qué es el gobierno electrónico? professor helen margetts oxford internet institute university of...
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Qué es el Gobierno Qué es el Gobierno Electrónico? Electrónico?
Professor Helen MargettsProfessor Helen Margetts
Oxford Internet InstituteOxford Internet Institute
University of OxfordUniversity of Oxford
www.governmentontheweb.org, www.oii.ox.ac.uk
What is e-government?What is e-government?
The use by government of the internet and The use by government of the internet and related information technologies internally related information technologies internally and to communicate with citizens, and to communicate with citizens, businesses, NGOs and other governments businesses, NGOs and other governments
The electronic element of The electronic element of governmentgovernment
1950s: 1950s: Bureaucracy + defence, scientific ITBureaucracy + defence, scientific IT 1960s - 70s: 1960s - 70s: Bureaucracy + large scale computer systemsBureaucracy + large scale computer systems 1970s - 80s: 1970s - 80s: Bureaucracy + databases, networks of PCsBureaucracy + databases, networks of PCs 1990s – 00s: 1990s – 00s: Bureaucracy + ‘Government on the Web’ Bureaucracy + ‘Government on the Web’
Internet and web-based technologies offer real possibility of Internet and web-based technologies offer real possibility of transformation of state-societal relationships – in contrast to earlier transformation of state-societal relationships – in contrast to earlier information technologies which were largely internally facinginformation technologies which were largely internally facing
Government IT now > 1% of GDP of most industrialised states Government IT now > 1% of GDP of most industrialised states (UK spends £14 billion annually)(UK spends £14 billion annually)
How is e-government different How is e-government different from government?from government?
More bureaucratic More bureaucratic – increased rationalization?– increased rationalization?
More chaoticMore chaotic – increase in fluidity and flexibility? – increase in fluidity and flexibility?
TransformationTransformation
Policy criticality of Policy criticality of e-governmente-government
Functionality of government depends on reliability of Functionality of government depends on reliability of large-scale information systems large-scale information systems
eg. taxation, welfare administration, defence, law and eg. taxation, welfare administration, defence, law and order, border controlorder, border control
Technological innovation drives policy innovation Technological innovation drives policy innovation eg.eg.
Biometric identity cardsBiometric identity cards DNA data, genetic dataDNA data, genetic data Electronic tagging Electronic tagging Road pricingRoad pricing
e-government: e-government: practice and potentialpractice and potential
IT central to internal processes of governmentIT central to internal processes of government Internet allows easy communication between computers Internet allows easy communication between computers
– unlike earlier IT– unlike earlier IT Widespread societal usage means real possibility for Widespread societal usage means real possibility for
transformation of governments’ interactions with society transformation of governments’ interactions with society Web-based innovations cheaper and lower risk (build-Web-based innovations cheaper and lower risk (build-
and-learn technologies) than earlier ITand-learn technologies) than earlier IT
BUT e-government lags behind e-society & e-commerce BUT e-government lags behind e-society & e-commerce in many countriesin many countries
WHY?WHY?
