quiz pediatrics

Pediatrics 01May2009

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Pediatrics #1 – Clinical: Part One

1) What is the most common etiology of pediatric cardiac arrest?

a) Respiratory

b) Cardiac

c) CNS

d) Metabolic

e) Renal

2) When assessing a pediatric patient in cardiorespiratory arrest, the primary survey

involves ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure). Which of the

following components of the primary survey is contraindicated in children?

a) Head-tilt chin-lift

b) Jaw-thrust maneuver

c) Blind finger sweep

d) Using heart rate to assess intravascular volume status

e) Using capillary refill to assess adequate circulation

3) Which of the following is a primary treatment option for a pediatric patient in

pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

a) Cardioversion

b) Amiodarone or procainamide

c) Vagal maneuvers and adenosine

d) Atropine and epinephrine

e) Defibrillation

4) A child presents with a cardiac arrhythmia. The Emergency Department physician puts

a bag of ice-cold water on the child’s face to induce the mammalian diving reflex (vagal

maneuver). Which of the following did the patient likely have?

a) Hemodynamically stable VT

b) Hemodynamically stable SVT

c) Hemodynamically unstable VT or SVT

d) Pulseless VT or VF

e) Bradycardia or asystole

5) Which of the following drugs would be useful for multiple ventricular ectopy (PVCs)

as well as for refractory VT/VF to improve the susceptibility for cardioversion?

a) Atropine

b) Bicarbonate

c) Calcium and magnesium

d) Lidocaine

e) Epinephrine

6) What is the most common type of shock seen in children?

a) Hypovolemic (electrolyte loss, blood loss, third spacing)

b) Cardiogenic (congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy)

c) Disruptive (anaphylactic, neurologic, drug toxicity)

d) Septic, compensated (“warm”)

e) Septic, uncompensated (“cold”)

7) Approximately what percentage of childhood poisonings occur in children younger

than 5 years of age?

a) 15%



b) 35%

c) 50%

d) 65%

e) 85%

8) A child presents with irritability, anorexia, vomiting, and hyperactivity. The clinician

suspects lead poisoning and draws labs looking for >20mcg/dL, but the labs return

>45mcg/dL so the clinician immediately begins chelation treatment. What is the most

likely source of this child’s poisoning?

a) Playground equipment

b) Paint from an old building

c) Men’s multivitamin tablets

d) Window blinds

e) Graphite pencils

9) What is the leading cause of accidental death in children older than 1 year and

adolescents?

a) Drowning

b) Lead poisoning

c) Burns

d) Motor vehicle accidents

e) Foreign body aspiration

10) Which of the following pediatric patients is most likely to be involved in a drowning

accident (bathtub submersion)?

a) Caucasian males

b) Caucasian females

c) African American males

d) African American females

11) Foreign body aspiration has the highest incidence in children aged 6-30 months.

What is the most common object involved, accounting for over 50% of aspirations?

a) Small toys (e.g. lego, marble)

b) Nuts

c) Bread

d) Crayons

e) Fish bones

12) Burns are the 3rd leading cause of injury in children and the 2nd most frequent cause

of accidental death. They involve abuse in 15-25% of cases. What is the most common

type of burn seen in children?

a) Scald burns

b) Flame burns

c) Electrical burns

d) Contact burns

e) Chemical burns

13) Which of the following is NOT true of child abuse?

a) Neglect is the most common cause of failure to thrive

b) Sexual abusers of children are usually stepfathers, fathers, or other male family

members

c) 10% of ER visits involving children younger than 5 years old result from abuse



d) 80% of sexual abuse victims are girls

e) Molestation by strangers and babysitters is common

14) It has been shown that home apnea monitors do not decrease the likelihood of sudden

infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for SIDS?

a) Prematurity

b) Low birth weight

c) Female gender

d) Prone sleeping position

e) Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

f) Maternal smoking during pregnancy

15) Newborn cyanosis is most likely due to cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic, or

hematologic disorders. It is clinically evident when absolute concentrations of

deoxygenated hemoglobin rise above:

a) 1g/dL

b) 2g/dL

c) 3g/dL

d) 4g/dL

e) 5g/dL

16) Which of the following should be given to an unstable infant with suspected

congenital heart disease?

a) Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)

b) Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)

c) Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor (milrinone)

d) Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (mesembrine)

e) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (sildenafil)

17) During a routine cardiac examination of an infant, a murmur is heard. Further

examination reveals a fixed split S2, regardless of inspiration or expiration. An ECG

shows mild right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Which of the following is most likely?

a) Atrial septal defect

b) Ventricular septal defect

c) Patent ductus

d) Tetrology of Fallot

e) Coarctation of the aorta

f) Transposition of the great arteries

18) Which of the following presents with a holosystolic murmur and is the most common

congenital heart defect?

a) Patent ductus

b) Atrial septal defect

c) Tetrology of Fallot

d) Coarctation of the aorta

e) Ventricular septal defect


19) A continuous “machinery” murmur is heart in which of the following?

a) Patent ductus








20) A young child presents with cyanosis. The mother says the child has periodic

episodic cyanosis, which is accompanied by agitation and rapid, deep breathing. The

child turns blue for a couple minutes then normal color returns. Chest x-ray shows a

“boot shaped” heart and ECG shows right-axis deviation. Which of the following would

NOT be seen in this child?

a) Over-riding aorta


c) Right ventricular hypertrophy

d) Pulmonary stenosis

21) A newborn is found to have Turner syndrome. Blood pressure measurements show a

difference between upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Patent ductus






22) A newborn boy presents to the Emergency Room with cyanosis. A chest x-ray shows

an egg-on-a-string (egg-shaped) heart. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Patent ductus






23) Conotruncal anomalies (e.g. truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, VSD) are

associated with what chromosomal micro-deletion?

a) 11p22

b) 11q22

c) 22p11

d) 22q11

24) What is the most common cardiac lesion found in rheumatic heart disease?

a) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

b) Coronary artery aneurysms

c) Aortic stenosis

d) Mitral regurgitation


25) A young child is found to have pericarditis, myocarditis, and transient rhythm

disturbances. If Kawasaki disease is suspected, which of the following may develop?

a) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

b) Coronary artery aneurysms

c) Aortic stenosis

d) Mitral regurgitation




26) Endocarditis is seen in adult IV drug abusers and with prosthetic replacement valves

after dental procedures. In children, it is seen with congenitally abnormal valves. What is

the most common causative agent?

a) Staphylococcus aureus

b) Streptococcus viridans

c) Haemophilus influenzae (HACEK)

d) Staphylococcus epidermidis

e) Coxsackie B virus

27) A child presents with fever, dyspnea, tachycardia, and mild ST-and T-wave changes

on ECG. Physical exam reveals S3 ventricular gallop. If myocarditis is suspected, which

of the following is most likely?


b) Streptococcus viridans

c) Haemophilus influenzae (HACEK)

d) Staphylococcus epidermidis

e) Coxsackie B virus

28) Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), pulsus alternans, and

neuromuscular disease etiology (e.g. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) is seen in which of

the following?

a) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

b) Dilated cardiomyopathy

c) Endocarditis

d) Myocarditis

e) Myocardial infarction

29) A young high school basketball player suddenly collapses during a game. Which of

the following is most likely?

a) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

b) Dilated cardiomyopathy

c) Endocarditis

d) Myocarditis

e) Myocardial infarction

30) Which of the following developmental tests evaluates children from 0 to 6 years of

age and involves gross motor, fine motor-adaptive, language, and personal-social?

a) Denver II

b) CAT

c) CLAMS

d) B & C

31) What is the best indicator of future intellectual achievement?

a) Gross motor

b) Fine motor-adaptive

c) Language

d) Personal-social

32) A development quotient below what level would constitute developmental delay?

a) 100

b) 90



c) 80

d) 70

e) 60

33) Which of the following intelligence quotients (IQs) would signify severely mentally

retarded?

a) 80

b) 60

c) 45

d) 30

e) 10

34) Which of the following is NOT true of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD)?

a) Most of those affected as a child do not have persisting symptoms

b) Involves hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity

c) Requires information from parents and teachers using a scale such as the

Conner Parent and Teacher Scales

d) Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months

e) Treatment may include drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin),

dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall)

35) A child is able to balance on one foot, can copy a cross, can catch a ball, can dress

himself, and tells an intelligible story to a stranger. How old is this child?

a) 1-year

b) 2-years

c) 3-years

d) 4-years

e) 5-years

36) A child is able to discriminate the use of “mama” and “dada”, stands alone,

cooperates with dressing, and imitates actions. How old is this child?

a) 36-months

b) 24-months

c) 12-months

d) 6-months

e) 2-months

37) A child can roll in both directions, sits still, reaches with one hand, and babbles. How

old is this child?

a) 2-months

b) 4-months

c) 6-months

d) 9-months

e) 12-months

38) Autism and Asperger syndrome are pervasive development disorders (PDD).

Asperger is characterized by intense interest in specific topics (e.g. dinosaurs) as well as

which of the following?

a) Lack of language ability

b) Lack of showing interest

c) Lack of emotional reciprocity



d) Lack of abstract form understanding (e.g. sarcasm)

e) Lack of motor mannerisms and inflexibility to rituals

39) The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and thimerosal have been shown to be

associated with the development of autism.

a) True

b) False

Match the disease with the causative agent:

40) Measles a) Parvovirus B19

41) Rubella b) Paramyxovirus

42) Roseola infantum c) Varicella-Zoster virus

43) Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) d) RNA Togavirus

44) Hand-Foot-and-Mouth e) HHV-6

45) Chicken pox f) Coxsackie A virus

Match the disease with the type of rash:

46) Measles a) Mouth ulcers, football shaped vesicles

47) Rubella b) Pruritic rash, red papules, vesicles, scabs

48) Roseola infantum c) Maculopapular on trunk to periphery

49) Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) d) Discrete maculopapular, <5 days

50) Hand-Foot-and-Mouth e) Koplik spots, maculopapular at head

51) Chicken pox f) Slapped-cheek, arms spread to trunk

52) An infant presents with abrupt onset of diffuse erythema, marked skin tenderness,

and fever. Flaccid bullae develop and rupture, leading beefy red, weeping surfaces.

Physical exam reveals separation of the epidermis on light rubbing (Nikolsky sign). Labs

show S. aureus as the causative agent. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Bullous impetigo

b) Nonbullous impetigo

c) Scalded skin syndrome

d) Folliculitis

e) Cellulitis

53) A child presents with a hyperpigmented scaly lesion on the upper back, chest, and

neck. Labs are negative for septated branching hyphae. However, a “spaghetti and

meatballs” arrangement is seen on microscopy. Further lab testing shows Malassezia

furfur. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Tinea capitis

b) Tinea corporis

c) Tinea cruris

d) Tinea pedis

e) Tinea versicolor

54) A boy with oily skin presents with complaints of facial blemishes that began as he

reached puberty. The clinician believes Propionibacterium acnes is to blame. What

treatment option is reserved for severe cases that involve inflammatory papules, cysts,

abscesses, and scaring?

a) Benzoyl peroxide

b) Topical antibiotics (clindamycin)

c) Topical retinoids (tretinoin)

d) Oral antibiotics (tetracycline)



e) Oral retinoic acid (Accutane)

55) A child is found to have a silvery scale rash on areas of physical or thermal trauma

(Köbner phenomenon). The child scratches at the rash, which causes pinpoint bleeding

(Auspitz sign). Which of the following is most likely?

a) Acne

b) Tinea corporis

c) Folliculitis

d) Psoriasis

e) Bullous impetigo

56) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?

a) Type II diabetes

b) Polyuria, polydipsia

c) Kussmaul breathing

d) Tachycardia and hypotension

e) Fruity breath and cerebral edema

57) An infant girl is found to have short statue and deformities of the neck, chest, and

heart. Physical exam reveals a knuckle-knuckle-dimple-dimple sign. Which of the

following is most likely?

a) Central diabetes insipidus

b) Growth hormone deficiency

c) Primary hypothyroidism

d) Cushing syndrome

e) Turner syndrome

58) What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children?

a) Hashimoto thyroiditis

b) Graves disease

c) Toxic multinodular goiter

d) Amiodarone toxicity

e) Knuckle-knuckle-dimple-knuckle pseudohypothyroidism

59) What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

a) 21-hydroxylase deficiency

b) 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

c) Aromatase deficiency

d) 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency

e) 3beta-hydroxylase deficiency

60) Precocious puberty is defined as development of secondary sex characteristics before

age 7.5 in girls and before what age in boys?

