quarterly market report - manpowergroup solutions...expectations regarding their personal income...

Quarterly Market ReportQ1 2020

2

The Purpose of this Quarterly Market Report is to give an European overview of key trends and metrics

around the European Workforce, from both the overall Employment numbers, and the Employment Outlook,

based upon research and analysis conducted within ManpowerGroup.

It should not be interpreted as legal advice. Please consult with legal counsel to ensure that you are in

compliance with all applicable laws.

3

This report is intended to provide an overview of general business information relative to global employment conditions and considerations. It should not be interpreted as legal advice. Please consult with legal counsel to ensure that you are in compliance with all applicable laws.

Global Workforce Trends

5

Global Workforce Shift in Response to Covid-19

Comparative Rate of Infection as of March 18th, 2020

✓ 83% Shift to Remote Workforce Models

- Immediate need for Network

Engineering and Systems

Administrators to support increased

server/system capacity requirements

✓ 58% Increase to Unemployment in Food

Service, Hospitality, and Retail Workers

- These workers could be redeployed to

Warehouse, Logistics, Stockroom, and

other Operations roles with minimal

upskilling

✓ Despite URGENT Need for Cyber

Security Skills, hiring of Cyber Security

Roles has dropped by 46% between

February 18th and March 18th

>200,000 Cases, >80,000 Recovered, >8,000 Deceased

6

Baseline Skills and Employment Remain intact, with Some Exceptions

✓ MANUFACTURING/PRODUCTION

- Large facilities making non-essential items

have had to shut down to contain the spread

of the virus, however many critical production

facilities are still required to operated and

need additional resources. Demand in this

area for all but small manufacturers is

expected to return post-pandemic

✓ LOGISTICS/WAREHOUSE

- Demand anticipated to increase due to

ongoing operations and need

✓ SERVICES/HOSPITALITY/TRAVEL

- Demand in this area is expected to return to

80% capacity as smaller employers may not

resume post-pandemic

✓ FINANCE/INSURANCE/IT/BUSINESS SERVICES

- Demand in this area is expected to remain steady

as over 95% of work transitioned to remote

7

Future State Contains a Number of Critical Workforce Assumptions

✓ PAID LEAVE

- Expectation is that higher % of employees will use paid leave during

pandemic, creating immediate need for contingent workers to

augment workforce and maintain business continuity

✓ TOTAL WORKFORCE

- Expectation is that Procurement and HR will coordinate more closely

during pandemic to maintain effective workforce strategies and future

workforce planning will encompass employees and contingent

workers

✓ REMOTE WORKFORCE

- Expectation is that higher % of workforce will remain remote post-

pandemic

✓ LOCATION and REAL ESTATE

- This time and remote deployment of staff allows for evaluation to

determine which facilities will no longer be required post-pandemic

8

Flexibility in labor law, but these

countries require dedicated programs

More innovative models not restricted

to contingent labor are necessary

Flexible legislation and abundant

workers enable MSP delivery in these

markets – usually leveraged on price

An established partner is required in

these markets to manage labor legislation and

achieve flexibility and efficiency

1 Relative rank calculated based on

active regulations related to contractual

terms, costs or labor and termination,

hiring and firing restrictions, and

enforced consequences

2 Relative rank determined by MSP

awareness, knowledge, and adoption

Source: TAPFIN Total Workforce Index

9

Global Parity Tracker:

Argentina

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

China

Croatia

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Honduras

Hungary

India

Ireland

Italy

Kazakhstan

Korea (South)

Latvia

Luxembourg

Malaysia

Netherlands

Nicaragua

Norway

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Taiwan

United Kingdom

Uruguay

Venezuela

Colombia

Croatia

India

Lithuania

Romania

Russia

Switzerland

Turkey

Vietnam

Canada

Hong Kong

Japan

Mexico

Australia

Bahrain

Belarus

Bolivia

Chile

Costa Rica

Dominican Rep.

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Israel

Macau

Monaco

Morocco

New Zealand

Panama

Paraguay

Philippines

Puerto Rico

Serbia

Singapore

Thailand

Tunisia

UAE

Ukraine

No Parity Required

Just Benefit Parity

Just Pay Parity

Full Pay & Benefit Parity

USA*

USA* Full benefit parity is not required but the Healthcare Reform Bill is moving the USA in this direction

Source: TAPFIN Total Workforce Index

10ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential

Europe Q1 2020 Overview

12

Total Workforce

451.9mFull Time Employees

351.4mContingent Workforce

65.3mUnemployed

35.2m

ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential

CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE

0.06%UW% Change to PQ

14.24%CW% of TWF

-4.72%CW% Change to PQ

6.81%UW% of TWF

Europe, Middle East, and Africa Q1 2020

13ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential

Europe, Middle East, and Africa Q2 2020

14

Strategic Update on EMEA

Eastern Europe

• Bulgaria has the lowest gross minimum wage in the

European Union, at the equivalent of 312 euro before

taxes are deducted. Nine eastern EU countries,

followed with minimum wages between 400 euro and

slightly more than 600 euro a month: Latvia (430 euro),

Romania (466 euro), Hungary (487 euro), Croatia (546

euro), Czech Republic (575 euro), Slovakia (580

euro), Estonia (584 euro), Lithuania (607 euro) and

Poland (611 euro).

• Russia increased its minimum rate of labor payment to

12,130 rubles ($195.50) starting January 1st, 2020. The

previous minimum wage amount was 11,280 rubles

($181.80). However as local governments can set their

own minimum wages, minimum wage levels in cities like

Moscow and St Petersburg are considerably higher than

other regions. The minimum wage in Moscow is 18,781

rubles ($303.00) and in St.Petersburg 17,000 rubles

($275.00).

Western Europe

• Greece retains the highest youth unemployment rate in

Europe despite decreases compared to previous years. In

December 2019, Greece recorded the highest youth

unemployment at 35.6% followed by Spain (30.0%) and

Italy (28.9%). The lowest rates were recorded in Germany

(5.8%) and the Netherlands (6.7%).

• Three western EU member states have minimum wages

between 700 euro and slightly more than 1,000 euro a

month: Portugal (741 euro), Greece (758 euro) and Spain

(1,050 euro).

