r. shanthini 24 oct 2011 “men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be”...

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011

“Men are only as good as their technical development

allows them to be”- George Orwell

CP551 Sustainable Development


Module 6:

Energy and Transport for economic and human

development, and their impact on

Sustainable Development.


Global primary energy consumption in 2006

≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W

Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion

Global energy consumption per person in 2006

15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109

≈ 2.4 kW

Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/

≈


2.4 1.9

15.9

0.35

11.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

World China Singapore Sri Lanka US

Primary Energy Consumption per capita in 2006 (in kW)



2.4 1.9

16% 15.9

0.4% 0.35 0.05%

11.2

21%

0

5

10

15

20

25


Primary Energy Consumption per capita in 2006 (in kW)


Primary Energy Consumption in 2006 (in %)


15.8

2.47

0.07 0.007

3.34

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16


Primary Energy Consumption in 2006 (in TW)



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tion

p

er

cap

ita 2

00

4 (

kW-h

rs)

Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

HDI > 0.8

High per capita electricity consumption

is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9).


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

pe

r ca

pita

20

04

(to

nn

es

of C

eq

uiv

ale

nt)

Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

Sustainable limit

HDI > 0.8

Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions

are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9)


Energy OptionsFossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)

HydropowerNuclear energy

Solar energyWind energy

Geothermal energyOcean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy

Biomass energyBiofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy

Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy


Renewable energy

are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible.

- Dr. Raymond Wright

Sustainable energy

is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term

damages to the environment.

Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html


Fossil fuels

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glo

bal C

onsu

mpt

ion

(in M

illio

n to

nnes

oil

equi

vale

nt)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal Nuclear

Natural gas

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008


Technological status mature

Average growth oil at 1.3% per year

gas at 2.3% per year

coal at 1.8% per year

Total share of global energy mix

in 2007

oil: 37%

gas: 25% of electricity

coal: 25%

in 2030 (potential)

oil: 0%

gas: 31% of electricity

coal: 25%

Fossil fuels

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008

Fossil Fuel Type

Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most

optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at

the 2007 level

Oil 41.6 years

Natural Gas 60.3 years

Coal 133 years

Fossil fuels Peak OIL

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/mx/

Production from Mexico's largest oilfield, Cantarell, fell

from 1.99 million b/d

in Jan 2006 to

1.44 million b/d in Dec 2006.

Fossil fuels Peak OIL

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: www.cartoonstock.com/directory/f/fossil_fuel.asp


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year

CO

2 e

mis

sio

ns

(in

109 k

g C

O2) from solid fuel burning

from liquid fuel burningfrom gas fuel burningfrom cement productionfrom gas flaring

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html

Fossil fuels


Fossil fuelsCarbon (dioxide) Capture and Storage (CCS) at Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project:

CO2 emitted from the coal gasification plant in North Dakota (USA) is captured (rather than vented to the atmosphere).

It is then liquefied by compression and pipelined 320 km north to the depleted oilfields in Saskatchewan (Canada).

CO2 so transported is used to enhance oil recovery (225 m3 of CO2 to get an extra barrel of oil) from depleted oil fields.

It is then separated and re-injected into the depleted oilfields for long time storage.

The project was launched in 2000, and the 1st phase has been completed successfully.


CCS is controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed

Fossil fuels

depleted oil and gas reservoirenhanced

recoverysaline formation

Unminable coal beds

terrestrial sequestration

power station CO2 capture and separation

ocean sequestration


Fossil fuels

CCS in the oceans: inject CO2 by ship or pipeline into the water column at

depths of 1 km or more, and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.

deposit CO2 directly onto the sea floor at depths greater than 3 km, where CO2 is denser than water and is expected to form a 'lake' that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment.

convert the CO2 to bicarbonates (using limestone)

store the CO2 in solid clathrate hydrates already existing on the ocean floor, or grow more solid clathrate.


Fossil fuels

Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (which is very fragile) are not known

Capture

Dissolution type

Dissolution type

Lake type

Fixed pipelines Moving ships Platform

3 km


For energy (electricity and heat), we depend heavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.

Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about 85% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions produced annually, and therefore the major cause for global warming. It also create NOx and SOx pollution.

Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy and is expected to be used up within a century from now.

Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source.