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7.5

d) 9

e) 10

61) A child presents with weakness, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. History reveals

salt cravings. Physical exam reveals increased skin pigmentation and postural

hypotension. Lab testing shows hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, and

metabolic acidosis. Which of the following is most likely?



a) Cushing syndrome

b) Cushing disease

c) Addison disease

d) Pubertal delay

e) Pseudopseudohypothyroidism

62) What is the Holliday-Segar method used for?

a) Fluid bolus calculation in burn victims

b) Fluid infusion rate for traumatic injuries

c) Fluid amount for daily maintenance

d) Fluid allowance for diabetes insipidus

e) Fluid loss rate for dehydration

63) A child presents with suspected dehydration due to immature kidneys. Evaluation

shows a depressed anterior fontanelle, sunken eyes, altered mental status, and increased

heart rate. It is estimated that the child has lost 7% of their body weight to water. Labs

reveal 800mOsm/L urine, slightly elevated urine specific gravity, elevated BUN, and

mild acidosis. Which of the following best describes this patient?

a) Normal

b) Mild shock

c) Compensated shock

d) Uncompensated shock

64) The hemolysis of red blood cells during sample collections is the most common

causes of (artifactual):

a) Hyponatremia

b) Hypernatremia

c) Hypokalemia

d) Hyperkalemia

65) A child presents with constipation after a bout of severe vomiting. The clinician notes

weakness and tetany. An ECG shows depressed ST segments with biphasic T-waves and

prominent U-waves. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Hyponatremia

b) Hypernatremia

c) Hypokalemia

d) Hyperkalemia

66) A child with a congenital renal tubule defect has large losses of bicarbonate. Labs

reveal a blood pH of 7.20. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Metabolic acidosis

b) Metabolic alkalosis

c) Respiratory acidosis

d) Respiratory alkalosis

Pediatrics #2 – Clinical: Part Two

1) What is the most common medical cause of abdominal pain in children?

a) Sickle cell disease

b) Lactase deficiency

c) Gastroenteritis

d) Mesenteric lymphadenitis



e) Group A strep infections

2) What is the most common surgical cause of abdominal pain in children?

a) Trauma

b) Intussusception

c) Cholecystitis

d) Appendicitis

e) Testicular torsion

3) Which of the following cases would suggest colicky pain or obstruction?

a) Blood or mucinous diarrhea

b) Child lies still

c) Child cannot remain still

d) Sore throat

e) Dysuria

4) Which of the following cases would suggest inflammatory pain, infection, or

perforated organ/viscus?

a) Blood or mucinous diarrhea

b) Child lies still

c) Child cannot remain still

d) Sore throat

e) Dysuria

5) An infant presents with violent episodes of irritability, colicky pain, and emesis that

are interspersed with relatively normal periods. A barium enema is performed, showing a

coiled-spring appearance to the bowel. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Trauma

b) Intussusception

c) Cholecystitis

d) Appendicitis

e) Testicular torsion

6) Which of the following is an uncommon cause of emesis in children?

a) Crohn disease

b) Gastroesophageal reflux

c) Acute gastroenteritis

d) Tonsillitis

e) Otitis media

7) A three-week-old child presents with non-bilious projectile vomiting. Which of the


a) Gastroesophageal reflux

b) GI malrotation

c) Pyloric stenosis

d) Hirschsprung disease

e) Esophageal stricture

8) A newborn is brought in with gastrointestinal problems. An upper GI series is

performed, showing abnormal positioning of the ligament of Treitz and the cecum.

Which of the following is most likely?

a) Gastroesophageal reflux

b) GI malrotation



c) Pyloric stenosis


e) Esophageal stricture

9) What is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children within most developed

countries?

a) Bacterial enterocolitis

b) Appendicitis

c) Iron, mercury, lead, or fluoride ingestion

d) Intussusception

e) Viral gastroenteritis

10) Hirschsprung disease (i.e. congenital megacolon) results from failure of ganglion

cells of the myenteric plexus to migrate down to the distal colon. This results in:

a) Constipation

b) Diarrhea

c) Hematochezia

d) Obstipation

11) Which of the following is defined as bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR) and

usually results from a lower GI bleed, distal to the ligament of Treitz?

a) Constipation

b) Diarrhea

c) Hematochezia

d) Obstipation

e) Melena

12) Which of the following is the most common anomaly of the GI tract, is due to

vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (within 100cm of the ileocecal valve),

and presents with painless rectal bleeding?

a) Gastroschisis

b) Meckel diverticulum

c) Hirschsprung disease

d) Omphalocele

e) Diaphragmatic hernia

13) Which of the following is NOT true of congenital defects?

a) Autosomal dominant disorders typically code for structural proteins

b) Autosomal recessive disorders typically code for enzymes

c) Environmental factors cause 10% of birth defects

d) Major anomalies have a low incidence up to newborns with the presence of

three minor anomalies

e) Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC), like all other inborn errors of

metabolism, is autosomal recessive

Match the genetic defect with the characteristics:

14) Horseshoe kidney, rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears a) Downs (21)

15) Gynecomastia, small phallus, small testes, taller b) Edwards (18)

16) Wide-spaced hypoplastic nipples, webbed neck, shield chest c) Patau (13)

17) High leukemia risk, short, broad hands, dysmorphic face d) Turner

18) Microcephaly, sloped forehead, cryptorchidism, polydactyly e) Klinefelter



19) A mother brings in her young boy because he is gaining weight rapidly. She has been

trying to keep food away from him, but finds him digging through the garbage and eating

non-edible items (pica). Physical exam reveals almond-shaped eyes that are different

from the mother’s, a down-turned mouth, and small hands and feet. Which of the


a) Maternal chromosome 15 deletion

b) Paternal chromosome 15 deletion

c) Trisomy 21

d) Trisomy 18

e) Trisomy 13

20) A girl is brought in by her mother with the concern that the child is not learning

properly. Physical exam reveals maxillary hypoplasia, a large mouth, prognathism, and

short stature. Mental assessment reveals the child is severely mentally retarded. During a

discussion with the mother, the clinician notes the child making jerky arm movements,

marionette-like movements, and laughing a great deal (happy puppet syndrome). Which


a) Maternal chromosome 15 deletion

b) Paternal chromosome 15 deletion

c) Deletion of 22q11

d) Deletion of 22p11

e) Trisomy 21

21) A newborn is found to have macrosomia at birth. Testing as the child begins to grow

reveals macroorchidism, large ears, and a large jaw. Genetic testing reveals a large

amount of CGG trinucleotide repeats. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Angelman syndrome

b) Prader-Willi syndrome

c) Fragile X syndrome

d) DiGeorge syndrome

e) Hurler syndrome

22) Microdeletion of 22q11.2 can lead to tetralogy of Fallot, interrupted aortic arch, and

thymus absence. It is associated with velocardiofacial syndrome as well as:

a) Angelman syndrome

b) Prader-Willi syndrome

c) Fragile X syndrome

d) DiGeorge syndrome

e) Hurler syndrome

23) A 2-week-old presents with vision problems, anorexia, and emesis after breast-

feeding. Testing reveals liver failure, renal dysfunction, and developing cataracts. A

deficiency in G1P uridyltransferase is found. The clinician is concerned about the risk of

E. coli sepsis. Which of the following is most likely?

a) OTC deficiency

b) Gaucher disease

c) Hurler syndrome

d) Phenylketonuria

e) Galactosemia

f) Homocystinuria



Match the glycogen storage disease with the deficiency:

24) Acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) a) Von Gierke disease (Type I)

25) Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) b) Pompe disease (Type II)

26) Myophosphorylase c) McArdle disease (Type V)

27) A fair-haired, fair-skinned, blue-eyed child presents with projectile vomiting, mental

retardation, tremors, and mouse-like smelling urine. Testing reveals a defect in tyrosine

formation. Which of the following is most likely?

a) OTC deficiency

b) Gaucher disease

c) Hurler syndrome

d) Phenylketonuria

e) Galactosemia

f) Homocystinuria

28) Which of the following can cause eye lens dislocation and involves a defect in the

pathway that converts methionine to cysteine and serine?

a) OTC deficiency

b) Gaucher disease

c) Hurler syndrome

d) Phenylketonuria

e) Galactosemia

f) Homocystinuria

29) A patient is diagnosed with OTC deficiency after developing severe

hyperammonemia after the consumption of proteins. How is this disorder inherited?

a) Autosomal dominant

b) Autosomal recessive

c) X-linked

d) Y-linked

e) Mitochondrial

30) Which of the following is due to a deficiency in alpha-iduroindase leading to

dermatan and heparan sulfate accumulation, coarse facies, corneal clouding, and

exaggerated kyphosis?

a) OTC deficiency

b) Gaucher disease

c) Hurler syndrome

d) Phenylketonuria

e) Galactosemia

f) Homocystinuria

31) Which of the following is due to a deficiency in beta-glucosidase leading to

glucocerebrosidase accumulation, anemia, leucopenia, and an Erlenmeyer flask-shape of

the distal femur?

a) OTC deficiency

b) Gaucher disease

c) Hurler syndrome

d) Phenylketonuria

e) Galactosemia

f) Homocystinuria



32) An infant presents with anorexia, apathy, easy fatigability, and irritability. Physical

exam reveals skin pallor, glossitis, and koilonychias. Labs reveal iron deficiency. Which


a) Hypochromic microcytic anemia

b) Hyperchromic microcytic anemia

c) Hypochromic macrocytic anemia

d) Hyperchromic macrocytic anemia

e) Normocytic anemia

33) During the first year of life, a child develops severe hemolytic anemia and

splenomegaly. A physical exam reveals a tower skull, frontal bossing, and prominent

cheekbones. Labs are negative for excess beta-globin tetramers. The child is started on

folate supplementation, RBC transfusions, and iron chelation. Which of the following is

most likely?

a) Homozygous alpha thalassemia (Bart)

b) Hemoglobin H disease

c) Alpha thalassemia minor

d) Beta thalassemia major

e) Beta thalassemia minor

34) A 2-year-old develops bone marrow suppression after a viral infection. Pure red cell

aplasia is found and the child is diagnosed with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood

(TEC). The mother is told it will pass. What type of anemia is this?

a) Hypochromic microcytic anemia

b) Hyperchromic microcytic anemia

c) Hypochromic macrocytic anemia

d) Hyperchromic macrocytic anemia

e) Normocytic anemia

35) An African-American child presents with pain in the hands, knees, and a general

aching sensation. Physical exam reveals splenomegaly, dactylitis, and pulmonary rales.

Labs show anemia. The father has a history of some type of RBC disorder. Which of the

following does the child most likely have?

a) Beta-globin position 4 substitution of glutamine for valine

b) Beta-globin position 4 substitution of valine for glutamine

c) Beta-globin position 6 substitution of glutamine for valine

d) Beta-globin position 6 substitution of valine for glutamine

36) A blood test on a child reveals Heinz bodies. Further testing reveals G6PD, which is a

lack of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway enzyme that results in a depletion of

NADPH and inability to regenerate reduced glutathione. How is this disorder inherited?



c) X-linked

d) Y-linked

e) Mitochondrial

37) A child is brought to the emergency center with traumatic hemorrhages after a soccer

game. Physical exam reveals significant knee hemarthroses. Further testing reveals an X-

linked recessive disorder involving factor VIII deficiency. Which of the following is most

likely?



a) Sickle cell disease

b) Alpha thalassemia

c) Hemophilia A

d) Hemophilia B

e) Von Willebrand disease

38) A child presents with complaints of bleeding gums when she brushes her teeth and

even when she eats. Testing reveals a deficiency in von Willebrand factor. What is the

drug of choice for this patient for bleeding episodes?

a) Vitamin K

b) Clopidogrel

c) Desmopressin acetate

d) Cryoprecipitate

e) Fresh-frozen plasma

39) What clotting factor is deficient in hemophilia B?

a) Factor V

b) Factor VII

c) Factor VIII

d) Factor IX

e) Factor X

40) Which of the following is NOT true?

a) Hypocalcemic tetany with absence of the thymic shadow and cell-mediated

immunodeficiency suggests 22q11 deletion

b) Humoral immunodeficiency predisposes patients to infections with

encapsulated organisms (e.g. H. influenzae, S. pneumonia)

c) Cell-mediated immunodeficiency predisposes patients to autoimmune

disorders, intracellular organisms, and opportunistic infections

d) Typical signs of infections are often absent in the presence of neutropenia

e) The most common immunodeficiency seen in pediatrics is cell-mediated

41) A patient presents with recurrent infections involving catalase-producing bacteria (S.

aureus, C. albicans, Aspergillus). A nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) and

dihydrorhodamine reduction (DHR) test are positive for the detection of chronic

granulomatous disease (CGD). Along with interferon-gamma, what prophylactic daily

drug should this patient receive?

a) Penicillin G

b) Amphotericin B

c) Doxycycline

d) TMP-SMX

e) Isoniazid

42) A child presents with seasonal rhinorrhea and upper respiratory tract symptoms. He

has dark circles under his eyes and a horizontal crease across the middle of the nose. A

Type I hypersensitivity response is suspected. What is the treatment of choice?

a) Sedating H1 blockers (e.g. diphenhydramine)

b) Non-sedating H1 blockers (e.g. fexofenadine)

c) H2 blocker (e.g. famotidine)

d) Corticosteroid (e.g. prednisone)

e) Antibiotic (e.g. amoxicillin)



43) What is the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergies, such as to peanuts, eggs,

milk, soy, wheat, or fish?

a) Patient history

b) Allergy scratch test

c) Allergy blood panel

d) H1 suppression test

e) Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge

44) A 13-year-old girl presents with joint pain lasting for 2-months. She admits to joint

stiffness in the morning that resolves with movement. Her mother says she has been

eating less, fatigues easier, and is irritable. Physical exam reveals a rash and limited range

of motion in the affected joints. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

b) Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

c) Kawasaki disease

d) Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

e) DiGeorge syndrome

45) A late adolescent presents with a malar facial rash, photosensitivity, and painless oral

ulcerations. Testing reveals anemia, positive ANA, and signs of a type III

hypersensitivity reaction. What is the treatment of choice?