Challenges for E-government – Challenges for E-government – supply sidesupply side
New web-based initiatives must link with legacy systems New web-based initiatives must link with legacy systems Government online should be more transparent – but can be Government online should be more transparent – but can be
more complex, confusing, difficult to controlmore complex, confusing, difficult to control Governments struggle to maintain technical expertise (and Governments struggle to maintain technical expertise (and
compete with private sector for skills)compete with private sector for skills) Most governments outsource large proportion of e-Most governments outsource large proportion of e-
government to private sector computer services providersgovernment to private sector computer services providers New markets of providers of government IT develop – all New markets of providers of government IT develop – all
shapes and sizesshapes and sizes Relationship management with new players is major part of Relationship management with new players is major part of
e-governmente-government
Challenges for E-government – Challenges for E-government – demand sidedemand side
Citizens interact with governments less than commercial Citizens interact with governments less than commercial organisations (and often for negative reasons)organisations (and often for negative reasons)
Citizens must be incentivized to use e-governmentCitizens must be incentivized to use e-government Digital divides – always some groups who do not have Digital divides – always some groups who do not have
internet accessinternet access So, channel management is importantSo, channel management is important But, E-government that citizens don’t use is E-xpensive But, E-government that citizens don’t use is E-xpensive
governmentgovernment
Key underlying factors in Key underlying factors in e-government developmente-government development
Political support for e-governmentPolitical support for e-government Financial commitmentFinancial commitment New public management reform and New public management reform and
fragmentationfragmentation Contracting regime: (ratio of market Contracting regime: (ratio of market
power/expertise vis a vis government)power/expertise vis a vis government)Government in-house capacityGovernment in-house capacityMarket power of largest firmsMarket power of largest firmsEmphasis on competitionEmphasis on competition
Administrative culture: cultural barriersAdministrative culture: cultural barriers
Australia: e-governmentAustralia: e-government
World leader in e-government up to 1999 World leader in e-government up to 1999 Big agencies lead the field–- Australian Big agencies lead the field–- Australian
Tax Office, Centrelink (social welfare), Tax Office, Centrelink (social welfare), Employment Employment
BUTBUTJoined-up initiatives scattered and Joined-up initiatives scattered and
episodic – multiple central agencies episodic – multiple central agencies Failed contracting initiative leaves global Failed contracting initiative leaves global
providers in dominant position providers in dominant position
UK: e-governmentUK: e-government High levels of political support High levels of political support Financial commitment and central resourcesFinancial commitment and central resourcesBUTBUT Poor performance of government IT systems (high Poor performance of government IT systems (high
disaster rate)disaster rate) Highly oligopolistic contracting regime (top 5 have Highly oligopolistic contracting regime (top 5 have
90% of market)90% of market) High index of corporate power vis a vis central High index of corporate power vis a vis central
governmentgovernment Administrative culture adverse to Internet innovationAdministrative culture adverse to Internet innovation E-government take-up is lowE-government take-up is low
Canada: e-governmentCanada: e-government
World e-government leader in consultancy rankingsWorld e-government leader in consultancy rankings High levels of political support, sound financial commitment High levels of political support, sound financial commitment
and central initiativesand central initiatives Across the board success: incremental approachAcross the board success: incremental approach Excellent government: industry power ratio (government Excellent government: industry power ratio (government
retains expertise)retains expertise)BUTBUT Future success reliant on ‘super-project’ (the Secure Future success reliant on ‘super-project’ (the Secure
Channel) CA $1.2 billion Channel) CA $1.2 billion ……tendered to ‘inter-galactic’ consortium of contractorstendered to ‘inter-galactic’ consortium of contractors
New Zealand e-governmentNew Zealand e-government
Many drivers towards e-government success Many drivers towards e-government success (techno-culture, geographical separation, (techno-culture, geographical separation, dispersed country, small population) dispersed country, small population)
BUTBUT High levels of organisational fragmentationHigh levels of organisational fragmentation Low levels of e-government expenditure Low levels of e-government expenditure Very low central government vis a vis corporate Very low central government vis a vis corporate
power/expertise indexpower/expertise index
USA e-governmentUSA e-government
High levels of political support and financial High levels of political support and financial commitmentcommitment
Major successes in some areas (eg e-tax benefits Major successes in some areas (eg e-tax benefits from pragmatic approach)from pragmatic approach)
