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RP.0091
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RegionalActionPlanfortheSustainableManagementofMarineLitterintheRed
SeaandGulfofAden
September2018
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Table of Content TableofContent.....................................................................................................................................2ListofAcronyms.....................................................................................................................................4ExecutiveSummary..............................................................................................................................5Introduction..............................................................................................................................................7OutlineofthisRAP................................................................................................................................7MarineLitterinthePERSGARegion.............................................................................................8Environmental,HealthandEconomicImpactsofMarineLitter.....................................9TheRoleofPERSGAinManagingMarineLitter...................................................................11BackgroundtothisRAP....................................................................................................................12FrameworkforAction.......................................................................................................................13TheActions.............................................................................................................................................15
Component1:IntegratedManagementFramework.....................................................16Component2:AwarenessandEducation...........................................................................20Component3:LegalandInstitutionalFramework........................................................24Component4:EncouragingPublic-Private-Partnerships...........................................28Component5:RemovingMarineLitter................................................................................31Component6:ResearchandMonitoring.............................................................................34Component7:CapacityBuildingandTraining.................................................................39
Reference.................................................................................................................................................41Appendices..............................................................................................................................................44
Appendix1:Questionnairetemplate.....................................................................................45Appendix2:Beachlitterawarenessandeducationalresources.............................47Appendix3:TacklingmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion..........................................48
Figure1:Frameworktoaddresstheissueofmarinelitter.............................................13Figure2:Underwaterclean-upevent,Jeddah,SaudiArabia..........................................21Figure3:Beachclean-upandmonitoringactivity,Sudan................................................35Table1:CommontypesofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.....................................8Table2:Decompositionratesforcommonlitter.................................................................10Table3:IntegratedManagementFrameworkActions......................................................18Table4:RaisingAwarenessandEducationActions...........................................................22Table5:LegalandInstitutionalFrameworkActions.........................................................26Table6:EncouragingPublic-PrivatePartnershipActions..............................................29Table7:RemovingLitterActions.................................................................................................32Table8:ResearchandMonitoringActions..............................................................................36Table9:CapacityBuildingandTrainingActions.................................................................40
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ThisdocumentwaspreparedundertheauspicesoftheRegionalOrganizationfortheConservationoftheEnvironmentoftheRedSeaandGulfofAden(PERSGA),by Anthony (Tony) Rouphael. Zaher Al-Agwan, PERSGA, provided the casesstudiesinthetextboxes.ZaherAl-AgwanandKanakoHasegawa,UnitedNationsEnvironment, kindly reviewed drafts of this document. Actions stated in thisdocumentwereprioritised incollaborationwithPERSGAandPERSGAmembercountries whose representatives participated in a regional workshop held inJeddah (KingdomofSaudiArabia) inApril2018.ThisdocumentwaspreparedwithintheframeworkofPERSGA’sRegionalProgrammeofMarineLitterintheRedSeaandGulfofAden.ThepreparationofthisdocumentwasfinancedbytheUnitedNationsEnvironment(UNE)withintheframeworkoftheGlobalProgramofActionfortheProtectionoftheEnvironmentoftheMarineEnvironmentfromLand-BasedActivities(GPA).©PERSGA,September2018The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofPERSGAconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningdelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form foreducationalornon-profitpurposeswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. PERSGA wouldappreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as asource. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any othercommercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing fromPERSGA.PERSGAReportNumber:RP.0091PERSGACoordinationandPhotographs:ZaherAl-AgwanPrintedinSaudiArabia.Thisdocumentshouldbecitedas:PERSGA/UNE. 2018. Regional Action Plan for the Sustainable Management ofMarineLitterintheRedSeaandGulfofAden.ReportNumberRP.0091.PERSGA,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.
PERSGA–“TheRegionalOrganizationfortheConservationoftheEnvironmentof the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden” is an intergovernmental organizationdedicatedtotheconservationofthecoastalandmarineenvironmentsintheregion.TheRegionalConventionfortheConservationoftheRedSeaandGulfofAdenEnvironment(JeddahConvention)1982providesthelegalfoundationfor PERSGA. The Secretariat of PERSGAwas formally established in Jeddahfollowing the Cairo Declaration of September 1995. The PERSGA membercountriesareDjibouti,Egypt,Jordan,SaudiArabia,Somalia,Sudan,andYemen.
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List of Acronyms Acronyms DescriptionGPA GlobalProgrammeofActionLBA Land-BasedActivitiesMARPOL The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
fromShips,1973asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978(MARPOL73/78;MARPOLisshortformarinepollution)
MC MemberCountriesNAP NationalActionPlansPAH PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonsPCB PolychlorinatedBiphenylsPERSGA The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the
EnvironmentoftheRedSeaandGulfofAdenRAP RegionalActionPlanSDG SustainableDevelopmentGoalUN UnitedNationsUNE UnitedNationsEnvironmentUNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
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Executive Summary
ThisRegionalActionPlanpertainstomarinelitterintheRedSeaandGulfofAden(thePERSGAregion).Itspurposeistoprovidearoad-maptosustainablymanagemarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.Morespecifically,itlistspracticalactionsthatif enacted will greatly reduce the amount of litter entering the marineenvironmentandtoremovelitterwhenithas.
Thereare60actionslistedinthisRegionalActionPlanandeachisrankedintermsofitsurgency.Therearefourranks:VeryHigh,High,MediumandLow.Eachactionislinkedtooneofsevencomplementarycomponents(orstrategies)designedtocomprehensivelyaddressthethreatofmarinelitter.Thecomponentsare:
Integrated Management Framework: The objective of this component is: TopromoteintegrationandcoordinationofPERSGAinitiativestosustainablymanagemarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.Therearesevenactionsproposedtoachievethis objective. Actions include the establishment of an Interagency Task ForcemadeupofmembersfromPERSGAandmembercountries.Otheractionsaretheselectionofnationalagenciesfromeachmembercountrytocoordinateactionsatthe national level andwhowill prepareNational Action Plans.National ActionPlanswillcomplementtheRegionalActionPlanbylistingcountryspecificactions.
AwarenessandEducation:Theobjectiveofthiscomponentis:Raisegovernmentand public awareness of the impact ofmarine litter to themarine environment,economy and human health through the implementation of education andawarenessprogramsand literature.Therearenineactionsproposedtoachievethis objective. Actions include raising awareness of stakeholders to theenvironmental,socialandeconomicconsequencesofmarinelitter.Otheractionsinclude targeted educational programs such as litter clean-up campaigns,newspaperarticles,thepublicationofschoolcurriculummaterialandworkshopsformorespecialisedtraining.
LegalandInstitutionalFramework:Theobjectiveofthiscomponentis:Toreviewand,ifnecessary,improvethelegalbasisforpreventinglitterenteringthemarineenvironment. There are 12 actions proposed to achieve this objective. Thiscomponent identifiesactionstoevaluate lawsrelatingtolitter ineachmembercountry,andactionstoimprovecomplianceandenforcement.Actionsalsorelatetotheratificationandenforcementofinternationalprotocolsrelatingtomarinelitter.
Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships: The objective to achieve thiscomponent is:Encouragepublic-privatepartnerships toaddressmarine litterbyremoving,preventingand/orrecyclingmarine litter in thePERSGAregion.Thereare eight actions proposed to achieve this objective. This component proposesactionstoencourageprivatecompaniesto takevoluntary initiativestoaddresstheissueofmarinelitterindependentofgovernmentlawsandregulations.Suchactionsshouldincludephasing-outsingle-useplasticbagsandotherplasticitems.Theadvantageofsuchactionsisthattheymaynotrequirepublicfundingandthusarelikelytobemoresustainable.
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RemovingMarineLitter:Theobjectivetoachievethiscomponentis:Toclean-uplitterfromthemarineenvironment.Therearesixactionsproposedtoachievethisobjective. This component focuses on actions to remove litter already in theenvironment.Oneof themoststraightforwardandcost-effectiveapproachestoremoveplasticsandotherformsofmarinelitterfromtheenvironmentisbeachclean-ups.Abeachclean-upiswheremarinelitteriscollectedfromabeachandtakentoalegallydesignatedlitterdisposalsite,suchalandfillorrecyclingplant.Otheractionsrelate toactivities thatremovelitter fromtheseafloorandwatercolumn.ResearchandMonitoring:Theobjectiveforthiscomponentis:Undertakeresearchtodeterminethesource,densityandcompositionofmarinelitterineachPERSGAmembercountry.Thereare15actionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.ResearchandmonitoringprogramsareessentialtoaddressthethreatofmarinelitterinthePERSGA region. The term ‘research’ refers to short-term hypothesis drivenexperiments designed to evaluate the effectiveness of specific managementinterventionstopreventorremovemarinelitter.Theterm‘monitoring’relatestolong-term studies focusing on quantifying trends in litter accumulation or toevaluatecompliancewithamanagementthreshold.Researchandmonitoringareessentialbecausewithoutapreciseunderstandingofthesourceoflitteritwillbechallengingtoimplementeffectivemanagement.Further,monitoringisessentialtoevaluateifoutcomes,suchasthereductioninmarinelitter,arebeingachievedandthusconfirmingtheeffectivenessofmanagementactions.Capacity Building and Training: The objective for this component is: Identifycapacity limitations and training needed to implement actions. There are threeactions proposed to achieve this objective. Stakeholders responsible forimplementing actions in this Regional Action Plan may require new skills andknowledge.PERSGAcouldfacilitatethisthroughdevelopingtrainingmaterialandprograms,workshops convenedby subjectmatterexperts, on-line coursesanddevelopingguidelines.Trainingcoursescouldcoversubjectsrangingfromraisingawareness about microplastic to explaining advanced litter monitoringtechniques.
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Introduction Litter(alsocalleddebris,solidwaste,garbageortrash)isubiquitousthroughouttheworld’soceansandisasignificantthreattomarineandcoastalbiodiversity(Weis,2015).Marinelittercanbedefinedas“…..anymanufacturedorprocessedsolidwastematerial(typicallyinert)thatentersthemarineenvironmentfromanysource” (PERSGA, 2008)1 . Marine litter is also seen as a public health issue(Seltenrich, 2015) and can be detrimental toeconomic activity such as coastaltourism(Ballanceetal.,2000).Marinelitterdoesn’tdiscriminateamongnationalmarine boundaries because currents will move litter across borders. For thisreason,managementactiontoaddressmarinelitterwillneedtobecoordinatedataregionalratherthanatanationallevel.In2010alone,4.8to12.7millionmetrictonsofplasticlitterwereestimatedtohave entered the ocean from 192 coastal countries (Jambeck et al., 2015).According to the same authors, countries contributing the greatest amount ofplastictotheoceanswereChina,VietnamandIndonesia.Worldwide,about80%oflitterenteringthemarineenvironmentislandbased(Weis,2015),eitherbeingblowninbywindordischargedfromrivers.Theremaining20%isocean-basedhaving entered the ocean fromvessels, oil platforms or jetties (also known aspiers).
Outline of this RAP ThisRegionalActionPlan(RAP)isstructuredinthefollowingway:
1. MarineLitterinthePERSGARegion:ProvidesanoverviewofthetypesandquantitiesofmarinelitterobservedintheRedSeaandGulfofAden.
2. Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Marine Litter:Summarisesthetypesofimpactsassociatedwithmarinelitter.
3. TheRoleofPERSGAinManagingMarineLitter:IdentifiesPERSGAroletomitigatetheimpactofmarinelitter.
4. BackgroundtothisRAP:ProvidescontexttotheRAPandhowitrelatestoproposedNationalActionPlans(NAPs).
5. FrameworkforAction:Describesalogicalframeworktoimplementandevaluateactionstoaddressmarinelitter.
6. TheActions:Liststheactionsforsevencomponents.
1UNEPhasasimilardefinition“….anypersistent,manufacturedorprocessedsolidmaterialdiscarded,disposedoforabandonedinthemarineandcoastalenvironment”(PERSGA,2014).
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Marine Litter in the PERSGA Region TheRegionalOrganizationfortheConservationoftheEnvironmentoftheRedSeaand Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) recognises litter as a major threat to the marineenvironment2(PERSGA,2008).PERSGA(2008)providedadetailedsummaryoftheextentofmarinelitterintheRedSeaandGulfofAden(hereafter‘thePERSGAregion’). Rather than repeating that information, a summary of more recentlypublisheddataisgivenhere.Table1providesalistoftheprincipletypesofmarinelitter(bothmaterialandform)foundinthePERSGAregion(PERSGA,2014;Dr.Agwan, unpublished data). Comparedwith someAsian countries, thepotentialcontributionofplastictotheoceanfromPERSGAmembercountriesismuchless(Jambeck et al., 2015). For instance, the maximum amount of plastic wasteavailable to enter the ocean in 2010 from China was >5 million metric tonscompared with between 0.01 to 1 million metric tons for PERSGA membercountries (Jambeck et al., 2015).Other studieshave shown that theamountofplasticmaterialintheRedSeaislessthansomeotherregionalseas.Martietal.(2017) concluded that plastic fragments (excluding fibres) in the upper watercolumnoftheeasternRedSea(mean3,546fragments/km2)isabout40timeslessthantheMediterraneanSea(147,500fragments/km2:sourceRuiz-Orejonetal.,2016).Al-NajjarandAl-Shyab(2011)reportedmoderatetohighlevelsofmarinelitter on the seafloor in shallow waters off Jordan. They found marine litterdensities on the seafloor ranged from1 to6 items/m2, and themost commonitemswerecansandplastics.Table1:CommontypesofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion
Material FormPlastics Fragment,sheets,bags,containers,pellets,ropes,bottlesPolystyrene* Cups,packaging,buoysNylon* Fishingnets,fishinglineRubber Gloves,bootsWood Constructiontimber,pallets,fragmentsofbothMetals Drinkcans,oildrums,aerosolcontainers,scrapSanitary SewagerelatedlitterPaper/cardboard Books,newspaper,wrappingmaterialCloth Clothing,furnishing,shoesGlass Bottles,lightbulbsCeramics Pottery
*Thesearetypesofplastics.
2Inthisreport,thephrase‘marineenvironment’generally,unlessstatedotherwise,collectivelyreferstomarineandcoastalenvironments,andassociatedbiodiversity.
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Environmental, Health and Economic Impacts of Marine Litter PERSGA(2008)providedadetailedsummaryoftheimpactoflitterinthemarineenvironment. Since publication of that report, there has been a considerableamountofnewinformationontheimpactofmarinelitterand,morespecifically,inrelationtoplastics.Thefocusofthissectionistocomplementtheinformationin PERSGA (2008) by providing a summary of more recent literature. Theenvironmental impact of marine litter is mainly physical but can be chemical.Largepiecesoflittercancrushorsmothersessilemarineorganismssuchashardcoralsandseagrasses,whilesmallerpieces,especiallyplastics,canbeconsumedbywhales,sharks,turtlesandseabirds(Lietal.,2016).Plasticsinthestomachsofsomemarineorganismsmaycause starvationbybecoming lodged indigestivetracts. Seabirds are particularly vulnerable to this type of pollution and it ispredictedthat186speciesofseabirdareatriskofplasticingestion(Wilcoxetal.,2015).Marinemammals,fishesandbirdscanbecomeentangledinmarinelitter,suchasdiscardednetsorfishingline,leadingtodrowning(Laist,1997).Morerecently,Lamb et al. (2018) presented evidence that plastic litter may increase thesusceptibilityofreef-buildingcoralstodisease.Theyfoundthatwhereplastichadcomeintocontactwithcoral,thelikelihoodofthepresenceofdiseaserosefrom4percentto89percent-a20-foldincrease.Marine litter has significant humanhealth implications (Williams et al., 2013).Previously,healthconcernslargelyfocusedonbrokenglassorusedsyringesonbeaches.Morerecently,thereisthegrowingconcernabouttheaccumulationofpollutants in the tissues of seafood species that have ingested marine litter(Rochman et al., 2015). Ingestion of tiny plastics can harmhumans and otherorganisms in multiple ways: a) once in the ocean, plastics can sorb highconcentrationsoftoxicandbioaccumulatingchemicals3,whichcanleachoutintothegut;b)plasticscontaintheirownchemicals,suchasadditives,thatcanaffecttheendocrinesystem;and3)nano-sizedplasticparticlesmayhavethepotentialtopassthroughtheplacentaandtheblood-brainbarrierinhumans(Seltenrich,2015).Marinelittercanhaveeconomicimpactsbycompromisingtheaestheticvaluesofimportant tourist sites. For instance, Ballanceet al. (2000) reported that litterdensities>10largeitems/m2ofbeachwoulddeter40%offoreigntouristsfromreturningtoCapeTown,SouthAfrica.Littercanalsogetentangled innetsandpropellers, andor entrained inwater intake pipes on vessels leading to costlyenginerepairsandreducedfishingeffort.Thereisalsothecostassociatedwithremovinglitterfromtheenvironment,whichcanamounttomillionsofdollarsperyearinsomecountries(UNEP,2011).3SuchasPolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons(PAHs),PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)andDDT.
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The threat of marine litter to the natural environment and human health hasincreased with the advent of plastics. Plastic is a synthetic or semi-syntheticorganic chemical. While plastics may be made from just about any organicchemical,mostindustrialplasticsaremadefromoilorgas-basedproducts.Thename"plastic"referstothepropertyofplasticity,whichistheabilitytodeformwithout breaking. The major environmental concern with plastic is that itgenerallycannotbebrokendownbybiologicalprocesses4andthuspersistintheenvironmentforaverylongtime.TheapproximatedegradationtimeforplasticsandothercommonformsoflitteraregiveninTable2.Table2:Decompositionratesforcommonlitter
Material DegradationTime*PaperTowel 2-4weeksBananaandOrangePeel 2-5weeksNewspaper 6weeksAppleCore 2monthsWaxedMilkCarton 3monthsPlywood 1-3yearsWoolSock 1-5yearsPlasticBag 10-20yearsNylonFabric 30-40yearsLeather 50yearsTinCan 50yearsRubber-BootSole 50-80yearsFoamedPlasticCup 50yearsFoamedPlasticBuoy 80yearsAluminiumCan 80-200yearsDisposableDiaper/Nappy 450yearsPlasticBeverageBottle 450yearsMonofilamentFishingLine 600yearsGlassBottle 1millionyears
(fromUSNationalParkServices–MoteMarineLab)*Thedegradationtimesofthesematerialswillvarydepending,inpart,ontheenvironmentalconditionsinwhichtheyweredeposited.Most plasticswill becomebrittlewhen exposed to ultra-violet light and breakdown into smaller pieces. Pieces less than 5mm are commonly calledmicroplastics (Seltenrich,2015).Microplastics come from a variety of sources,including larger plastic litter that degrade into smaller pieces. In addition,microbeads 5 , a type of microplastic, are very tiny pieces of manufacturedpolyethylene plastic that are added to some facial cleansers and toothpastes(NOAA,2018).Tinyparticlesofplasticmaybeconsumedbyanimalssuchashard
4Atleastonespeciesofbacteriaisknowntoconsumepolyethyleneterephthalate,theplasticusedtomakewaterbottles(Yoshidaetal.,2016)5Microbeadsarecommerciallyavailablefrom0.01mmto1mminsizeandhavereplacednaturalingredientssuchaswalnutkernels.Microbeadshavebeenbannedinsomecountries.
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corals(Halletal.,2015),zooplankton(Coleetal.,2013)andfishes(DavisonandAsch,2011),andmayeventuallybepassedupthefoodchainintohumans.The sustainablemanagementofmarine litter ismoreurgent thanever.This isbecause of the potential for marine litter to weaken the resilience of marineecosystemstootherthreatssuchasclimatechange,overfishinganddeclinesinwater quality (Lamb et al., 2018). These threats may act synergistically withmarinelittertoreducethecapacityofmarineecosystemstoresistdisturbanceaswellasreduceratesofrecovery.
The Role of PERSGA in Managing Marine Litter PERSGAcoordinatesenvironmentalprogramsandactivitiesincooperationwithmember countries. The program titled ‘Protection of the Marine Environmentfrom Land-Based Activities’ is an important component of the PERSGAframework.Thisprogramislinkedtothe‘ProtocolConcerningtheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironment fromLand-BasedActivities in theRedSeaandGulfofAden(2005)6’.AccordingtoArticle7oftheProtocol,contractingpartiescommitthemselvesto takeactionstoeliminatesolidwasteandtocooperatewitheachotherand internationalagencies toachievethisaim(refer toBox2 forspecificwordingonthecommitment).PERSGAhaspreparedthisRAP,incollaborationwithmembercountries,tomeet,in part, their commitments to the Protocol. More broadly, this RAP aims tocontributetothesustainablemanagementofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.IncontextofthisRAP,sustainablemanagementofmarinelittermeansdevelopingcost-effectivewaystopreventlitterfromenteringthemarineenvironmentandtoremovelitterwhenithas.TheactivitiesofPERSGAandmembercountriestotacklemarinelittershouldnotbeconsideredinisolation.Instead,theseactivitiesshouldbeseenintermsofaglobal partnership to mitigate the effects of marine litter, especially plastics,worldwide.For instance, theRAPwillallowmembercountries tocontributetoachievementoftheUNDP’sSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)14.Target14.1ofGoal14states‘By2025,preventandsignificantlyreducemarinepollutionofallkinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris andnutrientpollution’.TheactivitiesassociatedwiththisRAPcouldbeusedtocollectdatarelatingto indicatorsofGoal14,suchasmeasuring floatingplasticdebris(14.1.1)7.