46) PAN usually presents with waxing and waning symptoms of painful erythematous

skin nodules, purpura, hypertension, hematuria, and systemic complaints. Henoch-

Schönlein purpura is an IgA-mediated vasculitis that peaks in winter months, is usually

preceded by a group A streptococcal upper respiratory infection, and causes non-

thrombocytopenic palpable purura. What is the treatment of choice for both of these?






47) An infant presents with high fever, lymphadenopathy, and mucocutaneous lesions.

Physical exam reveals bilateral conjunctivitis, dry fissured lips, strawberry tongue,

indurative edema of the feet, and truncal polymorphous rash. Kawasaki disease is

suspected. What is the treatment of choice for the convalescent phase?

a) Acetaminophen

b) Aspirin

c) Indomethacin

d) Ibuprofen

e) Hydrocodone

48) Fever of unknown origin (FUO) implies a fever greater than 38.3C degrees (101F)

for equal to or greater than how many days?

a) 3 days



b) 5 days

c) 7 days

d) 14 days

e) 21 days

49) The most common bacteria implicated in acute otitis media (AOM) in pediatrics are

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis. What is the treatment of choice?

a) Amoxicillin

b) Doxycycline

c) Penicillin

d) Ketoconazole

e) Ceftriaxone

50) In general, children with pharyngitis should not be treated with antibiotics

empirically as most episodes are viral. If Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is suspected,

what is the drug of choice?

a) Amoxicillin

b) Doxycycline

c) Penicillin

d) Ketoconazole

e) Ceftriaxone

51) A 14-year-old boy presents with extreme fatigue. Testing shows fever, generalized

lymphadenopathy, atypical lymphocytes, and a positive heterophile antibody test.

Epstein-Barr virus is suspected. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Croup

b) Epiglottitis

c) Mononucleosis

d) Bronchiolitis

e) Pertussis

52) A child arrives at the Emergency Department with a hoarse voice and barky seal-like

cough. Physical exam reveals stridor and the clinician orders steroids and nebulized

epinephrine. Parainfluenza virus is suspected. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Croup

b) Epiglottitis

c) Mononucleosis

d) Bronchiolitis

e) Pertussis

53) What is the treatment of choice for epiglottitis?

a) Supportive only

b) IV epinephrine

c) IV prednisone

d) IV amoxicillin

e) Endotracheal intubation

54) Bronchiolitis is characterized by 5-10 days of wheezing, rhonchi, and crackles

typically between November and April. Prophylactic use of palivizumab may be

beneficial. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in children?

a) Influenza virus

b) Parainfluenza virus



c) Respiratory syncytial virus

d) Epstein-Barr virus

e) S. pneumoniae

55) A child presents to the Emergency Department with a long, stridorous inspiration

after a paroxysmal “whooping” cough. The child is started on erythromycin estolate, a

macrolide. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Croup

b) Epiglottitis

c) Mononucleosis

d) Bronchiolitis

e) Pertussis

56) A patient is asked to come into her obstetrician at 35-weeks of gestation to get a

bacteria test. The test will help determine if she will receive penicillin during labor to

prevent neonatal pneumonia and meningitis. Which of the following is being tested for?

a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

b) Haemophilus influenzae

c) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

d) Group B strep (S. agalactiae)

e) Group D strep (Enterococcus)

57) An adolescent child (school age) presents with photophobia, fever, and neck pain.

Testing reveals a positive Brudzinski sign and a positive Kernig test. Which of the


a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

b) Haemophilus influenzae

c) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

d) Group B strep (S. agalactiae)

e) Group D strep (Enterococcus)

58) Bacterial meningitis involving S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae is most commonly

seen in what population?

a) Neonates

b) Children ages 3-6

c) Children ages 6-14

d) Teenagers

e) Adults

59) What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers?

a) Giardia lamblia

b) Campylobacter jejuni

c) Yersinia enterocolitica

d) Norwalk virus

e) Rotavirus

Match the form of gastroenteritis with the treatment:

60) Shigellosis a) No antibiotics unless systemic

61) C. jejuni b) Stop antibiotics, metronidazole

62) Salmonella c) TMP/SMX

63) C. difficile d) Erythromycin

64) Giardiasis e) Metronidazole



65) A child from the South Atlantic U.S. presents with a headache and rash that began

about a week after a hike in the woods. The rash began on the wrists and ankles and

spread proximally to the trunk. What is the drug of choice?

a) Amoxicillin

b) Ceftriaxone

c) Penicillin

d) Doxycycline

e) Clindamycin

66) A five-year-old child is brought in with multiple erythema migrans lesions. Physical

exam reveals lymphadenopathy and cranial nerve palsy. ECG shows a slight AV block.

History reveals the child’s brothers brought him into the Minnesota woods to go hunting,

but the child was never examined for ticks after the trip. What is the initial drug of choice

for this child, who is younger than 8-years-old?

a) Amoxicillin

b) TMP/SMX

c) Ketoconazole

d) Doxycycline

e) Clindamycin

Pediatrics #3 – Clinical: Part Three

1) What is the Apgar (APGAR) score for a child with a heart rate of 90, irregular and

weak cry, cyanotic extremities, weak and slightly flexed extremities, and grimacing facial

expression?

a) 0

b) 3

c) 5

d) 7

e) 9

2) Which of the following forms of birth trauma involves a diffuse, edematous, and often

dark swelling of the soft tissues of the scalp that extends across the midline and/or suture

lines?

a) Erb palsy

b) Fractured clavicle

c) Klumpke palsy

d) Caput succedaneum

e) Cephalhematoma

3) A newborn presents with an arm that is extended, internally rotated, and flexed at the

wrist. Moro reflex of the right arm is absent but right hand grasp is intact. Which of the


a) Erb palsy

b) Fractured clavicle

c) Klumpke palsy

d) Caput succedaneum

e) Cephalhematoma

4) Very low birth weight (VLBW) is defined as less than:

a) 1,500g



b) 2,500g

c) 3,500g

d) 4,500g

e) 5,500g

5) Which of the following is NOT common in postmature (>42 weeks) infants?

a) Meconium aspiration

b) Persistent pulmonary hypertension

c) Hyperglycemia

d) Hypocalcemia

e) Polycythemia

6) Which of the following congenital infections presents with cataracts, “blueberry

muffin” skin syndrome, vertical bone striation, and patent ductus?

a) Toxoplasma gondii

b) Treponema pallidum

c) Rubella

d) Cytomegalovirus

e) Herpes simplex

7) Which of the following congenital infections is the most common and presents with

skin vesicles or denuded skin, keratoconjunctivitis, and seizures?

a) Toxoplasma gondii

b) Treponema pallidum

c) Rubella

d) Cytomegalovirus

e) Herpes simplex

8) Early-onset neonatal sepsis usually involves bacteria that colonize the mother’s

genitourinary tract. On the other hand, nosocomial-acquired sepsis involves drug-

resistant bacterial pathogens that are more commonly seen in the neonatal intensive care

unit (NICU), such as:

a) Group B strep (agalactiae)

b) E. coli

c) Klebsiella

d) S. aureus

e) L. monocytogenes

9) Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) involves the formation of a hyaline membrane

(hazy ground-glass appearance chest radiograph) and a deficiency in surfactant.

Measuring the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio can help predict RDS. What is the major

factor predisposing a newborn to RDS?

a) Birth involving meconium

b) Breech presentation

c) Delayed cord clamping

d) Pre-maturity (<34 weeks)

e) Post-maturity (>45 weeks)

10) What is the most common cause of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

a) Post-birth UV-light exposure

b) Hemolytic disorder

c) Bacterial sepsis



d) Extrahepatic obstruction

e) Genetic disorder (e.g. Rotor, Dubin-Johnson)

11) Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is seen in premature infants. Which of the following

is the most common cause of neonatal polycythemia?

a) Birth involving meconium

b) Breech presentation

c) Delayed cord clamping

d) Pre-maturity (<34 weeks)

e) Post-maturity (>45 weeks)

12) A newborn has a positive Coombs test, spherocytes, increased bilirubin, and

increased reticulocytes. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Anemia of infancy

b) Intraventricular hemorrhage

c) Immune hemolysis

d) Hereditary spherocytosis

e) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

13) A preterm infant is found to have bleeding of the germinal matrix, an area of

immature vasculature that is the site of pluripotent cells that migrate to form neurons and

glia. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Anemia of infancy

b) Intraventricular hemorrhage

c) Immune hemolysis

d) Hereditary spherocytosis

e) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

14) What is the drug of choice for neonatal seizures?

a) Phenobarbital

b) Succinylcholine

c) Midazolam

d) Fentanyl

e) Rohypnol

15) All states require newborn screening for hypothyroidism. Which of the following

would be suggestive of primary hypothyroidism?

a) Low T4 level and low TSH level

b) Low T4 level and high TSH level

c) High T4 level and low TSH level

d) High T4 level and high TSH level

16) Which of the following describes infants with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or

islet cell adenomas?

a) Transient hypoglycemia

b) Protracted hypoglycemia

c) Transient hyperinsulinemia

d) Protracted hyperinsulinemia

17) What is the most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)?

a) Distal TEF with esophageal atresia

b) H-type TEF without esophageal atresia

c) Proximal TEF with esophageal atresia



d) Proximal and distal TEF with esophageal atresia

e) Esophageal atresia without TEF (no air in GI tract)

18) A double bubble sign on radiograph is indicative of:

a) Distal TEF

b) Proximal TEF

c) Gastric atresia

d) Duodenal atresia

e) Bile duct atresia

19) What defect is seen here?

a) Gastroschisis

b) Meckel diverticulum

c) Hirschsprung disease

d) Omphalocele

e) Diaphragmatic hernia

20) Failure of the tongue to descent by the 9th week of gestation causes:

a) Unilateral cleft lip

b) Bilateral cleft lip

c) Midline cleft palate

d) Lateral cleft palate

21) Which of the following are transient dark blue-black pigmented macules over the

lower back and buttocks that are sharply demarked (do not fade into surrounding skin)?

a) Child abuse bruises

b) Erythema toxicum neonatorum

c) Seborrheic dermatitis

d) Mongolian spots

22) A newborn with IUGR is born with microcephaly and mental retardation. Physical

exam reveals mid-facial hypoplasia, micrognathia, and a flattened philtrum. Which of the

following did the mother likely use during pregnancy?

a) Cocaine

b) Heroine

c) Methamphetamine

d) Marijuana

e) Alcohol

23) Infants of narcotic-abusing mothers should never be given naloxone (Narcan) in the

delivery room as it can precipitate:

a) Seizures

b) Myocardial infarction

c) Stroke

d) Respiratory distress syndrome

e) Ascites

24) Multicystic kidney is always unilateral and is the most common type of renal

dysplasia. It consists of numerous non-communicating, fluid filled cysts, and a diagnosis

is best confirmed by:

a) MRI

b) CT scan

c) Abdominal x-ray



d) Ultrasound

e) Barium study

25) What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in childhood?

a) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

b) Ureterovesical junction obstruction

c) Autosomal dominate polycystic kidney disease

d) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

e) Posterior urethral valves

26) What is the treatment of choice for infants with recurrent UTIs caused by

vesicoureteral reflex (VUR)?

a) Nitrofurantoin

b) TMP/SMX

c) Amoxicillin

d) Ciprofloxacin

e) Ceftriaxone

27) What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in childhood?

a) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

b) Ureterovesical junction obstruction

c) Autosomal dominate polycystic kidney disease

d) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

e) Posterior urethral valves

28) During an exam of an adolescent boy, the left side of the scrotal sac appears like a

bag of worms. Palpation reveals tortuous veins. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Varicocele

b) Hydrocele

c) Testicular torsion

d) Hypospadias

e) Cryptorchidism

29) What is the most common pathogen seen in pediatric UTIs?

a) S. aureus

b) C. difficile

c) E. coli

d) H. influenzae

e) S. saprophyticus

30) A child is found to have extreme proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and

edema. What is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric

population?

a) Minimal change disease

b) Cystic renal dysplasia

c) Membranous glomerulopathy

d) Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

e) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

31) A child presents with hematuria that is overt on microscopic examination and

contains red cell casts. What is the most common glomerulonephritis seen in childhood?

a) Minimal change disease

b) Cystic renal dysplasia



c) Membranous glomerulopathy

d) Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

e) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

32) A child presents with painless hematuria and sensorineural hearing loss. Damage to

type IV collagen is suspected (Alport syndrome). How is this disorder inherited?



c) X-linked

d) Y-linked

e) Mitochondrial

33) Which of the following is the most common type of renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

seen in children and adults?

a) Distal Type I

b) Distal Type IV

c) Proximal Type II with Fanconi syndrome

d) Proximal Type II without Fanconi syndrome

34) A patient is found to have a low serum pH and low serum bicarbonate. A workup for

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is begun. The patient’s urine anion gap (Na+ + K+ -

Cl-) is found to be positive. The patient is hyperkalemic and has a urine pH < 5.5. Which

of the following describes this patient?

a) Normal

b) Proximal RTA (type 2)

c) Distal RTA (type 1)

d) Distal RTA (type 4)

e) None of the above

35) Which of the following would cause diabetes insipidus (DI)?

a) Excess ADH release

b) Inability to release ADH

c) Excess ACTH release

d) Inability to release ACTH

e) Hyperglycemia

36) What is the most common form of acute renal failure (ARF) in the pediatric

population?

