Quick Check

• What happened to Muhammad’s parents?

• Is Islam Mono or Poly theistic?• What job did Muhammad

have?• What were the two major

cities on the Arabian Peninsula?

The World of Islam

Chapter 26

Arabian Peninsula Before Islam

• Polytheistic – animism• Bedouins – nomadic people• Oral history• Judaism & Christianity• Mecca – leading town

– Diffusion – goods, people,

• Kaaba – place of worship in Mecca– Filled with Idols– Sacred Stone – black stone

Islam

• Monotheistic – like Judaism & Christianity

• Began in 7th century• Written History – Arabic Language

• Prophet – Muhammad, wife Khadija

• Book – Koran, Qur'an

• 5 pillars

The Rise of Islam•The Arabian Peninsula was a major trade route with many travelers

•Mecca and Yathrib were leading trading towns

•Mecca was the home of the Kaaba

•Kaaba: sacred shrine of Arabs

Kaaba•Built by Abraham - Jewish•Pilgrims flocked to the Kaaba•It contained images of Arab gods

•And the Sacred Black Stone

•Black Stone – Arabs believe it is a meteorite from heaven

• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/701230/circling_the_kaaba/

The prophet Muhammad•Born in Mecca about 570•Orphaned and raised by an uncle

•Worked as a caravan leader for a rich woman named Khadija

•She encouraged him to fast and pray in the desert

Muhammad•During one retreat he heard a message from the angel Gabriel

•He was told to preach to the people

•Khadija encouraged him to do as he was instructed

Islam Questions

• List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam

• What is the Koran?• Who are the People of the Book?• List ethical standards Muslims must

follow• Why did Islam expand? 3 reasons• What are the two branches of Islam?• When did the division in Islam

occur?

Islam – Empire of Faith

1. What is the hejira?2. Identify Yathrib & Medina3. Who are the People of the Book?4. Why did the people of Mecca fight

Muhammad and the people of Yathrib/Medina?

5. How did Muhammad gain control of Mecca?

6. What happened to the Kaaba after Muhammad gained control of Mecca?

Islam – Empire of Faith

• Why does Islam spread rapidly?• Why does Islam divide after

Muhammad’s death?• Does Muhammad’s death help

Islam spread?• List 10 Great Achievements of

Early Muslim Empires• How did the Crusades unify

Muslims?• List strengths of the Ottoman

Empire• List Great Ottoman Leaders

Quick Review

• What does Islam - اإلسالم - mean in Arabic?

• Why did Islam split after Muhammad’s death?

• What are the two branches of Islam?

• What event brought anti-Muslim feelings in Europe?

Islam Class Work

• Vocab• Religion Comparison Chart• Religion

– Belief in God, 5 Pillars, Koran & Tradition, People of the Book

• Art, Architecture, Literature• Algebra & Trigonometry,

Engineering, Astronomy, Medicine

• People– Muhammad, Saladin, Mamun,

Rumi, Mehmed, Suleyman

Islam Questions

• List achievements of the Arab Empires (Umayyad & Abbasid)

• Where was the center/capital of the Umayyad Dynasty?

• Where was the center/capital of the Abbasid Dynasty?

• Who is Muhammad al-Razi?• What trade routes helped usher in

the Golden Age of Islam?• What advances in learning came

from the Golden age of Islam?

Muhammad•He won few converts, Arabs

were polytheistic•Town leaders did not people

to stop making the pilgrimage to the Kaaba

•He was kicked out of Mecca when Khadija died

•Muhammad was welcomed as a leader in the city of Medina

Islam: the people

• Qur'an, Koran – Muslim Holy book• Islam – means submission• ~1.2 billion Muslims in the world;

22%• Caliph – successor to Muhammad

– Sunni – election from religious leaders 90% of Muslims worldwide

– Shi’a – descendent of Muhammad

• Imam – prayer leader• Ayatollah – important Shi’a clergyman• People of the Book – Christians and

Jews

The 5 Pillars

• One God• Prayer – 5 times a day• Charity• Pilgrimage – to Mecca once in

your life• Fasting – During Month of

Ramadan

Sunni – Green; Shi’a - Blue

Foreign Invaders to the Middle East• Seljuk's

– Muslims from Turkey– Seized Baghdad– Weakened Byzantine Empire

• Mongols– From Central Asia– Defeated Seljuk's for Baghdad– Led by Genghis Khan– Converted to Islam

