloist ,if t ey could be transferred to tis context, w uld imply t at t e posit ion ofte particle wa s well dened from t estart, just as t e attribute d iscovered insome member s of t e populat ion wasdeduced to ave existed before any testswere iven. Accordin to t is arumentte position of t e particle was neverndeterminate but was merely unknownto t e experimenter.

ost autorit ies on t e quantum t e-ory would disaree. One excep- ion amon p ysicists was instein, w o

rougout is life remained dissatisedwit te prob abili stic nature of t e in

erpretations enerally iven to quan- m mec anics. He based is most inci-ive cr itici s of t ose int erpret ations on

an arguent t at was somew at si ilarto t e one I ave attrib uted to t e psy-c ologis t In 1935 inst ein publis ed apaper wit two young collea ues , BorisPodol sky and Na t an Rosen, in w ic

e stated is objections explicitly Hedid not maintain t at t e quan tum t eory is wron; on t e contrary, e assume dtat at least some of its pred ictions mustbe correct W at e pr oposed was t atte quantummec anical description ofnature is incomplete or approximateT e motion of a particle must be de-scrib d in terms of probabilities, e ar-ued, only because some of te parame-ters t at deter mine t e motion ave notyet been specied. I f t e values of t ese

ypot etical " idden parameters wereknown, a fully deterministic trajectorycould be dened.

A number of counteraruments toinsteins proposal ave been formulat-ed. For now I s all mention only one oft em, w ic is based on t e crit erion of

utilit y It is immaterial, te arumentstates, w et er or not idden parame-ters exist, or weter dierences between married couples exist in t e ab-sence of a test. ven if t ey do exist, t eys ould not be incorp orated i nto any t eory devised to explain t e observations,and so t ey can be said to ave no sci-entic existence . T e exclusion of t eidden parameters is justied by t econjunction of tree facts. irst, t ematematical formalism of t e t eoryis simpler if any idden parameters areinored. Second, t is simple formalismpredicts results tat are conrmed by

experiment. Tird, addin t e iddenparameters to t e t eory would ive ris eto no supple entary predictions t atcould be veried. T us t e assertion t at

idden para eters exist is beyond t ereac of experiment and is a propositionnot of p ysics b ut of metap ysics.

T is defense of t e conventional in-terpretation of quantum mec anics dis-misses any idden parameters as beinsuperuous and ultimately, per aps,meaninless. Recent t eoretical developments ave s own t at t eir actualstatus is quite d ierent. T e ypot esis

t at idden parameter s exist does in factlead to experimental predictions dier-in from t ose of quantum mec anics.Hiddenparameter teories, and localrealistic t eories n eneral, place a lim-it on t e extent to w ic cert ain dis tant events can be correlated quantummec anics, in contradistinction, predictst at under some circumstances t e limitwill be exceeded. Hence it s ould bepossible, at least in principle, to devisean experimental test tat will discrimi-nate between t e two t eories.

Suppose a p ysicist as devised a test

tat can be carried out on subatomicpar tic les suc as prot ons After manytrials e nds t at some protons pass t etest and ot ers fail, but e does not noww et er e is measurin some real pro

erty of t e protons or merely obser vinrandom uctuations in is apparatus.He t erefore tr ies applyi ng t e test notto individual protons but to pairs oft em T e pro ton s t at make up eac pair are initially in close proxiity,

aving been broug t toget er by somewellde ned procedure t at is t e samefor all t e pair s T e proto ns are t enallowed to separate, and w en t ey

ave moved some macroscopic distanceapart, t ey are tested, si multaneouslyfor some pairs and wit an interval between t e tests for t e remaining pair sTe p ysicist discovers a strict negativecorrelation w enever one proton in apair pass es t e test, t e ot er proton in-variably fails.

T e situation of t e p ysicist as obvious simi arities to t at of t e psyc oloist giving a test to married coupes,and t e same reasoning mig t be ap-plied to t e result s of t e p ysical experiment If real ism , t e free use of induc

tion and instein separability are all accepted as premises , t en t e p ysici st isj ustied in concludin t at is test doesmeasure some real property of protonsFor t e correlation to be expla ined t eproperty must exist before t e protonsin eac pair are separate d, and it must

ave some denite value from t en untilt e measurement is made. Furt ermore,if additional pairs of protons are pre-pared by t e same met od, te p ysicistknows t at in eac case one prot on will

ave t e property and one will not, eveif neit er proton is actually teste d.

