Document Table of ContentsHungry Wolf, Beverly The ways of my grandmothers

Publication Information Front Matter Acknowledgments Contents Introduction

Body

Who My Grandmothers Are

THE OLDEST GRANDMOTHER AMONG MY PEOPLE

A TRADITIONAL BLOOD MARRIAGE: A Grandmother Who Married at Seven

BROWN WOMAN’S STORY THE HOLY WOMEN AMONG MY GRANDMOTHERS

THE STORY OF CATCHES-TWO- HORSES

LEGENDS OF THE SUN DANCE

HOW THE HOLY WOMAN’S HEADDRESS CAME TO BE

STORIES BY MY AUNT, MARY ONE SPOT, OF THE SARCEE TRIBE

HOW MY GRANDMOTHER AND I LIVED TOGETHER

Quick User’s Guide to the eHRAF DatabaseseHRAF World Cultures: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu eHRAF Archaeology: http://ehrafarchaeology.yale.eduProduced by Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 4/29/08: http://www.yale.edu/hraf

The power of the eHRAF World Cultures/Archaeology databases is that the information is organized into cultures or traditions, ethnic and indigenous groups, and the full-text documents (books, articles, and dissertations) are subject-indexed at the paragraph-level. Figure 1 is an excerpt of a page as you would find it in eHRAF. On the left-hand side (#1) is the document’s table of contents (in this case a monograph), in the middle the paragraphs of the page, and to the far right are the subjects for each paragraph. A list of all the subjects, based on the Outline of Cultural Materials (OCM for short), can be found in the back of the User’s Guide. In Figure 1 the paragraph (#2) contains various topics, which are subject-indexed to the right of the text (#3). Clicking on a subject (e.g. “Dwellings”) will open up a box (#4) with a description of the subject. When you perform a search (see Lookup Search, see Figure 2, #3 on the next page) we recommend that you use the subjects (OCMs) instead of keyword(s) as this will enable you to retrieve information buried in out-of-the-way places or described by uncommon words.

Figure 1. View of a Page in eHRAF… each paragraph is subject indexed

Title of Document

Paragraphs are indexed with OCM subjects

Clicking on OCM subjects opens a description

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Figure 2 shows the Lookup Search in eHRAF. Although it is not the default search, we recommend this search because it is the “middle way” between the Basic and Advanced Search and shows the actual search process. In the Lookup box (#1) type in the term(s), e.g.,“Blackfeet dwellings” and click on the gray Lookup button (#2). This will search HRAF’s unique OWC (Outline of World Cultures) and OCM (Outline of Cultural Materials) culture/subject thesaurus and suggest which cultures and subjects to use (see Figure 2, #3). Deselect unwanted culture names or subjects by clicking on the “x” boxes (#4). If culture names/subjects don’t appear you can use the “Add/Remove” tabs (#5) to bring up the subject/culture picklists. Use “+” to open up culture/subject picklists and “-“ to close it (#6) and then click in the circle to add cultures/subjects to your search. To narrow your search you can add word(s) in the text search box (#7), but make sure to correctly set the Boolean operator (use “or” (#8) for alternative terms like “tent*” or “tipi*”). Clicking on the gray “Submit eHRAF Search” button (#9) will execute the search and produce a list of cultures and subject results in the paragraph-level of ethnographic texts (see Figure 3).

Tip! Truncate your search terms whether it’s the culture names (e.g., Mongol* for Mongolians, Mongolian), subjects (e.g., dwelling*), or words (e.g., tent*) to get better search results. Use quotation marks to search for exact terms (e.g., “evil eye”).

Tip! Use the OCM number (e.g., “342” for dwellings) in the Lookup search if you want to retrieve that specific subject.

Figure 2. Lookup Search using the OWC culture and OCM subject thesaurus

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Figure 3 shows the revised search results at the paragraph-level for a document. The searched words (tent*, tipi*) are highlighted in red as well as the subject (e.g. dwellings, see #1).

