questions we will consider:
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Questions We Will Consider:. What are the trends in use, abuse, attitudes and laws on MJ? Historically how have MJ attitudes, use, and laws changed? What short and long term effects does it have on the body? What treatments appear to be effective? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Questions We Will Consider:Questions We Will Consider:
What are the trends in use, abuse, attitudes and laws on MJ?
Historically how have MJ attitudes, use, and laws changed?
What short and long term effects does it have on the body?
What treatments appear to be effective? What reforms might happen and what
might impact be?
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A couple of disclaimersA couple of disclaimers
The information presented here is not intended as direct medical advice or specific treatment information
Information is for general educational purposes only and the presentation should not be disseminated or cited without my express permission
My email is: [email protected]
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Trends in Use Trends in Use (see Caulkins et al)(see Caulkins et al)
Trends in Use Trends in Use (see Caulkins et al)(see Caulkins et al)
Many people have tried MJ Use patterns skewed- a few use a lot Price and potency vary a lot Consumption varies w/ price not enforcement Potency higher in recent years A note about Spice/ K2:
Synthetic, similar to MJ, chemical makeup varies, use increasing, may be more potent
Not much research yet on effects reporthttp://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/
k2spice-synthetic-marijuana
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How MJ gets distributedHow MJ gets distributedHow MJ gets distributedHow MJ gets distributed
Young people most likely to use and get arrested
Most arrests for possession Avg user has a 30% chance of arrest in a 10
year using career. Lots of people get it for free Distributed through social networks unlike
other drugs Grows just about anywhere Violence NOT common in MJ markets
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Trends in AttitudesTrends in AttitudesTrends in AttitudesTrends in Attitudes
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Effects on the BodyEffects on the Body(see Room et al ch.2)(see Room et al ch.2)Effects on the BodyEffects on the Body
(see Room et al ch.2)(see Room et al ch.2)
Reminder on disclaimer Not intended as medical advice or to influence
treatment directly
Short versus long term effects Effects depend on
dosage mode of consumption Potency THC/ CBD ratio
Some positive, some negative
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Short term effects Short term effects Short term effects Short term effects
Euphoric effects/ duration Effect on heart rate/BP Reduces cognitive performance Some argue enhances creativity Can induce anxiety and paranoia Risk of overdose low, but…. Decreases reaction time so affects driving (DWI) Appears to reduce immune function Some research suggests can harm fetal
development
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Long term effectsLong term effectsLong term effectsLong term effects
Cognitive functioning- mixed findings Risks specific to smoking MJ
Respiratory and Cardiovascular effects Secondhand smoke
Educational outcomes for youth Correlation or cause?
Can become dependent Mental health risk
Psychosis, schizophrenia, depression Especially for youth? Co-occuring disorders
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Some open questionsSome open questionsSome open questionsSome open questions
Does MJ have medicinal value? Why not just make the THC part
legal and prescribe it? How much “medicinal” use is
actually recreational use? Is it a gateway drug? Do people just use MJ?
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Adverse effects compared to Adverse effects compared to other drugs (Room et al, p.42)other drugs (Room et al, p.42)Adverse effects compared to Adverse effects compared to
other drugs (Room et al, p.42)other drugs (Room et al, p.42)
Effect MJ Tobacco Heroin Alcohol
Traffic accidents * * **
Violence/suicide **
Overdose ** *
HIV/liver infections ** *
Cirrhosis **
Heart disease ** *
Respiratory disease * **
Cancers * ** *
Mental illness * **
Dependence ** ** ** **
Effects on fetus * * * **
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History of Drug Use History of Drug Use (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
History of Drug Use History of Drug Use (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
Around since dawn of civilization Attitudes & laws vary dramatically over
time Often seen positively initially Use spreads Dependence (addiction) problems Associated with problem populations Stigma attaches to drug Prohibition creates black markets
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History of Drug Use History of Drug Use (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
History of Drug Use History of Drug Use (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
Alcohol Tobacco Opium/Morphine/Heroin Coca/Cocaine/Crack Patent medicines
E.g. laudenum Amphetamines Barbiturates/ tranquilizers/sedatives Hallucinogens
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History of MJHistory of MJ(see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
History of MJHistory of MJ(see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
Around for thousands of years Used as medicine and for recreational
use Commonly used in India and China Hemp used for rope, clothes, &
medicinally In U.S. in early 1900s associated with
Mexican immigrants and Blacks
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History of Laws History of Laws (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)History of Laws History of Laws (see Abadinsky)(see Abadinsky)
Mistakenly treated as a narcotic despite reports (1890s/1930) not dangerous
Harrison Act of 1914 (focused on opium, cocaine)
Propaganda such as Reefer Madness Many states banned MJ Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 Never much of an issue until use rose in
1960s Comprehensive Drug Use Prevention and
Control Act of 1970 (Schedule I drug)
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A Brief look at LawsA Brief look at LawsA Brief look at LawsA Brief look at Laws
Federal law: MJ is a schedule I drug High potential for abuse No accepted medical use in U.S. Lack of accepted safety for use under
medical supervision http://norml.org/laws/ Comparing Indiana and Ohio
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Ohio IndianaOffense Penalty jail/
prisonMax. Fine Offense Penalty jail/prison Max. Fine
Possession PossessionLess than 100 g misdemeanor N/A $150 30 g or less misdemeanor 1 year $5,000
100 - 200 g M 30 days $250 More than 30 g felony 6 - 36 mos $10,000
200 - 1000 g felony 6-12 mos $2,500 Conditional discharge may be available for first-time offenders.