Foreign Invaders to the Middle East

• Crusaders– From Europe– Fought for control of holy

land, Jerusalem– Muslims retained control

Islam Review• The beginnings – 5 pts– Mecca, Kaaba (sacred shrine for polytheistic Arabs), Centers of

Trade, People of the Book• Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts

– Orphaned & raised by uncle, trader, Khadija (wife), not liked in Mecca because of monotheistic beliefs, flees Mecca and goes to Medina, Hejira

– Saladin – Soldier– Mamun – Scholar– Sulyeman – Sultan

• Beliefs/Pillars – 5 pts– 5 Prayers, Pilgrimage, 1 God, Fasting, Charity

• Achievements – 5 pts– Hospitals, algebra, germs cause disease, medicine, scientific

method, eyes and , cataracts, lenses & surgery, engineering, House of Wisdom, writing, numbers

• Sects/Invaders – 5 pts– Sunni – caliph can be any elected leader – 90%– Shi’a – caliph needs to be descendent of Muhammad – 10% – Seljuks – Turkey – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)– Mongols – Central Asia – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)– Crusaders – Europe – capture Jerusalem (Fertile Crescent)

The Two Empires

• The Ottomans – Turks – Sunni

• The Safavid – Persians - Shiite

Safavid Empire

• Rivals of the Ottomans• Shah – Leader of Safavid

Empire• Abbas the Great – most

famous leader• Strengths – same as Ottomans• Modern Day Iran

Person Achievement (profession & successes)

Saladin*

Mamun*

Rumi

Mehmed

Suleyman*

Person Achievement (profession & successes)

Saladin*Profession – King & Soldier• Hero of the Crusades for Muslims• Captured Damascus (syria), Aleppo , Mosul (Iraq)

Mamun*Profession - Caliph & Governor, SCHOLAR• Translated books in to Arabic

RumiProfession – Poet• Wrote largest collection of Poetry in ME

MehmedProfession – Conqueror • Extended Ottoman Empire & reorganized territories• Established Code of Laws

Suleyman*

Profession Sultan – Leader/King• Architecture – Fix Dome of the Rock• Reorganized set of laws

The Ottoman Empire

Great Ottoman Sultans

• Sultan – Arabic word for Strength or Power

• Osman I – 1299-1324 – Ottoman Empire named after him

• Mehmed II – 1451-1481 – Ruled twice & Conquered Constantinople

• Suleyman I – 1520-1566 – Longest ruling Sultan

• Mehmed IIFATİH (The Conqueror)– Conquered Constantinople in

1453– Converted Hagia Sofia, Christian

Church into Muslim Mosque

• Suleyman IMUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)

The Ottomans were:•Turkish (capital Istanbul)

•Muslim•The largest empire in the world

Five Ottoman Strengths:

1. Respected people they conquered (millett)

2. Fearless army

3. Always improved technology

4. Control Trade

5. Strong Leaders

The Ottoman Government

• Empire reigned 600 years, until end WWI

• Sultan – led with absolute power

• Men of the Pen - • Men of the Sword

Ottoman Empire

What was the source of Ottoman power?

1. Control of Trade

•Location on the east/west trade route

•Control of the Waterways

2. Wealth from trade

3. Superior technology(the benefit of diffusion)

How did the empire end?The Europeans destroyed their strengths.

Ottoman Strengths #1: Control of trade

•Europeans broke this strength by going around Africa and gaining control of trade.

Ottoman Strength #2: Wealth•Discovery of the New World leads to fantastic wealth for Europe from Aztec and Inca gold and silver.

Ottoman Strength #3: Technology•The industrial revolution surpassed the Ottoman superiority in technology especially in production of guns and munitions and other products necessary for war.

The Empire Ends

Three reasons:

1. Nationalism: People ruled by the Ottomans wanted independence.

•Europeans: Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Greeks.

•Arabs

2. European Imperialism:

•Industrial revolution caused a need for raw materials

•European industries wanted new markets

•Large navies developed by Europe to control trade

3. Competition between European nations led to WWI in 1914

The Ottomans sided with Germany and lost.

The Arab territories were divided up between Great Britain and France.

Turkey became a republic

The Balfour Declaration•Great Britain promised the same land to the Jews and the Palestinian Arabs.

