r. winkels comparing xml standards alexander boer leibniz center for law university of amsterdam
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R. Winkels
Comparing XML standardsAlexander Boer
Leibniz Center for LawUniversity of Amsterdam
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Overview
4 sources of the European CommissionSome of the sources are modifications on another one.Comparing different XML languages: Danish, Dutch, Italian, Austrian, SwissNo Danish contribution today
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Why compare?
Which one is the best standard?Translation to other standards
possible?Learning best practices from other
standards
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Does it use existing standards for:naminglinkingvalidation
Etc…
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Is it supported by special purpose tools
is it useful in general purpose XML applications?
does it have features that prohibit or encumber its use for/in ...?
does it needlessly address non-legal issues it shouldn’t address?
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Is it for:relating documentsmetadata about documentsdocument logical structure (formal profile)Some other special purpose (e.g. paper publishing)
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Is it optimized for:1. paper publishing2. electronic p2p exchange3. electronic client-server4. editing
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Is it oriented:1. Producing organizations2. Consuming organizationsProfile of user:1. Specialist non-routine decision maker2. Routine administrative decision maker3. Uninformed citizen4. Publisher5. Author
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Precedence to:EfficiencyTransparencySimplicityCoverageExtensibilityLanguages
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How many sources are in domain of standard?
How many different types of users (of the XML)?
Who asked for the standard?
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Uses for structure
Layout???Selecting right snippets of text for search resultsLinking to justifying textStoring modifications instead of consolidationsStructured Editing (enforcing validity)
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Metadata
Annotations describing competence of authorVersion managementTemporal regime managementClassification of purpose of sourceprocedural information (where does it fit in legal system that uses it)
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METALex is…
An open interchange standard for legal sources
A minimal provision for tagging regulations Extensible for any conceivable purpose Jurisdiction-independent Language-independent Compliant with the newest W3C standards
and proposals Partly developed within E-POWER project
(IST 2000-28125)
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XML vs. RDF
Equivalent XML and XML/RDF SchemaRDF (Resource Description Framework) Concept/Object-oriented Identity & meaning not linked to
serialization Bridging standard format for databases
en CASE tools Elegant solution for self-reference in
legal sources
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XML vocabularies
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XML vs. RDF
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Semantic Layer
Data Store Knowledge Store
L1MetaLexMetaLex
PDFWord
XML
P1 P1
A1A1
L2
<….>
--------------
--------------
</…>
Identity/concept
Manifestation
Reference
Typed reference
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Existing tools
Word pluginValidation and storage in RDFAutomatic generation of amending acts based on editing MetaLex sourcesAutomatic resolution of references in and to (MetaLex) legal sources
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Results from Furore Workshop experiments
Student without previous exposure to XML created
1.4 XML documents 2.4 RDF sources, and 3.RDF temporal model relating
sources
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Results from Furore Workshop experiments
Problems with usability: Namespace, base, URI (identity), URL
(import) No suitable editor
(Protégé/SemanticWorks bugs) for RDF
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Results from Furore Workshop experiments
Problems with interpreting sources: What date in the document
corresponds with what date in event model = unawareness of EU publication and modification procedures
Are the footnotes annotations or just fancy (..) in the primary legal text