rabin's theorem...grading: the grades given: a-f, with a as the best and e as the weakest...

16
ECON4260 1 Behavioral Economics Candidate 172504 2/17 Candidate instructions ECON4260 – Behavioral Economics This is some important information about the written exam in ECON4260. Please read this carefully before you start answering the exam. Date of exam: Friday, December 14, 2018 Time for exam: 14.30 – 17.30 The problem set: The problem set consists of four questions, with several sub-questions. They count as indicated. Start by reading through the whole exam, and make sure that you allocate time to answering problems you find easy. You can get a good grade even if there are parts of problems that you do not have time to solve. Multiple choice questions are graded such that you will always be better off providing an answer, than to leave it blank. Sketches: In this exam, you may use sketches on questions 1b, 1d, 1e, and questions 3 and 4 with sub-questions. You are to use the sketching sheets handed to you. You can use more than one sketching sheet per question. See instructions for filling out sketching sheets on your desk. It is very important that you make sure to allocate time to fill in the headings (the code for each problem, candidate number, course code, date etc.) on the sheets that you will use to add to your answer. You will find the code for each problem under the problem text. You will NOT be given extra time to fill out the "general information" on the sketching sheets (task codes, candidate number etc.) Do NOT hand in sketches on other questions than questions 1b, 1d, 1e and questions 3 and 4. Sketches handed in for other questions, will not be included in the assessment. Resources allowed: No written or printed resources - or calculator - is allowed (except if you have been granted use of a dictionary from the Faculty of Social Sciences). Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem Attaching sketches to this question? Use the following code: (3 points) In this question you are not supposed to hand in sketches. Assume that a person who maximizes expected utility is indifferent between getting 0 kroner with certainty and a lottery that gives +100 kroner with 60% probability and -100 kroner with the remaining probability. We normalize the utility such that and , where is his current wealth. Compute 5 Correct. 3 of 3 marks. 1(b) Rabin's Theorem (continued) (7 points) In this question you can hand in sketches. Use the sketching paper handed to you in the examination venue. See instructions on your desk. Rabin and Thaler (2001), in the course reading list, extend this kind of calculation. In the example discussed in Problem 1a, is possible to show that , for any value of . (You are not asked to show this.)

Upload: others

Post on 13-Mar-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

2/17

CandidateinstructionsECON4260–BehavioralEconomicsThisissomeimportantinformationaboutthewrittenexaminECON4260.Pleasereadthiscarefullybeforeyoustartansweringtheexam.Dateofexam:Friday,December14,2018Timeforexam:14.30–17.30Theproblemset:Theproblemsetconsistsoffourquestions,withseveralsub-questions.Theycountasindicated.Startbyreadingthroughthewholeexam,andmakesurethatyouallocatetimetoansweringproblemsyoufindeasy.Youcangetagoodgradeeveniftherearepartsofproblemsthatyoudonothavetimetosolve.Multiplechoicequestionsaregradedsuchthatyouwillalwaysbebetteroffprovidingananswer,thantoleaveitblank.Sketches:Inthisexam,youmayusesketchesonquestions1b,1d,1e,andquestions3and4withsub-questions.Youaretousethesketchingsheetshandedtoyou.Youcanusemorethanonesketchingsheetperquestion.Seeinstructionsforfillingoutsketchingsheetsonyourdesk.Itisveryimportantthatyoumakesuretoallocatetimetofillintheheadings(thecodeforeachproblem,candidatenumber,coursecode,dateetc.)onthesheetsthatyouwillusetoaddtoyouranswer.Youwillfindthecodeforeachproblemundertheproblemtext.YouwillNOTbegivenextratimetofilloutthe"generalinformation"onthesketchingsheets(taskcodes,candidatenumberetc.)DoNOThandinsketchesonotherquestionsthanquestions1b,1d,1eandquestions3and4.Sketcheshandedinforotherquestions,willnotbeincludedintheassessment.