Patterns of Life – page 580Village1. sheep and goats2. Setup near water

(river, oasis, coast, lake)

3. Farming – wheat olives

4. Men and women, specialize jobs

Nomadic1. Moved from oasis

to oasis2. Lived with few

resources3. Fights all the time4. known and

Bedouins*

City1. Protected by high

walls 2. many cities

developed3. suq (markets)4. mosque

Family (more important than individual)

1. Patriarchal – controlled or ruled by men/ Matriarchal- women

2. Arranged marriage3. Divorce easier for

men (3 times)4. Men can have 4

wives- provide equally

5. Children must obey their parents

Women• Had to obey

fathers -> husband -> oldest son (Subordinate)

• Modest and secluded within home

• Wore certain clothing- veiled face (custom from India)

• Education• Right to own

property

Conclusion

Page 5831, 3, 4, 5

Patterns of Life – page 580Village

1. Family-Center of the village culture. Patriarchal-Ruled by father

2. Jobs-Specialized jobs3. Houses-Small, made

of mud bricks.4.

Nomadic1. Lived in small tribal

groups2. Constantly on the

move3. Lived with scarce

sources of water4. Bedouins5. Nomads often came

into contact with government and villagers

6. 7. 8.

City1. High city walls and

narrow streets 2. Suq was the market

place3. Mosques were the

center of life4. Domascus old trading

city 5. 6.

Family1. Arranged

marriages 2. a man can have

up to 4 wives

3. divorce is easier for men then women

4. Children respect and obey parents

5.

Women1. Had to obey

men < awesome.

2. concealed bodies from other men

3. had a right to education and property

4. had separate enterances

ConclusionPage 5831, 3, 4, 5

•Page 2 – Nomadic Life: Bedouin, Highland Nomads, conflicts

•Page 3 – City Life: reasons for development, major cities, mosques, suq

•Page 4 – Family Life: Koran, marriage, divorce

•Page 5 – Women’s Lives: Koran, mothers, women’s rights

Review ?s

•Page 583•3•4•5

On the Test

• Islam• Centuries of Turmoil

– Conquerors of ME– Ottomans/Safavids– Golden Age

• Patterns of life• Imperialism & Nationalism

– Egypt– Iran– Turkey– Palestine

Test Questions

Writing Section

1 & 2

Three Nations Modernize

Egypt Turkey IranWhen did they become independent?

Who was famous leader?

Review Questions on Palestine

Page 588 1, 3, 6

Vocabulary Review

Page 589 Vocab 1-5

Turkey Becomes a Country

• The Turks created their country after WWI

• Kemal Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Empire and made Turkey a Republic

• Ataturk means ‘Father of the Turks’

Ataturk’s Reforms

•The government built industry•Separate church and state

(secular)– Western law replaced Islamic law– Women could vote and hold public

office– Public schools separate from

religious schools

• Turkey began using the western calendar, alphabet, clothing (no veils in public)

Egypt

• Egypt became a battle ground between the British and French

• Both countries wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez

• Muhammad Ali: Fought against the French; became governor of Egypt

Ali’s Reforms

•Brought in Europeans to teach military tactics and scientific training

• Improved farming techniques; introduced cash crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar)

•Crushed Egyptian economy because he borrowed too much money from European countries

France & Britain control Egyptian Economy• France won the right to build

the Suez Canal in 1859; Canal opened 1869

• Britain bought control of the Suez Canal to help the Egyptian government

• Egypt wins independence in 1922

• Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal from Britain in 1956

Iran • Britain and Russia competed over Iran to gain access to the Persian Gulf

• Reza Khan led the Iranians to remove foreign control of his country

• Under his direction Iran adopted western culture– Clothing, women’s

rights, education, government

Palestine/Israel

•Great Britain controlled Palestine 20’s & 30’s

• Jews wanted to return to Jerusalem since the Diaspora of 70 A.D.

• Jews faced anti-Semitism as they tried to create their own state

•Theodor Herzl led the Zionist movement, movement to create a Jewish state

Balfour Declaration

• A British document which declared Palestine as the national home for the Jewish People

• The document also said “…nothing should be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…”

• That meant Palestine belonged to Arabs because they lived there

Arabs in Palestine

• Wealthy Arab business men sold their farms to Jewish immigrants

• Arab farmers fought against losing their land

• Arabs attacked new Jewish settlements, Jewish people fought back

• War comes to Palestine