race and ethnicity.pptx sociology

8/4/2019 Race and Ethnicity.pptx Sociology

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A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way fromother humans based on real orimagined physicaldifferences. Racial

classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans

according to morphological featuressuch asskin color or facial characteristics.

An individual is usually externally classified into a racial group rather than the

individual choosing where they belong as part of theiridentity. Conceptions of

race, as well asspecific racial groupings, are often controversial due to theirimpact on social identity and how those identitiesinfluence someone's position in

social hierarchies.

Usually biological

Race Types:- Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid and sometimes Australoid


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Ethnicity refers to groupingsamong people based in

cultural differences.

e.g Language,religion,customs

ETHNIC GROUP

Broad definition

Social group distinguished by race , religion, or national origin.

Differences can either be physical or cultural

with language and religion being important

markers

Narrow definition

Group socially distinguished or set apart, by others or by itself, primarily

on the basis of cultural or national-origin characteristics.


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Subordinate groups whose members have significantly less power over theirown lives than the members of a dominant have over theirs politically, sociallyand economically

Example: Before 1947 a handful of British colonial rulers discriminated

against tens of millions of Indians.

Four Characteristics of Minority Status:

Social and historical disadvantage

Visible characteristics

Self-Conscious social group

Ascribed status

Cannot change this status. Status is

determined by physical characteristics


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T

he Melting Pot

Play written by a Jewish American in 1909

Put forth the idea that old traditions should be forgottenNew American ethnicity would take the best traits of allcultures

However, still emphasized assimilation

Those ethnic groups (Italians, Polish, etc.) that did

eventually assimilate became part of the growing whiteidentity, as opposed to Native Americans, African Americans,Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans


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Prejudices are prejudgments, and they can be positive or negative,

and often takes the form of Stereotypes.

They are based on preconceived ideas rather than actual evidence

E.g.- In Mexico, Hispanic Mexicans discriminate against Native

American Mexicans; In Japan, the Japanese discriminate against just

about anyone who isnt Japanese.


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It refers to the actual behaviour towards another group.

It is indirectly linked to your prejudices, but prejudices

might influence your behaviour.It includes excluding, restricting members of one group from

opportunities.

There are two types of discrimination:

Individual discrimination

Institutional discrimination


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Behaviour of individual members of one race/ethnic/gender group

that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on the

members of another race/ethnic/gender group. (Pincus)

Example: Refusing to rent to certain groups because of prejudice

feelings.

INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION:INDIVIDUAL DISCRIMINATION:--

INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION:INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION:--

Policies of the dominant race/ethnic/gender institutions and thebehaviour of individuals who control these institutions and implement

policies that are intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on

minority race/ethnic/gender groups.

Example: Jim Crow segregation


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1)Scapegoat Theory: prejudice results from frustrations among people

who are themselves disadvantaged.

Ex:- One group is blamed by another group as the cause for their

problems.

Typically the group being blamed has little power.

2) Authoritarian personality theory views prejudice as a personality trait

in certain individuals.

Persons with extreme prejudice tend to rigidly conform to conventional

cultural values, see moral issues as clear cut matters of right and wrong.

Psychological Perspective:-


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Sociological Perspective:-

Its an Exploitation theory

Exploitation of the lower classes is a basic part of capitalism

and is being justified through racism Racism keep minorities in lower paying jobs, and keep the

capitalists supplied with cheap labour.

Ethnocentrism, competition, and unequal power are the

ingredients of racism. Power is the mechanism by which domination and

subjugation are achieved.

Conflict Theory:-


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Functionalism:-

Racially prejudiced world provide a justification for the maintenance of an

unequal society that routinely deprives minorities of their rights and privileges

Racist beliefs discourage the subordinate minority from questioning their

status, which would question the foundations of society

Racial myths encourage support for the existing order by arguing that societalchange would further impoverish minorities and lower the majoritys standard

of living

Prejudice therefore grows when the value-system is

threatened

Ethnicity is functional because it promotes group formation and cohesion; isconducive to democratic order; and may function as a safety valve

However, ethnic differentiation in a multiethnic society can result in

dysfunctions

-It can reduce consensus, increase chances of conflict, and

threaten societal equilibrium


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Interactionist Perspective:-

Interracial contact of people of equal status in cooperative

circumstances will cause them to abandon previous stereotypes and

become less prejudiced.

