QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF

“Morphology of the words”Lesson 11

Lessons from the bookMABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –basics of Arabic Grammar

RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

16- comparative and superlative nounsالتفضيل اسم

• The comparative and superlative noun is a form which changes an adjective to indicate a comparison between one thing and another.

• Example: يوسف� أکبر من إبراهيم (Joseph is bigger than Abraham.) • األرض من اكبر� الشمس�• The sun is bigger than the earth• triliteral active verbs and always are kept in the form

أفعل• . For example: م ر� becomes (which is an active verb) ک

م (more generous) أکر• (which is a passive verb) is not kept into the ض�ر#ب

comparative or superlative form.

'هة المشب التفضيل .vs الصفة اسم• Triliteral active verbs which indicate color, defect as well as any

verb that has more than three letters are not put into the comparative or superlative forms.

• The reason for that is that such active verbs are not formed into the comparative and superlative forms is because the form أفعل for these verbs is used as هة' المشب .الصفة

• For example: و#د and (black) أسود (to make black) becomes س.(one-eyed) أعور becomes (to loose an eye) عو#ر

• If we want to use the comparative or superlative form from the above mentioned verbs then we must use one of the words أشد (more severe), أکثر (more) أوفر (more abundant) or أکبر (larger) and then add the infinitive of the verb in the MANSOOB form (because it is a TAMYEEZ).

• For example: و#د / becomes س وادا د0 س أش (blacker) • or / becomes عو#ر أکثر� عورا (more one-eyed).• / ألبيه . هو أکثر احتراما (he is more respectful to his father)

– التفاح آشد�اللح�م من ح�مرة meat is more red than the apple

16- Superlative Noun تفضيل اسم• A Noun can ONLY be superlative if it meets the

following conditions:– It is a complete verb (not incomplete like KAANA كان)– Tri-Lettered Derivable noun (not DAHRAJA ج ( دحر– Positive (not negative like LAYSA ليس )– It is in active form (not FO’ELA فعل )– It’s feminine description is not in the form of الصفة

'هة not) ” فعالء’’Fa’laa المشب أ حمر AHMAR)

11-Noun of Time and Place• The noun of time indicates the time of the

action of the verb. غر#ب .(evening) م• The noun of place indicates the place of the

action. example: خ .(kitchen) مطب• The forms mentioned in the next slide can be

applied to both. The determination of whether it is a noun of time or place is usually clarified by the context of the sentence.

Scale of mafa’l ل مفع1. If the verb ended with a vowel letter , – example: رمي ,(aim) مرمی becomes (he is shooting) ي– (flowing place, sewer) ى (flow) جرى مجر2. If the present tense had Fatha or Dhamma on the Ayn of

the Verb– for example خ�� طب خ becomes (he is cooking) ي مطب

(kitchen),– �ب� مكتب Writing Office يكت– example: ح� ذب ح becomes (he is slaughtering) ي مذب

(slaughterhouse),– Play Playground يلعب� ملعب

Scale of mafe’l فع#لم1. If the verb did not end with a vowel, and the Ayn of

the verb in present tense had a kasraDescend House – ينزل� منز#ل

– for example: ضر#ب� becomes (he is hitting) ي.(camp site) مضر#ب

2. If the verb started with a vowel letter (did not end with a vowel letter) وع#دPromise Pledge وعد م

– There are rare exceptions to this rule, for example فع#لمشر#ق و مغر#ب و مطل#ع : م whose second root letter has a dhammah in the present tense.

Four letter Noun of Time and Place• Four Letter verb is formed on a scale of ISIM

Mafool (Object Noun) or MASDAR MIMI (MOFA’L)– example:– شفی �ست becomes (a cure was sought) ي

سفی .(hospital)م�ست– gathered community or) اجتمع م�جتمع

gathering place)

11-Noun of Instrument• An instrumental noun is a form that indicates the

thing that the action was performed with. • For example: د (file) م#بر• Instrumental nouns are taken from transitive

triliteral verbs. • There are three forms that they have:

1 . م#فعل : for example: د (file) م#بر2 . م#فعلة : for example: ةس (broom) م#کن3 . م#فعال : for example: م#فتاح (key)

• Non derived nouns are SOMAEYAH and does not have any standard such as:

• bell جرس ,pen قلم, knife سكين

More examples

م#فعل– Scissor–م#قص' Cut Meqas قص'م#فعال– Driller– م#ثقابDrilled ثاق#ب– ر>-- م#نشار ش ن Sawed Sawم#فعلة• قة ق >-- مطر طر – hammered hammer• ع#ق>--ملعقة ل - licked spoon

11-Noun of Instrument– Odd cases– Fa’aalata فعالة– (Approved by Egyptians)– الة ل >-- غس غس wash washing machine– امة م >--خر خر drilled driller