The left-hand side shows the table of contents and the number of results for the document searched (#2).

To view the text as a full paragraph click on the blue link “Show full paragraph,” or click on the gray “Go to Paragraph in Page” (#3) to view the paragraph in the page (see Figure 4).

Figure 4 shows the search results within a page. The searched paragraph is highlighted with a light yellow background (#1) and the search terms and subject(s) are highlighted in red (#2).

Clicking on “Next Hit” in the upper right-hand corner or using the pull-down list (#3) will move you to the next page with research results.

The left-hand margin shows the chapters and subchapters (#4) in the table of contents of the document.

Figure 3. Subject and Word Search Results at the Paragraph-level in a Document

Figure 4. Subject and Word Search Results at the Page-level in a Document

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Figure 5 shows a list of countries and the eHRAF Cultures. If you are interested in cultures, ethnic groups, or indigenous people for a specific area, it’s good to use Browse Cultures and click on either Countries, Regions, or A-Z Index (#1) to get an idea of the cultures included in eHRAF.

Clicking on a culture name (#2) will link you to a culture description, culture summary, and to the collection documents (e.g., dissertations, monographs, books, journal articles) for a particular culture.

Tip! The cultures can also be found as “culture tree” in the Basic, Lookup (see Fig.2, #5), and Advanced searches.

Figure 6 is Browse Major Subjects containing a list of all the searchable subjects (#1), which are based on the Outline of Cultural Materials, or OCM for short. Clicking on a subject (#1) will link you to a subject description (not shown).

Alternative Browse Subject menus (#2) are the A-Z Index and OCM Code .

The subjects can also be found as “subject tree” in the Basic, Lookup (Fig. 2, #5), and Advanced searches, and also at the end of this User’s Guide.

Figure 5. Browse Cultures by Country

Figure 6. Browse Subjects by Major Category

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OCM Numbers & Subjects The OCM subjects from the Outline of Cultural Materials (OCM) are what makes eHRAF so unique and different from other full-text databases. The power of eHRAF is that HRAF analysts assign every paragraph in the eHRAF documents with OCM subjects that relate to the subjects/topics discussed. The subjects (OCMs for short) enable you to search the full-text documents more effectively than keyword searches. The subjects can be found in the Search and Browse sections at eHRAF World Cultures http://ehrafWorldCultures.yale.edu and eHRAF Archaeology http://ehrafArchaeology.yale.edu . Use the OCM number (e.g., “132” for climate) in the Lookup search if you want to retrieve the exact and only subject.

100 ORIENTATION101 Identification102 Maps103 Place Names104 Glossary105 Cultural Summary106 Coded Data107 Diagnostic Material Attributes

110 INFORMATION SOURCES111 Citations of Documents in the HRAF Collection112 Additional Bibliography113 Information Sources Listed in Other Works114 Reviews and Critiques115 Informants116 Complete Text of HRAF Documents117 Field Data118 Fiction119 Artifact and Archive Collections

120 RESEARCH METHODS121 Theoretical Orientation in Research and Its Results122 Practical Preparations in Conducting Fieldwork123 Observation in Research124 Interviewing In Research125 Tests and Schedules Administered In the Field126 Recording and Collecting In the Field127 Historical and Archival Research128 Organization and Analysis of Results of Research129 Archaeological Survey Methods1210 Archaeological Excavation Methods1211 Dating Methods in Archaeology1212 Laboratory Analysis of Materials Other Than Dating Methods in Archaeology1213 Experimental Data

130 GEOGRAPHY131 Location132 Climate133 Topography and Geology134 Soil135 Mineral Resources136 Fauna137 Flora138 Post Depositional Processes in Archaeological Sites

140 HUMAN BIOLOGY141 Anthropometry142 Descriptive Somatology143 Genetics144 Racial Identification145 Ontogenetic Data146 Nutrition147 Physiological Data

150 BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY151 Sensation and Perception152 Drivers and Emotions153 Modification of Behavior154 Adjustment Processes155 Personality Development156 Social Personality157 Personality Traits158 Personality Disorders159 Life History Materials