Is t ere a ny real t est t at can be car

rie d out on suba tomic parti cles wit result s like t ese Tere is It is a measu rement of any one component, denedalon some arbitrar y axis, of t e spin oa partic le T e spin attri but ed to a subatomic particle is analoous only in somerespects to t e spin anular momentumof a macrosc opic b ody su c as t e eartFor t e purpose s of t is disc ussion,

owever, t ere is no need to introducete details of ow spin is treated inquantum mec anics. It will suce tonote t at t e spin of a particle is repr e-sente d by a vector, or arrow, t at can be

imain ed as bein attac ed to t e particle. A projection of t is vector onto anyaxis in t ree dimensional space is t ec ponent of t e spin alon t at axis. Awell est abli s ed but noneteess surprisin property of protons (and manyot er particle s) is t at no matter w ataxis is c osen for a measure ment of aspin component t e resu lt can take ononly one of two values, w ic I s alldes inate plus and minus (A measu rement of a component of t e eart 's spinwould give very dierent results; depend in on t e direct ion of t e compo-nent, it could ave any value from zero

up to t e total angular m omentum oft e eart )A strict negative correlation between

spin components is observed w en anytwo protons are broug t toget er in



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t quantu can cal conurat oncall t nlt tat . n otr wor, ftw rton n t nlt tat ar alow t arat and t a co onnt of n ubuntly auron bot art cl, t wil alway b lufor on roton an inu for t otr.Tr no known man of prd ctinw c art cl w l av t pu co onnt an w c t nu componnt ,

but t nat v corraion wl -tabli. t ak no irnc watcomponnt of t pin xpr mntrcoo to aur, povid t a comonnt aud for bo art cl. t alo ak no dinc ow fart proton travl bfor t aur mnt ad a on a tr ar norturb n nunc, uc a otr part c or ra d ation, aon tir at

n ti pl mas umnt t n con ct btwn t rd ct onof quantu mcan ic an to of

ocal ra l t c tor . A con ct canar , owvr, w n xpr mnt mad o wat or comp cat.

T vctor tat rpsn s t n

of a at cl dn by co ponntalon tr ax n ac, w c nnot ncssa ly b at r t anl to onanotr. F or a vctor aoc at w t a

acrocopic objct n vry day l f, onwou as um a a attr of cour,and wit ood raon, tat al trcomponnt av n t valu at altim; t vau of a co onnt tb unknown, but t cannot b ndn.

Wn thi assmpt on app l d to tpin vcor of a art cl, owvr, tbcom ily upct, an ndd nt convnt onal ntrrtat on of quantum mcan c t ss a an ntanc of a idd na ra tr tory.T rob tat no xprimnt canb dv s, vn n r nc l, tat woulprovid nfor ation about t ultanou vau of all tr co onnt. inl intumnt can aur ony onpin componnt, an n o n o t nrally altr t valu of t co onnt. Hnc n orr to larn t val

u f tr co onnt tr aur nt woud av to b a n u cc on. By t t art cl rfro t tir ntru nt t woul n

PA RS OF NEG ATVELYCORRELATE

PARI CLES

TEST RESULTS

EUCEPROPERT ES

NUBER OFTEST RESULTS

N UBER OF PARTICLE SWTH

EUCE PROPERTES

N(B) N(B) ;NC) NC N(BC N(BC)