6InaccordancewithArticleIIIoftheJeddahConvention,thisProtocolwasformulated.7https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg14
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Background to this RAP ThisRAP isdesigned to complementPERSGA’s coralRAP (PERSGA,2003)andmangroveRAP(PERSGA,2004),bothofwhichacknowledgethethreatofmarinelittertocoralassemblagesandmangrovescommunities,respectively.InthecoralandmangroveRAPs,marine litter isaddressedunderthesectiontitled ‘ImpactfromShippingandMarinePollution’.InthisRAP,theobjectiveandactionsrelatingtomarinelitterfromvesselsaresimilartotheearlierRAPsbutarenowplacedinthesectiontitled‘LegalandInstitutionalFramework’.Further,thisRAPfollowsasimilar report structure as those earlier RAPs to maintain institutionalconsistency.ThisRAPalsobuildson the report titled ‘MarineLitter in the PERSGARegion’(PERSGA,2008)whichlistsactionsandstrategiestopreventandremovelitter.SincepublicationofPERSGA(2008),someof theproposedactions,suchas thedevelopment of a regional protocol to survey litter on beaches, have beenimplemented.Tomaintain consistencywithPERSGA (2008), someof the sameactions are reproduced in this RAP. However, this RAP differs from PERSGA(2008)byexpandingthenumberofstrategies(calledcomponents)toaddresstheissueofmarinelitter.Similar to the coral andmangroveRAPs, thisRAP is a regional commitment toaddress the threatofmarine litter in thePERSGAregion. In collaborationwithmembercountries, thisRAPwillbecoordinatedataregional levelbyPERSGA.AlthoughtheRAPwillbecoordinatedataregionallevel,implementationofmanyoftheactionsrecommendedintheRAPmustbedoneatthenationallevelthroughNationalActionPlans(NAP).Thisisbecause:
1. Theimpactofmarinelittervariesamongmembercountries;2. Actionswillvaryintermsofnationalpriority;3. Fine-scaleplanning,suchasbudgeting,isbeyondthescopeofthisRAP;and4. Countrieswillvaryintheircapacitiestoimplementactions.
NAPswillbeusedto:
• Listpriorityactionsaccordingtomembercountryneeds;• Highlightthenationalcapacitytoimplementactions;• Identifytrainingneedstoimplementactions;• Presentrealisticbudgetstoimplementactions;• Determine time-frames and set performance indicators for results and
outcomesforNAPs;• IllustratehowNAPswillbeintegratedintonationalstrategies,and• Listnationalstakeholdersinvolvedandtheirroles.
To coordinate the RAP and interface between government and donors, anInteragencyTaskForce8shouldbeestablished.TheInteragencyTaskForcewouldbe made up of staff from PERSGA and the national agencies assigned to be8IntheCoralandMangroveRAPs,theInteragencyTaskForceiscalleda‘steeringcommittee’.AbenefitoftheInteragencyTaskForceisassigningresponsibilityoftheimplementationoftheRAPandNAPstoindividualsatboththeregionalandnationallevels.
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responsibleformanaginglitteratthecountrylevel.TheInteragencyTaskForcecouldconveneinpersonorviaconferencecalls,todiscussprogresswithactionslisted in the RAP and NAPs. The Interagency Task Force would also evaluateprogressoftheRAPandNAPs.
Framework for Action In this RAP a framework is proposed to implement actions in a logical andstructuredway.This frameworkconsistsof the following steps: identifybroadcomponentstoaddressmarinelitter,describeassociatedobjectives,identifytheactions to achieve objectives and evaluate if actions were implemented andobjectivesachieved.The framework is shownconceptually inFigure1and theterminologyexplainedinthetext.
Figure1:Frameworktoaddresstheissueofmarinelitter
Therearesevenbroadcomponents(orstrategies)proposedtotackletheissueofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.Thecomponentsare:1.IntegratedManagementFramework2.AwarenessandEducation3.LegalandInstitutionalFramework4.EncouragingPublic-Private-Partnerships5.RemovingMarineLitter6.ResearchandMonitoring7.CapacityBuildingandTraining
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As noted earlier, this list of seven components has been expanded from threecomponents listed in PERSGA (2008). Expanding the list of components wasnecessarytoprovideamorecomprehensivelistofstrategiesrequiredtotacklethegrowingthreatofmarinelitter.With the exception of Component 1 ‘Integrated Management Framework’, thecomponentsarenotnecessarilylistedinorderofpriority.Forinstance,giventhelimitedamountofquantitativedataonthesource,compositionandfateofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion,thecomponenttitled‘ResearchandMonitoring’mightbe a natural priority to be implemented following Component1. Without adetailedunderstandingofthesourceofmarinelitteratalocalscaleitwillnotbepossible to determine the most appropriate actions to prevent further litterenteringthemarineenvironment.Inaddition,obtainingdataonthecompositionandquantityofmarinelitterwillpermittheestablishmentofbaselinedatafromwhichtoevaluateiflitter-preventativeactionshavebeensuccessfulatreducinglitterinthemarineenvironment.Eachcomponentislinkedtoakeyobjective.Objectivesallowcomponentstobeexpressed in terms of what is actually being sought or aimed at. Whereappropriate,objectivesareconsistentwithearlierPERSGAdocumentspertainingtothemanagementofmarinelitter.Toachieveeachobjective,multipleactionswillberequired.Someoftheactionsneedtobeenactedatregional levelbyPERSGA,whileothersactionsaremoreappropriately enacted at the national (i.e. country) level. The urgency ofimplementationwillvary.ThefollowingpriorityranksareusedtocategorisethelevelofurgencyforeachactionlistedinthisRAP9:
• VeryHighPriority(veryurgentactionwhereimmediateactionisdesirableortheaction(e.g.establishmentofanInteragencyTaskForce)isrequiredtofacilitatefurtheractions)(preferablycommencingwithin1yearofRAPbeingapproved);
• HighPriority(urgentaction)(preferablycommencingwithin2years);• MediumPriority(preferablycommencingwithin3years);• LowPriority(preferablycommencingwithin4years).
Rankingactionsinthiswayisusefulbecauseitallowsaphasedapproachtotheimplementationofactions.Itisalsousefultohelpidentifywherelimitedbudgetsmightinitiallybefocused.Time-framesarebenchmarkedagainstthetimewhentheRAPisformallyapproved.ToidentifythemostappropriateactionsforthisRAPandtoevaluatetheirpriorityforimplementation,PERSGAundertooktwotaskspriortopublicationofthisRAP.First, a questionnaire (Appendix 1) was sent to individuals in all membercountriesseekinginformationonthetypesofactionsneededtoaddressmarinelitterintheirrespectivecountriesandtolearnwhatwasalreadybeingdoneatthe
9TheseranksaredesignedtobemorestraightforwardthanthoseusedinthecoralandmangroveRAPs,whichused:VeryUrgentAction,UrgentAction;andPriorityAction.
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nationalleveltoaddressthisissue.Second,inApril2018,aworkshopwasheldatthePERSGAofficeinJeddah,SaudiArabia,whereparticipantsfromallmembercountriesandPERSGAstaff collectively reviewed thedraftRAPandprioritisedactions.TheresultsofthesetwotaskshavebeenincorporatedintothisRAP.This RAP recognises the need for evaluation of achievement of objectives andactions.Expectedresults,associatetime-frames10andperformanceindicatorsareoffered for each component to provide broad-level guidance in terms of anevaluation. More specifically, however, the evaluation should focus on twoaspects:outputsandoutcomes.Evaluatingoutputsmeanscheckingactionshavebeen implemented while evaluating outcomes relates to assessing if theabundanceofmarine litterhasdeclinedasa resultof actions. It isbeyond thescopeofthisRAPtodescribeindetailhowtheevaluationwillbedone.Instead,the detailed methodology will need to be presented in a ‘monitoring andevaluationplan’tobedevelopedsoonaftertheRAPisapproved.Thismonitoringandevaluationplanwilloperationalisetheobjectivesandactionsbylinkingthesetoquantifiableindicatorvariablesandtargets.Theplanwillalsolistthemethodsto measure indicators and who should do the measuring and evaluation. It isrecommendedthatthisRAPbereviewedinitsentiretytenyearsafteritsformalapproval by PERSGA. However, it is desirable that the RAP and NAPs areperiodicallyreviewedandupdatedasrequiredbefore10years.Lastly,thereistheimportantissueofhowtheactionslistedinthisRAPwillbefinanced.Actionsatthenationallevelwillgenerallybefundedatthecountrylevel.However,asnotedinPERSGA(2008),theprotectionofthemarineenvironmentfromlittercannotbeachievedthroughgovernmentactionsaloneorbydependingentirelyonpublicfunds.ThisisareasonwhyastrategyinthisRAPistopromoteprivate companies and other non-government entities to undertake actions toreducetheimpactofmarinelitteratthenationallevel.IntermsofregionalscaleactionslistedinthisRAP,PERSGAcouldintegratesomeoftheseintoitsexistingworkplans.However,toimplementallactionslistedintheRAPwillrequirealargefinancialcommitment.Therefore,theinitialfocuswillbetoestablishbudgetsforactionswith the highest priority. Potential sources for finance include: Centralgovernmentbudgetsofthemembercountries;Internationaldonoragencies;theprivatesector(companies);anddonationsandgrants.AfinancialplanidentifyingaroadmaptofundtheactionsinthisRAPwillneedtobedevelopedaftertheRAPisapproved.
The Actions Inthissection,actionsarepresentedforthesevencomponentsdescribedearlier.For simplicity, actions are presented in Tables. Each Tables has the followingcolumnheadings:
• Column1:#:Actionnumber
10Thetime-framesproposedforexpectedresultswillbebenchmarkedagainstthedatewhentheRAPisformallyapprovedbyPERSGA.
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• Column2:Actiondescription• Column3:Lead(e.g.Leadagency:PERSGAorMemberCountries(MC))• Column4:Priorityrank(e.g.VeryHigh,High,MediumorLow)• Column5:Expectedresults(ER)(whatisexpectedfollowingtheaction)• Column6:Time-framesforER(Time-framesforexpectedresults)• Column 7: Performance indicators (used to measure achievement of
outputsoroutcomes)‘Priorityranks’identifythelevelofurgencyproposedforeachaction.Expectedresults(ER) identifywhat isexpected followimplementationof theaction.The‘time-framesforER’areindicativeonly,anddonotreflectthedefinitionsusedforthepriorityranks(referto‘FrameworkforAction’).Thisisbecausethedefinitionsforpriorityranksrelatetothetimewhentheactionshouldcommence,whereas‘time-framesforER’relatetowhentheoutcomesofactionsshouldbeachieved.Forinstance,anactionwithapriorityrankofVeryHighshouldcommencewithinoneyearof theapprovalof theRAP,but the ‘time-frames forER’ for thatsameaction will usually be one or more years after the commencement date. Insituations where it is not practical to nominate a time-frame for outcomes oroutputs,thephrases‘Tobedetermined’or‘Assoonasrealisticallypossible’areused.Thesecanbeupdatedwhenthetimingofoutcomesoroutputscanbemorepreciselyestimated.
Component 1: Integrated Management Framework The issue of marine litter, including its environmental, social and economicimpacts, and the actions to prevent and remove marine litter are varied andcomplex. This is especially relevant in the PERSGA region where membercountries have different marine litter priorities and vary in their capacities toaddress the threat of marine litter. In addition, different stakeholders will beinvolvedtohelpimplementactionsatboththeregionalandnationallevels,andtobe successful,mustwork together collaboratively.Adding to this complexity isthat some country members have international obligations relating to marinelitter. Consequently, tosustainablymanagemarine litter inthePERSGAregionwill require careful integration of multiple actions and the coordination ofmultiplestakeholdersandpartners.Tohelpachievethisoutcome,implementingthisRAPandassociatedactionswillrequireastructuredmanagementframework.This structuredmanagement frameworkbeginswithPERSGA’s coordinationofthe RAP at the regional scale, while appointed national agencies, from eachmembercountry,willimplementactionsatthenationallevel.Nationalagencies,inconsultationwithFocalPoints,willberesponsibleforthedevelopmentoftheNAPs.National agencieswill need to coordinatewith PERSGAon training andcapacitybuilding.PERSGAandnationalagencieswillalsoneedtoworkcloselytoevaluate the implementation of NAPs to ensure actions are implemented andobjectives are being achieved. The proposed Interagency Task Force will beinstrumental in helping coordinate and harmonise actions at the regional andnationalscale.