160 DEMOGRAPHY161 Population162 Composition of Population163 Birth Statistics164 Morbidity165 Mortality166 Internal Migration167 External Migration168 Population Policy

170 HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE171 Comparative Evidence1710 Cultural Revitalization and Ethnogenesis172 Prehistory173 Traditional History174 Historical Reconstruction175 History176 Innovation177 Acculturation and Culture Contact178 Sociocultural Trends179 Economic Planning and Development

180 TOTAL CULTURE181 Ethos182 Functional and Adaptational Interpretations183 Norms184 Cultural Participation185 Cultural Goals186 Cultural Identity and Pride

190 LANGUAGE191 Speech192 Vocabulary193 Grammar194 Phonology195 Sociolinguistics196 Semantics197 Linguistic Identification198 Special Languages

200 COMMUNICATION201 Gestures and Signs202 Transmission of Messages203 Dissemination of News and Information204 Press205 Mail206 Telephone and Telegraph207 Radio and Television208 Public Opinion209 Proxemics2010 Internet Communications

210 RECORDS211 Mnemonic Devices212 Writing213 Printing214 Publishing215 Photography216 Audiovisual Records and Equipment217 Archives218 Writing and Printing Supplies

220 FOOD QUEST221 Annual Cycle222 Collecting223 Fowling224 Hunting and Trapping225 Marine Hunting226 Fishing227 Fishing Gear228 Marine Industries

230 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY231 Domesticated Animals232 Applied Animal Science233 Pastoral Activities234 Dairying235 Poultry Raising236 Wool Production237 Animal By-Products

240 AGRICULTURE241 Tillage242 Agricultural Science243 Cereal Agriculture244 Vegetable Production245 Arboriculture246 Forage Crops247 Floriculture248 Textile Agriculture249 Special Crops

250 FOOD PROCESSING251 Preservation and Storage of Food252 Food Preparation253 Meat Packing Industry254 Refrigeration Industry255 Canning Industry256 Cereal Industry257 Confectionery Industries258 Miscellaneous Food Processing and Packing Industries

260 FOOD CONSUMPTION261 Gratification and Control of Hunger262 Diet263 Condiments264 Eating265 Food Service Industries266 Cannibalism

270 DRINK, DRUGS, AND INDULGENCE271 Water and Thirst272 Nonalcoholic Beverages273 Alcoholic Beverage's274 Beverage Industries275 Drinking Establishments276 Recreational and Non-therapeutic Drugs277 Tobacco Industry278 Pharmaceuticals

280 LEATHER, TEXTILES, AND FABRICS281 Work in Skins282 Leather Industry283 Cordage284 Knots and Lashings285 Mats and Basketry286 Woven and other interworked Fabrics287 Felted and other non-interworked Fabrics288 Textile Industries289 Paper Industry

290 CLOTHING291 Normal Garb292 Special Garments293 Paraphernalia294 Clothing Manufacture295 Special Clothing Industries296 Garment Care

300 ADORNMENT301 Ornament302 Personal Grooming303 Manufacture of Personal Grooming304 Body Alteration305 Beauty Specialists306 Jewelry Manufacture

310 EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES311 Land Use312 Water Supply313 Lumbering314 Forest Products315 Oil and Gas Wells316 Mining and Quarrying317 Special Deposits318 Environmental Quality

320 PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS321 Bone, Horn, and Shell Technology322 Woodworking323 Ceramic Technology324 Lithic Industries325 Metallurgy326 Smiths and Their Crafts327 Iron and Steel Industry328 Nonferrous Metal Industries

330 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION331 Construction332 Earth Moving333 Masonry334 Structural Steel Work335 Carpentry336 Plumbing337 Electrical Installation338 Miscellaneous Building Trades339 Building Supplies Industries