Resourcesallowed:Nowrittenorprintedresources-orcalculator-isallowed(exceptifyouhavebeengranteduseofadictionaryfromtheFacultyofSocialSciences).

Grading:Thegradesgiven:A-F,withAasthebestandEastheweakestpassinggrade.Fisfail.Gradesaregiven:Tuesday8January2019.

1 0 7 7 7 1 8

1(a) Rabin'sTheorem

Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

(3points)

Inthisquestionyouarenotsupposedtohandinsketches.

Assumethatapersonwhomaximizesexpectedutilityisindifferentbetweengetting0kronerwithcertaintyandalotterythatgives+100kronerwith60%probabilityand-100kronerwiththeremainingprobability.Wenormalizetheutilitysuchthat and ,where ishiscurrentwealth.

Compute 5

Correct.3of3marks.

1(b) Rabin'sTheorem(continued)(7points)

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.

RabinandThaler(2001),inthecoursereadinglist,extendthiskindofcalculation.IntheexamplediscussedinProblem1a,ispossibletoshowthat ,foranyvalueof .(Youarenotaskedtoshowthis.)

Page 2: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

3/17

8 1 8 8 7 2 3Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Whatextraassumptionsareneededtoreachthiskindofconclusion?

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Atpersonenmaksimererexpectedutility,ogatpersonenavslårveddemåletuansetthvormyepengerhanhar("irrespectiveofwealth")

Answered.

7 8 0 0 1 1 9

1(c) Rabin'sTheorem(continued)

Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

(2pointspercorrectanswer)

Inthisquestionyouarenotsupposedtohandinsketches.

ConsideralotterywherethepersoninProblem1a-bcanwinanamount withprobabilityp,where isequaltothevaluetheNorweganOilfund.Withtheremainingprobabilitythepersonloses100kroner.

Ifitwasthecasethat ,whatwouldbetheexpectedutilityofthislotteryinthefollowingtwocases?

p=20% 1.8

p=40% 3.6

WouldthepersoninProblem1a-b,acceptthelotterywithp=40%? Yes (Yes,No)

Correct.6of6marks.

1(d) Rabin'sTheorem(continued)(9points)

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.

Intheirpaper(inthecoursereadinglist),RabinandThalerstatethat:“weaspiretohavewrittenoneofthelastarticlesdebatingthedescriptivevalidityoftheexpectedutilityhypothesis.”Theirpaperisbasedoncalculationslikethoseintheproblemsabove.

Explainwhytheresultsintheproblemsaboveandsimilarcalculationsareconsideredaproblemforexpectedutilitytheory,butnotforprospecttheory.

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Detatenexpectedutilitymaximizervisersegåtakkeneitilsmåbetsmedpositivforventningsverdi,forutsetteratdeharenheltekstremlossaversion.Idettetilfelleterdetjosnakkomatdetakkerneitilen20%sjanseforåtjenetilsvarendemengdepengersomoljefondetdersomdeteren80%foratdetaper100kroner.Såforatexpectedutilityskalgimening,børmanværetilnærmetrisikonøytraltilsmåbetsmedpositivforventningsverdialadetviharsettpåtilnå.Menlikevelviserdetsegaltsåatmangetakkerneitilsånnebets.Noenmåterprospecttheoryskillersegfraexpectedutilityergjennom:

Page 3: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

4/17

6 5 2 7 2 0 2Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

-lossaversion-referencepoint-diminishingsensitivity-decisionweightLossaversioninnebærerattapoggevinstavsammesumopplevesveldigforskjelligavdemedprospecttheory-preferanser.Tapetvilsvimyemerenngevinstengjør.Dettehengersammenmedbrukenavenvaluefunction,somforeksempelkanseslikut:xhvisx_>0v(x)=2.5xhvisx<0Detbetyratetbetmed50%sannsynlighetforåvinne200,og50%sannsynlighetforåtape100,vilavenmedPT-preferanserevalueresslik:0,5*200+0,5*2,5*(-100)=100-125=-25EnmedEU-preferanservilimidlertidevalueredetsom(gittatvinormalisereru(0)=0):0,5*200+0,5*(-100)=100-50=50SåsammebetvilaltsåværeulønnsomtforenmedPT-preferanser,menlønnsomtforenmedEU-preferanser.SådefunnaRabinhargjortpasserikkemedteorienomatvimaksimererexpectedutility.Fordavilleviikkesagtnettiletsånntypebet.Rabinskriverideneneartikkelenathanønskeratvimåkutteutexpectedutility,oghellerforklarevalgenemenneskergjørmedenkombinasjonavlossaversionogtendensenmenneskerhartilåvurdererisikoersomenkelttilfelleristedetforstørregrupperavrisikoer.Lossaversionforklartejegnettopp.Detandrehandleromatdetiexpectedutilityberegnesdessutenverdienavbetsutfraabsolutteforandringeriwealth,mensdetiprospecttheoryvurderesutfraetreferansepunktmansetter.Såforeksempelvileksempeletjeggaovermed50%sannsynlighetforåvinne200,og50%sannsynlighetforåtape100kunnevurderesannerledesavenmedPT-preferanserdersommanutførerveddemålettoganger-doglittavhengigavhvordandevelgerreferansepunktet.Dersommanevaluererognullstilleretterførstegjennomføringavveddemålet,vilingentingforandres.Davilreferansepunktetpåenmåteværetilbaketilnull.ogmangjennomførerveddemåletpånyttmeddetsomutgangspunkt,noevivisteoveratvilleværeulønnsomt,medforvnetetverdi-25(gittvaluefunctionjegvalgte).Dersommanimidlertidserpåveddemål1somendelavenstørreportfolioavveddemål,vildetimidlertidfåpositivforventningsverdiåsija:Sannsynlighetenforåtape200kroner:0,5*0,5=0,25Sannsynlighetenforåvinne400kroner:0,5*0,5=0,25Sannsynlighetenforåvinne100kroner:0,5Altåsblirforventetverdi:v=0,25*400+0,5*100+0,25*2,5*(-200)=100+50-125=25.

Answered.

1(e) Rabin'sTheorem(continued)

Page 4: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

5/17

1 7 4 5 6 1 6Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

(5points)

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.

Expectedutilitytheoryisstillmuchusedineconomictheory,alsoinappliedanalyses.

Whydoyouthinkexpectedutilitytheoryisstillsomuchused?(Therearenocorrectanswershere.Youranswerswillbegradedbasedoncoherenceandrelevanceofyourarguments.)

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Kandetkanskjeskyldesatadferdsøkonomitildelsfortsatteren"ny"grenavøkonomien,ogatdeterentidkrevendeprosessåfåetablertnyemodeller,spesieltnårdetgårpåbekostningavmodellerogmetodermanharbruktgjennomalletider.Expectedutilityernokdessutenenganskeintuitivtilnærmingtilslikeproblemer,ogentilnærmingsomerveldiglettåforståsegpåogandvendeselv.Kanskjekandetogsåskyldesatdetikkenødvendigvisharblittetablertnoenandresærliggodealternativer.Forinntrykketmittfraåhalestpensum,eratendelforskeremeneratogsåprospecttheoryharsinesvakheter,ogernoeutdatert.Såkanskjeventermanpåatnoenskalkommemedenlittmeroppdatertmodellforåstudereslikeprobleme.

Answered.