FE

INEQUALITYENTRATE

EO USLY

BEL INEQUASCOND STAG OF TH OOF ette f te e f le aticles f cto oertes ae k t tt of s f atcle eac atle f ic tested fr oeety. Te i ae ete i u a y tat tee i ly a tct neative celtif ay ety ce etely tt i if oe ptle ir as the pety +te ote ut ave te pety -. ecue of tis cet if oe aicle i a p isfu to be + a te t fu to be it is ble t euce bot popetie f bttile. Te dubly tv tet eult ca aie oly if e rticle has te to eties a te ote a te etes -+ Hece te ube of suc doubly potve teteult c ca be ete n[ ++ ut be tal to te ttal ube of prtle it te popetes - a Sila tilties c be erived fr te uber of u bly otve eut bve e pi r f tle ae tete f peties a fo petes a ; tee e te quatities n[ +c+ a n++ Te ct otalty ees ly te ube f ubtte t ec et of tet a o tettl uber f r te ctt te e i ll tee ce. It fll tat te teet f te ube f uby tve tet eut t te ube f vual artcle tt

ca ve re to te eult ut alo be equl. A elt eay bee etatedetee te ube of vul ticle it te te ete it is te equlty pve i te illutt e 2 If tt equty to tee ut be a iil iequlty betee te ube of uby tve tet ut. T te ell iequltye f v y f t f a t t u b v.

66

lon r av t a p n componnt ta wn it ntr t rt ntrumnt.

Altou no nstr nt can asu or tan on p n componnt at at , a v c can b buit tat capabl of bin adjutd to m asu th pinco onnt aon any on of thr ab trar ly con ax. all ds inatt ax and and not t rlt of xpimnt a foow. f th

n componnt aon axis is foun tob lu, it i abd ; f th componnt aon axi is minus, it i ivn a, and o on. T physicist can nowpa a ar batc of potons in inlt tat. H nd tat f masusco onnt for bo poton in acair, om otons ar an oths a , but wnvr on mmbr of a pa

, t otr mmb i away . f c nta to masu componnt obrv t am naivorrla t on wnvr on proton is ,

t nlt artnr . Simiarly, a

roton nvar aby accompanid by a on. T rult ol no attow t ax and a or ntd.

t mportant to mphasiz that int xpr mn no proton ubmit to a as umnt of mor thanon n co ponnt. vrts, f tys c t accpt t tr pmi s oflocal ralit c tor , can draw conclu on fro t nd n abou t tvalu f all tr co onns , folow

n an aru nt uc ik tat of thyott cal ycolo t. onsiina fr batc f roton pa r n t sinlt tat n w c no p n asumnt

a yt bn mad (and rap onw c no uc maumnt w l vr b ad), can nfr tat n vy pairon roton a t poprty and totr a t proprty . Simiay, can concud tat n vry pai on proton a t poprty and on andon a t popy an on C

concusions rui a ubbu t portant xtnsion of th man n a nd to a noation suc a + ra pviousy wa my ono bl outcom of a masumnt

a on a particl, t convtd byt ar u nt nto an attribut of tart c tlf. To b xpic it, if somn aud proton a poprtytat a asumnt aon t axi would iv t dnit rsut , hntat pro on i sai to av th pop y+ n otr wod, t p ysic is asbn to t conc us ion hat both poton n ac pair av dni spin comonnt at a tim. T componnsmay b unknown, sinc t p ysiciscannot ay wic poon n a pai hast roprty an wic has poprty unti a masumn aon axis

a bn mad, but can au fomt rmis of local raistic thoistat t vau a uit dni vn int absnc of any masumn. Tisviw conay o h co vntiona in



10/24

AXIS OF EASUREDSI COOET

AXIS OF EASUREDSI COOET

- AALYZERAALYZER

DETECTOR

HOUGHT XN b su e c f f y pcs A s c s jc se s f te pts sc u ec ct c ve t psbe vues c c e desd us d us eeeet c ssues te vby f pefct isuetsud ve suce ee ps f ps e bu ee utuecc cu ced e se se e psud e be be u, d e s u y psedects "v cs eeve

be p f d b e ye, e t u b c f deped te vue f s s c e by e ye If te e s cs te se s st c b seved If e ye ee d, s cets lcl ec es ec c sved ud be ee t d by dess of t te ae bee Qeccs pedcs v

rprtaton o q ant n s b no conta b an at tat s

y b nt o T st nga oaon oprotons n t sng sa s x ony n a s n onn smas on bo ons W a apns n n a s mas nt ns? o bpcs n og x mnt Pas o ons g -g in g s a sa o o n t x mnts an a ao to aa xat t s n os E oon s t n t s n ponnt B o o om onns s s n stn n a an Sims o a o nt b as on bo po onsn a pa; t os ss a sa sin t o no nan manng as st t n b p o t on poon s ag ax an on ts aong axs B o ontst aong axs an n aong x Cor on aong axs an ang axs For a o b I s p n a o ton as C B a otstg s t s + on on an + o o an b an ++ a n o s obs can b sn b ntaton n[A+B+] an an a n ags q ant is ?