340 STRUCTURES341 Architecture342 Dwellings343 Outbuildings344 Public Structures345 Recreational Structures346 Religious and Educational Structures347 Business Structures348 Industrial Structures349 Miscellaneous Structures

350 EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BLDGS351 Grounds352 Furniture353 Building Interiors and Arrangement354 Heating and Lighting Equipment355 Miscellaneous Building Equipment356 Housekeeping357 Domestic Service358 Maintenance of Nondomestic Buildings

360 SETTLEMENTS361 Settlement Patterns362 Housing363 Streets and Traffic364 Refuse Disposal and Sanitary Facilities365 Public Utilities366 Commercial Facilities367 Parks368 Miscellaneous Facilities369 Urban and Rural Life

370 ENERGY AND POWER371 Power Development372 Fire373 Light374 Heat375 Thermal Power376 Water Power377 Electric Power378 Atomic Power379 Miscellaneous Power Production

380 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES381 Chemical Engineering382 Petroleum and Coal Products Industries383 Rubber Industries384 Synthetics Industries385 Industrial Chemicals386 Paint and Dye Manufacture387 Fertilizer Industry388 Soap and Allied Products389 Manufacture of Explosives

390 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES391 Hardware Manufacture392 Machine Industries393 Electrical Supplies Industry394 Manufacture of Heating and Lighting Appliances395 Manufacture of Optical and Photographic Equipment396 Shipbuilding397 Railway Equipment Industry398 Manufacture of Vehicles399 Aircraft Industry

400 MACHINES401 Mechanics402 Industrial Machinery403 Electrical Machines and Appliances404 Household Machines and Appliances405 Weighing, Measuring, and Recording Machines406 Weight-moving Machinery407 Agricultural Machinery408 Computer Technology

410 TOOLS AND APPLIANCES411 Weapons412 General Tools413 Special Tools414 Miscellaneous Hardware415 Utensils416 Appliances417 Apparatus

420 PROPERTY421 Property System422 Property in Movables423 Real Property424 Incorporeal Property425 Acquisition and Relinquishment of Property426 Borrowing and Lending427 Renting and Leasing428 Inheritance429 Administration

430 EXCHANGE431 Gift Giving432 Buying and Selling433 Production and Supply434 Income and Demand435 Price and Value436 Medium of Exchange437 Exchange Transactions438 Internal Trade439 External Trade

440 MARKETING441 Mercantile Business442 Wholesale Marketing443 Retail Marketing444 Retail Businesses445 Service Industries446 Sales Promotion447 Advertising

450 FINANCE451 Accounting452 Credit453 Banking454 Saving and Investment455 Speculation456 Insurance457 Foreign Exchange458 Business Cycles

460 LABOR461 Labor and Leisure462 Division of Labor by Gender463 Occupational Specialization464 Labor supply and Employment465 Wages and Salaries466 Labor Relations467 Labor Organization468 Collective Bargaining

470 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION471 Ownership and Control of Capital472 Individual Enterprise473 Corporate Organization474 Cooperative Organization475 State Enterprise476 Mutual Aid477 Competition

480 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION481 Locomotion482 Burden Carrying483 Weight Moving484 Travel485 Travel Services486 Regulation of Travel487 Routes488 Warehousing489 Transportation

490 LAND TRANSPORT491 Highways and Bridges492 Animal Transportation493 Vehicles494 Highway Transportation495 Auxiliary Highway Services496 Railways497 Rail Transport498 Terminal Facilities499 Highway and Railway Construction

500 WATER, AIR and SPACE TRANSPORTATION501 Boats502 Navigation503 Waterways Improvements504 Port Facilities505 Water Transport506 Aircraft507 Aviation508 Airport Facilities509 Air Transport

510 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES511 Standard of Living512 Daily Routine513 Sleeping514 Elimination515 Personal Hygiene516 Postures517 Leisure Time Activities

520 RECREATION521 Conversation522 Humor523 Hobbies524 Games525 Gambling526 Athletic Sports527 Rest Days and Holidays528 Vacations529 Recreational Facilities