2 Decisionmakerswithself-controlproblems(3pointspercorrectanswer)Inthisquestionyouarenotsupposedtohandinsketches.Ineachpartofthisproblemyouwillconsideradecisionmaker(DM)withself-controlproblems.Inparts(a)and(b),theDMwillhavepresent-biasedpreferences.Inparticular,theDMwillhave -preferences,with beingthediscountfactorbetweentwosubsequentfutureperiodsandtheproduct beingthediscountfactorbetweenthecurrentperiodandthefirstperiodthatfollows.(a)SupposeinthispartthataDMmustdoanunpleasanttaskeitherinperiod1,inperiod2orinperiod3.Theutilitycostisincreasingwithtime,sothatitis3ifthetaskisdoneinperiod1,6ifthetaskisdoneinperiod2and8ifthetaskisdoneinperiod3.Hence,theDMisfacedwiththechoicebetween:

Doingthetaskinperiod1:Doingthetaskinperiod2:Doingthetaskinperiod3:

Assumethat,inperiod1,theDMisindifferentbetweenthesethreealternatives.Onthisbasisyouwillbeabletocalculatethat equals 9/12=3/4 (0,1/12,2/12=1/6,3/12=1/4,4/12=1/3,5/12,6/12=1/2,7/12,8/12=2/3,9/12=3/4,10/12=5/6,11/12,1)andthatequals 8/12=2/3 (0,1/12,2/12=1/6,3/12=1/4,4/12=1/3,5/12,6/12=1/2,7/12,8/12=2/3,9/12=3/4,10/12=5/6,11/12,1).IftheDMdoesnotdothetaskinperiod1,thenherpreferencesinperiod2isgivenby:Doingthetaskinperiod3isbetterthandoingthetaskinperiod2 (Doingthetaskinperiod2isbetterthandoingthetaskinperiod3,Doingthetaskinperiod3isbetterthandoingthetaskinperiod2)

Page 5: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

6/17

1 9 4 8 6 5 7Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Inparts(b)and(c)below,considertwootherDMswhocanwatchone(andonlyone)filmoutofthreepossiblefilms:onefilmshowninperiod1,adifferentfilmshowninperiod2andthethirdfilmshowninperiod3.Thefilmshowninperiod1isacceptableandyieldsutility5.Thefilmshowninperiod2isbetterandyieldsutility7.Thefilmshowninperiod3isexcellentandyieldsutility10.Hence,thisDMisfacedwiththechoicebetween:

Watchingafilminperiod1:Watchingafilminperiod2:Watchingafilminperiod3:

(b)AssumeinthispartthattheDMhas -preferenceswith and .ThepreferencesoftheDMinperiod1is:Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod1whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod2

(Watchinginperiod1isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod3,Watchinginperiod1isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod2,Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod1,Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod1whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod3,Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod1whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod2,Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod1)ThepreferencesoftheDMinperiod2,giventhathedidnotwatchafilminperiod1,is:Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3 (Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3,Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2)IftheDMisnaïve,thenhewillwatchthefilminperiod 2 (1,2,3)IftheDMissophisticated,thenhewillwatchthefilminperiod 1 (1,2,3)IftheDMissophisticated,then,inperiod1,heiswillingtopayupto 1.0 (0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.0,2.2,2.4,2.6,2.8,3.0,3.2,3.4,3.6,3.8,4.0)foracommitmentdevicethatmakesoneofthelaterfilmsunavailable.(c)AssumeinthispartthattheDMtakesdecisionsaccordingtothedual-selfmodel,wheretheDMisdividedintoalong-termplannerandasequenceofthreeshort-termdoers,oneforeachperiod.Ineachperiod,theplannercontrols,atacost,thedoercorrespondingtothisperiod.Assumethatthecontrolcostineachperiodis timesthedifferencebetweenthehighestpossibleutilityamongthealternativesthatremainandtheactualutility.Furthermore,assumethattheDMseekstomaximizetheundiscountedsumoftheutilities,afterthecontrolcostshavebeensubtracted,overthethreeperiods.ThenthepreferencesoftheDMis:Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod1

(Watchinginperiod1isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod3,Watchinginperiod1isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod2,Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod3whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod1,Watchinginperiod2isbetterthanwatchinginperiod1whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod3,Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod1whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod2,Watchinginperiod3isbetterthanwatchinginperiod2whichisbetterthanwatchinginperiod1)Inperiod1,theDMiswillingtopayupto 0.0 (0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8,2.0,2.2,2.4,2.6,2.8,3.0,3.2,3.4,3.6,3.8,4.0)foracommitmentdevicethatmakesoneofthelaterfilmsunavailable.