n 1964 J on S o opan Organ aon for car Rsarc

R) dscord a raon oan ag amp o ing poton parB so tat t ns o oca at t os m os a mt on x-t o coaton ta an b x n int spn oponnts as T mt s x ss n t o o an nq a t s noa B nq at n x

onons sb ao st s at t n o ++ pasanno x s o n o+C+ s n n o C

as n at an b x ss nsos s

/[+ ] [+C] [C]

an si nq a b os t ao sbos tan

os o t sgns s Ba s t on aong ts n o ons a n osn aba a s o atos nanga an s a s on s on

T nq a b po n t cot o o a s o s t g a s ag toa ag nt n ata a o o s s onnn o bgn an on onta to a t a soa x o npnnt masg o o on s o n o a n

g a S t mn as t a a

poton as t s At an T co C s n bn mas ono to a s o as on o s o s n +BC I s Ar-C a no o

I ns +B an q

NAB)=N(At -C+)N(A"-C-) n o N+ B sn n o t s Ar andB; t /[+B] g b o n n as t A o t o s s s n o s s b o bs

s o on C E st b a C o o s ATB C

o n +C o s N(AC) N(A-C)



11/24

You can wait years for nedevelopmets to er isandard texs. sedhundeds o ors extratig

the fom jours. oryou can ubsribe to

-Adjuvant chemotherapyf breas cancer uiizing Menances surial among pemenpausal women with xilaryymph node invovemen

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ottransfsion hatiiis usay caused "nnnonB virus

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or vntiaed rerationavehi are a new signifant caron onxid ioning hazard

Crra molis producingoth traint icheic aacksand eranent strok i a comicaion of miral vave prolpse

Specinomcin i efftivefor dissiaed gonococcaldisease cause by penicinasepoducin rgnisms

II I isthe clinician's nwer to the diffuene of te peiodicals andte prepublication obolescencof te texbook.

Becaue it auto updateCIEIFC EIC eveymont, it i alway currentBecaue te new informtiontat affect patient mangementappea in a ingle ouce, terecan be no lo troug difuio

Ti 2,000-page, innovativeunion o publiing and eletonic tecnology i te woko leading colapactitioneom Havad and Stanod eedito ae Edwad Rubetein,MD, and Daniel DFedeman, M

Eac mont a auto updatetei contibution, eviion a

enteed on te magnetic tapeon wic te tex and index aestoed. The tape dive higspeed phototypeetting equipet so that sucribes receivbout eih new hapters ew index evey four wees;

enine arainoside has beeicense fr treamen of epessimpex encephalitis



12/24

bulletin highlights the newdevelopmens.

New material replaces oldmaterial in the living text, sothat the iformaton is thereup-todate, at your fingertips.

A CME program of eight patient management problems offered over a 12-month period isavailable at no extra cost.Authorities fom first-line institutons create the problems underthe direction of Stanford's Officeof Postgraduate Medical Education and the Educational TestingService.

As an organization accredtedfor continuing medical education, the Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine designatesthis continuing medical education activity as meeting the cri

teria for 32 credit hours in Category 1 for Educational Materialsfor the Physician's RecognitionAward of the American MedicalAssociation provided it hasbeen completed according to instructions.

1

his program is approved bythe American Academy of Family Physicians for 32 ElectiveHours of CME credit.

Please send us the card andyou will receive over a period of60 days at no cost, te twovolume text and two monthlyupdates. You may also take aCME test for credit. At the endof 60 days, if yo decide to cotine the subscriptio, we willill you for $150 for the full 12months; otherwse jst returnthe volumes to us.