530 ARTS531* Decorative Art 532* Representative Art 533 Music 534 Musical Instruments 535 Dance 536 Drama 537 Oratory538* Literature539* Literary Texts5310 Verbal Arts5311 Visual Arts

540 COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT541 Spectacles542 Commercialized Sports543 Exhibitions544 Public Lectures545 Musical and Theatrical Productions546 Motion Picture Industry547 Night Clubs and Cabarets548 Illegal Entertainment549 Art and Recreational Supplies Industries

550 INDIVIDUATION AND MOBILITY551 Personal Names552 Names of Animals and Things553 Naming554 Status, Role, and Prestige555 Talent Mobility556 Accumulation of Wealth557 Manipulative Mobility558 Downward Mobility

560 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION561 Age stratification562 Gender Status563 Ethnic Stratification564 Castes565 Classes566 Serfdom and Peonage567 Slavery

570 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS571 Social Relationships and Groups572 Friendships573 Cliques574 Visiting and Hospitality575 Sodalities576 Etiquette577 Ethics578 Ingroup Antagonisms579 Brawls, Riots and Banditry

580 MARRIAGE581 Basis of Marriage582 Regulation of Marriage583 Mode of Marriage584 Arranging a Marriage585 Nuptials586 Termination of Marriage587 Secondary Marriages588 Special Unions and Marriages589 Celibacy

590 FAMILY591 Residence592 Household593 Family relationships594 Nuclear Family595 Polygamy596 Extended Families597 Adoption

600 KINSHIP601 Kinship Terminology602 Kin Relationships603 Grandparents and Grandchildren604 Avuncular and Nepotic Relatives605 Cousins606 Parents-in-Law and Children-in-Law607 Siblings-in-Law608 Artificial Kin Relationships609 Behavior toward Nonrelatives

610 KIN GROUPS611 Rule of Descent612 Kindreds and Ramages613 Lineages614 Sibs615 Phratries616 Moieties617 Bilinear Kin Groups618 Clans619 Tribe and Nation

620 COMMUNITY621 Community Structure622 Community Heads623 Councils624 Local Officials625 Police626 Social Control627 Informal Ingroup Justice628 Inter-community Relations629 Inter-ethnic Relations

630 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION631 Territorial Hierarchy632 towns633 Cities634 Districts635 Provinces636 Dependencies

640 STATE641 Citizenship642 Constitution643 Chief Executive644 Executive Household645 Advisers to the Chief Executives646 Deliberative Councils647 Administrative Agencies

648 International Relations

650 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES651 Taxation and Public Income652 Public Finance653 Public Works654 Research and Development655 Government Enterprises656 Government Regulation657 Public Welfare658 Public Education659 Miscellaneous Government Activities

660 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR661 Exploitation662 Political Intrigue663 Public Service664 Pressure Politics665 Political Parties666 Elections667 Political Machines668 Political Movements669 Revolution

670 LAW671 Legal Norms672 Liability673 Wrongs674 Crime675 Contracts676 Agency677 Organized Crime

680 OFFENSES AND SANCTIONS681 Sanctions682 Offenses against Life683 Offenses Against the Person684 Sex and Marital Offenses685 Property Offenses686 Nonfulfillment of Obligations687 Offenses against the State688 Religious Offenses689 Social Offenses

690 JUSTICE691 Litigation692 Judicial Authority693 Legal and Judicial Personnel694 Initiation of Judicial Proceedings695 Trial Procedure696 Execution of Justice697 Prisons and Jails698 Special Courts

700 ARMED FORCES701 Military Organization702 Recruitment and Training703 Discipline and Morale704 Ground Combat Forces705 Supply and Commissariat706 Navy707 Air Force708 Auxiliary Corps

710 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY711 Military Engineering712 Military Installations713 Ordnance714 Uniform and Accouterment715 Military Vehicles716 Naval Vessels717 Military Aircraft718 Special Military Equipment719 Munitions Industries

