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Race and Inequality in Milwaukee, 2013: A Region at
the Crossroads
Professor Marc Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
YWCA Racial Justice Summit December 4, 2013
Racial Segregation in Milwaukee: 2010
Labor Market Exclusion in Milwaukee: 1970-2000
Census tracts with fewer than 50% working-age males employed
Labor Market Exclusion: 2011
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
1970 1980 1990 2000 2012
Pe
rce
nt
Black Male Employment Rates, Ages 25-54, in Selected Metro Areas: 1970-2012
Milwaukee Boston Baltimore Minneapolis St. Louis
75
80
85
90
95
1970 1980 1990 2000 2012
Pe
rce
nt
White Male Employment Rates, Ages 25-54, in Selected Metro Areas: 1970-2012
Milwaukee Boston Baltimore Minneapolis St. Louis
84.8
74.9
64.9
61.1 57.9
94.5 92.3 92.1
89.7 87.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2012
Milwaukee: Male Employment Rates, Ages 25-54, By Race: 1970-2012
Black White, Not Hispanic
57.7
62.6
56.9
62.1 62
49.6
65.4
77.7 80.6
82.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Milwaukee: Female Employment Rates, Ages 25-54, By Race: 1970-2012
Black White, Not Hispanic
Poverty Rates By Race, Metro Milwaukee: 1970-2012
Race 1979 1989 2012
Black 29.4 41.3 39.2
White 5.2 5.8 8.0
Hispanic 18.4 30.3 29.9
Concentrated Poverty in Milwaukee, 1970-1980
Concentrated Poverty in Milwaukee, 1990-2000
Concentrated Poverty: 2011
Race and Extreme Poverty in Milwaukee: Share of metro area population, by race, living in concentrated poverty neighborhoods, 1979-2012
Race 1979 1989 2012
Black 15.0 47.2 32.9
White 0.7 2.8 1.6
Hispanic 3.2 31.3 13.7
Percentage of Affluent Households (Above $200K) Living in Extreme (40%) Poverty Neighborhoods, By Race
Milwaukee Minneapolis Baltimore Boston Washington Atlanta
Black 15.40 2.41 1.15 0.55 0.32 0.97
White 0.29 0.24 0.01 0.29 0.04 0.16
Latino 1.38 0.00 0.48 3.35 0.06 1.22
Percentage of Affluent Black Households Living in Extreme Poverty Neighborhoods, Selected Metro Areas: 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Milwaukee Baltimore Boston Minneapolis Washington Atlanta Birmingham Detroit Cincinnati
Declining Real Median Household Income in Metro Milwaukee, By Race: 1979-2010
Race % change, 1979-89
% change, 1989-99
% change 1999-2010
% change 1979-2010
Black -28.0 +17.4 -15.9 -28.9
White -1.6 +7.6 -7.6 -2.2
Hispanic -15.1 +9.8 -15.0 -20.7
Racial Income Disparities in Metro Milwaukee: 1979-2012
Race 1979 1999 2012
Black HH % of White
62.2 49.6 41.6
Hispanic HH % of White
61.0 53.7 56.1
Race and Male Incarceration in Wisconsin: 1980-2010 % of males 18+ in correctional facilities
Race 1980 1990 2000 2010
Black 4.1 7.0 12.1 11.9
White 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.9
Hispanic 1.7 3.0 2.3 1.9
• Blacks = 5% of Wisconsin males 18 years or older in 2010.
• Blacks = 41% of Wisconsin prison inmates 18 years or older in 2010.
The Shame of Milwaukee
• Black-white segregation: highest in U.S.
• Black poverty: 2nd highest rate in U.S.
• Black-white poverty rate disparity: 2nd highest in U.S.
• Black male employment rate: 5th lowest rate in U.S.
• Black female employment rate: 4th lowest rate in U.S.
• Black-white employment rate disparities (male and female): highest in U.S.
• Black male incarceration: (Wisconsin)-highest rate in U.S.
What is To Be Done?
• Job Creation
• Infrastructure
• Living Wages
• Universal Early Childhood Schooling
• Drug Law Reform and Prisoner Re-Entry
• Anti-Discrimination Enforcement in Housing and Employment
• Regional Growth and Equity Strategies