a) Pre-renal

b) Intra-renal (intrinsic)

c) Post-renal

37) What is the prophylaxis for preventing neural tube defects, which may be diagnosed

by an increase in maternal alpha-fetoprotein?

a) Niacin

b) Diabetes control

c) Electrolyte balance

d) Sodium control

e) Folic acid

38) A newborn is found to have a tuft of hair on the lower back. Testing shows an

underlying bony vertebral lesion without herniation of any spinal contents. Which of the




a) Myelomeningocele

b) Meningocele

c) Spina bifida occulta

d) Arnold-Chari malformation

39) A child is found to have an Arnold-Chari malformation and begins developing signs

of hydrocephalus. Which of the following is NOT a component of the Cushing triad?

a) Upward gaze paralysis (“setting sun” sign)

b) Bradycardia

c) Hypertension

d) Cheyne-Stokes respiration

40) Which of the following is the term for bilateral lower extremity spasticity, which may

be seen in cerebral palsy?

a) Diplegia

b) Hemiplegia

c) Quadriplegia

d) Seizure

41) A child is bought in for neurologic screening after the mother finds him “blanking

out” for a few seconds. She says the boy will be talking, stop taking, then pick back up at

the same part of the sentence about 5 seconds later. EEG during one of these episodes

shows a characteristic 3-per-second spike and wave pattern. Which of the following is

most likely?

a) Generalized seizure

b) Petit mal seizure

c) Infantile spasm

d) Febrile seizure

42) Reye syndrome is characterized by acute-onset encephalopathy and degenerative

liver disease when what drug is given following a viral illness (e.g. chicken pox)?

a) Acetaminophen

b) Aspirin

c) Ibuprofen

d) Naproxen

e) Indomethacin

43) A child presents with complaints of weakness. History reveals a viral illness about a

week earlier. The weakness has been progressive, ascending, and of acute onset. Testing

reveals likely autoimmune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves. Plasmapheresis

is started to hasten resolution. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

b) Becker muscular dystrophy

c) Guillain-Barré syndrome

d) Myasthenia gravis (MG)

e) Multiple sclerosis (MS)

44) Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction

with autoantibodies binding to postsynaptic Ach receptors?


b) Becker muscular dystrophy





e) Multiple sclerosis (MS)

45) A child presents with motor difficulties. Physical exam reveals hypertrophy of the

calves. Watching the child stand up involves them pushing their trunk up with their arms,

then standing (Gower sign). An X-linked recessive disorder is suspected. Which of the



b) Multiple sclerosis (MS)



e) Spinal muscle atrophy (SMA)

46) Which of the following primarily affects the anterior horn cell of the spine and has

mostly been eradicated due to a killed virus vaccination?


b) SMA Type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease)

c) SMA Type II

d) Poliomyelitis

e) Guillain-Barré syndrome

47) Hydrocephalus is most associated with:

a) Head size two standard deviations below mean (microcephaly)

b) Head size one standard deviation below mean

c) Abnormally shaped head (craniosynostosis)

d) Head size one standard deviation above mean

e) Head size two standard deviations above mean (macrocephaly)

48) Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as weight below what percentile?

a) 10th

b) 7th

c) 5th

d) 3rd

e) 1st

49) Pediatric obesity is defined as weight above what percentile?

a) 99th

b) 97th

c) 95th

d) 93rd

e) 90th

50) What is the most common cause of amblyopia in children?

a) Retinal trauma

b) Strabismus

c) Retinoblastoma

d) Congenital cataract

e) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

51) What is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood, which presents with

leukocoria?

a) Malignant melanoma

b) Neuroblastoma



c) Retinoblastoma

d) Metastatic adenocarcinoma

e) Ocular carcinoma

52) What is the most common cause of leukocoria in children?

a) Retinal trauma

b) Strabismus

c) Retinoblastoma

d) Congenital cataract

e) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

53) Fluorescein drops with a blue-filter light would most likely be used in which of the

following cases?

a) Corneal abrasions

b) Retinoblastoma

c) Congenital cataracts

d) Retinopathy of prematurity

e) Malignant melanoma

54) Steroid drops should NOT be given in which of the following causes of

conjunctivitis?

a) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

b) Corynebacterium

c) Streptococci

d) Staphylococci

e) HSV1

55) An infant presents with suspected developmental dysplasia of the hip (DHH). A

Barlow maneuver is positive and an Ortolani maneuver confirms the finding as the hip

being abnormally positioned through most of the exam. Which is most likely?

a) Subluxatable

b) Dislocatable

c) Dislocated

d) Fused

56) Limp is the most common musculoskeletal complaint in children. What is the most

common cause of limp?

a) Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)

b) Metatarsus adductus

c) Genu valgum

d) Genu varum

e) Trauma

57) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is defined as avascular necrosis of the:

a) Navicular bone of the hand

b) Lunate bone of the hand

c) Sacroiliac joint

d) Femoral head

e) Talus bone of the ankle

58) Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to slipped capital femoris

epiphysis (SCFE)?

a) Trauma



b) Weight

c) Male gender

d) Puberty

59) A young male child presents with painless limp and knee pain. Which of the


a) SCFE

b) Duchenne muscular dystrophy

c) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

d) DHH

e) PCL tear

60) Which of the following is particularly common in toddlers due to twisting forces on

the tibia during falling?

a) Torus (buckle) fracture

b) Greenstick fracture

c) Spiral fracture

d) Salter-Harris fracture type V

e) Salter-Harris fracture type IV

61) What type of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is autosomal dominant, has conductive

hearing loss, blue sclerae, and presents with bow legs or neonatal fractures?

a) Type I

b) Type II

c) Type III

d) Type IV

62) A child is brought to the clinic by his mother after the child’s father was swinging the

child around the living room by his arms. The child holds his right arm close to the body,

slightly flexing and pronating the hand. Motion at the elbow is limited. Which of the


a) Osteomyelitis

b) Osteogenesis imperfecta

c) Lateral epicondylitis

d) Medial epicondylitis

e) Radial head subluxation

63) What is the most common pathogen seen in osteomyelitis in children?

a) Shigella

b) Salmonella

c) S. aureus

d) S. epidermidis

e) N. gonorrhoeae

64) An adolescent presents with a painful knee, fever, and refusal to bear weight on the

affected limb. Aspiration reveals diplococci that grow on chocolate agar with carbon

dioxide, ruling out the most common cause. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Shigella

b) Salmonella

c) S. aureus

d) S. epidermidis

e) N. gonorrhoeae



65) What is the most common reason for hospitalization in pediatric practice?

a) Renal dysfunction

b) Congenital heart defects

c) Asthma

d) Fever of unknown origin

66) A child presents with acute respiratory distress with dyspnea and wheezing. Exam

reveals subcostal retractions, tripod positioning, tracheal tugging, and nasal flaring.

Which of the following drugs would be most useful for this acute attack?

a) Beclomethasone (inhaled corticosteroid)

b) Flunisolide (inhaled corticosteroid)

c) Epinephrine IV

d) Albuterol (beta2-agonist)

e) Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist)

67) A newborn presents with failure to thrive and pulmonary problems. An abdominal

radiograph shows a mottle appearance, suggesting meconium ileus. Elevated levels of

what ion would be expected in this child’s sweat?

a) Potassium

b) Sodium

c) Calcium

d) Magnesium

e) Chloride

68) A mother brings in her 2-month-old son to the pediatrician. The mother states the

child rolled off the sofa onto the carpeted floor. Testing shows subdural hematomas.

Physical exam reveals retinal hemorrhages. Which of the following is most likely?

a) Caput succedaneum

b) Cephalhematoma

c) Traumatic fall

d) Child abuse

Pediatrics #4 – Extra: New Treatments For Multiple Sclerosis

1) Which of the following is NOT true of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

a) Affects more than 30 per 100,000 in middle North America

b) Has a higher prevalence in temperate zones

c) Most commonly affects women between ages 20 and 40

d) In most cases, is caused by a viral infection

e) Genetic factor may play a role in susceptibility

2) Which of the following is characteristic of phase-2 MS, not phase-1?

a) Hyperreflexic spasticity

b) Bladder and bowel affected

c) Hyperreflexia with good axial tone

d) Diminution of deep tendon reflexes

e) Ataxia of gait with asymmetric paraparesis

3) Which of the following is characteristic of phase-2 MS, not phase-3?

a) Bulbar difficulties with swallowing

b) Gaze palsies

c) Frequency of urination and inability to completely void



d) Bulbar difficulties with speaking

e) Limb and trunk spasticity

4) Which of the following during early-onset MS correlates to a more severe course of

disease?

a) Length of initial event

b) Loss of urinary control

c) Number of relapses

d) Intensity of initial event

e) The appears to be no correlation between early-onset and disease course

5) A young adult with MS has ocular pain, abnormal visual acuity and fields, reduced

vision, relative afferent pupillary defect, and abnormal visual evoked potentials (VEPs).

Which of the following is most likely?

a) Uveitis

b) Glaucoma

c) Retinoblastoma

d) Coats disease

e) Optic neuritis

6) What is the central pathological CNS event suspected in the etiology of MS?

a) Destruction of myelin

b) Destruction of the putamen

c) Destruction of the caudate nucleus

d) Destruction of the substantia nigra

e) Lysosomal accumulation of lipids

7) The T2-lesion volume (gadolinium-enhanced) on MRI at what locations may be an

associated predictor of depression, which occurs in 25-50% of patients with MS?

a) Left anterior inferior prefrontal cortex and left anterior temporal CSF

b) Right anterior inferior prefrontal cortex and right anterior temporal CSF

c) Left anterior inferior prefrontal cortex and right anterior temporal CSF

d) Right anterior inferior prefrontal cortex and left anterior temporal CSF

8) Which of the following tests is useful in evaluating demyelination in the posterior

columns of the spinal cord?

a) Visual evoked response (VER) test

b) Sensory evoked response (SER) test

c) Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test

d) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

e) Vitamin B12 levels

9) The presence of gamma globulins with oligoclonal bands within the CSF indicates:

a) The destruction of myelin

b) The extent of future MS disease course

c) The synthesis of immunoglobulins in the CNS

d) The destruction of autoantibodies

e) An autoimmune reaction in the PNS

10) What is the treatment for acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis?

a) Prednisone 500mg IV BID for 3-5 days

b) Prednisone 100mg IV QID for 3-5 days

c) Prednisone 1000mg IM QD for 3-5 days



d) Methylprednisolone 100mg IV BID for 3-5 days

e) Methylprednisolone 1000mg IV QD for 3-5 days

11) Which of the following has been reported to increase in incidence in MS patient

receiving interferon-beta?

a) Headaches

b) Influenza-like symptoms

c) Asthenia

d) Anemia

e) Seizures

12) Modafinil and amantadine are used in MS for patients complaining of:

a) Spasticity

b) Depression

c) Insomnia

d) Fatigue

e) Nausea

13) 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) may improve motor function and fatigue in some

patients with MS. What is its mechanism of action?

a) Sodium channel blocker

b) Beta blocker

c) Potassium channel blocker

d) Calcium channel blocker

e) Alpha adrenergic agonist

14) Baclofen and tizanidine are used in MS for patients complaining of:

a) Spasticity

b) Depression

c) Insomnia

d) Fatigue

e) Nausea

15) Tolterodine may be used for hyperactive bladder in MS patients. Which of the

following is a common side effect of this drug?

a) Vomiting

b) Dry mouth

c) Bradycardia

d) Conjunctival injection

e) Profuse sweating

16) Which of the following is NOT part of the Barthof criteria in the diagnosis of MS,

which requires 3 of 6 criteria to be met?

a) Objective neurologic abnormalities on clinical examination with involvement

of white matter long tracts

b) One area of CNS involvement

c) Two or more episodes of progression over 6 months

d) Age between 15 and 60 years

e) Exclusion of other diseases that may produce similar symptoms

f) Presence of oligoclonal bands and/or myelin basic protein in CSF

17) Which of the following disease-modifying drugs for MS has the highest cost and is

dosed as 20mg SC once a day?



a) Interferon beta-1a

b) Interferon beta-1b

c) Glatiramer

d) Mitoxantrone

e) Natalizumab

18) Which of the following has been shown to decrease the number and volume of

gadolinium-enhancing lesions in MS patients, with a decline of about 44%?

a) Botulinum-A toxin (Botox)

b) Amantadine (Symmetrel)

c) Simvastatin (Zocor)

d) Natalizumab (Tysabri)

e) Tolterodine (Detrol)

19) Which of the following time periods shows an increase in MS relapses?

a) Pre-pregnancy

b) First trimester

c) Third trimester

d) First 3-months post pregnancy

e) 3 to 6-months post pregnancy

Pediatrics #5 – Clinical: Textbook Questions

1) A 2-year-old female child presents with VT, severe ventricular dysfunction,

hypotension, and metabolic acidosis. The patient is cardioverted into ventricular

fibrillation, which degenerates into asystole. What is the most appropriate indication for

using intravenous epinephrine in this patient?

a) Ventricular ectopy

b) Asystole

c) Severe refractory metabolic acidosis and/or hyperkalemia

d) Bradycardia

e) Supraventricular tachycardia

2) A 16-year-old female patient presents with short stature and no secondary sexual

characteristics. What diagnosis must be considered?

a) Turner syndrome

b) Isolated growth hormone deficiency

c) Cushing disease

d) Familial short stature

e) Addison disease

3) Galactosemia, a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, is inherited in an autosomal

recessive fashion. What is the risk of galactosemia in a child whose parents are both

carriers for the disorder?

a) 100%

b) 75%

c) 50%

d) 25%

e) 0%

4) Which of the following statements is true regarding children with sickle cell disease?

a) Vaccinations are not required because they receive penicillin prophylaxis



b) Gallstones typically develop before the age of 3 years

c) Episodes of dactylitis should be treated with antibiotics

d) Hydroxyurea maintenance therapy decreases the number and severity of vaso-

occlusive crises

e) Acute chest syndrome requires only supportive care

5) A mother brings her 5-year-old son to your office in New Mexico for his regular health

maintenance visit. A quick review of the patient's chart reveals that he and his family are

strict vegans. Their house is very small, so all the children spend a good deal of time

outside. The mother states that her son eats plenty of dark green vegetables and iron-

fortified grains. She does not believe in providing supplemental vitamins and minerals.