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The objective of Component 1 is: To promote integration and coordination ofPERSGAinitiativestosustainablymanagemarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.Therearesevenactionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.TheseareshowninTable3.
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Table3:IntegratedManagementFrameworkActions.
#Actio
nLead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(E
R)
Time
fram
esfor
ER
Performance
indicators
IAp
pointanationalagencyfrom
eachmem
bercountryto
manageandcontrolm
arinelittera
ctivitiesatthenationallevel.
MC
Very
High
Eachmem
bercountry
appointsnational
agencytobe
responsiblefor
marinelitter
With
in2
years
Anatio
nalagency
appointedfrom
each
mem
bercountry
IIDe
veloparegionalInteragencyTaskForceonmarinelitter.
PERS
GAVery
High
PERS
GAform
saTask
Forcemadeupof
mem
bersfrom
PE
RSGA
and
appointednatio
nal
agencies
With
in2
years
Allm
embers
appointedtoTask
Force
III
Developatemplateandguidelinesforp
reparin
gaNA
P.
PERS
GAVery
High
PERS
GAdevelopsa
regionaltemplateto
assistmem
ber
countriesp
repare
theirN
APs
With
in2
years
TemplateforN
AP
IV
Theappointednatio
nalagencyfrom
eachmem
bercountryto
takeresponsibilityford
evelopingandimplem
entin
gaNA
P.
MC
Very
High
Eachmem
bercountry
preparesaNAP
With
in2
years[or
linkedto
template]
ApprovedNAP
VProvidenatio
nalagenciesw
ithtechnicalsupporttodevelop
theirN
APs.
PERS
GA
Very
High
PERS
GAorganisesa
NAPwritin
gworkshopor
consultanttovisit
natio
nalagenciesto
With
in2
years
NAPwritin
gworkshop
oraco
nsultanthas
metwith
eachnatio
nal
agencytosu
pportthe
writin
goftheNA
P
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providesupportfor
NAP
VI
Periodicallyreview
and
evaluatehowtheNA
Psarebeing
implem
entedineachmem
bercountry.
PERS
GAHigh
Review
NAP
sWith
in3
years[and
on-going]
EachNAP
review
ed
everytw
oyears
VII
Establishamonito
ringand
evaluationplan(M
&EPlan)that
describesw
henandhowtheRA
Pwillbeevaluatedinterm
sof
achievingobjectivesandactions.
PERS
GAMediumPE
RSGA
preparesa
‘M&EPlan’
With
in4
years
M&EPlan
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Component 2: Awareness and Education Awarenessisknowledgeorperceptionofasituationorfact.Raisingawarenessofthegeneralpublic,includingfishers,vesseloperatorsanddecisionmakerstotheissue of marine litter is an important step in preventing the intentional andunintentionaldisposaloflitterinthemarineenvironment.Onewaytoincreaseawareness is through education, which is the act or process of imparting oracquiringgeneralknowledge.SomePERSGAmembercountrieshaveconsiderableexperienceinraisingpublicawarenessonmarinelitter.Activitiestoraisepublicawarenessabouttheproblemofmarinelitterintheregionstartedasfarbackasthe1990sinYemen(DouAbulet al., 1999) and possibly earlier in other member countries. In early 2000,PERSGA conducted beach clean-up campaigns during ‘PERSGA Day’ (26September) in member countries. Associated with these campaigns wereactivitiestoraiseawarenessofthethreatofmarinelittertothePERSGAregion.In2007,PERSGAlaunchedthe“Clean-upOurSeas”initiative(refertoBox1).Thisinitiative was the most important event undertaken by PERSGA within itsframeworkofraisingawarenesstoprotectthemarineenvironmentfromlitter.In2011,PERSGAdevelopedaRegionalStrategy(RS)forenvironmentalawarenessforsustainabledevelopmentintheRedSeaandGulfofAden.UnderthisRS,clean-up campaignswere conducted. Consequently,with this long history ofmarinelitter prevention and clean-up activities there is regional expertise andexperiencesthatshouldbesharedamongmembercountries.The threat from marine litter is increasing, which is leading to worldwidecampaignstoaddresstheissueofmarinelitter.Onesuchcampaignis#CleanSeascampaignpromotedbyUNEnvironment.Aprimaryaimof this campaign is toraise awareness of the threat of plastics in the marine environment and theencouragementofpoliciestoreduceplasticuse.Participatinginglobalinitiativessuchasthishasthebenefitofprovidingaforumtoshareideasandresources.Thecostofproducingawarenessandeducationmaterialisnotcheapandmaybebeyond the resources of some PERSGA country members. Consequently,consideration could be given to pooling resources and getting awareness andeducational material produced by PERSGA for distribution to all membercountries.Appendix2provideslinkstowebsiteswithexamplesofmarinelittereducational and awarenessmaterial used in other partsof theworld. Some ofthesecouldpotentiallybemodifiedforuseinthePERSGAregion.
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TheobjectiveofComponent2is:Raisegovernmentandpublicawarenessof theimpact of marine litter to the marine environment, economy and human healththroughtheimplementationofeducationandawarenessprogramsandliterature.There are nine actions proposed to achieve this objective. These are shown inTable4.
Box1:PERSGAClean-UpOurSeascampaignSince2007,PERSGAhasinitiatedaregionallittercampaignunderthesloganof“Clean-upOurSeas”.Theaimofthe“Clean-upOurSeas”campaignistoraiseawarenessoftheimpactofmarinelitteronthemarineenvironmentinthePERSGAregion.ThisinitiativewasfirstundertakenincollaborationwiththeUNEnvironmentRegionalSeasProgramme/GPAUnit.Avarietyofawarenessmaterialsweredistributedtoparticipantsandincludedposters,t-shirtswithlogosandcaps.Beachclean-upeventswerelaunchedinYemenandDjiboutiincoordinationwithnationalFocalPointsandlocalstakeholderssuchasschoolstudents.Anunderwatermarinelitterclean-upcampaignwasalsolaunchedinJeddah,SaudiArabia,incoordinationwiththenationalFocalPointsandaprivatedivecentre(Figure2).Figure2:Underwaterclean-upevent,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.
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Table4:RaisingAwarenessandEducationActions
#
Action
Lead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(ER)
Time
framesfor
ER
Performance
indicators
IDevelopandpublishmarinelittereducationalandawareness
material,forarangeofstakeholders,whichcanbeshared
amongmembercountries.
PERSGAHigh
Productionofgeneral
educationalmaterial
Within3
years
Educationalmaterial
(tobedetermined)
II
Produce,publishand/ordisseminateeducationand
awarenessmaterialsspecifictoeachmembercountry,using
electronicmedia,informationsheets,brochure,booklets,
videos,CDsandothermediafor:
•Schoolchildrenrelatingtoimpactsoflitteringonbeaches
andhumanhealth;
•Fishermenonimpactsofabandonedfishinggearandother
litteronmarineresourcesandhabitats;
•Divingcentresonimpactstomarinelifeandhabitats;
•Privatecompaniesonhowthematerialtheysellorproduce
cancontributetolitterinthemarineenvironment;
•Policymakersandotherdecision-makersonnegativeeffects
ofmarinelitterandimportanceofactionstosustainably
managemarinelitter.
MC
Very
High
Productionofcountry-
specificeducational
material
Within2
years
Educationmaterial(to
bedeterminedper
country)
III
Organiseawarenessworkshopsontheimpactofmarinelitter
forvariousstakeholders,suchasteachersandgovernment
officials.
MC
High
Litterawareness
workshopsineach
membercountryfor
variousstakeholders
Within3
years
Atleastoneawareness
workshoppercountry
IVOrganiseworkshopstoimprovemedia/awarenessraising
skillstoallowinformationonmarinelittertobedisseminated
effectivelytothepublicandtodevelopadvocacyskillsto
influencegovernmentpolicy.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAconvenesa
workshopon
media/awareness/
advocacyskills
Within3
years
Atleastoneregional
workshoponmedia
andadvocacyskills
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V
Developstronglinkageswithkeygovernmentdepartmentsto
informofficials/decision-makersaboutimportant
informationrelatingtotheenvironmentaleffectsofmarine
litter.
MC
High
Meetingswithminister
ordeputyministerfor
environmentinrelation
tomarinelitter
Within3
years
Atleastonemeeting
withtheminister/
deputyministerfor
environmentperyear
VI
Developstronglinkageswithnewspaperreporters/editorsto
encouragethemtocommunicateinformationaboutthe
environmentalandhealthimpactsofmarinelitter.
MC
High
Meetingswithlocal
newspapereditorsto
discusspotential
storiesrelatingto
marinelitter
Within3
years
Atleastone
newspaperarticleon
marinelitterperyear
(permembercountry)
VIIUse‘Al-Sambouk’(PERSGAnewsletter)toregularlyshare
withmembercountriestheresultsofactionstopreventand
removelitterinthePERSGAregion.
PERSGAHigh
Publishmarinelitter
articlesin‘Al-Sambouk’Within3
years
Atleasttwoarticleson
marinelitterperyear
VIIIEncouragemembercountriestocontinuetoundertake
activitiesassociatedwithPERSGA’s‘Clean-upOurSeas’
campaign.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAorganisesa
beachclean-upactivity
ineachmember
countryperyear
Within3
years
Atleastone-PERSGA
sponsoredbeach
clean-upcampaignper
year
IXEncouragemembercountriestoparticipateininternational
campaignssuchasthe#CleanSeascampaign.
PERSGAHigh
Eachmembercountry
toparticipateinthe
#CleanSeascampaign
Within3
years
Eachmembercountry
makesatleastone
commitmentunder
#CleanSeas(e.g.
informcitizensorpass
newlaws)
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Component 3: Legal and Institutional Framework AllPERSGAmembercountrieshavenationalandmunicipality(e.g.stateorcity)lawsordecrees,whichprovidea legal foundation for themanagementof litter(PERSGA, 2008). In addition, PERSGAmember countries are signatories to thePERSGA Protocol Concerning the Protection of the Marine Environment fromLand-BasedActivities(LBAProtocol)Article7ManagementofSolidWastes(refertoBox2).