• Six western member states have minimum wages above

1,500 euro a month: France (1,539 euro), Germany (1,584

euro), Belgium (1,594 euro), the Netherlands (1,636 euro),

Ireland (1,656 euro) and Luxembourg (2,142 euro).

• Germany’s jobless rate climbed above 5% pushed higher

largely by seasonal factors while also reflecting slower

growth in Europe’s biggest economy. January’s unadjusted

unemployment rate rose to 5.3% from 4.9% in December. In

seasonally adjusted terms, Germany’s unemployment rate

was static in January at 5.0%, where it has stood for

months. Germany’s economy has grown for 10 consecutive

years but last year’s 0.6% growth was the weakest since

2013.

Q1 2020 Legal Overview

Legal Q1 OverviewGermany: German Consumer Morale Weakest Since May 2009 (Source: Trading Economics)

The GfK consumer sentiment indicator for Germany plunged 5.6 points to 2.7 heading into April 2020, the lowest reading since May 2009 and well below market consensus of 7.1. There was a sharp deterioration in consumers'

expectations regarding their personal income (-13.4 points to 27.8, the lowest since March 2013) as well as the overall economic development (-20.4 points to -19.2, the lowest since August 2012) amid fears over a recession

due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The gauge measuring propensity to buy was also down sharply, falling 22.2 points to 31.4, the lowest since June 2013.

https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/consumer-confidence

EU: 612 700 first-time asylum seekers registered in 2019, up by 12% compared with 2018 (Source: Eurostat)

In 2019, 612 700 first-time asylum seekers applied for international protection in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU), up by 12% compared with 2018 (549 000), but around half of the number recorded in thepeak year 2015 when 1 216 900 first-time asylum applicants were registered. Syrian (74 400 first-time applicants) and Afghan (52 500) continued to be the main citizenship of people seeking international protection in the EU Member States in 2019, followed by Venezuelan (44 800), which moved up from fifth place in 2018 to third in 2019, together accounting for 28% of all first-time applicants. With 142 400 first-time applicants registered in 2019, Germany accounted for 23% of all first-time applicants in the EU Member States. It was closely followed by France (119 900, or 20%) and Spain (115 200, or 19%), ahead of Greece (74 900, or 12%) and Italy (35 000, or 6%).

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10554400/3-20032020-AP-EN.pdf/6ee052a9-ffb8-d170-e994-9d5107def1a8

EU: Production in construction up by 3.6% in euro area (Source: Eurostat)

In January 2020 compared with December 2019, seasonally adjusted production in the construction sector increased by 3.6% in the euro area (EA19) and by 3.9% in the EU27, according to first estimates from Eurostat,the statistical office of the European Union. In December 2019, production in construction fell by 1.8% in the euro area and by 1.7% in the EU27. In January 2020 compared with January 2019, production in construction increased by 6.0% in the euro area and by 6.2% in the EU27.

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10565736/4-19032020-AP-EN.pdf/8745f282-a4e1-8791-3f00-56db3f92dc86

EU: Euro area international trade in goods surplus €1.3 bn (Source: Eurostat)

The first estimate for euro area (EA19) exports of goods to the rest of the world in January 2020 was €184.0 billion, an increase of 0.2% compared with January 2019 (€183.7 bn). Imports from the rest of the world stood at€182.7 bn, a fall of 0.2% compared with January 2019 (€183.0 bn). As a result, the euro area recorded a €1.3 bn surplus in trade in goods with the rest of the world in January 2020, compared with +€0.6 bn in January 2019.Intra-euro area trade fell to €164.2 bn in January 2020, down by 1.6% compared with January 2019.

In January to December 2019, euro area exports of goods to the rest of the world rose to €2 345.8 bn (an increase of 2.8% compared with January-December 2018), and imports rose to €2 120.2 bn (an increase of 1.5% compared with January-December 2018). As a result the euro area recorded a surplus of €225.5 bn, compared with +€194.7 bn in January-December 2018. Intra-euro area trade rose to €1 967.1 bn in January-December 2019, up by 1.0% compared with January-December 2018

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10294552/6-18032020-BP-EN.pdf/cea9c3ed-6d85-81a5-55b8-698c88f2c129

ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential

https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/consumer-confidence

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10554400/3-20032020-AP-EN.pdf/6ee052a9-ffb8-d170-e994-9d5107def1a8

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10565736/4-19032020-AP-EN.pdf/8745f282-a4e1-8791-3f00-56db3f92dc86

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10294552/6-18032020-BP-EN.pdf/cea9c3ed-6d85-81a5-55b8-698c88f2c129

Legal Q1 OverviewIreland: COVID-19 Emergency legislation proposes changes to redundancy law (Source: DLA Piper)

The Emergency Measures in the Public Interest (Covid-19) Bill 2020 (the “Bill”) is before the Irish parliament today for debate and is expected to be enacted shortly. In addition to introducing the new wage subsidy scheme

(outlined in yesterday’s update), it will introduce amendments to redundancy payments legislation in relation to lay off and short time.

Under Irish law, employers may place employees on short time or lay off where there is a temporary cessation or reduction in the work normally carried out by those employees. An employee can issue notice to their

employer of their intention to claim a redundancy payment if they have been placed on short time or lay off for four consecutive weeks or six weeks in any thirteen week period. An employer can only issue a counter notice

and refuse redundancy payment if it reasonably expects that within four weeks of the date the employee’s notice, the employee will be able to return to their normal working pattern for an uninterrupted period of at least 13

weeks.

Due to the uncertainty related to the current pandemic and its impact on businesses, it may prove difficult for many employers to determine when in the future its employees will return to work. In recognition of this difficulty,

the Bill provides that employees on lay off or short time will not be able to claim a redundancy payment in circumstances where the lay off or short time is due to the effects of measures taken by the employer to comply with

Government policy to limit the spread of Covid-19. This is welcome news for employers adversely affected by COVID-19. This measure will be in place for the “emergency period” which is currently set for the period from 13

March 2020 to 31 May 2020. The emergency period may be extended.

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ireland-covid-19-emergency-legislation-proposes-changes-to-redundancy-law

UK: Government suspends gender pay gap reporting requirement for this reporting year (Source: DLA Piper)

The Government Equalities Office (GEO) and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) announced yesterday, 24th March, that they have taken the decision to suspend enforcement of the gender pay gap deadlines

for this reporting year (2019/20).