This child is most at risk for nutritional deficiency involving which of the following?

a) Vitamin B12

b) Vitamin B6

c) Niacin

d) Riboflavin

e) Vitamin D

6) A 6-year-old boy presents with a newly appreciated heart murmur. He is

asymptomatic, with normal growth and development and normal exercise tolerance. On

examination S1 and S2 are normal; a II/VI low-frequency midsystolic murmur is heard at

the left lower sternal border. His pulses are normal. The most likely diagnosis is:

a) Bicuspid aortic valve

b) Still's murmur

c) Ventricular septal defect

d) Atrial septal defect

e) Coarctation of the aorta

7) You are called to the delivery room for a routine birth. The infant cries when the cord

is cut. You examine the child under the warmer and notice that when he stops crying, his

chest heaves, and he turns blue. You are unable to pass the NG tube through the nose for

suctioning. Which condition is most likely causing this infant's respiratory distress?

a) Choanal atresia or stenosis

b) Vocal cord paralysis

c) Subglottic stenosis

d) Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage

e) Laryngeal web

8) A 3-year-old girl is diagnosed with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Which of the following laboratory findings is consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis?

a) Hypoglycemia

b) Hypercarbia

c) Ketones in urine

d) Increased venous blood pH

e) Decreased BUN

9) During a male newborn examination, the testes are not palpable in the scrotal sacs.

One testis is palpable high in the right inguinal canal and cannot be gently manipulated

into the anatomically correct position. The left testis is not palpable but is discovered in

the abdomen after consultation with a pediatric urologist and an abdominal ultrasound. In

counseling the parents, which one of these statements regarding cryptorchidism is true?



a) More than 99% of males have bilateral descended testes at age 1 year

b) Impaired sperm production is not a concern if neither testis descends

c) Malignant degeneration is not a risk factor for testes, which do not descend as

long as they are placed within the scrotal sac through surgery by 1 year of age

d) This infant is no more likely than his peers to manifest an inguinal hernia

e) Microphallus is a common associated condition

10) A 5-year-old boy presents with a waddling limp and has had a stiff right hip for the

last 2 months. He has minimal complaints of pain. The most likely diagnosis is:

a) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

b) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

c) Toddler's fracture

d) Septic arthritis

e) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

11) A 17-year-old young girl on oral contraceptive therapy for regulation of her

menstrual periods presents with a 1-week history of left leg pain and swelling. Evaluation

with a Doppler ultrasound reveals absence of flow in the left femoral and popliteal veins.

The clot extends proximally to the left external iliac vein. The most important potential

complication that one should be cautious about in this girl is:

a) Venous insufficiency

b) Limb overgrowth

c) Pulmonary embolism

d) Edema

e) Gangrene

12) A woman with a seizure disorder under medical management wants to conceive a

child. Her risk of having a child with a neural tube defect is greatest if her current

medical regimen includes which of the following?

a) Phenobarbital

b) Phenytoin

c) Ethosuximide

d) Carbamazepine

e) Primidone

13) A 2-month-old infant presents to your emergency department with a heart rate of 220

beats/minute, pulses, and adequate perfusion. After giving the infant oxygen, you note

abnormal P waves and a narrow QRS (!0.08 sec) on the cardiac monitor. Which of the

following is the best course of action?

a) Administer IV/IO epinephrine

b) Administer IV adenosine by rapid bolus

c) Administer IV calcium chloride

d) Administer IV atropine by rapid bolus

e) Administer IV sodium bicarbonate

14) A 3-month-old infant presents with a history of abnormal movements that his parents

think might be seizures. You observe an episode of recurrent rhythmic flexor-extensor

spasms that repeat about 30 times before subsiding. The EEG shows hypsarrhythmia, and

a Wood lamp exam is positive for several flat, hypopigmented macules scattered over the

skin surface. This child's infantile spasms are most likely a result of which of the

following underlying disorders?



a) Von Recklinghausen disease

b) Tuberous sclerosis

c) Von Hippel-Lindau disease

d) Sturge-Weber disease

e) Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis

15) A 21-month-old girl arrives at clinic in May with a vaccination record that indicates

that she has received 3 DTaP doses, 3 Hib doses, 3 IPV doses, 3 pneumococcal conjugate

vaccine doses, 2 hepatitis A vaccine doses, and 3 hepatitis B vaccine doses. Which of the

following should be administered at this visit?

a) DTaP, Hib, IPV, varicella

b) DTaP, Hib, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, MMR, and varicella

c) DTaP, hepatitis A, IPV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

d) DTaP, hepatitis B, MMR, and varicella

e) DTaP, hepatitis A, IPV, MMR, and varicella

16) The mother of a 30-month-old boy is concerned that the child's speech is “garbled.”

The child uses “ma-ma” and “da-da” appropriately. He uses about 30 other words, but

most of them are mispronounced (for instance, “boo” instead of “blue”). The boy's aunt,

uncle, and cousins came to visit for a weekend and were unable to understand more than

half of what he said. Examination of the ears reveals normal canals with translucent,

mobile tympanic membranes, and visible landmarks. Which of the following evaluations

for speech delay should be performed first?

a) Receptive language testing

b) Phonetic testing

c) Dysfluency evaluation

d) Tympanogram testing

e) Audiologic (hearing) assessment

17) A 13-year-old girl presents with recurrent abdominal pain over the last 3 months. She

has missed a total of 8 days of school. There is no associated fever, weight loss,

gastrointestinal bleeding, and the pain does not occur in relation to meals or awaken her

from sleep. There is diffuse abdominal tenderness but no other abnormal findings on

examination. Which approach is likely to help in the diagnosis and management of her

condition?

a) Abdominal CT scan with contrast

b) Upper and lower endoscopy and biopsies

c) Explaining the likely etiology of her symptoms using a biopsychosocial model

and symptomatic therapy

d) A diet history and a diet elimination trial

e) Referral to a psychiatrist

18) A newborn male child has a flat facial profile, upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal

folds, a small mouth with a protruding tongue, small genitalia, and simian creases on his

hands. What of the following chromosomal disorders is most likely in this child?

a) Trisomy 21

b) Trisomy 18

c) Trisomy 13

d) Klinefelter syndrome

e) Turner syndrome



19) At a 2-year well-child visit, you collect information that your patient lives in a very

old rental home with peeling paint. Both the capillary (screening) and venous blood lead

measurements are 50 "g/dL. The patient has a history of constipation but is otherwise

asymptomatic. Which of the following courses of action is most appropriate?

a) Initiate chelation therapy in a lead-free environment within 48 hours

b) Redraw the blood lead level in 1 week and test all siblings; treat if #50 "g/dL

c) Optimize calcium and iron intake and repeat the blood lead level in 1 month;

treat if #50 "g/dL

d) Refer the family to a lead-removal company; repeat the blood lead level 1

month after decontamination of the home, and treat if #50 "g/dL

e) Refer the case to child protective services for parental neglect

20) A young couple is in your office for their prenatal visit, and you are discussing infant

feeding. The father states that he prefers that the mother breastfeed the baby. The mother

is hesitant to commit to breastfeeding because she plans on returning to full-time

employment 6 weeks after the child is born. Neither her mother nor her sisters chose to

breastfeed. She is concerned that human breast milk may not provide all the nutrients that

the child needs, and she believes formula is a more complete nutritional source for

infants. She is willing to consider exclusive breastfeeding based on the American

Academy of Pediatrics recommendation. If her baby is exclusively breastfed, when

should the child begin receiving oral vitamin D supplementation?

a) Never

b) Within the first month of life

c) Age 2 months

d) Age 4 months

e) Age 6 months

21) A 12-year-old female patient presents with fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue,

anorexia, and painless, rubbery, cervical lymphadenopathy. What is the most common

presentation of Hodgkin disease?

a) Fever, night sweats, and/or weight loss of >10% in the preceding 6 months

b) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy

c) Painless, rubbery, cervical lymphadenopathy

d) Pruritus

e) Extreme fatigue and anorexia

22) Which of the following medication groupings is most appropriate for a patient 12

years old with persistent asthma who has failed to achieve well-controlled asthma while

receiving step 2 treatment?

a) None

b) A daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid

c) A daily medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting inhaled $-2-

agonist

d) A daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting $-agonist

e) A daily medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid and nedocromil

23) Crops of papular, vesicular, pustular lesions starting on the trunk and spreading to the

extremities, in addition to small, irregular red spots with central gray or bluish-white

specks that appear on the buccal mucosa, is the classic description of which of the

following infections?



a) Measles

b) Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

c) Roseola infantum

d) Zoster (shingles)

e) Rubella

f) Hand-foot-mouth disease

g) Chickenpox

24) A 20-month-old boy who was treated with high-dose amoxicillin (90mg/kg per day)

for acute otitis media 3 weeks ago now presents with acute-onset ear pain, a bulging,

erythematous right tympanic membrane, and decreased mobility on pneumatic otoscopy

examination. Which of the following is the most appropriate antibiotic for this child?

a) Azithromycin

b) Amoxicillin-clavulanate

c) Erythromycin

d) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

e) Dicloxacillin

25) Which of the following is considered a risk factor for neonatal respiratory distress

syndrome?

a) Neonatal sepsis

b) Poorly controlled maternal diabetes

c) Maternal preeclampsia

d) Neural tube defects

e) Trisomy 21

26) A mildly febrile 6-year-old patient presents to your office with dysuria and urinary

frequency and urgency. She has a history of one prior UTI about 8 months ago. You

obtain a dipstick urinalysis and send a urine culture. The dipstick is positive for nitrites

and leukocyte esterase. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action at

this time?

a) Await culture results and tailor therapy based on bacterial sensitivities

b) Begin empiric amoxicillin

c) Begin empiric amoxicillin and schedule the child for a renal ultrasound within

the next 6 weeks

d) Begin empiric amoxicillin and schedule the child for a renal ultrasound and

voiding cystourethrogram within the next 6 weeks

e) Admit the child to the hospital for IV ampicillin and gentamycin and schedule a

DMSA scan

27) A 3-month-old infant presents with cyanosis and an echocardiogram reveals that the

child has tetralogy of Fallot. What four associated lesions describe tetralogy of Fallot?

a) Ventricular septal defect, over-riding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right

ventricular hypertrophy

b) Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right


c) Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, aortic stenosis, right ventricular

hypertrophy

d) Ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, right




e) Ventricular septal defect, mitral valve prolapse, pulmonary stenosis, left


28) A 3-year-old boy with a known diagnosis of factor XI deficiency presents to the

emergency department with uncontrolled bleeding from a lip laceration following a fall.

The most appropriate product that can be used for factor replacement in this child prior to

suturing is:

a) Cryoprecipitate

b) Granulocyte infusions

c) Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

d) Platelet transfusion

e) DDAVP

29) At the health maintenance visit for a 12-year-old male, you note that he has entered

his pubertal height growth spurt. The patient's mother asks about what changes her son

should be expecting in his body over the next several years. As part of your review, you

mention that the most typical sequence of pubertal events in males is which of the

following?

a) Peak height velocity, pubarche, penile enlargement, testicular enlargement

b) Peak height velocity, testicular enlargement, penile enlargement, pubarche

c) Testicular enlargement, pubarche, penile enlargement, peak height velocity

d) Testicular enlargement, peak height velocity, penile enlargement, pubarche

e) Pubarche, testicular enlargement, peak height velocity, penile enlargement

30) A 4-year-old child with known asthma presents to the emergency department with a

chief complaint of wheezing for the past 8 hours. On examination he is alert and

cooperative, mildly tachypneic, has diffuse loud expiratory wheeze, and has a pulse

oximetry reading of 89% while breathing room air. He has already taken 3 albuterol

aerosols at home in the past hour. He is unchanged after receiving another albuterol

inhalation treatment in the emergency department. Appropriate next management would

include:

a) Supplemental oxygen

b) Albuterol inhalation

c) Ipratropium bromide inhalation

d) Oral corticosteroids

e) All of the above

31) A previously healthy 3-year-old boy presents with a history of fever and diarrhea for

the past 2 days. The fever has not responded to ibuprofen, and his urine output has

decreased today. On examination, he is alert, has a temperature of 101°F, heart rate of

115 beats per minute, blood pressure of 105/60 mm Hg, and mild diffuse abdominal

tenderness. The serum electrolytes are normal, but his BUN is 60 mg/dL and his serum

creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL. The complete blood count is normal. Urinalysis shows 1+

protein, small blood, and occasional hyaline casts. The kidney ultrasound is normal.