PartiallyCorrect.24of30marks.

3(a) Question3.a

Page 6: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

7/17

7 4 0 3 4 1 2Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

(5points)Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.Pointoutmajordifferencesbetweeninequalityaversion(asspecifiedbyFehrandSchmidt1999,coursereadinglist)andreciprocalpreferences.Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Inequalityaversion:Ui=xi-ai*max{xj-xi,0}-ßi*max{xi-xj,0}

Eninequalityaversepersonfårnyttegjennomsinmateriellepayoff(x),mensåmodereresdenpayoffenavtoleddsomharmedhvordanulikhetener.Personenfårmindrenyttedersomdeterfordelaktigulikhet(beta-leddet),ogpersonenfårmindrenyttedersomdeterufordelaktignytte(alfa-leddet),hvoralfa>beta,slikatufordelaktignytteharsterkereinnvirkningpåpersonen.Inequalityaversionfangerimidlertidkunopputfall-hvormyemanfaktiskfår,oghvormyemanfårrelativttildeandrepersonene.Reciprocalpreferencesfangerogsåopputfall-denfaktiskepayoffen.Menigjenmodererespayoffenmedetannetledd(sidendetdukkeroppiforbindelsemedsenereoppgaver,skriverjegdetikkeinnher).Nyttenmanfårblirpåvirketavhvor"snill"andreermotdeg.Enreciprocalpersonvilfåøktnytteavågjengjeldesnillhetmedsnillhetoguvennlighetmeduvennlighet.Ogbaserersegpåhvilkebeliefsmanharomhvadenandregjør.Såhererdetikkebareutfallenesombetyrnoe,menogsåhvilketankermanharomintensjonenetildeandre.Dettefangesoppvedatpersonenimodellenmedreciprocalpreferenceskanpåvirkehvilketfortegndetmodererendeleddetfår.Dersompersonenersnillmotensomersnill,fårmantopositiveleddmultiplisertmedhverandre,slikatnyttenfårenbonusavatdeersnillemothverandre.Mensdersompersonenersnillmotenslem,fårmanetpositivtogetnegativtleddmultiplisert,slikatutgangsnyttenreduseresavatdeikkebehandlerhverandrelikt.Detbetyrogsåatensomerslemmotensomerslemgirtonegativemultiplisert,somogsåblirpositiv.Slikatenpersonkanøkenyttenvedåværeslemmotensomerslem.Detteavhengernaturligvisavhvordanmandefinererkindness,menslikmodellener,handlerdetomhvormyenyttemansikrerdenandrevedsittvalgavstrategi-gittsinebeliefsomhvadenandrekommertilågjøre,oghvadenandretror.

Answered.

3(b) Question3.b(5points)

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.

ProvideatleastoneexampleofbehaviorthatmaybeconsistentwithbothFehr-Schmidtinequalityaversionandreciprocalpreferences,butinconsistentwithpurelyself-interestedbehavior.

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Page 7: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

8/17

1 2 2 6 6 2 1Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Dakanviforeksempelseforossetultimatumgame,ogenproposersomtilbyrresponderenenandels=0,2avdentotalesum.Dersomresponderenerself-interested,villehanakseptertforslagetsiden0,2>0.Personermedinequalityaverseogreciprocalpreferencesvilimidlertidkunneavslåforslaget.Inequalityaverse:Ui=xi-ai*max{xj-xi,0}-ßi*max{xi-xj,0}

s=0,2betyratresponderenfårbetydeligmindreennproposeren.Detbetyratxj-xiblirstor.Vikantenkeossatnyttentilresponderenblirlik0dersomhanavslårforslaget.Sådersomnyttenvedåaksepteres=0,2blirmindreenn0,vileninequalityaversepersonavslåforslaget.Ognyttenblirmindreenn0dersom:ai*(xj-xi)>xi