Box2:Article7‘ManagementofSolidWastes’“ParalleltotheGlobalProgrammeofAction,wastesormarinelitterdumpedinthecoastalzoneshouldbetakenintoconsiderationtoavoidtherisksimposedonmarinelife.AccordingtotheAssessmentReport,dumpingsolidwastesinthecoastalzoneoftheProtocolArearepresentsamajorcauseofdamagetocoastalandmarinehabitatsaswellasthedestructionofitsaestheticvalues.Thisultimatelyresultsinnegativeimpactsoncoastaldevelopment,particularlythetouristindustry.Incinerationofwastesisaprocessthatproducesnumerouspersistent,toxicandbiologicallyaccumulativeemissions.Therefore,theContractingPartiescommitthemselvesasfollowsto:
1. Takingallappropriateactiontoensureelimination,tothegreatestextentpossible,ofthesolidwastesandlitterreachingthemarineandcoastalenvironmentbypreventionorreductionofsolidwastegenerationandbyintroductionofenhancementstowastetreatment,includingmethodsofcollectionandrecyclingandfinaldisposalthereof.
2. Cooperatingwitheachother,andwithinternationalorganizations,onexchangeofinformationrelevanttothepracticesandexperiencesrelatingtosolidwastemanagement,recycling,reuse,andcleanerproductionprocesses.”
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MostPERSGAmembercountriesarealsosignatoriestotheMARPOLconvention11.TheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOLisshortformarinepollution)isoneofthemostimportantinternationalmarineenvironmentalconventions.MARPOLAnnexV(RegulationsforthePreventionofPollutionbyGarbagefromShips)ismostrelevanttothisRAP.AnnexVappliestoall ships12,whichmeansall vesselsoperating in themarineenvironment, frommerchant ships to fixed or floating platforms to non-commercial ships likepleasure crafts and yachts. In relation to thisRAP, themost important part ofAnnexVistheobligationofgovernmentstoensureprovisionoflitterreceptionfacilities at ports and a complete ban of dumping plastic into the ocean. Theeffectiveness of ships to comply with the discharge requirements of MARPOLdepends largely upon the availability of adequate port reception facilities,especiallywithinspecialareas,whichincludestheRedSea.However,theRedSeaSpecialArearequirementshavenotyettakeneffectbecauseoflackofnotificationsfromMARPOLPartieswhosecoastlinesbordertheArearegardingtheexistenceofadequatereceptionfacilities13.Another important international convention relating to marine litter is theConvention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution by Dumping ofWastes andOtherMatter1972 (commonly referred to as the LondonConvention)with its1996Protocol (theLondonProtocol).TheLondonConvention/Protocol coversthecontrolofdumpingofwasteatseathathasbeengeneratedonland.Itrequiresthe signatories to prohibit dumping of persistent plastics and other non-biodegradablematerialsintothesea.Theadequacyofnationallawstoaddressthecurrentscaleofmarinelitter,andthecapacityoflocalinstitutionstoregulateandenforcetheselawshasnotbeenformallyevaluatedinthePERSGAregion.However,thelargeamountsofhouseholdandindustriallitteronbeachesadjacenttosomelargecoastaltownsinthePERSGAregion(PERSGA2008,2014)wouldsuggestthatthelawsorthecapacitytoenforcelawsorbotharecurrentlyinadequate.Intermsofinternationallaw,NAS (2009) suggests that MARPOL and the London Convention and Protocolprovideadequatecoveragetoreducelitterenteringthemarineenvironment,buttheirimplementationandenforcementneedtobeimproved.TheobjectiveofComponent3is:Toreviewand,ifnecessary,improvethelegalbasisfor preventing litter entering the marine environment. There are 12 actionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.TheactionsareshowninTable5.
11AtthetimeofpreparingthisRAP,YemenandSomaliawerenotsignatoriestoMARPOL.12Unlessexpresslyprovidedotherwise.13MEPC.1/Circ.778/Rev.2;6April2017:MEPCCircularfromtheIMO
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V
Developstronglinkageswithkeygovernmentdepartmentsto
informofficials/decision-makersaboutimportant
informationrelatingtotheenvironmentaleffectsofmarine
litter.
MC
High
Meetingswithminister
ordeputyministerfor
environmentinrelation
tomarinelitter
Within3
years
Atleastonemeeting
withtheminister/
deputyministerfor
environmentperyear
VI
Developstronglinkageswithnewspaperreporters/editorsto
encouragethemtocommunicateinformationaboutthe
environmentalandhealthimpactsofmarinelitter.
MC
High
Meetingswithlocal
newspapereditorsto
discusspotential
storiesrelatingto
marinelitter
Within3
years
Atleastone
newspaperarticleon
marinelitterperyear
(permembercountry)
VIIUse‘Al-Sambouk’(PERSGAnewsletter)toregularlyshare
withmembercountriestheresultsofactionstopreventand
removelitterinthePERSGAregion.
PERSGAHigh
Publishmarinelitter
articlesin‘Al-Sambouk’Within3
years
Atleasttwoarticleson
marinelitterperyear
VIIIEncouragemembercountriestocontinuetoundertake
activitiesassociatedwithPERSGA’s‘Clean-upOurSeas’
campaign.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAorganisesa
beachclean-upactivity
ineachmember
countryperyear
Within3
years
Atleastone-PERSGA
sponsoredbeach
clean-upcampaignper
year
IXEncouragemembercountriestoparticipateininternational
campaignssuchasthe#CleanSeascampaign.
PERSGAHigh
Eachmembercountry
toparticipateinthe
#CleanSeascampaign
Within3
years
Eachmembercountry
makesatleastone
commitmentunder
#CleanSeas(e.g.
informcitizensorpass
newlaws)
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VIIIEnforcetheLondonProtocolbymembercountriesthathave
ratifiedtheProtocol.
MC
High
EnforcementofLondon
Protocolbysignatory
membercountries
Within3
years
Auditresults
demonstratingProtocol
isbeingenforcedby
membercountries
IX
Facilitateaworkshoptoassistmembercountriesreview
andreporttheirobligationsunderArticle7oftheLBA
Protocol.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAconvenes
workshoponArticle7of
LBAProtocol
Within3
years
Regionalworkshop
X
Facilitateaworkshoptoassistmembercountriestoreview
existinglegislationand,ifnecessary,developnewlegislation
topreventlitterenteringthemarineenvironment.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAconvenesa
workshoponreviewing
andwritinglegislation
Within2
years
Regionalworkshop
XI
Facilitateaworkshoptoassistmembercountries
understandtheirobligationstoMARPOLandtheLondon
Protocol.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAconvenesa
workshoponMARPOL
andLondonProtocol
Within3
yeas
Regionalworkshop
XIIAdvocateformembercountriestointroducelegislationthat
bancosmeticsandsimilarproductscontainingmicrobeads.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGA,in
collaborationwith
nationalagencies,
advocatesforthe
introductionof
legislationthatbans
productscontaining
microbeads
Assoonas
realistically
possible
Membercountries
introducelegislation
thatbancosmetic
productscontaining
microbeads.
*AtthetimeofwritingthisdocumentJordanwasasignatorytotheLondonConventionbutnottheProtocol.
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Component 4: Encouraging Public-Private-Partnerships Passingnewlawstobettermanagemarine litter is likely tobeaslowprocess,especiallywherethereisresistanceamongsomestakeholders.Lawswillalsobeineffective without monitoring compliance and undertaking enforcement.Further,governmentinitiativestopreventorremovemarinelitter,ontheirown,maybeinadequateifpublicfundsarelimited.Acomplementaryapproachistoencourageprivatecompaniestotakevoluntaryinitiativestoaddresstheissueofmarine litter independent of government laws and regulations. For instance,coastaltouristresortscouldbeencouragedtostopsellingsingle-useplasticwaterbottlesandinsteadprovidetheirguestswithreusablebottlesthancanbere-filledusing water dispensers. Another potential approach is to discourage localsupermarkets fromdistributingoutsingle-useplasticbags,which isoneof themostcommonitemsoflitterfoundonbeachesandontheseafloorinthePERSGAregion. There are already excellent examples in PERSGA regionwhere public-privatepartnershipsareworkingtoreducetheriskoflitterenteringthemarineenvironment.Oneexampleincludesthebanofsingle-useplasticbagsintheRedSeaGovernorate,Egypt.SuccessfulactionsinPERSGAmembercountriescouldbetermed ‘Flag-ShipDemonstrationActions’ and potentially trialled among othermember countries. Appendix 3 identifies examples where NGOs and privatecompanieshaveorareundertakingactionstomitigatemarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.TheobjectivetoachieveComponent4is:Encouragepublic-privatepartnershipstoaddressmarinelitterbyremoving,preventingand/orrecyclingmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.Thereareeightactionsproposed toachieve thisobjective.TheactionsareshowninTable6.
29
Table6:EncouragingPublic-PrivatePartnershipActions
#Action
Lead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(ER)
Time
framesfor
ER
Performanceindicators
IEncourageprivatecompaniestotakeinitiatives,suchasa
voluntaryphase-outofsingle-usebags,waterbottlesand
strawsandotherplasticitems.
MC
Very
High
Eachmembercountry
encouragesprivate
companiesto
voluntarilyphase-out
single-useplasticbags
andotheritems
Within2
years
Atleastoneprivate
companypermember
countrythathasphased
outsingle-useplastic
bags
IIEvaluatethesuccessofsuchinitiativesbyprivate
companiesinthePERSGAregionandtodetermineif
suitableforadoptionas‘Flag-ShipDemonstrationActions’
byothermembercountries.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAcompilescase
studiesonprivate
companiesinmember
countriesthathave
voluntarilyactedto
phase-outorreducethe
useofsingle-useplastic
items
Within3
years
Areportoncasestudies
andrecommendations
IIIPropose‘Flag-ShipDemonstrationActions’inthePERSGA
regionthathavebeensuccessfulatreducingtheriskof
marinelitterenteringthemarineenvironment(e.g.phasing-
outplasticbags)orresultingintheremovaloflitterfrom
theenvironment(e.g.recyclingstrategy)
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAlistsexemplary
effortsbyprivate
companiestoreduce
plasticuseandname
these‘Flag-ship
DemonstrationActions’
Within2
years
Reportidentifyingand
justifyingchoiceof‘Flag-
ShipDemonstration
Actions’
IVMembercountriestotrialandmonitor‘Flag-Ship
DemonstrationActions’
MC
Medium‘Flag-Ship
DemonstrationActions’
trialledinmember
countries
Within4
years
Atleastone‘FlagShip
DemonstrationAction’
trialledineachmember
countries
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Table6:EncouragingPublic-PrivatePartnershipActions
#Action
Lead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(ER)
Time
framesfor
ER
Performanceindicators
IEncourageprivatecompaniestotakeinitiatives,suchasa
voluntaryphase-outofsingle-usebags,waterbottlesand
strawsandotherplasticitems.
MC
Very
High
Eachmembercountry
encouragesprivate
companiesto
voluntarilyphase-out
single-useplasticbags
andotheritems
Within2
years
Atleastoneprivate
companypermember
countrythathasphased
outsingle-useplastic
bags
IIEvaluatethesuccessofsuchinitiativesbyprivate
companiesinthePERSGAregionandtodetermineif
suitableforadoptionas‘Flag-ShipDemonstrationActions’
byothermembercountries.
