r. shanthini 15 aug 2010 “in the end we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we...
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
“In the end we will conserve only what we love;
we will love only what we understand; and
we will understand only what we have been taught.”
– Baba Dioum
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Energy and the EnvironmentPart I
CES August 2010
Prof. R. ShanthiniDept of Chemical & Process Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Peradeniya
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• Describe the major energy technologies
• Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of
- energy sufficiency (conservation)
- energy efficiency
- energy security and
- sustainability issues
Learning Objectives
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Global primary energy consumption in 2006
≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W
Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion
Global energy consumption per person in 2006
15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109
≈ 2.4 kW
Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
≈
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas?
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas?
Diesel engine
Gas Turbine (GT) Steam Turbine
(ST)
Combined Power Plant
(GT & ST)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Gas Turbine
(GT)
Steam Turbine
(ST)
Combined Power Plant
(GT & ST)
Steam / Gas entry
Steam / Gas outlet
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Comp-ressor
air
Combustion Chamber
fuel
GasTurbine
gasesto the stack
Gen
compressed air
hot gases
Gas Turbine Power Plant
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Gas Turbine to produce Electricity
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Gas Turbine driving a Jet Engine
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gasesto the stack
Work
Gen
compressed air
hot gasesCombustion
Chamber
Comp-ressor
GasTurbine
Gas Turbine Power Plant
air
fuel
out
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Heatin
Gen
compressed air
hot gasesCombustion
Chamber
Comp-ressor
GasTurbine
Gas Turbine Power Plant
gasesto the stackair
fuel
Workout
Workin
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Heatin
Gen
compressed air
hot gasesCombustion
Chamber
Comp-ressor
GasTurbine
Gas Turbine Power Plant
gasesto the stack
Eff = -
air
fuel
Workout
WorkinWorkout
Total
Total
Workin
Heatin
Workout
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= 22 – 28%
Energy Loss
-[ - ]=
=
72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel
for 50 to 100 MW plant
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Eff = -Workin
Workout
Total
Heatin
WorkinHeatin
Workout
Total
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Heatin
Gen
compressed air
hot gasesCombustion
Chamber
Comp-ressor
GasTurbine
Gas Turbine Power Plant
gasesto the stackair
fuel
Workout
Total
Workin
72-78% Energy Loss? Where are they lost???
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Heat engine converts heat into work
Heat engine(ex: gas turbine)
Wout
Qin
Qout
Eff = Wout
Qin engine
(must happen according to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
≠100%
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Cold reservoir at TC K(Ex: Atmosphere)
EffCarnot =
TC 1 -
TH
Hot reservoir at TH K(Ex: Combustion chamber)
Heat engine converts heat into work
Heat engineWout
Qin
Qout
Eff = Wout
Qin engine
Effengine
EffCarnot<
(must happen)
The 2The 2ndnd Law of Thermodynamics Law of Thermodynamics
≠100%
<1
<1
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SteamTurbine
Gen
Steam Turbine Power Plant
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C
saturated water
hot gases
SteamTurbine
Gen
compressed water
superheated steam
Condenser
Pump
cooling watersaturatedsteam
Steam Generator(Boiler / Furnace)
Steam Turbine Power Plant
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Steam Turbine to produce Electricity
Oil could be used instead of coal.
Steam engines are also used to power the train.
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C
saturated water
Gen
compressed water
superheated steam
cooling water
Pump
SteamTurbine
Condenser
Steam Generator
Steam Turbine Power Plant
saturatedsteam
hot gases
Heat
Workout
Total
Workin
inTotal
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= 30 – 40%
Energy Loss
=60 – 70% of heat released by the fuel
for 200 to 800 MW plant
Steam Turbine Power Plant
Eff = -Workin
Heatin
Workout
Total
Total
- - ]= Workout
TotalWorkinHeatin
Total [
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C
saturated water
Gen
compressed water
superheated steam
cooling water
Pump
SteamTurbine
Condenser
Steam Generator
Steam Turbine Power Plant
saturatedsteam
hot gases
Heat
Workout
Total
Workin
inTotal
Loss??? Where???
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atmosphericair
fuel
GT
gasesto the stack
C
hot gases
ST
cooling water
Combined Power Plant
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atmosphericair
fuel
GT
gasesto the stack ST
Combined Power Plant
C
hot gases
ST
cooling water
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Eff = Heat released by fuel
Net Work out at GT & ST
= 36 – 50%
Energy Loss
= 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel
for 300 to 600 MW plant
Combined Power Plant
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Nuclear Power Plant
C
Pressurized water
ST
cooling water
CORE Control rods
Containment
PWR
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Nuclear Power Plant to produce Electricity
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= Heat released by nuclear fuel
Net Work out at ST
= 31 – 34%
Energy Loss
= 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel
for 500 to 1100 MW plant
Nuclear Power Plant
Eff
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
when heat is converted into work, part of the heat energy must be wasted
Power generation
type
Unit size (MW)
Energy wasted (MW)
Diesel engine 10 - 30 7 – 22
Gas Turbine 50 - 100 36 – 78
Steam Turbine 200 - 800 120 – 560
Combined (ST & GT) 300 - 600 150 – 380
Nuclear (BWR & PWR) 500 - 1100 330 – 760
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: www.cartoonstock.com/directory/f/fossil_fuel.asp
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Where does all the lost heat from power plant go?
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
atmosphericair
fuel
GT
gasesto the stack ST
Combined Power Plant
C
hot gases
ST
cooling water
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Waste heat from power plant can be used for domestic or industrial heating purposes.
It is known as cogeneration, and efficiency can be increased up to 80% in cogeneration applications.
Discussion Point 1: What are the possibility for cogeneration applications in Sri Lanka?
Take 05 mins.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
50% - 70% lost in producing
electricity
2% - 20% lost in transmitting
electricity
Generation, transmission and end-use losses
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Electric power sector 70% energy losses
Transportsector
Industrialsector
Residential & Commercial
sector
80% energy losses
25% energy losses
20% energy losses
Typical energy losses in an industrialised country
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Transportsector
EffCarnot =
TC 1 -
TH
TC
TH = Flame temperature
= Exhaust Temperature
EffCarnot =
600 K1 -
2000 K
70%=
mostly uses Internal Combustion Engines
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
A Typical Car:
100 kJ
63 kJ
18 kJ
17 kJ
2 kJ
Engine losses in fuel energy conversion, In engine cooling and with exhaust gases
Energy for accessories
Standby Idle
Fuel Energy
6 kJ
12 kJ
Driveline losses
2.5 kJ
4 kJ
5.5 kJ
Aerodynamic drags
Rolling resistance
Braking
Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Is there a problem in burning oil and coal to make electricity and to
drive automobiles in such an inefficient
manner?
Discussion Point 2:
Take 15 mins.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
The supreme Greek God Zeus told Prometheus:
“You may give men such gifts as are suitable, but you must not give them fire for that belongs tothe Immortals.”
– Roger Lancelyn GreenTales of the Greek Heroes
Puffin Classics
End of Part I(short Break)