Altså.dersomdenmaterielleforskjellenmellomdetopersoneneerstornok,ogresponderensgradavufordelaktiginequalityaversionerstornok,vilresponderenhelleravslåforslagetennågodtaåfå0,2s.Reciprocalpreferences:Enreciprocalresponderviltaibetraktningintensjonenetilproposeren-omproposerenvarsnillellerusnill/slem.Ihvilkengradresponderenserpåproposerensomsnillavhengeravhvormyeproposerengirresponderensammenlignetmedhvormyeproposerenkunnegittresponderen.Igjenkanvisepånyttenvedåavslåforslagetsom0.Ogsålengenyttenavågodtaforslagetermindreenn0,vilpersonenavslådet.Oghvordanblirnyttenunder0?Jodetblirdenidettetilfellletdersomdenmateriellepayoffen,0,2s,ermindreenn"reciprocality"-leddet.Sånnnyttefunksjonenserut,fårpersonennyttegjennompayoffenhanmottar,mensåleggesdettiletleddsomblirpositivtellernegativtavhengigavhvorvidtpersoneneersnilleellerslemmemothverandre,ellervelgermotsattestrategier.Hviss=0,2blirsettpåsomslemtidettetilfellet-sidendetergodtunderforeksempel0,5,hvorbeggefårlikemye-vildenenestemåtenforpersonenågjørereciprocality-leddetpositivtpåværeåværeslemtilbake-altsååtakkeneitilforslaget.Merspesifikthandlerdetomhvormyepengerproposerensikrerrespondereniforholdtilsnittmengdensomermuligåsikreresponderen.Så0,2ergodtunder0,5-snittet.Ogdafårresponderenmulighetentilåsikreproposeren0,8(godta)eller0(avslå).Såhvisalfa-leddetinyttefunksjonenunderreciprocalpreferenceserstornok,ogforslagettilproposerenerlavtnokiforholdtilsnittet,vildetkunneværelønnsomtforenreciprocalpersonåtakkeneitilforslaget.Forellerskanhanfånegativnytte(væresnillmotenslemermindrelønnsomtennpengesummenhanmottar).

Answered.

3(c) Question3.c(5points)

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.

Provideatleastoneexampleofbehaviorthatisconsistentwithreciprocalpreferences,butnotwithFehr-Schmidtinequalityaversion.

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Page 8: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

9/17

5 4 8 9 7 1 6Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Foreksempeletultimatumgame,hvorproposerenfårmulighetentilågiresponderenentenenshares=0,1ellers=0,2avdentotalepengesummen.Laosssiatproposerengirs=0,2.Imodellenmedreciprocalpreferencesvildetsespåsom"snilt"ågis=0,2sidendetsammenlignesmed0,1.0,2ermyerelativttil0,1,ogdetvilidennemodellenkunnebligjengjeldtmedåaksepteretilbudet.Imodellenmedinequalityaversionvilimidlertiddettetilbudetkunnebliavslåttavresponderen.Intensjonenebetyringenting,såresponderenvilværelikegyldigtilatproposerenforeslodenandelensomvarhøyest.Responderenbryrsegkunomatdeterstorforskjellpåhvorstorandeldetopersonenemottaravdentotalesummen.Hvorvidtresponderenavslårellerikkeavhengeravalfa-leddetinyttefunksjonen,somtarforsegihvilkengradnyttentilresponderenlarsegpåvirkeavufordelaktigulikhet.

Answered.

Page 9: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

10/17

(a) Question4.a(10points)Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.If =0and =2,whatarethefairnessequilibrium/equilibriaintheabovegame,ifany?Explain.