Diffuse government IT market (top 5 have 20%)Diffuse government IT market (top 5 have 20%)BUTBUT Lack of central co-ordinationLack of central co-ordination Confusing governmental presence, central portal Confusing governmental presence, central portal
came late, proliferation of web sitescame late, proliferation of web sites Legacy systems in big agencies remain problem – Legacy systems in big agencies remain problem –
and spiralling costand spiralling cost
Netherlands: e-governmentNetherlands: e-government
Innovative and entrepeneurial approachInnovative and entrepeneurial approach High levels of political support High levels of political support Networked culture helps inter-agency co-Networked culture helps inter-agency co-
operationoperation Good performance of government IT systemsGood performance of government IT systems Good government-industry relations and Good government-industry relations and
networks (very diffuse market)networks (very diffuse market)BUTBUT Big organisational variationsBig organisational variations Lack of central co-ordinationLack of central co-ordination
Japan: e-governmentJapan: e-government
Highly reliable government IT systemsHighly reliable government IT systemsBUTBUT Political support and central initiatives came latePolitical support and central initiatives came late Autonomous ministries resist collaborative Autonomous ministries resist collaborative
initiativesinitiatives Oligopolistic contracting regime, dominated by Oligopolistic contracting regime, dominated by
huge domestic players, no in-house expertisehuge domestic players, no in-house expertise Administrative culture highly adverse to Internet Administrative culture highly adverse to Internet
innovationinnovation Japan struggles to introduce e-governmentJapan struggles to introduce e-government
How countries rate on How countries rate on measures of the IT industry’s measures of the IT industry’s
power/influencepower/influence
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
UK Australia Japan NZ Canada USA Netherlands
De-emphasis on open competition Market dominance of large firms
Little public sector in-house capacity
Demand side variation in usage of e-Demand side variation in usage of e-government government
% total population
2003 20022001
Netherlands 52 41 31
Canada 51 48 46
Australia 47 46 31
New Zealand 45 40 NA
USA 44 43 34
UK 18 13 11
Japan 15 13 17
Source: Taylor Nelson Sofres (2003)
Digital-era GovernanceDigital-era Governancetrends for the futuretrends for the future
ReintegrationReintegration – roll back of agencification, – roll back of agencification, joined up governance, in-sourcing, shared joined up governance, in-sourcing, shared servicesservices
Needs-based holismNeeds-based holism – one-stop, zero-stop – one-stop, zero-stop provision, client based organization, end-to-end provision, client based organization, end-to-end service re-engineeringservice re-engineering
Digitisation changesDigitisation changes – agencies ‘become’ their – agencies ‘become’ their web-sites, electronic services delivery, zero-web-sites, electronic services delivery, zero-touch technology, customer segmentationtouch technology, customer segmentation
But none are inevitable
Benefits of e-government:Benefits of e-government:raising nodality? raising nodality?
Key tool of government isKey tool of government is nodality nodality – ‘the proper – ‘the property of being in the middle ty of being in the middle of information or social networks’ (other tools are authority, treasure and of information or social networks’ (other tools are authority, treasure and organisation)organisation)
E-government offers tremendous potential for increasing government E-government offers tremendous potential for increasing government nodality – even without e-transactions eg. UK has around 10 million web nodality – even without e-transactions eg. UK has around 10 million web pagespages
‘‘Nodal’ e-government will be more visible, more accessible – and cheaperNodal’ e-government will be more visible, more accessible – and cheaper
BUT, government faces new competition for nodality:BUT, government faces new competition for nodality: Competition from e-commerce, other e-governments, e-banks, e-Competition from e-commerce, other e-governments, e-banks, e-
travel companies, e-media.......travel companies, e-media....... Most people use search – so nodality of e-government in hands of Most people use search – so nodality of e-government in hands of
Google, MSN etc. Google, MSN etc.
Developing ‘healthy’ e-government? Developing ‘healthy’ e-government?
‘‘Healthy’ e-governmentHealthy’ e-government High visibility (high number of ‘in-links’, high on search engine rankings)High visibility (high number of ‘in-links’, high on search engine rankings) Interconnectedness (‘small world’ characteristics) – dependent on size, Interconnectedness (‘small world’ characteristics) – dependent on size,
structure etc.structure etc. With a ‘healthy’ domain, government gains ‘nodality’ in the on-line worldWith a ‘healthy’ domain, government gains ‘nodality’ in the on-line world
‘‘Unhealthy’ e-governmentUnhealthy’ e-government Suffers net loss of nodality in internet world - Suffers net loss of nodality in internet world - if other organisations are more sophisticated at increasing visibility, if other organisations are more sophisticated at increasing visibility,
structuring domains....structuring domains.... government can lose a (global) competition it was not aware of enteringgovernment can lose a (global) competition it was not aware of entering And e-government becomes less – not more - efficientAnd e-government becomes less – not more - efficient
Qué es el Gobierno ElectrónicoQué es el Gobierno Electrónico??