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAcompilescase
studiesonprivate
companiesinmember
countriesthathave
voluntarilyactedto
phase-outorreducethe
useofsingle-useplastic
items
Within3
years
Areportoncasestudies
andrecommendations
IIIPropose‘Flag-ShipDemonstrationActions’inthePERSGA
regionthathavebeensuccessfulatreducingtheriskof
marinelitterenteringthemarineenvironment(e.g.phasing-
outplasticbags)orresultingintheremovaloflitterfrom
theenvironment(e.g.recyclingstrategy)
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAlistsexemplary
effortsbyprivate
companiestoreduce
plasticuseandname
these‘Flag-ship
DemonstrationActions’
Within2
years
Reportidentifyingand
justifyingchoiceof‘Flag-
ShipDemonstration
Actions’
IVMembercountriestotrialandmonitor‘Flag-Ship
DemonstrationActions’
MC
Medium‘Flag-Ship
DemonstrationActions’
trialledinmember
countries
Within4
years
Atleastone‘FlagShip
DemonstrationAction’
trialledineachmember
countries
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30
VMembercountriestoinvolvearangeofstakeholders(e.g.
privateindividuals,NGOs,privatecompanies)toimplement
actionsassociatedwiththeirNAPs.
MC
Very
High
NAPsshouldincludeone
ormoreactionsthat
involveprivate
companiestoreduce
marinelitter
Linkedto
preparation
oftheNAPs
Atleastoneactionin
eachNAPtoinvolve
privatecompaniesto
reducemarinelitter
VIMembercountriestotrialnovelactionstopreventandor
removemarinelitter*.
MC
MediumMembercountriestrial
novelactionstoreduce
marinelitterinthe
region
Within4
years
Atleastone-member
countrytotrialanovel
action
VIIDevelopanawardthatPERSGAgivesoutonanannualbasis
toacompanyorNGOforoutstandingcontributiontothe
preventionortheremovalofmarinelitterinthePERSGA
region.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAdevelopsa
‘MarineLitterReduction
Award’
Within2
years
PERSGAMarineLitter
ReductionAwardgiven
toaprivatecompanyor
NGOeachyear
VIIIDeveloparegistrar(list)of‘Flag-ShipDemonstration
Actions’tobesharedwithmembercountries.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAmaintainand
distributetomember
countriesaregistrarof
‘Flag-Ship
DemonstrationActions’
Within2
years
Theregistrar
*AnovelactionisanactionthathasnotbeenpreviouslytriedinaPERSGAmembercountry.
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Component 5: Removing Marine Litter TheprimaryaimofComponents2,3and4istopreventadditionallitterenteringthemarineenvironment in the first instance.However, actionsare required toremoveandthenadequatelydisposeofmarinelitterthathasalreadyaccumulatedinthemarineenvironment.Worldwide,themostcommonitemofmarinelitterisplastic.AccordingtoEunomia(2016),theweightofplasticontheseafloorisonaverage70kg/km2whileonbeachesitis2,000kg/km2.Consequently,oneofthemoststraightforwardandcost-effectiveapproachestoremoveplasticsandotherformsofmarinelitterfromtheenvironmentisbeachclean-ups.Abeachclean-upiswheremarinelitteriscollectedfromabeachandtakentoalegallydesignateddisposalsite.Abeachclean-upcanbeavolunteerorwork-relatedactivity thattake place as a one–off activity or, preferably, on a regular basis at the samelocation. Inmany locationsworldwide,peopledobeachclean-upsbut inotherlocationsspeciallydesignedvehiclesareused.Anotherpotentialapproachtoremovelitterfromtheenvironmentislitter-trapson storm water drains (Willis et al., 2017). As the name suggest, these trapscapturelitterinstormwaterdrainsbeforethelitterisdischargedintotheocean.The practical application and cost effectiveness of litter-traps in the PERSGAregionwouldneedtobeevaluated,especiallygiventhatmajorrainfalleventsareuncommon.Fencesplacedaroundopenlandfillsorgarbagedumpsnearthecoastmightactinasimilarwaytotrapwindblownlitterbeforeitenterstheocean.Littercollectedonoratthebaseoffencescouldberemoveperiodically.Removingmarine litter from the seafloor is less straightforward, but possible.ThishasbeenattemptedoffJordan(Al-NajjarandAl-Shyab,2011),butthecosteffectivenessofsuchanapproachremainstobeassessed.When litter is collected from the beach it is important that it is disposed ofeffectivelysoitcannolongerreturntothemarineenvironmentorcauseotherenvironmental damage. Options include landfills, incinerators or, preferably,recycling.Component5 issimilar toComponent6 ‘MonitoringandResearch’ in that theybothinvolvecollectinglitterfromthemarineenvironment.However,thefocusofComponent5isontheremovalanddisposaloflitterwithouttheneedforcountingandcategorisinglitter.Thisisavalidgoal,especiallyifcoastalresortmanagersormayors of coastal towns do not have scientifically trained staff to count andcategoriselitter,butsimplywanttoremoveunsightlylitterfrombeachesusedbytourists and or local people. In contrast, Component 6 includes a scientificevaluation of the type and amount of litter collected in order to help informmanagement.The objective to achieve Component 5 is: To clean-up litter from the marineenvironment.Therearesixactionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.TheactionsareshowninTable7.
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Table7:RemovingLitterActions
#
Action
Lead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(ER)
Time
framesfor
ER
Performanceindicators
I
Undertakeareviewofmethodstoremovelitterfrom
beachesandranktheirsuitabilityforadoptioninthe
PERSGAregion.Methodscouldincludemechanical
approachesandtheevaluationshouldalsoexaminecost-
effectiveness.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAcommissionsa
reviewofmethodsused
toremovelitterfrom
beachesandother
coastalhabitats
Within2
years
Reportdescribingthe
reviewand
recommendations
II
Developnationalstrategiestoencouragecoastalland-
ownersormanagers(resorts,villagecouncils,
municipalities)toincorporateintotheirworkplanstheneed
toregularlycollectandremovelitterfromtheirareasof
operation.
MC
High
Eachmembercountry
developsanational
strategytogetprivate
companiestoremove
litterintheirareasof
operation
Within3
years
NationalStrategyfrom
eachmembercountry
III
Developnationalstrategiestoensurelittertakentolandfill
orotherlocationscannoteasilyenterorre-enterthemarine
environment.
MC
Very
High
Eachmembercountry
developsanational
strategytoimprovethe
performanceoflitter
disposalapproaches
Within2
years
NationalStrategyfrom
eachmembercountry
IV
Developguidelinesforremovinglittersafely(bythe
collector)andcost-effectively(toasuitabledisposalsiteor
recyclingplant).
PERSGAHigh
PERSGAtodevelop
guidelinestohelp
companiesremovelitter
effectivelyfromcoastal
areas
Within3
years
GuidelineReport
V
Workshoptoshareideasonhowmarinelittercanbesafely
andcost-effectivelyremovedfrombeachesinthePERSGA
region.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAtoconvenea
workshoptoreview
guidelinestoeffectively
removelitter
Within2
years
Workshop
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VI
Developregistrarofalllocationswherestakeholders,
includingprivatecompanies,areregularlyremovinglitter
frombeachesandotherlocationsinthePERSGAregion.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAtodevelopeda
registraroflocations
wherestakeholdersare
regularlyremovinglitter
frombeaches
Within2
years[and
ongoing]
Aregistrar
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Component 6: Research and Monitoring ResearchandmonitoringprogramsareessentialtoaddressthethreatofmarinelitterinthePERSGAregion.InthisRAP,theterm‘research’referstoshort-termhypothesisdrivenexperimentsdesignedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofspecificmanagementinterventionstopreventorremovemarinelitter.Forinstance,theuse of litter traps on stormwater drains could be experimentally assessed todeterminetheireffectiveness.Universitiesorconsultantscouldundertakesuchexperiments if fundswereavailable.Research couldalso includeobservationalstudies to quantitatively evaluate the source and composition of litter fromdifferent locations.There is limited researchon the sourceandcompositionofmarine litter in the PERSGA region (Gladstone et al., 2012). Examples ofquantitative studiesonmarine litter fromthePERSGAregion includeAl-NajjarandAl-Shiyab(2011)whoevaluatedthedensityoflitterontheseaflooroffJordan,and Marti et al. (2017) who quantified the abundance of plastic fragments insurfacewatersoffSaudiArabia.PERSGAhasalsoundertakenrapidbeachsurveystoobtainasynopticunderstandingoftheamountandcompositionofmarinelitterinmembercountries(Box3).In this RAP, the term ‘monitoring’ relates to long-term studies focusing onquantifying trends in litter accumulation or to evaluate compliance with amanagement threshold. In termsof the latter,monitoring couldbedesigned toinformiftheamountofcountedlitterexceededamanagementthreshold.Suchathreshold could include an unacceptable amount of litter on a popular touristbeachthatifexceededwouldtriggerabeachclean-upbytheresponsibleagency.PERSGAhasinstigatedaregionalsurveyprogramtoinvestigatethetypes,sourcesand extent of marine litter accumulation on beaches. It has also developed astandardisedsurveyandmonitoringmethodologyforevaluatinglitteronbeaches(PERSGA,2014).ThemethodologyismodelledonCheshireetal.(2009)inordertoensurealignmentwithmethodsusedinotherregionalseas.PERSGAhasalsobeguntoestablishbaselineonlitterabundanceandcompositionforbeachesinmostmembercountries.However,thereisaneedforaregionalsurveyprogramtoevaluateandestablishbaselinefortheamountandtypeoflitterontheseafloorinthePERSGAregion.
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35
The objective for Component 6 is:Undertake research to determine the source,densityandcompositionofmarinelitterineachPERSGAmembercountry.Thereare15actionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.TheactionsarelistedinTable8.
Box3:PERSGASurveyandMonitoringProgramforbeachlitter.Since2012,PERSGAhasconductedrapidvisualsurveystoassesstheamountoflitteralongmainlandbeachesinvariouspartsofthePERSGAregion.ThesesurveyswereundertakenincoordinationwiththenationalFocalPointofeachmembercountryandwithassistancefromanationalteamineachcountry.In2012,PERSGAconductedrapidvisualsurveysinSudan,Jordan,DjiboutiandYemen.SimilarsurveyswereconductedinSaudiArabiain2016andinEgyptin2018.Duringthesurveys,thepercentcoveroflitteronbeacheswasestimatedforeachsite.Inaddition,littertypeswererecorded,alongwithlengthandwidthofeachsurveyedbeach.Afterconductingtherapidvisualsurveys,regionalbeach-monitoringprogramswereestablishedinDjiboutiandSudan.PERSGA,incoordinationwiththeFocalPointsofthesemembercountries,identifiedsitestobemonitored.MonitoringstartedinSudaninlate2015(Figure3)andinDjiboutiin2016.Ateachsite,litterwascollected,categorised,countedandweighed.PERSGAisplanningsimilarmonitoringintheothermembercountriesinthefuture.Figure3:Beachclean-upandmonitoringactivity,Sudan.
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Table8:ResearchandMonitoringActions
#Ac
tion
Lead
Pr
iori
ty
rank
Ex
pect
edre
sults
(ER)
Ti
me
fram
esfo
rER
Perf
orm
ance
indi
cato
rs
IPr
omot
ePE
RSGA
’sre
gion
alsu
rvey
pro
gram
toin
vest
igat
eth
eex
tent
ofm
arin
elit
tera
ccum
ulat
ion
onb
each
esin
all
mem
berc
ount
ries
.