Which of the following statements regarding his acute renal failure is most accurate?

a) It is due to hemolytic-uremic syndrome

b) It is due to pyelonephritis

c) It is due to interstitial nephritis

d) It is due to the use of ibuprofen in a dehydrated state

e) It is due to urinary tract obstruction



32) A 14-year-old girl presents with several weeks of profound fatigue, intermittent low-

grade fevers, a facial rash, and joint pain. The rash recently worsened markedly after sun

exposure. On physical examination, she has a malar rash extending over the bridge of the

nose, but sparing the nasolabial folds, painless oral ulcers, and painful limitation of

movement in her wrists and finger joints. On laboratory testing, her WBC is 3,500/mm3,

Hgb 9.5 g/dL, platelet count 120,000/mm3. A urinalysis shows 15 to 19 RBC/hpf and an

elevated protein of 100 mg/dL. Which of the following tests will most likely be positive?

a) Antinuclear (ANA) antibody

b) Rheumatoid factor (RF)

c) Anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody

d) Anti-Smith (Sm) antibody

e) Anti-Ro (SS-A) antibody

33) A 3-month-old female infant presents to your emergency department unresponsive

and with fever, tachypnea, bradycardia, and hypotension. What order should you follow

in your initial assessment?

a) Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure

b) Breathing, airway, circulation, disability, exposure

c) Circulation, airway, breathing, exposure, disability

d) Exposure, breathing, airway, circulation, disability

e) Exposure, airway, breathing, circulation, disability

34) A 4-year-old male child presents with abrupt-onset petechiae and ecchymoses. Other

than the skin findings, the child appears well and is hemodynamically stable. No

splenomegaly is noted. A complete blood count reveals a normal white blood cell count,

a normal hematocrit, and a platelet count of 12,000 per mm3. Large platelets are seen on

the peripheral smear. No premature white cell forms are seen on peripheral smear. The

parent reports that the child had a viral illness 2 weeks before presentation. Which of the

following is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Isoimmune thrombocytopenia

b) Leukemia

c) Sepsis

d) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

e) Hypersplenism

35) A child presents with a reduced number of CD3+ T cells, an increased number of B

lymphocytes that are mildly abnormal in function, has a conotruncal heart lesion,

hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. Which of the following chromosomal disorders is

most likely in this child?

a) Zellweger syndrome

b) Microdeletion of 22q11.2

c) Trisomy 13

d) Gaucher disease

e) Wilson disease

36) A 4-month-old former 30-week premature infant is seen in late October for well-child

care. His mother is concerned about the transfusions that the infant required during her

course in the neonatal intensive care unit and wishes to restrict her exposure to blood

products. Referral for administration of which of the following would be most

appropriate to limit her risk of severe bronchiolitis?



a) Ribavirin

b) Nasal influenza vaccine

c) Injected influenza vaccine

d) IV RespiGam

e) IM palivizumab

37) The mother of a 2-month-old infant brings her daughter to your office during the

summer for her regular health maintenance visit. The child is cared for by her maternal

grandmother 3 days a week while the mother is at work. The infant is exclusively fed a

cow milk-based commercial formula when she is with the mother; the grandmother

believes that the child should also receive juice diluted with water due to the warm

weather. Which of the following represents the most appropriate dietary counseling

regarding this infant's diet?

a) Formula-fed infants at this age require free water supplementation during warm

months to maintain optimal hydration

b) Formula-fed infants at this age require glucose supplementation during the

warm months to maintain optimal caloric intake

c) Formula-fed infants do not require any additional vitamin, mineral, caloric, or

fluid supplement beyond their formula for the first 6 months of life

d) Dilution of this infant's formula with water or juice on the days that she is with

the maternal grandmother is unnecessary but harmless

e) This infant should be switched to a soy protein-based formula

38) No red reflex is seen on fundoscopic examination of a newborn. Which of the


a) Retinoblastoma

b) Leukocoria

c) Congenital cataract

d) Congenital glaucoma

e) Toxocariasis

39) A 5-year-old boy is brought to your office complaining of progressive fatigue,

weakness, and nausea over the past few months. He was a model student, but he is now

having trouble in school and displaying frequent outbursts, the last of which resulted in

his being sent home for hitting another child. Initial lab results show mild hypoglycemia,

hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. The child is diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency and

treated appropriately; however, his behavior continues to worsen, and he begins to have

difficulty walking and speaking. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of his

behavior problems?

a) Tay-Sachs disease

b) Gaucher disease

c) Niemann-Pick disease

d) Adrenoleukodystrophy

e) Rett syndrome

40) An 8-year-old girl thought to have attention-deficit disorder (inattentive-type)

undergoes EEG testing and is found to have a 3-Hz spike-and-wave pattern. Results of

the EEG, coupled with videotaping of episodes of the patient's “inattention,” lead to a

diagnosis of childhood absence epilepsy. Which of the following is most appropriate for

initial treatment of the child's disorder?



a) Methylphenidate

b) Carbamazepine

c) ACTH

d) Ethosuximide

e) Phenobarbital

41) A child presents with lymphedema of the hands and feet, a shield-shaped chest,

widely spaced hypoplastic nipples, short stature, and multiple pigmented nevi. In

addition, she had a coarctation of the aorta that was repaired and has renal disease. Her

parents continue to be worried that there is something in addition to her heart condition

that is causing failure to thrive. Which of the following chromosomal disorders is most

likely in this child?

a) Trisomy 21

b) Trisomy 18

c) Trisomy 13

d) Klinefelter syndrome

e) Turner syndrome

42) A 14-year-old patient familiar to the emergency room staff due to multiple visits in

the last 3 months is brought in by her mother for ingestion of an unknown number of

acetaminophen tablets. The mother states that she keeps all the medicines in the house

locked up because “this is just the sort of thing my daughter would do to me.” She saw

the girl stuffing something into her bedside drawer while she was passing the girl's room

and discovered a bottle marked “acetaminophen, 250 tablets.” Only 4 tablets remained in

the bottle. The mother did not believe that the daughter took the tablets until she began

vomiting about an hour later. The girl refuses to speak in her mother's presence but

eventually admits that she took “many tablets” about 4:00 p.m. (3 hours ago). Which of

the following is recommended as an antidote for this patient's ingestion?

a) Atropine sulfate

b) Hemodialysis

c) Whole bowel irrigation

d) Oral N-acetylcysteine

e) Activated charcoal

43) Which of the following is consistent with abuse rather than accidental injury?

a) A 30-month-old child with a bucket handle fracture

b) A 12-month-old infant with a rib fracture

c) A 6-month-old infant with retinal hemorrhages in the absence of signs of

external head trauma

d) Abdominal bruises in a 9-month-old infant

e) All of the above

44) A 2-year-old presents with painless rectal bleeding. The hemoglobin is 9 g/dL.

Capillary refill remains normal. The best next step to positively identify the cause of

bleeding is:

a) Colonoscopy

b) Transfusion with packed red blood cells

c) Meckel diverticulum scan

d) Gastric lavage

e) Stool culture



45) A 3-week-old male infant presents to the emergency department with 24-hour history

of vomiting and poor feeding. He is found to be hypotensive and hypoglycemic. His

serum electrolyte values are as follows: Na 121mmol/L, K 6.9mmol/L, CO2 20mmol/L,

chloride 105mmol/L, BUN 17 mg/dL, creatinine 0.7mg/dL, and glucose 36mg/dL. He

receives 20mL/kg NS fluid bolus and 2mL/kg dextrose 25. What other life-saving

intervention should this infant receive?

a) IV azithromycin

b) IV bicarbonate

c) IV hydrocortisone

d) IV albumin

e) IV calcium

46) A 7-year-old girl presents with a 3-week history of dozens of asymptomatic red, scaly

5 to 10 mm plaques appearing on the trunk. When the scales are pulled off, they bleed.

Her nails are pitted. The most appropriate laboratory test is:

a) A bacterial culture of the red plaques

b) A fungal culture of the red plaques

c) A throat culture

d) A Tzanck smear

e) A complete blood count

47) An 8-year-old patient of yours with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is

experiencing unacceptable adverse effects due to his stimulant medication. You have

prescribed immediate- and extended-release preparations of two separate agents in the

past. You believe that the patient may benefit from switching to a non-stimulant

medication. Which of the following medications approved for the treatment of attention-

deficit/hyperactivity disorder is classified as a non-stimulant?

a) Oral atomoxetine

b) Oral lisdexamfetamine

c) Oral methylphenidate

d) Oral dextroamphetamine

e) Oral mixed amphetamine salts

48) A 9-month-old girl presents with a 3-day history of fever to 103°F (39.4°C). This

morning, the girl developed a rash. On physical examination, the girl is afebrile and has

an erythematous, maculopapular rash over her trunk, arms, and legs. Which of the

following is the most likely cause of this patient's illness?

a) Human parvovirus B19

b) Measles

c) Human herpesvirus 6

d) Chickenpox

e) Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

49) A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department following a brief (<2

minutes) generalized seizure. Initial vitals include a temperature of 102.9°F. Following

the history, physical examination, and laboratory studies, you determine that the patient

has had a febrile seizure. The parents are appropriately concerned and have a number of

questions. You would be correct in telling them which of the following?



a) Children who experience a single febrile seizure have no greater risk of

subsequently developing epilepsy than children who have not experienced a

febrile seizure

b) The morbidity and mortality associated with febrile seizures is extremely high

c) At least half of patients who experience an initial febrile seizure will

experience seizures with subsequent episodes of fever

d) Patients who have experienced a single febrile seizure should be placed on

preventative anticonvulsant medication

e) Febrile seizures are usually associated with intracranial infections

50) A 3-year-old boy presents with an elbow hemarthrosis after falling on his elbow.

There is no history of spontaneous bleeding. There is no history of epistaxis, gingival

bleeding, or cutaneous bruising. The child's maternal grandfather had frequent

spontaneous bleeding and hemarthroses after trauma on multiple occasions. Laboratory

results revealed a prolonged PTT, normal PT, and a platelet count of 150,000 per mm3.

The factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:c) is low and the factor IX level is normal. What

is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

b) Von Willebrand disease

c) Vitamin K deficiency

d) Hemophilia A

e) Liver disease

51) A 10-week-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother with a

history of failure to thrive and poor feeding. He occasionally vomits small amounts of

formula. His birth weight, length, and head circumference were at the 50th percentile;

however, his weight has dropped to the 10th percentile and his length to between 25th

and 40th percentiles. His vital signs are normal, and the physical exam is otherwise

unrevealing. Venous blood gas and electrolyte study results include: pH 7.32, sodium 134

mEq/L, potassium 4.5 mEq/L, chloride 106 mEq/L, and bicarbonate 10 mEq/L. Which of

the following diagnoses is the most likely?

a) Inborn error of metabolism

b) Renal tubular acidosis

c) Pyloric stenosis

d) Chronic diarrhea

e) Cystic fibrosis

52) A 2-year-old girl presents with a swollen left knee, limping, and morning stiffness in

the left knee of 3 months' duration. On physical examination, there is a left knee joint

effusion, synovial thickening, and limitation of movement. In addition, the left leg is

longer than the right and there is atrophy of the quadriceps. The remainder of the review

of systems and physical examinations is normal. On laboratory testing, a complete blood

count is normal. An antinuclear (ANA) antibody test is positive at a titer of 1:320. This

child is at most risk for which of the following sequelae/complications?

a) Glomerulonephritis

b) Hemolytic anemia

c) Chronic, non-granulomatous anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis)

d) Acute anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis)

e) Rheumatic heart disease



53) A 9-year-old boy diagnosed with pneumonia 2 days ago presents to the emergency

department via ambulance in respiratory distress. His past medical history is

noncontributory, and he is at low risk for contracting tuberculosis. He is hypoxic and

requires oxygen. A STAT portable chest radiograph reveals a large right-sided pleural

effusion, which shifts in the decubitus position. Fluid is obtained via thoracentesis for

Gram stain and culture. Which of the following is the most likely pathogen responsible

for this boy's pneumonia?


b) Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

c) Chlamydophila pneumoniae

d) Klebsiella pneumoniae

e) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

54) During a routine annual physical examination, a 9-year-old previously healthy girl

has a blood pressure of 140/75 mm Hg in all four extremities. The physical examination

is otherwise completely normal, except for obesity. The family history is positive for

hypertension in the father and paternal uncle. The blood pressure remains in the 140/70

mm Hg range on two repeat examinations performed 1 week apart, using a cuff that is

appropriate for her obesity. The urinalysis, serum electrolytes, and serum creatinine

levels are normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the

management of this patient?

a) Reassure the patient that her blood pressure is normal for her size

b) Advise observation, with repeat blood pressure checks every month

c) Advise an immediate evaluation by a nephrologist and cardiologist

d) Advise a regimen of weight reduction and regular exercise

e) Advice a regimen of diuretic therapy

55) A parent brings her 12-week-old child to your office because he has a scaly facial

rash. The boy was exclusively breastfed for 8 weeks but was switched to commercial cow

milk-based formula about a month ago when his mother went back to work. She has been

putting lotion on the rash, but it has not helped. The child's birth weight was at the 50th

percentile but has now dropped toward the 25th percentile line. The physical examination

reveals an eczematous rash over both cheeks. The stool is guaiac-positive but not grossly

bloody. Based on the history and physical examination, you suspect that the patient may

be allergic to cow milk protein. Which of the following is the best next step in the

management of this patient?

a) Recommend that the mother see her obstetrician about medication to help her

begin lactating again

b) Switch the patient from cow milk-based formula to whole cow's milk

c) Switch the patient from cow milk-based formula to soy formula

d) Switch the patient from cow milk-based formula to a protein hydrolysate

formula

e) Begin parenteral alimentation to permit total bowel rest

56) A 16-year-old male is brought to your office by his mother, who insists that you

perform a urine drug screen on her son. You begin by interviewing the mother and the

young man together, but explain to the parent that you will also be conducting part of the

interview and the physical examination without her present in the room. She states that

she will only agree to let you speak with him alone if you agree to discuss with her any



high-risk behaviors that he admits to engaging in. Concerning patient confidentiality in

regard to adolescents, you are required by law to inform the parent of this minor of which

of the following?

a) Use of marijuana

b) Suicidal ideation

c) Petty theft

d) Consensual sexual relations with another minor of the opposite gender

e) Consensual sexual relations with another minor of the same gender

57) You see a 4-year-old child for declining school performance and behavior problems.