1000 - 5000 g felony 1 - 5 yrs $10,000
5000 - 20,000 g felony 1 - 5 yrs $10,000
20,000 - 40,000 g felony 5* - 8 yrs $15,000
More than 40,000 g felony 8 years* $15,000
* Mandatory minimum sentence
Sale/Distribution/Trafficking Sale or CultivationA gift of 20 g or less (first offense)
misdemeanor N/A $150 30 g or less misdemeanor 1 year $5,000
A gift of 20 g or less (2nd offense)
misdemeanor 60 days $500 30 g - 10 lbs felony 6 - 36 mos $10,000
Less than 200 g felony 1 year $2,500 10 lbs+ felony 2 - 8 yrs $10,000
200 - 1000 g felony 6-18 mos $2,500 W/in 1000 ft of school
felony 2 - 8 yrs $10,000
1000 - 5000 g felony 1 - 5 years
$2,500 To a minor felony 6 - 36 mos $10,000
5000 - 20,000 g felony 1 - 5 years
$2,500
20,000 - 40,000 g felony 5* - 8 yrs $2,500 More than 40,000 g felony 8 years* $2,500
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Correctional Populations by Offense Type 1980-2001
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PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy
If the goal is to reduce drug use, two options:
Supply reduction Primarily legal
Demand reduction Prevention, treatment
Not an either or situation current policy is to do both
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Prevention programs Prevention programs (see Mosher and Akins)(see Mosher and Akins)Prevention programs Prevention programs
(see Mosher and Akins)(see Mosher and Akins)
DARE PSA’s Abstinence only doesn’t work well What does work? Harm reduction, focus on facts,
talking with instead of talking at
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SA TreatmentsSA TreatmentsSA TreatmentsSA Treatments
Office of National Drug Control Policy, U.S. National Drug Control Strategy: Addiction a disease of the brain
Can be treated and recovery is possible Also focus on prevention
Approaches vary widely No current medication for MJ 13 principles of effective treatment…
See handout
See NIDA report or Crime Solutions.gov for more
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Reforms Reforms (see Caulkins et al or Room et al)(see Caulkins et al or Room et al)
Reforms Reforms (see Caulkins et al or Room et al)(see Caulkins et al or Room et al)
What are the range of options for reform?
Some terms Depenalization Decriminalization Legalization De facto v. De jure
Current policies vary widely
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ReformsReformsReformsReforms
What are the pros and cons of legalization?
Can we treat MJ like alcohol? How is legalization of MJ like and
unlike legalization for other drugs? Middle ground?
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DiscussionDiscussion
What are the options that are available and what are the likely outcomes one might expect?
Other questions?
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Sources used in presentation
Sources used in presentation
Caulkins, Jonathan P., Angela Hawken, Beau Kilmer, and Mark A. R. Kleiman. 2012. Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
Room, Robin, Benedict Fischer, Wayne Hall, Simon Lenton, and Peter Reuter. 2010. Cannabis Policy: Moving Beyond Stalemate. Oxford University Press.
Abadinsky, Howard. 2010. Drug use and abuse: A comprehensive introduction. Cengage Learning.
Faupel, Charles E., Greg S.Weaver, and Jay Corzine (3rd ed.) 2013. The sociology of American drug use. Oxford Press.
Mosher, Clayton J., and Scott Akins, eds. 2007. Drugs and drug policy: The control of consciousness alteration. Sage.
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More sources used in presentation
Link to Pew Research Center study on attitudes regarding marijuana legalization. http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-
pdf/4-4-13%20Marijuana%20Release.pdf
This is the National Drug Control Strategy http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/2013-
national-drug-control-strategy
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Additional recommended readings and resources
Additional recommended readings and resources
Bostwick, J. Michael. "Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Vol. 87. No. 2. Elsevier, 2012.
Crime Solutions.gov http://crimesolutions.gov/
National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/
marijuana http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/podat_1.pdf
Principles of effective drug treatment