quiz #8
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QUIZ #8. Draw the IDH curve. When and why is species diversity highest according to IDH? Explain how anthropogenic disturbance can be either beneficial or detrimental. How can wetlands function as a transitional community (zone) between open lakes and upland terrestrial forest habitats? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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QUIZ #8
1. Draw the IDH curve. When and why is species diversity highest according to IDH?
2. Explain how anthropogenic disturbance can be either beneficial or detrimental.
3. How can wetlands function as a transitional community (zone) between open lakes and upland terrestrial forest habitats?
4. What is the difference between (or define, up to you) allogenic and autogenic succession.
5. Give an example of both primary and secondary succession.
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PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
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RANGE OF PRODUCTIVITY:CLIMATE AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
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SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY
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PLANT AND ANIMAL ADAPTATION
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Forces leading to adaptation
1. Anoxia: lack of oxygen2. Salinity: fluctuating or high salinity3. Soil toxins: sulfide, methane, etc.4. Nutrient stress: low nitrogen or phosphorus
availability5. Submergence: anchorage, locomotion, change in C
source, wave energy, light6. Herbivory/Predation
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Responses to anoxia at different levels of complexity
Bacteria• alternative respiratory pathways• utilize energy in reduced compounds (e.g. NH4
+, CH4, S-)
Plants• arenchymous tissue (ethylene production), lenticels, adventitious roots, stem elongation, shallow rooting, hypertrophy, carbohydrate storage structures• pressurized gas flow, radial oxygen loss• Alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) accumulation
Animals• specialized respiratory structures (gills, parapodia, etc.)• pigments• various other physiological and behavioral modifications
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Responses salt stress atdifferent levels of complexity
Bacteria• accumulation of “non-lethal” ions (e.g. K+ relative to Na+)• compatible (organic) solutes
Plants• salt exclusion• salt excretion• storage in vacuoles or senescent tissues• C4 instead of C3 photosynthetic pathway
Animals• osmoregulate• osmoconform
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OXYGEN STRESS: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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OXYGEN PUMPING
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Illustration of gas flow in the water lily
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Pressurized gas flow is a function of water depth
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FLOODINGTOLERANCE
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Flooded vs. Non-flooded and
ethylene production
Loblolly pine root
Loblolly pine seedling stem
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Mangrove Adaptations
waxy leaves andviviparous seedlings
lenticelsspecialized root
structures
salt exclusion vs. salt excretion
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Mangroves are better competitorsin salty environments
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SOIL PHYTOTOXINS: IMPACT NUTRIENT UPTAKE
Vmax
KmNH4
+ concentrationN
H4+ u
ptak
e
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EFFECTS OFPOREWATERSALINITY
Vmax
KmNH4
+ concentration
NH
4+ upt
ake
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low tide
High tide
Spatial Gradients
decreasing soil redox
increasing soil salinity, and sulfide concentrations
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Reciprocal effects of vegetation on soil
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SALT MARSH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS
C3 PATHWAY
C4 PATHWAY
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Stomata imprints on underside of red mangrove leaf
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Measuring photosynthesis and transpiration in a mangrove forest
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Definitions
tolerator (conformer): an organism that has functional modifications allowing it to survive and often function in the presence of stress.
regulator: organisms that actively avoid stress or modify it to minimize its effects (e.g. thermoregulator, osmoregulator, etc.)
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SALT STRESS IN ANIMALS
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Reptilian tolerance to anoxia
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NEKTON ADAPTATIONS
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Estuarine-dependent life cycles
Gulf menhaden
Brown shrimp
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Seasonal occurrence of estuarine-dependent species
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Quiz # 8
1. Why is nitrogen fixation inhibited by aerobic conditions?
2. Describe one way in which bacteria deal with anoxia.
3. Describe a mechanism that allows hydrophytes to deal with salinity stress.
4. What is the source of inorganic carbon for plants photosynthesizing under water (i.e., SAV)?
5. What microbial process gives rise to reduced inorganic nitrogen?