Ethnicity arises when communication between groups is limited

Groups can be in conflict only if intergroup communication is limited

and groups continue to see themselves as distinct and different from

one another (constructed reality)

The social definitions that groups have of one another are the root of

ethnic conflict


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Systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political or cultural group is

Genocide.

It is generally that a dominant group tries to destroy the minority

group.Some examples are:-

Jews in Germany- Adolf Hitler believed that Aryans were a superior

race and were responsible for all the cultural achievements in Europe.

T

hen his views were put into practice and destroyed all the races whichwould endanger Aryan culture. After all this he found that the Jews

would be a sense of danger so he destroyed all the Jews.

Rwanda in 1994 the Hutus slaughtered between 800,000 and one

million Tutsis- mostly with matches.


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It is defined as forcing a minority group to move.

There are 2 types of transfers:-

Indirect:- its achieved by making the life so unbearable for members of a group that

they leave voluntarily.

E.g:- under the bitter conditions of czarist Russia, millions of Jews made this choice.Direct:- occurs when a dominant group expels a minority.

E.g:- relocation of Native Americans to reservations and the transfer of Americans of

Japanese descent to interment camps during world war II.

Ethnic cleansing:-Creation of a homogeneous areas through the expulsion of other ethnic groups


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segregation-

Separation or spatial exclusion of minorities sanctioned/authorized by

law

de facto segregation-

Separation or spatial exclusion of minorities, not by law but created by

external social factors such as class

Current school segregation is the result of housing patterns linked to

historical and current economic, social and political policies.


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It is the process by which a minority is absorbed into

the mainstream culture.

There are 2 types:-

Forced Assimilation- the dominant group refuses to

allow the minority to practice its religion, speak its

language, or follow its customs.Permissible Assimilation- it allows the minority to

adopt the dominant groups patterns in its own way

and at its own speed.


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To stress the process of maintaining patterns of ethnicity

To maintain distinctive cultural, organizational and behavioural

characteristics is a way to cope with discrimination

Ethnic cultures can exist separately

When ethnic identity is nurtured, a pluralistic and permanent mosaic

of ethnic sub-populations is evident

Recognizes that some assimilation does occur

We are all the result of some form of short-term and/or long-term

assimilation

Some are accepted faster than other; those are not tend to conserve

their ethnic identities longer

Pluralistic society does NOT mean sub-populations live in complete

isolation


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Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.

Seven racial groups live in the U.S. Native Americans

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

African Americans

Asian Americans

Hispanic Americans

White Ethnic Americans

Middle Eastern Americans


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Native Americans:

Original inhabitants of the Americas

Prior to European contact they lived in hundreds of distinct

societies. 1871-1924 they lived under a policy of forced assimilation.

Have been encouraged to move from the reservations to

urban society.

Many have come together recently to assert pride in their

culture and past.


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White Anglo-Saxon Protestants:

Mostly ofEnglish origin. Have dominated the U.S. since colonial

days.

Most came to this country with skillsand motivated to succeed.

There have been many times when

WASPs have been opposed to non-angloimmigrants.

Power has been declining as we enter

the 21st century.


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African Americans:

Initially came as indentured servants or slaves. The basic denial of human rights was in sharp contrast to the

promise of the American republic.

1865- Thirteenth Amendment outlaws slavery but,

Jim Crow laws perpetuate the slave-like status.

20th century, mass migration to urban areas of the northern

U.S., followed by the civil rights

movement of the 1960s. Educational gap has narrowed substantially in recent years.

Political clout has increased substantially as well, in recent

decades.


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Asian Americans:

Are considered to have a model minority image

Chinese Americans- began with the 1840s gold rush, andworked on the railroad track laying gangs of the 1860s.

Many urban areas have a Chinatown within it

Assimilation and upward mobility began in the World War II

era. Currently outpace the national average, both economically

and educationally.

Senator Inouye ofHawaii


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Japanese Americans:

Came at first in the late 19th century towork, and experienced legal and social

discrimination.

During WWII, many were confined inrelocation camps.

Many made dramatic economic recovery

after the war. Strong upward mobility has encouraged

cultural assimilation and interracial marriage.


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Immigration - Process by which people move into another

country to settle

Emigration - Process by which people leave a country tosettle into another

Both processes represent migratory movement which link

both the country of origins and the country of destinationWill shape ethnic and racial diversity and conflict


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race and ethnicity.pptx sociology

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