His mother notes that he is a poor sleeper. He snores loudly and often gasps in his sleep.

Sometimes she sleeps with him because she is afraid he will stop breathing. You note a

slight fall off the growth curve and very large tonsils. A neck film demonstrates large

adenoids as well. The child's insurance company will not pay to have the tonsils and

adenoids removed unless you can prove they are causing him significant health problems.

Which test is the most likely to give you that information?

a) Bronchoscopy

b) Overnight pulse oximetry monitoring

c) Polysomnography

d) Fluoroscopy

e) Overnight EEG monitoring

58) An infant who was discharged from the hospital on day 2 of life presents to your

office 3 days later for follow-up. The mother did not receive prenatal care. You notice

bilateral purulent discharge from the eyes. There is marked eyelid edema and

conjunctival swelling (chemosis). What is the most likely pathologic agent?

a) Chlamydia trachomatis

b) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

c) Group B Streptococcus

d) Toxoplasma gondii

e) Treponema pallidum

59) An unresponsive adolescent patient is brought to the emergency department with

suspected ingestion of an unknown substance. EMS received a call from the hotel room

where the youth was found, but no one else was there when they arrived. The patient is

on 100% inspired oxygen and has required several bouts of positive pressure ventilation

in the ambulance. On exam, the patient has a heart rate of 55, blood pressure 85/50,

pinpoint pupils, and track lines on his left arm. Along with ongoing cardiovascular and

respiratory support, which of the following should be administered to this patient?

a) Pralidoxime chloride

b) Physostigmine

c) Naloxone

d) Atropine sulfate

e) Deferoxamine

60) A 15-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a fever and

difficulty breathing. Right-sided wheezing is noted on the physical examination. The

patient does not improve with aerosolized nebulizer treatment. An inspiratory chest

radiograph is normal; however, the expiratory film demonstrates right-sided



hyperinflation, with mediastinal shift to the left. This patient's respiratory symptoms are

most likely due to which of the following?

a) Pneumonia

b) Foreign body aspiration

c) Pneumothorax

d) Empyema

e) Viral upper respiratory infection

61) You are seeing an 18-month-old boy who is new to your practice. His father is

concerned about his child's development in relation to his two older brothers. The boy

avoids eye contact and does not respond to efforts to engage him in reciprocal play such

as peek-a-boo and patty cake games. He does not generate spontaneous language but can

repeat certain words if spoken to him over and over. He spends a lot of time by himself

rocking back and forth and becomes very agitated if this activity is interrupted. Which of

the following conditions is most consistent with this child's reported behaviors?

a) Down syndrome

b) Hearing impairment

c) Autism

d) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

e) Asperger syndrome

62) An 8-year-old boy is referred to the emergency department by his pediatrician for a

chief complaint of weakness. The weakness has been slowly progressive over the last

several weeks. A review of symptoms reveals a history of constipation, polyuria, and

polydipsia. The child is on no medications, and past medical history is noncontributory.

In the primary physician's office, the patient had a serum potassium measurement of 2.8

mEq/L. A blood pressure measurement in the emergency department is normal for age,

height, and gender. Urine electrolyte studies reveal an elevated urine potassium value.

Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of this patient's hypokalemia?

a) Excessive sweating

b) Renal tubular acidosis

c) Anorexia nervosa

d) Cushing syndrome

e) Renovascular disease

63) A 2-week-old female infant presents with generalized hypotonia, duodenal atresia

and hypothyroidism. What other structural defect is she most likely to have?

a) Malrotation

b) Endocardial cushion defects

c) Cleft palate

d) Renal disease

e) Sensorineural hearing loss

64) Which of the following conditions are often associated with polyhydramnios?

a) Duodenal atresia

b) Tracheoesophageal fistula

c) Congenital hydrocephalus with myelomeningocele

d) Renal agenesis

e) A, B, and C



65) A 3-year-old boy presents with violent episodes of intermittent colicky pain, emesis,

and blood per rectum. A tubular mass is palpated in the right lower quadrant. The

abdominal radiograph reveals a dearth of air in the right lower quadrant and air-fluid

levels consistent with ileus. Which of the following procedures will best assist in

diagnosis and treatment?

a) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

b) Rectal biopsy

c) Air contrast or double contrast enema

d) Stool culture

e) Colonoscopy

66) An 18-month-old female child presents with blood-streaked stool. The stool is

grossly positive on occult blood testing. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely?

a) Anal fissure

b) Peptic ulcer disease

c) Mallory-Weiss tear

d) Inflammatory bowel disease

e) Necrotizing enterocolitis

67) A 4-year-old boy was seen by his pediatrician for fever and abdominal pain. The pain

began after a sledding accident the day before his visit in which he fell on his right side.

His mother noticed that his abdomen appeared distended today, particularly on the right

side. In the pediatrician's office, he is noted to be hypertensive and has gross hematuria.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Pyelonephritis

b) Liver contusion

c) Renal contusion

d) Wilms tumor

e) Neuroblastoma

68) You are called to evaluate a newborn with an apparent foot deformity. On close

examination, you note adduction of the forefoot, inversion of the foot, and plantar flexion

at the ankle that is relatively fixed. Which of the following is true of this patient's

condition?

a) This clinical picture is most consistent with metatarsus adductus

b) This deformity will respond to stretching exercises

c) This deformity will correct spontaneously when the child is able to bear weight

d) This deformity will require surgical repair

e) This deformity may be associated with other congenital malformations

69) A 12-year-old boy with Crohn disease for 2 years is seen with an acute exacerbation.

He is complaining of abdominal pain and diarrhea and has right lower quadrant fullness.

The most effective approach in this acute setting is which of the following?

a) Perform a colonoscopy for cancer surveillance

b) Obtain a stool culture and to exclude acute infectious colitis and imaging

studies to evaluate for abscess or fistula

c) Initiate therapy with mercaptopurine or azathioprine

d) Perform a capsule endoscopy

e) Start biologic therapy with anti-TNF alpha antibody



70) A 3-year-old girl periodically experiences swelling around her lips and breaks out in

hives when she eats the snacks provided at daycare. Which of the following is the most

appropriate for determining whether the child's symptoms are due to food allergies?

a) Skin prick testing to foods

b) Food-specific IgE levels

c) Skin prick testing to foods followed by double-blind placebo-controlled food

challenges

d) Open-label food challenges

e) Endoscopy

71) An 11-year-old girl is referred to your office following an abnormal screen for

scoliosis. You diagnose idiopathic scoliosis on exam using Adam's forward bending test.

Subsequent radiographs reveal a lateral curvature of 35-degrees. The patient is pre-

menarchal. You refer the patient to an orthopedic surgeon and counsel the parent that the

specialist will probably recommend:

a) External bracing

b) Follow-up radiographs every 6 months

c) Stretching exercises

d) Surgical fixation

e) No intervention

72) A child in the emergency department has point tenderness over the proximal tibia and

an appropriate history of trauma. The radiograph shows a fracture through the growth

plate that extends into the epiphysis and joint space. This type of fracture would be

characterized as:

a) Salter-Harris Type I

b) Salter-Harris Type II

c) Salter-Harris Type III

d) Salter-Harris Type IV

e) Salter-Harris Type V

73) A 4-year-old Caucasian boy presents for evaluation of persistent jaundice. The family

reports that the boy had neonatal jaundice on the first day of life, and was treated with

phototherapy. He has always had mild icterus, but has had increased icterus at times,

especially following other mild illnesses, such as ear infections and colds. There is a

family history of his father and paternal grandmother having undergone splenectomy. On

examination, the boy has mild scleral icterus, and his spleen is palpable about 3 cm below

the left costal margin. The laboratory evaluation reveals a total bilirubin of 1.9 mg/dL

(unconjugated fraction is 1.5 mg/dL), normal liver transaminases, hemoglobin of 11.2

gm/dL, a normal MCV, and an elevated reticulocyte count of 8%. An osmotic fragility

test is performed and demonstrates positive results. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Iron-deficiency anemia

b) Hereditary spherocytosis

c) Acute blood loss

d) Acute leukemia

e) Sickle cell disease

74) An adolescent comes to you with a chief complaint of painless vaginal discharge.

You note projection of the breast areola as a secondary mound above the contour of the

breast and pubic hair of adult texture and color with no spread to the medial surface of



the thighs. This patient's examination is most consistent with which Tanner stage of

development?

a) Stage I

b) Stage II

c) Stage III

d) Stage IV

e) Stage V

75) Which of the following statements about acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is true?

a) The preferred treatment for all types of AML is bone marrow transplant

b) Chemotherapy used for AML is more intense than that used for ALL

c) Hyperleukocytosis is not a problem with AML

d) Patients with Down syndrome and AML have a worse prognosis

e) Secondary AML has a good response to therapy

76) A 13-year-old male patient presents with intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhea,

weight loss, and growth failure, and is noted on colonoscopy to have inflammatory skip

lesions throughout the colon with rectal sparing. Which of the following is true?

a) Ulcerative colitis typically is characterized by rectal sparing

b) Ulcerative colitis typically is characterized by skip lesions

c) Crohn disease typically is characterized by transmural disease

d) Ulcerative colitis typically is associated with growth failure

e) Ulcerative colitis typically is associated with perianal disease

77) You are moonlighting in the pediatric emergency department when a 10-year-old

male arrives by ambulance with lethargy, confusion, dizziness, and a severe headache.

His parents and maternal grandmother are in the adult emergency department with less

severe but similar symptoms. The emergency medical technicians report that they were

called by the police who found the family sleeping in their car with the engine running at

their Christmas tree stand. Carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected. Which of the

following should be the first step in the evaluation and management of this patient?

a) Obtain an EKG

b) Draw an arterial blood gas

c) Draw a blood carboxyhemoglobin level

d) Administer 100% oxygen

e) Stabilize the patient for transfer to a hyperbaric oxygen chamber

78) A 5-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a 12-hour history of

fever and respiratory distress. On physical examination, the girl appears toxic, is

drooling, and leaning forward with her chin extended. She has a temperature of 104°F

(40°C), and a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/minute. Which of the following is the most

likely diagnosis?

a) Epiglottitis

b) Croup

c) Bacterial pneumonia

d) Diphtheria

e) Anaphylaxis

79) In response to your question concerning guns in the home during a routine adolescent

health maintenance visit, the mother of the patient tells you that her husband, the boy's



stepfather, keeps a loaded handgun in the bed table drawer for protection. You would be

correct in telling this family that an adolescent who lives in a home with a gun:

a) Is less likely than peers who do not live with guns to die from homicide

b) Is less likely than peers who do not live with guns to commit suicide

c) Is mature enough to use good safety precautions, so storing the handgun

separately from the ammunition is unnecessary

d) Has a 10-fold greater risk of dying from suicide than peers who do not live in

homes with guns

e) Is less likely than peers who do not live with guns to be shot during a domestic

dispute

80) You are seeing a new patient for a health-maintenance visit. The child is able to tell

you his age and gender and speaks in five to eight word sentences. His grandmother tells

you that he is able to pedal a tricycle. He can perform a broad jump when the behavior is

modeled and is able to copy a circle. However, he cannot yet balance on one foot or copy

a cross. You record that the patient's developmental achievement is consistent with his

age. Which of the following most closely correlates with this child's age in years?

a) 2-years

b) 3-years

c) 4-years

d) 5-years

e) 6-years

81) A child weighing 27 kg with a history of vomiting for 36 hours is judged to be 10%

dehydrated based on vital signs and physical examination. The serum sodium

measurement is 134 mEq/L. An initial 540-mL bolus of normal saline results in

stabilization of the heart rate and improved capillary refill. Which of the following is the

most appropriate parenteral fluid choice for the next 8 hours?