We rge you to subscribenow. We aticipate a price increase in January 1980 to $218for the first year and $165 for theannual renewal as of January

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So please mail the card todayand let us take the hassle ot ofkeeping up.

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13/24

Working with one of e mos

modernfleets -

i t orld

I u pr

u.a', neet -made up by Boeig0 :; and 727's, Douglas DC-Os,

8's ad DC9s, Fokker F27 ad, soo,e Airbusis oe of the most mode commerial fleets of our times

We are 44 egieers, techicias,pealists ad other professioas workigeter to keep our fleet i top shape ithjos at age from the simplest aily ispectio, through the differet eiodic oes,to wat we call the Maor Oveaul whichmplies the dismatlig ad otal eewal ofhe plae.

Ad, sice each of those specialistsos s ob iside out, we ae proud to sayat ot eve the smallest detail eer escaes us

Kepig oe of the most mode,te aitaied fleets i the world is yeaer way of shoig our passegers thate are

b tt w wt t b btt

IBERA 1979 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC


14/24

A urer ep can now be aken I nuber f pron N(A+ C-) i quao N(A+ B+ -) N(A+ B- C-) en iu be reaer an or a ea qua oN(A+ - C-). Te wo e wi e equaif e B componen of a e paricepin appen o inu o a eube A+ B+ C-) i py; oerwieN(A+C-) wi be arer n oer word

ar f e woe canno be reaeran e woe) Te ame reaonngcan be appied once agan o prove ae number o proon wi pin componen B- C+ mu be equa o e umN(A+-C+) + N(A-C+) and encea N(B-C+) u e greaer a orq ua o N(A+ +)

oner again he r equaion de-ried above

A + - )= A - ) A+ )

a ju been demonraed aN-C+) i reaer an or a ea equa

o N(A+ - C+) wic i e r eron e rig id f e quaion aao bee own a N(A+C) i raeran or equa NA+ B - C ) wic ie econd r on ri id f equaion i erefor permii ae e appropriae ubiuion ne quaion cangin e qua in on inifyin e an r qua oTe reu i e nequay

N(A+ B- ) N(A + C-) + N(BC+)

Aou i inequaiy i ereby

oray derid i canno b ed direcy by xperien caue no inruen can independeny eaur wopin coponen f inge roon xperien under conideraion ow-ver r carrid u no n indiiduaproon bu n correaed pair of eand er i no need a uc im-pob eauremen Suppoe onepron in pair i ubied eauremen f pin componen aonge A ax nd i fond o ae e vaueA + oer eaureen ar carriedou on i arice u i inge par-ner i ed fr coponen aong e

B xi nd reu i found o b + .T ar eaureen wic ig bead dian i afer proonv en ovin apar for ome ieconey ddiina informaion abou a f r proon To e ex-ici xienc f a ric negavecorreaion ipi a e r proonwic i rady nown by dirc ea-urmen a e pin componenA + u ao ave e componen - .

By i ean e obervaon o a par proon one of wic a e pincoponen A+ and e oer e compo-n B+ can poyd a inandicin xienc of a nge pro-n wi coponen A+ B- . Furrr can deonraed y aaiica arumen a n[A + B+] he

number o uc douby poiie pairmu be proporiona o N(A + B-) enuber of individua proon wi epin componen A + - . n e ameway n[A+C+] u be proporiona oNA+C-) and n[B+C+] mu be proporona o B-C+) Te conan o pro-poronay in a ree cae i eame For inge proon eac o wic

i ubeced o an imaginary doubemeauremen an inequay a areadyben proed owng a A + ) ca nbe no greaer an e um o wo ermA+-) + (+) I now pobeo repace

eac o ee unmeaurabe

quanie by e correponng num-ber o douby pove pron parhe reung expren

n[A+ + nA++ n+

h he Be nequaO coure he inequay prve b

h argumen ony i he ree preme

o oca reac eore are conderedvad Indeed i i ere a e premeave er mo mpran appicaionan uimaey eir mo queonabeone I e premie are graned a eafor e ake of argumen i oud becear a e Be inequaiy u beaied Moreoer e orenaion oe axe A, and C a nower eenpecied o a e inequaiy oudbe aid regarde of wa axe are co-en Te ony poibe vioaion of einequaiy woud ru fro a aii-ca ue were any parice wi epn componen A+ and B+ appenedo appear roug rando coincidencTe probabiy of uc a coincidenceapproace zero a e number of parice eed increae