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

4 Considerthefollowinggame:

Sandvika OsloCity

Sandvika 2,2 0,0

OsloCity 0,0 2,2

Thematrixdescribesthematerialpayoffsofacouple,AandB,whohaveagreedtomeetataspecifictimetodotheirjointChristmasshopping.AhassuggestedthattheymeetatSandvika,BhassuggestedthattheymeetatOsloCity.EachhasSandvikaandOsloCityastheiralternativestrategies.Eachmeetingplaceisequallygoodforbothplayersintermsofmaterialpayoffs,butiftheygodifferentplaces,noneofthemgetsanymaterialpayoffatall.Sincetheyhaverecentlyhadanunpleasantfight,eachisawarethattheothermightbeangry.

LetUidenotei'sutility,whilexidenotesi'smaterialpayoff(whichwilldependonplayers'strategies).Assumethateachi=A,Bhaspreferencesasspecifiedbelow:

(i)

where kindnesstowardsj, kindnesstowardiaccordingtoi'sbelief(i=1,2;j=1,2;.Further,let

(ii)

(iii)

wheresi=i'sstrategy,bij=i'sbeliefaboutj'sstrategy, isthelargestmaterialpayofficouldsecuretoj,

giveni'sbeliefaboutj'sstrategybij,while isthesmallestmaterialpayofficouldsecuretoj,givenbij.Finallyciji=i'sbeliefaboutj'sbeliefabouti'sstrategy.

Page 10: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

11/171 8 7 5 0 3 7Attachingsketchestothisquestion?

Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Somutregning1påtegnearketviser,er:U1(s,s)=2U2(s,s)=4Dersomdetskalværeetfairnessequilibrium,mådetværeulønnsomtforenellerbeggeavdemåskiftetaktikk.DerforkanvistartemedåsjekkeU1(o,s):Utregning2viseratU1(o,s)=00<2,sådetvilikkeværelønnsomtforperson1åskiftetaktikktilåmøteoppvedOslocity-gittbeliefsomatdenandremøteroppiSandvika.Sålengedetsammegjelderforperson2,vils,sværeetfairnessequilibrium.Dettekanvisjekkenå:Utregning3viseratU2(s,0)=-2-2<4,sådetvilikkeværelønnsomtforperson2åskiftetaktikkåmøteoppvedOslocity-gittbeliefsomatdenandremøteroppiSandvika.Altsåer(s,s)etfairnessequilibrium.Sidensituasjoneneridentiskmed(o,o)somutgangspunkt,betyrdetatogså(o,o)eretfairnessequilibrium.Hvasåmed(o,s)og(s,o)?Deblirogsåidentiske,sådetholderatvistudererenavdem.Vikansepå(o,s):U1(o,s)=0Vildetlønnesegforperson1ådeviate,gitthansbeliefsomdenandresstrategi?Vivetathanfårnytte2dersombeggevelgerlikstrategi,detbetyratdersomhanskifterfraotils,vilhanfånytteU2(s,s)=2Altsåkanikke(o,s)væreetfairnessequilibrium.Ogtilsvarendemekanismegjelderfor(s,o).Konklusjon:(o,o)og(s,s)erfairnessequilibrium.Hvorfor?Person1harikkereciprocalpreferences,hanbryrsegkunomsinprivatenytte(bryresgikkeomdenandresintensjonerpgaalfa=0).Såhanønskeråoppnådenstrategiensomgirhanmestnytteisegselv.Detvilderforaldrigimeningåskiftestrategifrasdersomhantrorperson2kommertilåspilles,ogdetsammemedo.Person2harreciprocalpreferences,åønskerågjengjeldegodeintensjonermedkindnessogdårligeintensjonermedunkindness.Menidettetilfelletvildetegneltiguansettlønnesegågjøredetperson1gjør.Fordavilhanbådetilfredsstilledereciprocalpreferenceshanhar,oghanvilfåstørrepayoffisegseg(altsåuavhengigavalfa-leddet).