a) D5 0.2 normal saline with 20mEq/L KCl (added after urination) at 120mL/hr

b) D5 0.2 normal saline with 20mEq/L KCl (added after urination) at 180mL/hr

c) D5 0.2 normal saline with 20mEq/L KCl (added after urination) at 220mL/hr

d) D 0.45 normal saline with 20mEq/L KCl (added after urination) at 220mL/hr

e) D5 0.45 normal saline with 20mEq/L KCl (added after urination) at 180mL/hr

82) An 8-year-old boy presents with growth failure and vague abdominal pain. The

abdomen is distended. There is no perianal disease, abdominal mass, or tenderness. The

next set of diagnostic tests should include:

a) CBC, CRP, tissue transglutaminase assay

b) CT scan of the abdomen

c) Urinalysis, sweat chloride, laparotomy

d) Colonoscopy, upper endoscopy

e) Stool culture for ova and parasites

83) A 3-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician with fever, pallor, anorexia, joint pain,

petechiae, and hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

a) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

b) Acute myelogenous leukemia

c) Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

d) Aplastic anemia

e) Osteosarcoma



84) A 16-year-old girl who is 2 years post-menarche presents with mildly uneven

shoulders and a small degree of one-sided rib prominence. Radiographs reveal a 25-

degree scoliosis. Which of the following represents the best treatment?

a) Posterior spinal fusion

b) Intensive physical therapy

c) Scoliosis bracing

d) Spinal manipulation

e) Observation with repeat x-ray in 1 year

85) A 5-year-old boy who returned from a camping trip to his grandparents' farm in

Virginia develops a fever of 103°F, a headache, vomiting, and an erythematous, macular

rash on his wrists and ankles. On physical examination, he is moderately tachycardic with

otherwise stable vital signs and no focal signs of infection. A CBC reveals a normal

WBC count and differential and normal hemoglobin. However, the boy's platelet count is

65,000/mm3. Serum electrolytes are normal. Blood cultures and immunofluorescent

studies are sent. Which of the following is the most appropriate next course of action?

a) Discharge home on amoxicillin with close follow-up and reliable caregivers

b) Discharge home on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid with close follow-up and

reliable caregivers

c) Hospitalization for observation pending further test results

d) Hospitalization for intravenous doxycycline and cefotaxime

e) Hospitalization for intravenous doxycycline

86) A 5-year-old boy presents with painful swelling of the hand and feet since the day

before. Since earlier today, he has palpable purpura on the lower extremities, and also

developed intermittent, colicky midabdominal pain. Prior to these events, he had a cold

for 1 week. He did not have fevers, and overall is well appearing. On physical

examination, he has normal vital signs. He has palpable purpura on the lower extremities

and buttocks. He has scrotal swelling. His hand and feet are puffy, and he has pain with

movement of the ankle joints. His abdominal examination is unremarkable. A complete

blood count shows normal results with a platelet count of 350,000/mm3. Which of the

following laboratory tests is most often abnormal in this disease process?

a) Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

b) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

c) Complement C3 and C4 levels

d) Urinalysis

e) Serum creatinine

87) A 12-month-old male infant presents with a hemoglobin of 7.5 and a hematocrit of

22%. The mean corpuscular volume is 65 and the adjusted reticulocyte count is 1.0%.

What is the most likely cause of anemia in this child?

a) Iron-deficiency anemia

b) Anemia of chronic disease

c) Transient erythrocytopenia of childhood

d) Thalassemia syndrome

e) Parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis

88) A 12-year-old male adolescent presents with a 1-month history of fever, weight loss,

fatigue, and pain and localized swelling of the mid-proximal femur. Which of the




a) Ewing sarcoma

b) Osteosarcoma

c) Chronic osteomyelitis

d) Benign bone tumor

e) Eosinophilic granuloma

89) You are examining a 3-year-old girl at her well-child visit. While she is staring at her

stuffed cow in your hands, you quickly cover her right eye with an index card. When the

index card is removed seconds later, you notice that the right eye “drifts” back toward the

center. This reaction in response to the cover test indicates what abnormal condition?

a) Strabismus

b) Amblyopia

c) Leukocoria

d) Retinoblastoma

e) Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

90) A 14-year-old girl is brought to your office by her mother because she is complaining

of “seeing double.” The history is significant for headaches that waken the patient from

sleep in the morning but are relieved by vomiting. On physical examination, you note that

she is unable to abduct either eye. Lower extremity reflexes are slightly exaggerated.

Which of the following physical signs is most likely to be present in this patient?

a) Hypotension

b) Papilledema

c) Tachycardia

d) Patency of the anterior fontanelle

e) Erythema migrans

91) A previously healthy 4-year-old girl presents with a history of diarrhea and vomiting

for the past 3 days and decreased urine output for the past 12 hours. On examination, she

has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, blood pressure of 105/65 mm Hg, and no edema.

The blood tests reveal serum sodium of 128 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L, bicarbonate

12 mEq/L, BUN 55 mg/dL, creatinine 1.6 mg/dL. The urine tests reveal a fractional

excretion of sodium of 0.1. The kidney ultrasound is normal. Which of the following

constitutes the most appropriate immediate management of this child's acute renal

failure?

a) Intravenous normal saline bolus to correct the renal hypoperfusion

b) Intravenous bicarbonate to correct the metabolic acidosis

c) Intravenous furosemide to correct the fluid overload

d) Intravenous antibiotics to correct the infectious gastroenteritis

e) Initiation of dialysis to correct the acute renal failure

92) A very tired mother brings her 6-week-old infant to your office because “he screams

for hours and hours a day and nothing makes him stop.” His parent describes the crying

spells as occurring daily and lasting several hours, usually through the late afternoon and

early evening. Nothing seems to console the child during these episodes. While he is

crying, the infant often pulls his knees to his abdomen as if he is in pain. Other than the

crying spells, the child is asymptomatic. He feeds well and moves his bowels regularly.

The child's weight, length, and head circumference are normal, and his physical

examination is normal. This patient's history and physical examination are most

consistent with which of the following conditions?



a) Feeding intolerance

b) Cow milk protein allergy

c) Intussusception


e) Colic

93) A newborn infant has a slight hip click on hip examination. Which of the following

risk factors would most strongly support further evaluation?

a) Female patient

b) First born

c) Torticollis

d) Metatarsus adductus

e) Breech presentation or family history of developmental dysplasia of the hip

94) A 14-year-old patient in your practice with anorexia nervosa has fallen to 80% of her

ideal body weight for height and gender. She has not menstruated in 9 months. She has

postural hypotension and a low heart rate. Which of the following murmurs is most likely

to be present on this patient's cardiac examination?

a) A midsystolic click, followed by a murmur

b) A fixed split S2

c) A vibratory holosystolic murmur in both axilla

d) A third heart sound

e) A nonspecific ejection murmur at the base of the heart

95) You are offering preventive counseling to the parent of a 12-month-old child at a

health maintenance visit. The child weighs 18 lbs. You would be correct in informing the

parent that this child should be:

a) Restrained in a rear-facing infant car seat in the back seat of the car until he has

reached 20 lbs. in weight

b) Restrained in a forward-facing infant car seat in the back seat of the car since

he is now #1 year of age

c) Restrained in a rear-facing infant car seat in the front seat of the car until he has

reached 20 lbs. in weight

d) Restrained in a forward-facing infant car seat in the front seat of the car since

he is now #1 year of age

e) Restrained in a forward-facing booster seat in the back seat of the car since he

is now #1 year of age

96) A 4-week-old male infant born at term presents with emesis, dehydration, and poor

weight gain. The pediatrician evaluating the child palpates an olive-sized mass in the

child's epigastrium. She believes the infant may have pyloric stenosis. Which of the

following clinical presentations is most consistent with pyloric stenosis?

a) Projectile nonbilious emesis

b) Bilious emesis

c) Bloody diarrhea

d) Violent episodes of intermittent colicky pain and emesis

e) Right lower quadrant abdominal pain

97) A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with complaints of dizziness

and confusion. Three days before presentation he developed a low-grade fever and

vomited twice. Since then, the fever and vomiting have resolved, but the patient has



passed 8 to 10 loose, foul-smelling stools per day. The boy's mother has been afraid to

give him anything but water or diluted juice due to his history of vomiting. Deep tendon

reflexes are diminished throughout. This patient's ataxia and confusion are most likely

due to which of the following electrolyte imbalances?

a) Hypomagnesemia

b) Hyperkalemia

c) Metabolic alkalosis

d) Hypochloremia

e) Hyponatremia

98) A 13-year-old male presents to the office with short stature. Growth data

demonstrates that he has been growing between the 3rd and 5th percentile at a steady rate

since age 4 years. His father started shaving at age 17 and completed his growth at age 19

years. What examination and workup would support the diagnosis of constitutional delay

of growth and puberty?

a) Acne and axillary hair, Tanner III pubic hair, testicular volume 12 cc, bone age

14 years, TSH 1.5 (0.5 to 4.8), IGF-I 340 (152 to 540)

b) No axillary hair, Tanner I pubic hair, testicular volume 4 cc, bone age 11 years,

TSH 12 (0.5 to 4.8), IGF-I 200 (152 to 540)

c) Scant axillary hair, Tanner II pubic hair, testicular volume 5 cc, bone age 11

years, TSH 2.1 (0.5 to 4.8), IGF-I 420 (152 to 540)

d) No axillary hair, Tanner I pubic hair, testicular volume 4 cc, bone age 11 years,

TSH 3.1 (0.5 to 4.8), IGF-I 62 (152 to 540)

99) A 24-month-old male in your office for his regular health maintenance visit has the

following results on screening tests: hemoglobin 9.6 g/dL; capillary blood lead level 16

mcg/dL. He lives in Section 8 housing in poor repair built before 1960. Which of the

following is the most appropriate next course of action?

a) Counsel the family regarding lead removal and recheck the level in 6 months

b) Refer the family to the local governmental lead management agency

c) Obtain a venous lead level for confirmation

d) Start the patient on oral succimer on an outpatient basis

e) Obtain neurodevelopmental testing for the patient

100) A 10-year-old girl presents with a linear streaks of thickened and indurated skin on

the right arm and trunk. The linear streak on the right arm has a longitudinal orientation

and extends from the upper arm to the dorsal aspect of the hand, whereas the linear streak

on the trunk is transversely oriented. The lesions are surrounded by a halo of erythema

with a violaceous appearance. The central portion is hyperpigmented and thickened.

Which of the following complications is this child most likely to develop?

a) Esophageal dysfunction

b) Pulmonary fibrosis

c) Contracture of the right elbow

d) Raynaud phenomenon

e) Digital necrosis

James Lamberg



AnswerKey

Peds #1

1) A

2) C

3) E

4) B

5) D

6) A

7) E

8) B

9) D

10) C

11) B

12) A

13) E

14) C

15) C

16) A

17) A

18) E

19) A

20) B

21) D

22) F

23) D

24) D

25) B

26) B

27) E

28) B

29) A

30) A

31) C

32) D

33) D

34) A

35) D

36) C

37) C

38) D

39) B

40) B

41) D

42) E

43) A

44) F

45) C

46) E

47) D

48) C

49) F

50) A

51) B

52) C

53) E

54) E

55) D

56) A

57) E

58) B

59) A

60) D

61) C

62) D

63) C

64) D

65) C

66) A

Peds #2

1) C

2) D

3) C

4) B

5) B

6) A

7) C

8) B

9) E

10) D

11) C

12) B

13) E

14) B

15) E

16) D

17) A

18) C

19) B

20) A

21) C

22) D

23) E

24) B

25) A

26) C

27) D

28) F

29) C

30) C

31) B

32) A

33) D

34) E

35) D

36) C

37) C

38) C

39) D

40) E

41) D

42) B

43) E

44) D

45) D

46) D

47) B

48) D

49) A

50) C

51) C

52) A

53) E

54) C

55) E

56) D

57) A

58) A

59) E

60) C

61) D

62) A

63) B

64) E

65) D

66) A

Peds #3

1) C

2) D

3) A

4) A

5) C

6) C

7) E

8) D

9) D

10) B

11) C

12) C

13) B

14) A

15) B

16) D

17) A

18) D

19) D

20) C

21) D

22) E

23) A

24) D

25) A

26) B

27) E

28) A

29) C

30) A

31) D

32) C

33) B

34) D

35) B

36) A

37) E

38) C

39) A

40) A

41) B

42) B

43) C

44) D

45) A



46) D

47) E

48) D

49) C

50) B

51) C

52) D

53) A

54) E

55) C

56) E

57) D

58) A

59) C

60) C

61) A

62) E

63) C

64) E

65) C

66) D

67) E

68) D

Peds #4

1) D

2) D

3) B

4) C

5) E

6) A

7) A

8) B

9) C

10) E

11) A

12) D

13) C

14) A

15) B

16) B

17) D

18) C

19) D

Peds #5

1) B

2) A

3) D

4) D

5) A

6) B

7) A

8) C

9) A

10) A

11) C

12) D

13) B

14) B

15) B

16) E

17) C

18) A

19) A

20) B

21) C

22) D

23) A

24) B

25) B

26) D

27) A

28) C

29) C

30) E

31) D

32) A

33) A

34) D

35) B

36) E

37) C

38) C

39) D

40) D

41) E

42) D

43) E

44) C

45) C

46) C

47) A

48) C

49) C

50) D

51) A

52) C

53) A

54) D

55) D

56) B

57) C

58) B

59) C

60) B

61) C

62) B

63) B

64) E

65) C

66) A

67) D

68) E

69) B

70) C

71) A

72) C

73) B

74) D

75) B

76) C

77) D

78) A

79) D

80) B

81) C

82) A

83) A

84) E

85) D

86) D

87) A

88) A

89) A

90) B

91) A

92) E

93) E

94) A

95) A

96) A

97) E

98) C

99) C

100) C

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