The decision means that employers will not be required to report their 2019 data by the 30 March public sector deadline and 4 April private sector deadline.

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-government-suspends-gender-pay-gap-reporting-requirement-for-this-reporting-year

Poland: Key components of the anti-crisis package relevant to employers (Source: DLA Piper)

Last week the Polish Government announced details of the anti-crisis package. Among other things, a bill amending some Polish legal acts, including the Act on Special Arrangements for the Protection of Jobs, was presented.

This is still a draft law, but may come into force next week. These are the main components of the bill relevant to employers.

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/poland-key-components-of-the-anti-crisis-package-relevant-to-employers


https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ireland-covid-19-emergency-legislation-proposes-changes-to-redundancy-law

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-government-suspends-gender-pay-gap-reporting-requirement-for-this-reporting-year

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/poland-key-components-of-the-anti-crisis-package-relevant-to-employers

Legal Q1 OverviewUK: Coronavirus (COVID-19): Government measures to protect jobs and incomes (Source: DLA Piper)

On 20 March 2020, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced details of a package of measure to protect jobs and incomes against the negative economic impacts of the Coronavirus pandemic.

The Government is implementing a “Coronavirus job-retention scheme” under which the Government will help to pay staff wages. According to the Chancellor’s announcement –

Any employer will be eligible to access the scheme, Employers should contact HMRC to apply for a grant, Grants will be paid to cover the wages of individuals placed on furlough but not “laid off” (by which we assume the

Chancellor means not made redundant) and kept on the payroll as a result of the Coronavirus crisis, The Government funding will cover 80% of an employee’s salary up to a maximum of £ 2,500 per person per month, The

scheme will be backdated to cover wages from 1 March 2020, The scheme will remain open for an initial 3 months at which point it will be reviewed. HMRC expect to be able to pay out the first grants within a matter of weeks.

The Chancellor has urged business to look at the support available under this scheme before making any decisions to make staff redundant.

At this stage, full details of the scheme are not available including in relation to the crucial aspect of which businesses and which employees will be covered by the scheme. We will provide further detail as soon as it is

available.

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-coronavirus-covid-19-government-measures-to-protect-jobs-and-incomes

Ukraine: New whistleblowing law (Source: DLA Piper)

On 1 January 2020 a new whistleblowing law came into effect. The law introduces to the Ukrainian legal landscape the concept of whistleblowing as well as defining the legal status (rights and guaranteed protections) of

individuals who blow the whistle in relation to corruption. It also specifies the conditions which must be satisfied for the disclosure of corruption.

The law is relevant for a special category of business entities in Ukraine - namely legal entities which take part in public procurement projects valued at more than UAH 20 m (approx. USD 800 000). Under the law such entities

are obliged to create secure anonymous communication channels (online communication channels, anonymous hotlines, e-mails, etc.), as notifications under the law of possible cases of corruption may be made by an

employee anonymously.

The law requires that upon receipt of a notification, a preliminary check in respect of the notification must be carried out. Such a check should be carried out by a specially authorized department or responsible individual

within the company. Based on the results of the preliminary check, the responsible individual must either initiate an internal investigation, notify law enforcement agencies, or close the case if it is groundless.

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ukraine-new-whistleblowing-law

Spain: Royal Decree increases national minimum wage (Source: DLA Piper)

For 2020, the national minimum wage in Spain has been fixed at EUR 1,108.30 per month, that is EUR 13,300 per year, on the basis of 12 payments per year. This means that the national minimum wage has been raised EUR

58.30 per month from the previous year (5.55%).

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/spain-royal-decree-increases-national-minimum-wage


https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-coronavirus-covid-19-government-measures-to-protect-jobs-and-incomes

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ukraine-new-whistleblowing-law

https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/spain-royal-decree-increases-national-minimum-wage

Regional Q1, 2020 Breakdowns

20

Total Workforce



2.2mUnemployed

587.3k

ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential


-0.29%UW% Change to PQ

14.83%CW% of TWF


3.98%UW% of TWF

Benelux Q1 2020

21

Belgium Employment Outlook, Q2 2020

ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential

22ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential



11.80%CW% of TWF


4.96%UW% of TWF

Eastern Europe Q1 2020

Total Workforce



18.9mUnemployed

7.9m

23

Slovenia Employment Outlook, Q2 2020





10.60%CW% of TWF


8.60%UW% of TWF

France Q1 2020

Total Workforce



3.1mUnemployed

2.6m

25

France Employment Outlook, Q2 2020





10.02%CW% of TWF


3.62%UW% of TWF

Germany Q1 2020

Total Workforce



5.4mUnemployed

1.9m

27

Germany Employment Outlook, Q2 2020





21.99%CW% of TWF


15.63%UW% of TWF

Middle East Q1 2020

Total Workforce



18.6mUnemployed

13.2m

29

Turkey Employment Outlook, Q2 2020





8.79%CW% of TWF


5.11%UW% of TWF

Nordics Q1 2020

Total Workforce



1.3mUnemployed

727.0k

31

Sweden Employment Outlook, Q1 2020





18.05%CW% of TWF


11.63%UW% of TWF

Southern Europe Q1 2020

Total Workforce



10.6mUnemployed

6.9m

33

Italy Employment Outlook, Q2 2020





14.40%CW% of TWF


3.87%UW% of TWF

UK and Ireland Q1 2020

Total Workforce



5.3mUnemployed

1.4m

Appendix

Detailed Country Analysis

Europe, Middle East, and Africa

37

Austria Agriculture 3% Services 71% Industry 25%

8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector

Total Workforce 4,595,000

Permanent Employees 3,700,197

Non Standard Workforce 495,038

Unemployed Workers 399,765

41%

51%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

9%

54%

37%

13%

51%

36%

Low Basic Interm. Advanced

% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force

8.5%

3.4%

2.8%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced

Unemployment Rate (25 years+)

Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)

Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)

Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)

48%

68%

77%

30%

60%

77%


Male Participation Female Participation

Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)

10.4%

1,387,000 Core

Working Age

11.7%

<20 years Core Working Age >65 years

Migration

Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration

Top 5 Countries of Origin

Migrant Stock 1.8 million

Germany 15%

Serbia 13%

Turkey 12%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 10%

Romania 5%

Top 5 Countries of Destination

Emigrants 576 thousand

Germany 41%

Switzerland 11%

United States 10%

United Kingdom 5%

Turkey 3%

Migrant Stock by Working Age

Emigration

Skill Level of Workforce

6.1%

6.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)

International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/

The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/

Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/

*Not in Employment, Education or Training.