Fossil fuels

R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: www.cartoonstock.com/directory/f/fossil_fuel.asp


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glo

bal C

onsu

mpt

ion

(in M

illio

n to

nnes

oil

equi

vale

nt)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal Nuclear

Natural gas


Hydroelectric power


0

200

400

600

800

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glo

ba

l Co

nsu

mp

tion

(in

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

oil

eq

uiv

ale

nt) Hydroelectric


Hydroelectric power



Average growth 2% per year


16% of electricity in 2007

16% of electricity in 2030 (potential)

Hydroelectric power


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

Glo

bal C

onsu

mpt

ion

(in 1

015 k

J)Hydroelectric Power

Net Geothermal, Solar, Wind, & Woodand Waste Electric Power

Hydroelectric power

Source: International Energy Annual 2005 (Sept 13, 2007)


Why hydroelectric power? Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.

No waste or pollution produced.

Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.

Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.

Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations.

Electricity can be generated constantly.

Hydroelectric power


Hydroelectric power

The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in 2012.

Removal of dam will restore

the fish habitats, will create an

additional 715 acres of

terrestrial vegetation, and

improve elk habitats. estimated cost

$308 million ± 15%


Hydroelectric power

The Three Gorges Dam project in China, when completed by 2011, has a total electric generating capacity of 22,500 MW. The project cost is 39 billion US$.

The project used 27,200,000 m3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and moved about 102,600,000 m3 of earth.

When the water level is maximum at 175 m over sea level (110 m above the river level down stream), the reservoir created is about 660 km in length and 1.12 km in width on average, and contains 39.3 km3 of water.

It has flooded a total of 632 km² area, displaced 1.24 million people, washed away 13 major cities, submerged cultural and archaeological sites, and is causing dramatic ecological changes.


Hydroelectric power

The twin Aswan Dams of Nile river have plugged the flooding of the river, and much of the flood and its load of rich fertilizing silt are now deposited in reservoirs instead of the delta.

This lack of natural fertilizer has resulted in an increase in erosion of the river and Nile Delta, and an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers.

Chemical fertilizers have to be imported and thus cost money for the farmers that grow their crops, and it also causes pollution of the surrounding environment due to runoff.

The chemical fertilizers contain high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous which are harmful because they flow from the cropland to the water.


What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from

migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities

the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually

hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge

failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences

loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements

The future generations must pay for destroying dams

Hydroelectric power

Is it a sustainable form of energy?


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glo

bal C

onsu

mpt

ion

(in M

illio

n to

nnes

oil

equi

vale

nt)

Oil Hydroelectric

Coal Nuclear

Natural gas


Nuclear Energy


0

200

400

600

800

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Year

Glo

ba

l Co

nsu

mp

tion

(in

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

oil

eq

uiv

ale

nt) Nuclear


Nuclear Energy



Average growth 0.7% per year



10% of electricity in 2030 (potential)

Nuclear Energy


Nuclear Energy

An isotope of Uranium, 235U, is used as the reactor fuel.

A neutron striking a 235U nucleus gets absorbed into it and 236U is created.

236U is unstable and this causes the atom to fission.

The fissioning of 236U can produce over twenty different products.

Eg: 235U + 1 neutron 3 neutrons + 89Kr + 144Ba + ENERGY

Examples of fission products: 90Sr and 137Cs (halflife 30 years) 126Sn (halflife of 230,000 years, but low yield)


Source: http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/

Nuclear Energy

Heat to Work paradigm


Direct CO2 emissions from burning

(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)

1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear

Upper rangeLower range

IAEA2000

Direct CO2 emissions from burning


1017

575

362

790

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400



IAEA2000


Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle


4 2148

236 280

1306

688

439

910

966

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400



Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2 emissions-

free energy source so far.

IAEA2000


Nuclear Energy

Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world electricity production and 7% of the total energy consumption.

Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr.

The world's present measured resources of uranium in the cost category somewhat below present spot prices is about 5.5 Mt.

They could last for over 80 years at the current usage rate.

Nuclear energy is therefore not a renewable energy source.

Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html


Nuclear Energy

Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain radioactive for hundreds of future generations.

Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being converted during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations.

Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy.


Fusion Energy

The D-T Fusion Reaction

Nuclei of two isotopes of hydrogen, naturally occuring deuterium (2H) and synthetically produced tritium (3H) react to

produce a helium (He) nucleus and a neutron (n).

In each reaction, 17.6 MeV of energy (2.8 pJ) is liberated

2H + 3H 4He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)


Fusion Energy

Sun energy comes from the fusion of

hydrogen into helium.

It happens at very high temperatures

generated owing to the massive gas

cloud shrinking under its own

gravitational force.


Technological status research phase

Major challenge make ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) a success

Major barrier immense investments in research and development are needed



Possible adverse effects

worn-out reactors will be radioactive for 50-100 years, but there is no long-lived radioactive waste

Fusion Energy

r. shanthini 24 oct 2011 “men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be”...

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