PERS
GA
Very
H
igh
PERS
GAto
pro
mot
eits
re
gion
alli
tter
surv
ey
prog
ram
With
in2
ye
ars
Anin
crea
sein
the
#of
lo
catio
nssu
rvey
ed
IIEx
pand
the
regi
onal
surv
eyp
rogr
amto
inve
stig
ate
the
type
s,so
urce
sand
ext
ento
fmar
ine
litte
racc
umul
atio
non
the
seaf
loor
and
,ifp
ract
ical
,in
the
wat
erco
lum
nfo
rall
mem
ber
coun
trie
s.Th
isw
illco
mpl
emen
tthe
pro
gram
alr
eady
in
plac
eto
add
ress
litte
ron
beac
hes.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
exp
ands
it
regi
onal
surv
eyp
rogr
am
toin
vest
igat
elit
tero
nth
ese
aflo
or,i
nth
ew
ater
colu
mn
and
inla
ndju
stb
eyon
dth
ebe
ach
With
in3
ye
ars
Litte
rsur
veys
oft
he
seaf
loor
and
inth
ew
ater
colu
mn
from
at
leas
ttw
olo
catio
nsp
er
mem
berc
ount
ry
III
Deve
lop
aco
mpr
ehen
sive
man
ualo
nst
anda
rdis
edp
roto
cols
to
eva
luat
em
arin
elitt
erin
the
follo
win
gen
viro
nmen
ts:
seaf
loor
(sha
llow
and
dee
pw
ater
);se
asu
rfac
e;in
the
wat
er
colu
mn;
on
beac
hesa
nda
reas
imm
edia
tely
bey
ond
beac
hes.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
dev
elop
sa
com
preh
ensi
vem
anua
lof
surv
eyp
roto
cols
for
litte
ron
beac
hes,
seaf
loor
,wat
erco
lum
nan
dar
easi
nlan
dof
the
beac
h.
With
in3
ye
ars
Appr
oved
man
ual
IV
Orga
nise
regi
onal
wor
ksho
pso
nst
anda
rdis
edp
roto
cols
to
eval
uate
mar
ine
litte
rasp
erp
revi
ousa
ctio
n.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
conv
enes
w
orks
hop(
s)to
dis
cuss
pr
otoc
olsa
sper
pr
evio
usa
ctio
n
With
in3
ye
ars[
or
linke
dto
th
etim
ing
ofth
em
anua
l]
Wor
ksho
pon
st
anda
rdis
edp
roto
cols
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37
VM
apm
arin
elit
terh
otsp
ots/
regi
onal
acc
umul
atio
nzo
nes
(bot
hab
ove
and
sub-
surf
ace)
inth
ePE
RSGA
regi
onth
atca
nbe
targ
eted
forf
utur
ere
sear
cha
ndo
rman
agem
ent.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
GIS
uni
tcre
ates
an
dre
gula
rly
upda
tes
GIS
laye
rssh
owin
glit
ter
hots
pots
.
With
in3
ye
ars[
and
on-g
oing
]
GIS
litt
erh
otsp
otla
yers
VI
Expa
ndth
enu
mbe
rofb
each
esin
the
PERS
GAre
gion
whe
re
mar
ine
litte
rbas
elin
eha
sbee
nes
tabl
ishe
d.
MC
Hig
hM
embe
rcou
ntri
es
unde
rtak
eba
selin
ebe
ach
surv
eyse
ach
year
With
in3
ye
ars
Atle
asto
nen
ew
base
line
site
per
m
embe
rcou
ntry
per
ye
ar
VII
Regu
larly
(1-2
yea
rs)r
e-su
rvey
bea
ches
that
hav
eba
selin
eda
ta.
MC
Hig
hM
embe
rcou
ntri
esre
-su
rvey
bas
elin
esi
tes
With
in3
ye
ars
Base
line
site
ssur
veye
dat
leas
tonc
eev
ery
two
year
sVI
IIEs
tabl
ish
ada
taba
sere
cord
ing
long
-term
tren
dsin
litt
er
abun
danc
ean
dty
pea
tbea
ches
ina
llm
embe
rcou
ntri
es.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
dev
elop
da
taba
sefo
rlitt
er
surv
eyd
ata
and
to
com
mun
icat
ere
sults
to
mem
berc
ount
ries
With
in3
ye
ars
Base
line
data
base
. Gr
aphs
show
ing
litte
rab
unda
nce
tren
ds
[upd
ated
follo
win
gsu
rvey
s]
IX
Enco
urag
ean
dsu
ppor
tloc
alm
arin
ein
stitu
tesa
nd
univ
ersi
tiest
oun
dert
ake
rese
arch
tod
eter
min
eth
edi
rect
an
din
dire
cte
colo
gica
lim
pact
sofm
arin
elit
tero
fmar
ine
orga
nism
sand
hab
itats
inth
ePE
RSGA
regi
on.
MC
Very
H
igh
Each
mem
berc
ount
ry
enga
gesw
itha
loca
lun
iver
sity
tou
nder
take
re
sear
chp
roje
ctso
nth
edi
rect
ori
ndir
ecti
mpa
ct
ofm
arin
elit
ter
With
in2
ye
ars
Atle
asto
neu
nive
rsity
st
udy
onth
eim
pact
of
mar
ine
litte
rper
co
untr
y
XEn
cour
age
and
supp
ortl
ocal
mar
ine
inst
itute
sand
un
iver
sitie
sto
unde
rtak
ere
sear
chto
det
erm
ine
the
soci
al
and
econ
omic
impa
ctso
fmar
ine
litte
rin
the
PERS
GAre
gion
.
MC
Very
H
igh
Asa
bove
–b
utre
latin
gto
soci
ala
nde
cono
mic
im
pact
s
With
in2
ye
ars
Asa
bove
–b
utre
latin
gto
soci
ala
nde
cono
mic
im
pact
sXI
En
cour
age
and
supp
ortl
ocal
mar
ine
inst
itute
sand
un
iver
sitie
sto
cond
uctr
esea
rch
onp
rote
ctiv
ean
dre
gula
tory
mea
sure
sfor
pro
tect
ing
the
coas
tala
ndm
arin
een
viro
nmen
tsfr
omli
tter
ari
sing
from
urb
ano
rrur
ala
reas
.
MC
Med
ium
Ea
chm
embe
rcou
ntry
en
gage
swith
alo
cal
univ
ersi
tyto
und
erta
ke
rese
arch
pro
ject
sto
redu
celi
tter
impa
cts
With
in4
ye
ars
Atle
asto
neu
nive
rsity
st
udy
onm
easu
rest
ore
duce
litt
erin
each
m
embe
rcou
ntry
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XII
Reco
rda
ndd
isse
min
ate
(to
mem
berc
ount
ries
)evi
denc
eof
hu
man
hea
lthb
eing
com
prom
ised
by
mar
ine
litte
r.PE
RSGA
Very
H
igh
PERS
GAto
reco
rda
nd
diss
emin
ate
evid
ence
of
hum
anh
ealth
bei
ng
com
prom
ised
by
mar
ine
litte
r
With
in2
ye
ars
Data
base
ofl
ocat
ions
w
here
litt
eris
orm
aybe
co
mpr
omis
ing
hum
an
heal
th
Emai
lcom
mun
icat
ions
to
mem
berc
ount
ries
for
each
inci
dent
XI
IIRe
cord
and
dis
sem
inat
e(t
om
embe
rcou
ntri
es)e
vide
nce
of
econ
omic
impa
ctsf
rom
mar
ine
litte
rin
the
PERS
GAre
gion
.PE
RSGA
Ve
ry
Hig
hAs
abo
ve–
but
rela
ting
toe
cono
mic
impa
cts
With
in2
ye
ars
Asa
bove
–b
utre
latin
gto
eco
nom
icim
pact
sXI
VAn
alys
eco
st/b
enef
itso
fall
form
sofl
itter
recy
clin
gin
m
embe
rcou
ntri
es.
PERS
GA
Very
H
igh
PERS
GAto
inst
igat
est
udy
that
exa
min
esth
eco
st-b
enef
itfo
rre
cycl
ing
inm
embe
rco
untr
ies
With
in2
ye
ars
Appr
oved
fina
lrep
orto
fst
udy
XV
Wor
kw
ithU
NEn
viro
nmen
toro
ther
inte
rnat
iona
lpar
tner
to
inte
grat
eSD
GIn
dica
tor1
4.1.
1in
toa
nex
istin
gor
futu
re
mon
itori
ngp
rogr
am.
PERS
GA
Hig
hPE
RSGA
tow
ork
with
UN
env
iron
men
tto
inte
grat
eSD
G14
into
th
ere
gion
’sre
sear
ch
and
mon
itorin
gac
tiviti
es
With
in3
ye
ars
Floa
ting
plas
ticd
ebris
(d
ensi
ty)i
nclu
ded
as
indi
cato
rin
man
ualo
fst
anda
rdis
edm
anua
l
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Component 7: Capacity Building and Training Staff innational agencies responsible for implementingNAPsmay requirenewskills and knowledge to accomplish some actions. PERSGA could facilitate thisthroughtrainingmaterialandprograms,workshopsconvenedbysubjectmatterexperts,on-linecoursesanddevelopingguidelines.Coursescouldcoversubjectsrangingfromraisingawarenessaboutmicroplasticstoexplainingadvancedlittermonitoringtechniques.WorkshopscouldbeconvenedtoassistmembercountriesunderstandtheirobligationsinrelationtoMARPOL,theLondonConventionandProtocol.Forinstance,anexpertininternationalmaritimelawcouldbehiredtohelpmembercountriesworktowardsfulfillingMARPOL’sRedSeaSpecialArearequirements.Aworkshopcouldalsobeconvenedtohelpmembercountriesdrafteffective legislation tomanagemarine litterand toprepare regulations tohelpenforcethelegislation.Standardisedguidelinescouldbepreparedforarangeofactivitiessuchasmonitoringlitterontheseafloor.CapacitybuildingandtrainingneedswillbebetterknownfollowingthedraftingofNAPsbymembercountries.Trainingmodulesproducedbyexternalsources,suchasUNEnvironment,canalsobereviewedandutilisedwhereappropriate.Choiceoftrainingshouldbestrategicratherthanad-hoc.Forthisreason,akeypriorityactionisformembercountries,incollaborationwithPERSGA,tolisttrainingneedsbasedontheneedsoftheirNAPs.TheobjectiveforComponent7is:Identifycapacitylimitationsandtrainingneededtoimplementactions.Therearethreeactionsproposedtoachievethisobjective.TheactionsarelistedinTable9.
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Table9:CapacityBuildingandTrainingActions
Action
Lead
Priority
rank
Expectedresults(ER)
Time
framesfor
ER
Performanceindicators
I
Eachmembercountrypreparesalistofprioritytrainingand
capacitybuildingneedstoassistthemtoimplementtheir
NAPs.