Te Be inequa conue an ex-pc predcon of he oucme o anexpermen Te rue o quanum me-chanc can be empoyed o predc ereu o he ame expermen ano give e deai o ow e predicon i dered rom e maemaicaormam o e quanum heory; i canbe aed owever a e procedure cmpeey expici and i obecive in

e ene a anyone appyng e ruecrrecy wi e e ame reu Sur-prngy e predicon of quanummecanic dier from oe of e oca reac eore In paricuar quan-um mecanic predic a for omecoce of e axe A and C e Benequaiy i ioaed o a ere aremore A+ + par o proon an ereare A + C + and B+ + par combinedu oca reaic eore and quan-um mecanc are in direc conic

e conc rae wo queonr wa are e expermena fac oe uaon? I e Be nequaiy aed or i voaed? Waever e oucome o an expermena e ere mube a aw of ome kind eer in e rueo quanum mecanc or in oca reai-c heore Te econd queon ere

bhg Vdm '. To pruce wine gp of

"1 a tly premum nature," : 0 you must begin wth a: ; p r o p e r l y e s t a b l i s h e d

vineyard We recentlyadded acr to our Sonoma Valleyvinyard a projec that inoed manysteps oer evel months

We t clred and contour theand Nxt we " ripped or oend thesoil to a dpth of feet wi th a tctor anddeep-tthed ripr Wesmoothd the suace bydiscing and thn draginga hy wiht oer the so

sueyor laid ut a grd f fsquares and working within one square a

a ime we laid ut a row every feetwith vines spaced feet apart Vine ltions were marked with chalk and a stakedrien at each

Vin wre plated by han the rtscarly sprd and watered before covering The entire vine thn covered by amound f loose soil t prevent sun dama whie young Trellis wires were stng

throughout the vineyard tosupport future groth andnay we nstalled a dipirrigation system a majorproject invoing cotuction f a new reoir

new vineyard such ou a lot of wrk, ut you re serious abot nistent g ualty, twrth th e eo

you njo gmre from the ne ou ple te or r fremnthy newsletter

]

/,basINY



15/24


16/24

e w r n nterac rey andenter e ne a e en eave

e are arn e entu f tenc de n rtn u f tey are unds

ured ey re an n te nle tate.Pre n ar y easure ents of te samen comonent on ot protons ivete resuts

e nstrument for an expermentwt roton air again consist of lters

and detector In te one exper e nt at a een co pleted te lter was acaron fo, wc scattered eac protonnt ne of two detectors dependin on

e value of te measured component

DETECTOR

Regardless of what partcles are entuded te experment consst of treeere of double measurements reeaxe, and C, are selected; n general

e anes etween tem are set to tevaues were te maximum discrepancyetween quantum mecanics and localrealstc teories s expected O ne lter isten set to admit partcle wt te polarzaton or spn componen t + and te

oter s set to ass partcles wt tecomponent + After a lare enougsample of partcles as een recorded inti conguraton te lters are rotatedt measure te components along axes

A an C an furter ata are recrdedFnay te ter are reren ed aa n toaxe and C. e cncdence recrd-ed n eac conuraton are counted andcorrec on areade for te necencyf te aparatu It ten a matter ofmple addton to co pare te resultswt te ell nequalty

O f te even co pleted experimentsve endorse te pred ictons of quantu

ecancs, tat s, tey ndicate a vioaton of te Bell nequalty fo somecoces of te axes and Te otertwo ive correlations no reater tantose allowed by te Bell inequalty and

BEAM O ATOMS

DETECTOR

LENS POLARIZATION FILTER LNS POLARIZATION FILTER LN

L DETECTOR

LRZI NALYZER

RTON ACCELERATOR

quantum wierdness

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