Answered.

Page 11: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

12/17

1 8 7 5 0 3 7Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Page 12: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

13/17

Sketch1of1

(b) Question4.b(7.5points)

Page 13: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

14/17

3 7 1 3 1 9 0Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.If ,is(Sandvika,Sandvika)afairnessequilibriumintheabovegame?Explain.Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Somutregning1viser,blirnyttentildetopersonenegittstrategi(s,s):u1=4u2=4Foratdetskalværeetfairnessequilibrium,mådetværeulønnsomtforbeggetoåskiftestrategi:Utregning2viseratnyttentilperson1dersomhanskiftertaktikkblirU1(o,s)=-2Utregning3viseratnyttentilperson2dersomhanskiftertaktikkblirU2(s,o)=-2Altsåvilingenhagodtavåskiftetaktikk,ogaltsåer(s,s)etfairnessequilibriumBeggeharreciprocalpreferences,ogvilgjengjeldekindnessmedkindnessogunkindnessmedunkindness.Mendetvilaldriværelønnsomtåspillemotsattavdetdenandregjør.Fordatrormandenandreviserkindness,menmanvelgerlikevelågjengjeldedetmedunkindness.Noesombådegirlaverepayoffisegselv(gårfra2til0),ogdetgjøratmanikkelengerfårtilfredsstiltsinereciprocalpreferences,hvilketgjøratpayoffenfaktiskblirendalavere,-2istedetfor0.

Answered.

Page 14: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

15/17

Sketch1of1

(c) Question4.c(7.5points)

Page 15: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

16/17

9 3 3 4 9 4 6Attachingsketchestothisquestion?Usethefollowingcode:

Inthisquestionyoucanhandinsketches.Usethesketchingpaperhandedtoyouintheexaminationvenue.Seeinstructionsonyourdesk.If is(Sandvika,OsloCity)(i.e.AgoestoSanvika,whileBgoestoOsloCity)afairnessequilibriumintheabovegame?Explain.Fillinyouranswerhereand/oronsketches

Utregning1viseratnyttentilperson1understrategisandvika,gittbeliefsomatperson2spilleroslo,oggittbeliefomatperson2vetatperson1vilspillesandvika:u1(s,o)=2Utregning2viseratnyttentilperson2understrategioslo,gittbeliefsomatperson1spillersandvika,oggittbeliefsomtaperson1vetatperson2vilspilleoslo:u2(s,o)=2Foratdetskalværeetfairnessequilibrium,mådetaltsåværeulønnsomtåskiftetaktikkUtregning3viseratnyttentilperson1vedåskiftefrastilo,gittbeliefsomatperson2spillerosamtidigsomperson2troratperson1skalspilles:U1(o,o)=0Utregning4viseratnyttentilperson2vedåskiftefraotils,gittbeliefsomatperson1spilleroogatperson1trorperson2kommertilåspilles:u2(s,s)=0Altsåer(S,O)etfairnessequilibriummeddissereciprocalpreferences.Defåraltsåbeggetolaverepayoffisegselv.Menreciprocalpreferences(altsåalfa-leddet)gjøratdetikkeerdetenestesombetyrnoe.Siden1tror2harrettebeliefsomhva1kommertilågjøre,menlikevelvelgerågjøremotsatt-altsåviseunkindness-vildetværemerlønnsomtforperson1åværeunkindtilbake,ennåfølgeperson2sittvalgforåfåpayoff2.Fornårmantrekkerinnreciprocal-leddet,blirdenpayoffen0istedet.Ogdensammetankegangengjelderogsåforperson2.

Answered.

Page 16: Rabin's Theorem...Grading: The grades given: A-F, with A as the best and E as the weakest passing grade. F is fail. Grades are given: Tuesday 8 January 2019. 1077718 1(a) Rabin's Theorem

ECON42601BehavioralEconomics Candidate172504

17/17

Sketch1of1