Key to Educational Attainment

Low: Less than Primary Education

Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education

Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education

Advanced: Tertiary Education

38

Bahrain Agriculture 1% Services 64% Industry 35%


Total Workforce 977,302

Permanent Employees 940,742



25%

51%

24%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

34%

55%

11% 12%





7.5%

676,000 Core

Working Age

1.3%


Migration



Migrant Stock 741 thousand

India 43%

Egypt 11%

Bangladesh 11%

Pakistan 11%

Philippines 7%



Bangladesh 51%

State of Palestine 14%

United Kingdom 12%

Canada 4%

Australia 3%


Emigration


9.5%

31.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

2012 data – Gender breakdown not available

0.1%

0.7%

1.1%

1.8%

Primary

LowerSecond.

Secondary

Bachelor'sDegree


48%

96%

68%

42%

26%

55%

24%

7%

15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+


Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender

Key Sources:






Distribution of Labor Force by Educational Level (25 years+)






39

Belarus Agriculture 11% Services 59% Industry 30%






40%

52%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

2%

53%

45%

1%

34%

65%



9.9%

7.5%

3.4%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced


Distribution of Labor Force by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)



44%

95%

66%

3%

42%

95%

39%

1%15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+



4.8%

776,000 Core

Working Age

22.6%


Migration




Russia 63%

Ukraine 21%

Kazakhstan 6%

Lithuania 2%

Uzbekistan 1%


Emigrants 1.5 million

Russia 52%

Ukraine 17%

Poland 5%

Kazakhstan 5%

United States 4%


Emigration


11.2%

13.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











40

Belgium Agriculture 1% Services 78% Industry 21%






47%

43%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

15%

42% 42%

1% 11%

34%

54%



9.4%

4.8%

2.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





29%35%

66%

76%

12%

21%

53%

75%




11.4%

1,491,000 Core

Working Age

13.3%


Migration



Migrant Stock 2 million

Morocco 11%

France 10%

Netherlands 7%

Italy 6%

Turkey 5%



France 28%

Netherlands 10%

Spain 8%

Italy 8%

United States 7%


Emigration


9.9%

8.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











41

Bulgaria Agriculture 6% Services 64% Industry 30%






33%

56%

11%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

12%

62%

25%

9%

50%

41%



10.5%

2.7%

1.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





34% 36%

69%

77%

17% 19%

53%

73%




32.9%

89,000 Core

Working Age

14.3%


Migration




Russia 19%

Syrian Arab Republic 8%

Turkey 7%

Ukraine 6%

United Kingdom 6%



Turkey 42%

Germany 17%

Spain 8%

United States 5%

Greece 5%


Emigration


14.5%

18.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











42

Croatia Agriculture 6% Services 67% Industry 27%






37%

56%

7%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

9%

65%

26%

9%

53%

38%



9.0%

4.8%

4.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





25%

65%70%

13%

54%

74%




3.4%

359,000 Core

Working Age

27.3%


Migration





Serbia 9%

Germany 6%

Slovenia 3%

North Macedonia 2%



Germany 32%

Serbia 29%

Australia 6%

United States 5%

Austria 5%


Emigration


12.8%

13.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











43

Czech Republic Agriculture 3% Services 60% Industry 37%






39%

55%

6%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

3%

72%

24%

4%

67%

28%



10.0%

1.7%

0.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





28%

71%

82%

17%

56%

72%




7.3%

448,000 Core

Working Age

5.4%


Migration




Ukraine 22%

Slovakia 19%

Vietnam 9%

Zambia 8%

Russia 7%



Germany 55%

Slovakia 10%

United States 9%

Austria 7%

United Kingdom 4%


Emigration


3.8%

8.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











44

Denmark Agriculture 2% Services 80% Industry 18%






46%

44%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

17%

46%

37%

11%

39%

49%



5.2%

2.9%

4.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





52%

69%

79%

35%

62%74%




11.7%

578,000 Core

Working Age

8.4%


Migration




Poland 6%

Germany 5%


Turkey 5%

Romania 4%



Sweden 15%

United States 13%

United Kingdom 12%

Norway 11%

Germany 9%


Emigration


6.8%

7.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











45

Estonia Agriculture 3% Services 68% Industry 29%






45%

47%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

12%

54%

34%

6%

40%

55%



5.2%

3.6%

2.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





51%

82%88%

36%

68%78%




3.6%

104,000 Core

Working Age

41.5%


Migration




Russia 64%

Ukraine 12%

Belarus 6%

Latvia 3%

Finland 2%



Finland 29%

Russia 28%

United States 6%

Germany 5%

Ukraine 5%


Emigration


11.4%

9.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











46

Finland Agriculture 4% Services 74% Industry 22%






46%

48%

6%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

11%

48%

41%

5%

37%

58%



9.5%

5.5%

4.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





35%

72% 74%

20%

60%

73%




13.7%

310,000 Core

Working Age

5.3%


Migration




Estonia 16%

Sweden 11%

Iraq 5%

Russia 5%

Somalia 4%



Sweden 50%

United States 8%

United Kingdom 6%

Germany 5%

Spain 4%


Emigration


9.5%

7.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











47

France Agriculture 2% Services 78% Industry 20%




Non Standard Workforce 3,139,678

Unemployed Workers 2,546,709

45%

45%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

15%

45%

39%

1%

13%

40%

47%



12.4%

7.6%

4.8%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





36% 37%

64%

78%

22% 24%

57%

75%




9.3%

5,736,000 Core

Working Age

21.9%


Migration




Algeria 19%

Morocco 12%

Portugal 8%

Tunisia 5%

Italy 4%



Spain 9%

Belgium 8%

United States 8%

Switzerland 7%

United Kingdom 7%


Emigration


10.7%

9.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











48

Germany Agriculture 1% Services 72% Industry 27%