MC
Very
High
Membercountries
providealistoftraining
andcapacitybuilding
needstoachievetheir
NAPs
Tobe
determined
(linkedto
completion
ofNAP)
Listoftrainingneeds
fromeachmember
country
II
Developandprovideregionaltrainingcoursesonmarine
litterformembercountriesthatwillhelpthemimplement
theirNAPs.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAdevelopsa
regionaltraining
programtomeetthe
trainingneedsof
membercountries
[linkedtoprevious
action]
Linkedto
previous
action
Approvedtraining
programcommensurate
withtheneedsof
membercountries
III
Reviewmarinelittertrainingcoursesworldwidefor
potentialuseinthePERSGAregion.
PERSGAVery
High
PERSGAreviewand
select,where
appropriate,onlinelitter
trainingcoursestohelp
membercountries
achieveactionsintheir
NAPs.
Within2
years
Reviewtrainingcourses
suitableforthePERSGA
region
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Reference Al-Najjar,T.andAl-Shiyab,A.A-W.2011.Marinelitterat(Al-Ghandoorarea)themostnorthernpartoftheJordaniancoastoftheGulfofAqaba,RedSea.Natural
Science3,921-926.Ballance,A.,Ryan,P.G.andTurpie,J.K.2000.Howmuchisacleanbeachworth?TheimpactoflitteronbeachusersinCapePeninsula,SouthAfrica.SouthAfrican
JournalofScience96,210-213.Cheshire,A.C.,Adler,E.,Barbière,J.,Cohen,Y.,Evans,S.,Jarayabhand,S.,Jeftic,L.,Jung,R.T.,Kinsey,S.,Kusui,E.T.,Lavine,I.,Manyara,P.,Oosterbaan,L.,Pereira,M.A.,Sheavly,S.,Tkalin,A.,Varadarajan,S.,Wenneker,B.andWestphalen,G.2009. UNEP/IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter. UNEPRegionalSeasReportsandStudies,No.186;IOCTechnicalSeriesNo.83:xii+120pp.ColeM.,LindequeP.,FilemanE.,HalsbandC.,GoodheadR.M.,MogerJ.andGallowayT.2013.Microplasticingestionbyzooplankton.EnvironmentalScience
andTechnology47(12),6646-6655.Davison, P. andAsch, R.G. 2011. Plastic ingestion bymesopelagic fishes in theNorthPacificSubtropicalGyre.MarineEcologyProgressSeries432,173-180.DouAbul,A.,Rouphael,T.,Marchant,S.andMarchant,R.1999.ProtectionofMarine
Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. Hassall and Associates, Canberra,Australia.Eunomia 2016. Plastics in the Marine Environment. Eunomia Research andConsultingLtd,Bristol,UnitedKingdom.Gladstone,W.,Curley,B.andShokri,M.R.2012.Environmentalimpactsoftourismin the Gulf and the Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.017Hall, N.M., Berry, K.L.E., Rintoul, L. and Hoogenboom, M.O. 2015. Microplasticingestionbyscleractiniancorals.MarineBiology162,725-732.Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A.,Narayan,R.,andLaw,K.L.2015.Plasticwasteinputsfromlandintotheocean.Science347,768-771.Laist,D.W.1997.Impactsofmarinedebris:entanglementofmarinelifeinmarinedebrisincludingacomprehensivelistofspecieswithentanglementandingestionrecords. In:Marinedebris:Sources, ImpactsandSolutions.e.d. J.M.CoeandD.B.Rogers.SpringerVerlag,NY.pp.99-140.
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Lamb,J.B.,Willis,B.L.,Fiorenza,E.A.,Couch,C.S.,Howard,R.,Rader,D.N.,True,J.D.,Kelly,L.A.,Ahmad,A.,Jompa,J.andHarvell.C.2018.Plasticwasteassociatedwithdiseaseoncoralreefs.Science359,460–462.Li,W.C.,Tse,H.F.andFok,L.2016.Plasticwaste in themarineenvironment:Areviewofsources,occurrenceandeffects.ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment566,333-349.Marti,E.,Martin,C.,Cozar,A. andDuarte,C.M.2017.Lowabundanceofplasticfragments in thesurfacewatersof theRedSea.Frontier inMarineScience.doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00333NAS2009.TacklingMarineDebrisinthe21stCentury.NationalResearchCouncil,CommitteeontheEffectivenessofInternationalandNationalMeasurestoPreventandReduceMarineDebrisandIts Impacts.ReportbytheNationalAcademyofSciences.Washington,D.C.USA.NOAA. What are microplastics? National Ocean Service website,https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html.Accessed9Jan2018.PERSGA2003.RegionalActionPlanfortheConservationofCoralReefsintheRed
SeaandGulfofAden.PERSGA,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.PERSGA2004.RegionalActionPlanfortheConservationofMangrovesintheRed
SeaandGulfofAden.PERSGA,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.PERSGA2008.MarineLitterinthePERSGARegion.PERSGA,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.PERSGA2014.CoastalMarineLitterAssessmentGuidelinesfortheRedSeaandGulf
ofAden.PERSGAGuidelineNumber:GD.0021Rochman C.M., Tahir A., Williams S.L., Baxa D.V., Lam R., Miller J.T., Teh F.C.,WerorilangiS.andTehS.J.2015.Anthropogenicdebrisinseafood:plasticdebrisandfibersfromtextilesinfishandbivalvessoldforhumanconsumption.Scientific
Reports5:article14340,doi:10.1038/srep14340.Ruiz-Orejón,L.F.,Sardá,R.,andRamis-Pujol,J.2016.FloatingplasticdebrisinthecentralandwesternMediterraneanSea.MarineEnvironmentalResearch120,136–144.doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.001Seltenrich,N. 2015.NewLink in the FoodChain?Marine Plastic Pollution andSeafoodSafety.EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives123,A34-A42.UNEP2011:Emergingissuesinourglobalenvironment,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,Nairobi.PublishedFebruary2011Website:http://www.unep.org/yearbook/2011
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Weis,J.S.2015.MarinePollution:WhatEveryoneNeedstoKnow.OxfordUniversityPress.Wilcox, C., Sebille, E.V. and Hardesty, D. 2015. Threat of plastic pollution toseabirds is global, pervasive and increasing. PNAS 112, 11899-11904.http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1502108112Williams,A.T.,PondK.,ErginA.andCullisM.J.2013.TheHazardsofBeachLitter.In:Coastal Hazards. ed. C. Finkl. Coastal Research Library, Vol 1000. Springer,Dordrecht.Willis, K., Denis-Hardesty, B., Kriwoken, L. andWilcox, C. 2017.Differentiatinglittering,urbanrunoffandmarinetransportassourcesofmarinedebrisincoastaland estuarine environments. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 44479.doi:10.1038/srep44479Yoshida,S.,Hiraga,K.,Takehana,T.,Taniguchi,I.,Yamaji,H.,Maeda,Y.,Toyohara,K., Miyamoto, K., Kimura, Y. and Oda, K. 2016. A bacterium that degrades andassimilatespoly(ethyleneterephthalate).Science351,1196-1199.
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Appendices
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Appendix 1: Questionnaire template Questionnairesent28January2018toFocalPointsineachmembercountry.
Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Red SeaandGulfofAden
Questionnaireforpreparationof:RegionalActionPlanfortheSustainableManagementofMarineLitterintheRedSeaandGulfofAden1.Country:2.Organization/Authority:3.Yourname,title(Mr,Dr..etc)androle:4.Whatisthemainauthorityordepartmentresponsibleforthepreventionandremovalofmarinelitterinyourcountry?Bothfromlandandboats?5.Whatisthemainlawsordecreestopreventandremovemarinelitterinyourcountry?6. Is there a national action plan (a document that describes objectives andactionstomanagemarinelitterorsolidwaste)inyourcountry?Ifyes,canwehaveacopyofit?7. Are there nationalactions in you country toprevent (or stop) litter fromentering themarine environment (e.g. actions such asmarine litter awarenessbrochuresforschools)?Ifso,pleaseprovidespecificdetails(who,when,whereandhow?):
8.Aretherenationalactions inyourcountrytoremove litterfromthemarineenvironment(e.g.annualbeachlitterclean-upsattourismbeaches)Ifso,pleaseprovidespecificdetails:
9. Have any private companies (e.g. shopping centres) or municipalities(provincesorgovernoratesorcitycouncils) inyourcountrybanned theuseofplasticitemssuchasbagsandstraws?Ifso,whoaretheyandwhatdidtheydo? 10. Is there a non-government organisation (NGO) in your country that isworkingwithgovernmentorprivatecompaniestopreventandremovemarinelitter?Ifso,pleasedescribe. 11.Isthereanyproposaltobantheuseofsomeplasticitems(e.g.bags,bottles,straws,wrappingetc.)inyourcountry(orinpartsofthecountry)?11a.Ifso,bywhom:
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12.Describethe twotopfactorsthatlimittheability tomanagemarinelitterinyour country (e.g. no effectivemanagement of household rubbish collecting incities; lackof enforcementof laws; lackof knowledge to implement strategies;limitedresourcestoundertakeactions;etc.):13.Whatdoyoubelievetobethethreetopprioritiesforpreventingmarinelitterenteringthemarineenvironmentinyourcountry?[pleaseprovidespecificdetails]
14.Whatarethethreetopprioritiesforremovingmarinelitterinyourcountry?
15. Please list three or more activities that you believe PERSGA could do tosupport your country deal withmarine litter. For instance, this could includeprovidingtraininginmarinelittersurveytechniquesordevelopenvironmentalawarenessmaterialthatcouldbesharedamongmembercountries.Applicant’sNameMobileNo.E-mailAddress:Thankyouverymuchforyourcooperation.
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Appendix 2: Beach litter awareness and educational resources LitterawarenessmaterialontheworldwidewebcouldpotentiallybeadaptedforusebyPERSGAmembercountries.Examplesareshownbelow.Copywriteissuesshouldbechecked.MarinelitterNetworkhttp://marinelitternetwork.com/resources/reports/#CleanSeashttp://www.cleanseas.org/MarineDebrisProgramNOAAhttps://marinedebris.noaa.gov/activities-and-curriculaTangaroaBluehttp://www.tangaroablue.org/resources/education-kit.htmlDUMLCommunitySciencehttps://sites.duke.edu/communityscience/marine-debris/marine-debris-classroom-resources/AustralianMarineConservationSocietyhttps://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/plastic-pollution-how-you-can-help-take-action-now.htmlPinteresthttps://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/332281278728202995/
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Appendix 3: Tackling marine litter in the PERSGA region InitiativesbyNGOsandprivatecompaniestopreventandremovemarinelitterinthe PERSGA region have already started. Some of these are described at thefollowingwebsites.Banningofsingle-useplasticbagsintheRedSeaGovernorate,Egypthttp://www.egyptindependent.com/red-sea-governorate-bans-plastic-bags/Recyclingofplasticsandotherlitter–initiativebyanNGOintheRedSeahttp://www.hepca.org/media/news/2009/12/recycling-red-sea-hepca-solid-waste-management/103Removingmarinelitterfromtheseafloor–Jordanhttp://jreds.org/default.aspx?page=affiliation&t=exhibitionplasticInternationalCoastalCleanUp–SaudiArabiahttp://act.oceanconservancy.org/site/DocServer/ICC_2006_Report_Saudi_Arabia.pdf?docID=3325
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