720 WAR721 Instigation of War722 Wartime Adjustments723 Strategy724 Logistics725 Tactics726 Warfare727 Aftermath of Combat728 Peacemaking729 War Veterans

730 SOCIAL PROBLEMS731 Disasters732 Disabilities733 Alcoholism and Drug Addiction734 Invalidism735 Poverty736 Dependency737 Old Age Dependency738 Delinquency

740 HEALTH AND WELFARE741 Philanthropic Foundations742 Medical Research743 Hospitals and Clinics744 Public Health and Sanitation745 Social Insurance746 Public Assistance747 Private Welfare Agencies748 Social Work

750 SICKNESS751 Preventive Medicine752 Bodily Injuries753 Theory of Disease754 Sorcery755 Magical and Mental Therapy756 Shamans and Psychotherapists757 Medical Therapy758 Medical Care759 Medical Personnel

760 DEATH761 Life and Death762 Suicide763 Dying764 Burial Practices and Funerals765 Mourning766 Special Burial Practices and Funerals767 Mortuary Specialists768 Social Readjustments to Death769 Cult of the Dead

770 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS771 General Character of Religion772 Cosmology773 Mythology774 Animism775 Eschatology776 Spirits and Gods777 Luck and Chance778 Sacred Objects and Places779 Theological Systems

780 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES781 Religious Experience782 Prayers and Sacrifices783 Purification and Atonement784 Avoidance and Taboo785 Asceticism786 Ecstatic Religious Practices787 Revelation and Divination788 Ritual789 Magic

790 ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION791 Magicians and Diviners792 Prophets and Ascetics793 Priesthood794 Congregations795 Sects796 Organized Ceremonial797 Missions

798 Religious Intolerance

800 NUMBERS AND MEASURES801 Numerology802 Numeration803 Mathematics804 Weights and Measures805 Ordering of Time

810 SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES811 Logic812 Philosophy813 Scientific Method814 Humanistic Studies815 Science816 Applied Science

820 IDEAS ABOUT NATURE AND PEOPLE821 Ethnometeorology822 Ethnophysics823 Ethnogeography824 Ethnobotany825 Ethnozoology826 Ethnoanatomy827 Ethnophysiology828 Ethnopsychology829 Ethnosociology

830 SEX831 Sexuality832 Sexual Stimulation833 Sexual Intercourse834 General Sex Restrictions835 Kinship Regulation of Sex836 Premarital Sex Relations837 Extramarital Sex Relations838 Homosexuality839 Miscellaneous Sex Behavior

840 REPRODUCTION841 Menstruation842 Conception843 Pregnancy844 Childbirth845 Difficult and Unusual births846 Postnatal Care847 Abortion and Infanticide848 Illegitimacy

850 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD851 Social Placement852 Ceremonial During Infancy and Childhood853 Infant Feeding854 Infant Care855 Child Care856 Development and Maturation857 Childhood activities858 Status of Children

860 SOCIALIZATION861 Techniques of Inculcation862 Weaning and Food Training863 Cleanliness Training864 Sex Training865 Aggression Training866 Independence Training867 Transmission of Cultural Norms868 Transmission of Skills869 Transmission of Beliefs

870 EDUCATION871 Educational System872 Elementary Education873 Liberal Arts Education874 Vocational Education875 Teachers876 Educational Theory and Methods877 Students

880 ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE881 Puberty and Initiation882 Status of Adolescents883 Adolescent Activities884 Majority885 Adulthood886 Senescence887 Activities of the Aged888 Status and Treatment of the Aged

890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES890 Gender Roles and Issues

900 TEXTS901 Texts in the Speaker’s Language902 Texts translated into English903 Interlinear Translations

910 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEASURES, TECHNIQUES, AND ANALYSES

911 Chronologies and Cultural Sequences912 Cultural Stratigraphy913 Functional Specialization areas914 Typologies and Classifications915 Archaeological Inventories

Note that * indicates that the categories so marked are retired from usage as of May 1997