45%

47%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

10%

56%

34%

10%

61%

29%



7.2%

2.3%

1.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





52%

68%73%

30%

60%

74%




7.3%

10,440,000 Core

Working Age

13.2%


Migration




Poland 14%

Turkey 12%

Russia 8%

Kazakhstan 7%



Emigrants 4 million

United States 14%

Turkey 9%

Switzerland 9%

United Kingdom 9%

Austria 7%


Emigration


4.0%

6.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











49

Greece Agriculture 12% Services 73% Industry 15%






32%

61%

7%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

24%

42%

33%

18%

38%

43%



18.7%

17.2%

11.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





12%

42%

69%77%

4%

22%

51%

76%




5.9%

1,001,000 Core

Working Age

11.5%


Migration




Albania 35%

Germany 9%

Georgia 7%

Bulgaria 6%

Russia 4%


Emigrants 1 million

Germany 31%

United States 16%

Australia 11%

Turkey 8%

Canada 6%


Emigration


13.6%

13.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











50

Hungary Agriculture 5% Services 63% Industry 33%






37%

53%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

12%

66%

22%

12%

56%

31%



7.9%

2.5%

1.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





38%

72%77%

21%

55%

70%




13.2%

361,000 Core

Working Age

16.4%


Migration




Romania 40%

Ukraine 11%

Serbia 8%

Germany 6%

Slovakia 4%



Germany 29%

United States 13%

Austria 8%

United Kingdom 7%

Canada 6%


Emigration


8.8%

14.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











51

Ireland Agriculture 4% Services 77% Industry 19%






40%

51%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

17%

37%

46%

8%

33%

59%



11.3%

7.0%

5.6%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





40%

76%

85%

19%

59%

78%




18.1%

611,000 Core

Working Age

8.6%


Migration




United Kingdom 35%

Poland 17%

Lithuania 5%

United States 4%

Latvia 3%



United Kingdom 54%

United States 15%

Australia 11%

Canada 4%

South Africa 3%


Emigration


10.4%

9.8%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











52

Israel Agriculture 1% Services 82% Industry 17%






52%

42%

6%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

10%

53%

35%

1% 5%

47% 47%



6.2%

6.7%

4.5%

2.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





27%

42%

76%

84%

14%19%

65%

81%




5.4%

1,132,000 Core

Working Age

36.7%


Migration




Morocco 8%

Ukraine 7%

Russia 6%

Romania 5%

Ethiopia 4%



United States 39%

State of Palestine 17%

Canada 8%

United Kingdom 6%

Germany 4%


Emigration


15.0%

15.4%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











53

Italy Agriculture 4% Services 70% Industry 26%






36%

53%

11%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

35%

45%

19%

<1%

23%

45%

31%



11.3%

7.0%

5.6%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





19%

47%

71%76%

4%

23%

55%

73%




8.6%

5,372,000 Core

Working Age

5.8%


Migration




Romania 17%

Albania 8%

Morocco 7%

Ukraine 4%

China 4%



Germany 19%

France 11%

United States 11%

Switzerland 9%

Canada 8%


Emigration


18.7%

19.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











54

Kazakhstan Agriculture 15% Services 64% Industry 20%

33% of Total Employment is Informal.





34%

47%

19%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

21%

44%

35%

17%

40%43%



7.9%

5.0%

3.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





11.7%

2,683,000 Core

Working Age

15.9%


Migration




Russia 66%

Ukraine 10%

Uzbekistan 8%

Belarus 2%

PRK 2%


Emigrants 4 million

Russia 64%

Germany 23%

Ukraine 6%

Belarus 2%

United States 1%


Emigration


8.9%

13.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

41%

95%

74%

6%

34%

89%

46%

3%15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+



Key Sources:











55

Latvia Agriculture 7% Services 70% Industry 24%






41%

46%

13%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

10%

62%

28%

4%

47% 49%



13.5%

5.9%

3.8%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





45%

78%

87%

28%

63%

84%




3.7%

117,000 Core

Working Age

47.1%


Migration




Russia 51%

Belarus 18%

Ukraine 13%

Lithuania 6%

Kazakhstan 2%



Russia 27%

United Kingdom 14%

Germany 10%

United States 8%

Ireland 7%


Emigration


8.8%

8.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











56

Lithuania Agriculture 7% Services 67% Industry 26%






43%

48%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

4%

57%

38%

2%

43%

55%



17.5%

7.1%

3.3%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





26%

70%

86%

10%

54%

81%




10.2%

64,000 Core

Working Age

35.0%


Migration




Russia 41%

Belarus 24%

Ukraine 10%

Latvia 4%

United Kingdom 4%



United Kingdom 26%

Russia 12%

Poland 9%

Germany 8%

United States 7%


Emigration


9.1%

8.4%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











57

Luxembourg Agriculture 1% Services 87% Industry 12%






64%

30%

6%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

18%

34%

48%

16%

32%

52%



7.1%

4.7%

3.6%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





56%

45%

62%

81%

31%

57%

78%




10.2%

229,000 Core

Working Age

11.3%


Migration




Portugal 29%

France 15%

Belgium 8%

Italy 7%

Germany 7%



Germany 26%

France 23%

Belgium 19%

Italy 6%

Portugal 5%


Emigration


4.9%

6.5%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











58

Morocco Agriculture 34% Services 44% Industry 22%






8%

76%

16%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

30%

48%

23%

63%

17%20%






74%

89% 86%

27%19%

48%




21.6%

69,000 Core

Working Age

8.8%


Migration




France 38%

Algeria 14%

Spain 4%

Tunisia 3%




France 33%

Spain 23%

Italy 14%

Belgium 7%

Netherlands 6%


Emigration


13.2%

31.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

*Latest available data – 2012 Advanced Education figures not available

5.6%

11.1%

13.4%

15.5%

Primary

LowerSecondary

Secondary

PostSecondary


*Latest available data - 2012

Key Sources:











59

Netherlands Agriculture 2% Services 82% Industry 16%






48%

43%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

18%

42% 40%

1%

14%

40%

45%



3.7%

2.6%

2.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





39%

55%

72%

81%

19%

35%

66%

80%




8.2%

1,787,000 Core

Working Age

13.5%


Migration




Turkey 9%

Suriname 8%

Morocco 8%

Poland 6%

Indonesia 6%



Germany 14%

Belgium 14%

United States 10%

Canada 10%

Australia 8%


Emigration


2.5%

3.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











60

Norway Agriculture 2% Services 79% Industry 19%






51%

45%

4%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

14%

43% 43%

11%

35%

54%



5.0%

3.0%

2.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





46%

54%

75%

84%

36%

44%

65%

82%




12.5%

706,000 Core

Working Age

6.1%


Migration




Poland 12%

Sweden 6%

Lithuania 5%

Somalia 4%

Germany 3%



Sweden 21%

United States 15%

United Kingdom 11%

Denmark 11%

Spain 8%


Emigration


4.9%

4.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











61

Poland Agriculture 9% Services 59% Industry 32%






39%

54%

7%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

5%

66%

29%

4%

50%47%



6.5%

2.7%

1.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





26%

69%

84%

11%

47%

78%




14.2%

204,000 Core

Working Age

54.7%


Migration




Ukraine 33%

Germany 12%

Belarus 12%

Lithuania 8%

Russia 6%



Germany 40%

United Kingdom 21%

United States 10%

Ireland 3%

Netherlands 3%


Emigration


7.0%

10.1%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











62

Portugal Agriculture 6% Services 70% Industry 25%






36%

53%

11%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

2%

53%

25%21%

2%

38%

26%

34%



5.7%

5.1%

4.8%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





24%

57%

77%84%

8%

43%

73%83%




7.2%

739,000 Core

Working Age

9.5%


Migration




Angola 18%

Brazil 15%

France 10%

Mozambique 8%

Cabo Verde 7%



France 26%

Canada 24%

Switzerland 9%

Brazil 7%

United States 7%


Emigration


7.1%

8.5%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











63

Romania Agriculture 21% Services 49% Industry 30%






25%

65%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

18%

63%

18%

18%

57%

25%



4.9%

2.7%

1.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





34%

44%

72%

84%

10%

22%

55%

81%




46.1%

203,000 Core

Working Age

9.9%


Migration




Republic of Moldova 38%

Italy 13%

Spain 10%

Ukraine 4%

United Kingdom 4%



Italy 30%

Spain 17%

Germany 15%

Hungary 6%

United Kingdom 5%


Emigration


11.6%

18.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











64

Russia Agriculture 6% Services 68% Industry 27%






44%

46%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

4%

46%50%

3%

44%

53%



11.6%

3.6%

4.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





31%

79%74%

14%

62%61%




6.8%

9,116,000 Core

Working Age

14.8%


Migration




Ukraine 28%

Kazakhstan 22%

Uzbekistan 10%

Azerbaijan 7%

Belarus 7%



Ukraine 32%

Kazakhstan 23%

Germany 10%

Uzbekistan 8%

Belarus 6%


Emigration


14.6%

17.4%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











65

Serbia Agriculture 15% Services 58% Industry 27%






29%

62%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

17%

60%

23%

17%

49%

33%



7.8%

10.4%

8.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





18%

44%

69%72%

7%

25%

53%

73%




3.3%

529,000 Core

Working Age

32.2%


Migration





Croatia 35%

Montenegro 9%

North Macedonia 6%

Germany 2%



Austria 24%

Germany 18%

France 10%

Switzerland 7%

Croatia 5%


Emigration


17.6%

18.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











66

Slovakia Agriculture 2% Services 62% Industry 36%






34%

58%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce




31%

73%78%

16%

58%70%




14.4%

111,000 Core

Working Age

26.4%


Migration




Czechia 47%

Hungary 9%

Ukraine 6%

Romania 5%

United Kingdom 4%



Czechia 29%

Germany 15%

United Kingdom 14%

Austria 9%

Switzerland 6%


Emigration


28.5%

4.1%

2.4%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced


9.0%

13.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

4%

72%

23%

4%

64%

32%



Key Sources:











67

Slovenia Agriculture 5% Services 62% Industry 33%






44%

47%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

9%

61%

30%

8%

47% 46%



9.8%

4.3%

3.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





38%

66%

79%

19%

55%

80%




6.6%

187,000 Core

Working Age

19.6%


Migration





Croatia 18%

Serbia 10%

North Macedonia 7%

Germany 3%



Germany 25%

Austria 14%

Croatia 12%

Canada 8%

Serbia 8%


Emigration


6.2%

7.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











68

South Africa Agriculture 5% Services 72% Industry 23%






25%

50%

25%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

9%

40%

33%

18%

8%

37%

31%

23%



22.9%

32.0%

25.0%

12.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





44%

54%

76%

86%

24%

41%

61%

79%




17.7%

3,194,000 Core

Working Age

6.7%


Migration




Mozambique 17%

Zimbabwe 9%

Lesotho 8%

Namibia 4%

United Kingdom 3%



United Kingdom 28%

Australia 24%

United States 13%

New Zealand 7%

Mozambique 2%


Emigration


30.1%

35.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











69

Spain Agriculture 4% Services 76% Industry 20%






34%

53%

13%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

1%

37%

23%

39%

1%

26%24%

49%



18.3%

12.3%

8.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





19%

58%

70%

81%

8%

39%

61%

80%




9.6%

4,953,000 Core

Working Age

9.3%


Migration




Morocco 12%

Romania 10%

Ecuador 7%

Colombia 6%

United Kingdom 5%



France 21%

Germany 11%

United States 8%

Argentina 7%

United Kingdom 7%


Emigration


12.1%

12.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











70

Sweden Agriculture 2% Services 80% Industry 18%






50%45%

5%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

13%

49%

38%

9%

37%

54%



14.4%

3.9%

3.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





54%

80%85%

44%

74% 82%




12.8%

1,458,000 Core

Working Age

14.5%


Migration





Finland 7%

Iraq 7%

Poland 5%

Iran 4%



United States 16%

Norway 15%

Finland 12%

United Kingdom 11%

Denmark 7%


Emigration


6.6%

6.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











71

Switzerland Agriculture 3% Services 77% Industry 20%






52%

44%

4%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

9%

41%

50%

10%

47%42%



7.5%

3.7%

3.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





56%63%

72%

82%

41% 43%

62%

80%




8.1%

2,019,000 Core

Working Age

13.4%


Migration




Germany 14%

Italy 11%

Portugal 9%

France 7%

Turkey 3%



Italy 29%

France 15%

Germany 11%

Spain 9%

United States 7%


Emigration


9.0%

4.3%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











72

Tunisia Agriculture 13% Services 55% Industry 32%






22%

56%

22%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

10%

40%

35%

16%

12%

25%

33%30%



5.5%

8.8%

16.3%

26.8%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





42%

79%

68%73%

9%

21%

29%

62%




19.0%

42,000 Core

Working Age

8.0%


Migration




Algeria 18%

Libya 16%

France 15%

Morocco 10%

Italy 4%



France 53%

United States 16%

Italy 13%

Germany 5%

Israel 3%


Emigration


20.1%

30.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

2015 data

Key Sources:











73

Turkey Agriculture 18% Services 56% Industry 26%






21%

64%

15%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

4%

52%

22% 22%

14%

42%

14%

30%



11.4%

11.5%

11.3%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





71%77%

86%

28%

38%

71%




22.3%

4,199,000 Core

Working Age

6.2%


Migration





Bulgaria 11%

Germany 6%

Iraq 4%

North Macedonia 3%



Germany 44%

United States 12%

France 9%

Austria 6%

Netherlands 6%


Emigration


17.1%

33.1%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











74

Ukraine Agriculture 14% Services 61% Industry 25%






38%

44%

18%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

21%

32%

47%

19% 19%

62%



9.2%

9.3%

7.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





49%

75%80%

36%

61% 68%




6.3%

3,635,000 Core

Working Age

20.5%


Migration




Russia 67%

Belarus 5%

Kazakhstan 5%

Uzbekistan 4%

Republic of Moldova 3%



Russia 55%

United States 7%

Kazakhstan 6%

Italy 4%

Germany 4%


Emigration


14.6%

21.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











75

United Arab Emirates Agriculture 1% Services 64% Industry 34%






37%

53%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

13%

35%

16%

36%

15%

24%

13%

47%



0.4%

1.1%

1.9%

2.6%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





95% 98% 98% 98%

65%60% 56%

53%




17.3%

7,039,000 Core

Working Age

0.8%


Migration




India 40%

Bangladesh 13%

Pakistan 11%

Egypt 10%

Philippines 6%



Kuwait 17%

Oman 12%

Canada 9%

United States 9%

United Kingdom 8%


Emigration


5.8%

20.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











76

United Kingdom Agriculture 1% Services 81% Industry 18%






48%

43%

9%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

<1%

17%

40%43%

<1%

15%

35%

50%



4.6%

2.6%

2.0%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





68% 69%

79%87%

34%

52%

69%81%




9.6%

7,583,000 Core

Working Age

11.0%


Migration




India 10%

Poland 10%

Pakistan 6%

Ireland 5%

Germany 4%



Australia 30%

United States 17%

Spain 7%

Ireland 7%

New Zealand 6%


Emigration


10.7%

11.5%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











Detailed Country Analysis: Asia

Pacific

78

Australia Agriculture 3% Services 78% Industry 19%






46%

46%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

20%

42%38%

20%

30%

50%



14.2%

9.2%

5.6%

3.0%

Primary

LowerSecond.

Secondary

Bachelor'sDegree





16%

63%

82%88%

10%

44%

67%78%




10.6%

5,282,000 Core

Working Age

19.4%


Migration




United Kingdom 17%

China 8%

New Zealand 8%

India 8%

Philippines 4%



United Kingdom 25%

United States 17%

New Zealand 12%

Canada 4%

Italy 4%


Emigration


8.8%

8.4%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











79

China Agriculture 25% Services 47% Industry 28%


Total Workforce* 875,670,000




13%

79%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

26% 28%

46% 55%

45%

Primary Industry Secondary Industry Tertiary Industry Urban Rural

Industry Type Rural and Urban

4.2%

3.2%

3.7%

Male

Female

Total

Male Female Total

Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry Type and Rural and Urban Areas

Unemployment Rate by Gender(25 years+)


23.1%

701,000 Core

Working Age

8.8%


Migration

Distribution of Employed Persons Immigration and Emigration



Hong Kong 28%

Republic of Korea 19%

Brazil 8%

Philippines 7%

Indonesia 4%



United States 27%

Hong Kong 21%

Japan 7%

Canada 6%

Australia 6%


Emigration


13.2%

23.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

46%

95%

71%

27%

45%

87%

60%

21%




http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm

Key Sources:






* Latest Available data from China (2018)

80

Hong Kong Agriculture <1% Services 88% Industry 12%






39%

41%

20%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

<1%

26%

38%36%

1%

22%

45%

33%



1.6%

3.6%

3.2%

1.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





15%

57%

80%88%

8%

38%

67%78%




6.1%

1,967,000 Core

Working Age

27.0%


Migration




China 77%

Indonesia 6%

Philippines 5%

Macau 3%

Thailand 1%



China 26%

United States 24%

Canada 20%

United Kingdom 12%

Australia 9%


Emigration


6.9%

6.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











81

India Agriculture 41% Services 32% Industry 26%






16%

57%

27%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

28%

49%

10%13%

54%

31%

5% 10%



1.0%

4.2%

10.8%

15.3%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





81%75%

59%

80%

25%

16% 13%

32%




8.3%

3,660,000 Core

Working Age

20.7%


Migration




Bangladesh 60%

Pakistan 21%

Nepal 10%

Sri Lanka 3%

China 2%



Oman 8%

Pakistan 9%

Saudi Arabia 14%

United Arab Emirates 20%

United States 15%


Emigration


15.3%

49.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











82

Indonesia Agriculture 28% Services 50% Industry 23%






11%

71%

18%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

15%

44%

29%

11%21%

44%

20%

15%



0.9%

1.7%

3.0%

3.3%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





81% 78%87% 88%

53%48%

54%

76%




18.3%

271,000 Core

Working Age

4.8%


Migration




China 21%


United Kingdom 9%

Timor-Leste 7%

Thailand 7%



Saudi Arabia 37%

Malaysia 27%


Hong Kong 4%

Bangladesh 3%


Emigration


16.2%

28.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











83

Japan Agriculture 3% Services 73% Industry 24%






25%

68%

7%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

<1%

51% 49%

<1%

50% 50%



2.9%

2.2%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





25%

67%

85%

10%

43%

70%




11.2%

2,012,000 Core

Working Age

8.3%


Migration




China 31%


Philippines 10%

Vietnam 8%

Brazil 8%



United States 42%

Brazil 8%

Australia 6%

United Kingdom 6%

Germany 4%


Emigration


2.4%

3.8%

Male

Female

Male Female

Data Not Available

Key Sources:











84

Macau Agriculture <1% Services 90% Industry 9%






23%

61%

16%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

37%

30%

34%36%

29%

35%



2.1%

1.5%

1.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





75%

86%94%

63%

76%88%




7.3%

314,000 Core

Working Age

14.1%


Migration




China 74%

Philippines 7%

Hong Kong 6%

Portugal 1%

Thailand <1%



Hong Kong 57%

China 16%

Singapore 12%

United States 8%

Canada 4%


Emigration


6.0%

4.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











85

Malaysia Agriculture 10% Services 63% Industry 27%






26%

60%

14%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

2%

35%

42%

20%

3%

25%

40%

33%



0.9%

1.3%

2.1%

2.4%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





76%

91% 94% 93%

39%

49%

60%

85%




17.3%

2,782,000 Core

Working Age

1.7%


Migration




Indonesia 36%

Nepal 17%

Bangladesh 12%

Myanmar 10%

India 4%



Singapore 56%

Bangladesh 12%

Australia 10%

United Kingdom 5%

United States 5%


Emigration


8.9%

15.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











86

New Zealand Agriculture 6% Services 75% Industry 19%






46%

48%

6%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

18%

50%

33%

16%

42% 43%






63%70%

46%

71%




11.5%

766,000 Core

Working Age

16.8%


Migration




United Kingdom 25%

China 9%

India 7%

Australia 6%

South Africa 5%



Australia 77%

Polynesia 1%

South Africa 1%

United Kingdom 11%

United States 5%


Emigration


11.2%

12.0%

Male

Female

Male Female

6.6%

2.2%

3.1%

2.1%

Primary

LowerSecond.

Secondary

Bachelor'sDegree


Key Sources:











87

Philippines Agriculture 23% Services 58% Industry 20%






25%

43%

32%Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

2%

73%

4%

21%

1%

62%

6%

31%



2.1%

2.9%

5.3%

4.9%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





29.4%

130,000 Core

Working Age

10.9%


Migration




China 17%

United States 17%

Japan 6%

India 5%




United States 38%

Saudi Arabia 12%


Australia 5%

Japan 5%


Emigration


15.2%

25.9%

Male

Female

Male Female

45%

91%

76%

41%

28%

57%52%

25%




Key Sources:











88

Singapore Agriculture <1% Services 84% Industry 15%






56%

36%

8%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

<1%

9%14%

77%

11% 14%

24%

51%



3.5%

4.6%

4.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





13.0%

1,683,000 Core

Working Age

8.9%


Migration




Malaysia 44%

China 18%

Indonesia 6%

India 6%

Pakistan 5%



Malaysia 27%

Australia 19%

United Kingdom 17%

United States 11%

Indonesia 7%


Emigration


3.8%

5.6%

Male

Female

Male Female

44%

95%

83%

39%41%

82%

57%

20%




Key Sources:











89

South Korea Agriculture 5% Services 70% Industry 25%






22%

65%

13%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

<1%

11%

34%

55%

2%

18%

34%

46%



0.9%

2.2%

3.1%

3.3%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





33%

58%

72%

80%

22%

41%

54% 63%




6.4%

1,057,000 Core

Working Age

2.7%


Migration




China 53%

Vietnam 10%

United States 6%

Philippines 4%

Thailand 3%



United States 50%

Japan 22%

China 9%

Australia 6%

Indonesia 2%


Emigration


5.8%

22.7%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











90

Taiwan Agriculture 5% Services 58% Industry 37%






34%

41%

25%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

5%

10%

32%

52%



Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level (25 years+)



23.6%

61.0% 62.9%66.0%


Total Participation Female Participation Total Participation Rate

Male Participation is 67.4%

Female Participation is 51.4%

Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment (25 years+)

0.7%685,560

Employed7.5%

<15 years Employed Unemployed/ Inactive

Migration

Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration



Indonesia 33%

Vietnam 30%

Philippines 19%

Thailand 8%

Malaysia 3%

Migrant Stock by Employment Status


16.1%

29.2%

Male

Female

Male Female

2.0%

3.0%

3.4%

4.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced


Key Sources:





National Statistics, Republic of Taiwan - https://eng.stat.gov.tw/

Ministry of Immigration, Taiwan - https://www.moi.gov.tw







91

Thailand Agriculture 31% Services 46% Industry 23%






14%

76%

10%

Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

23%

41%

22%

14%

25%

35%

19%21%



0.1%

0.3%

0.5%

0.7%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





66%

78% 80%85%

45%

60%64%

83%




15.7%

2,881,000 Core

Working Age

5.1%


Migration




Myanmar 51%

Lao 26%

Cambodia 19%

China 2%

Nepal 0%


Emigrants 1 million

United States 28%

Australia 8%

Germany 7%

Canada 6%

Japan 5%


Emigration


10.0%

19.1%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











92

Vietnam Agriculture 36% Services 35% Industry 28%






12%

48%

40%Highly Skilled

Medium Skilled

Non Skilled

Workforce

13%

53%

21%

13%17%

53%

17%13%



1.2%

1.2%

2.0%

2.1%

Low

Basic

Interm.

Advanced





79%83% 81%

88%

55%

74% 72%

89%




17.3%

58,000 Core

Working Age

6.4%


Migration




Thailand 16%

Myanmar 15%

Bangladesh 11%

Indonesia 11%

Lao 10%



United States 51%

Australia 10%

Japan 8%

France 5%



Emigration


7.0%

12.4%

Male

Female

Male Female

Key Sources:











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