Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

1888 - 1911

A thesis preseDted in partial fulfilnteat of the requi.Ntmeata tor the de of ter of te 1n

llietory t Masa.y Uld.Yerd.ty.

Rn Herbert Voelkerl.iag

• • • • • •

iii

PREFACE

This then.a sakes an e,caminatioa ot Maori- Pakeha rolatlona

iJl the Waillarino area of the Ung Country 1n the belS.et that

al1 too often Maori history is approached on a nat~onal scale

and view•d withi.n a framework ot national trends and Parliamentary

Acts. Th.rough the explorations ot the dynrud.cs of a bi-racial

communit7 it is hoped a regional corrective may be made to tonner

national interpretations. A local study possesses the advantage

of getting back to the •grass-roots• . History ia reduced to its

very common denominator, the individual ia a small community.

From a po~nt of •culture contact • the emphasis in this thesis

is placed on the years leading up to the aew centU17 , these

in.it1al years bei.ng crucial in determW.ng the funre ot race­

relations in the Wai.marillo . Briefly, it was not a series ot

Land Acts ao much as part~c111.ar coamenta and actions oa the

local le•el wMoh iafln.aoe4 both Maori aac1 Earopeaa attitudee.

l'hese comaeots and action• Ila.ft been 1•••8'1gated up to 1911 td.th

oae ezceptlo1u tb.• UqtlOr queatio• haa beea pvaue4 to th• ear~

1920 • a , it being very tiff.icult to toralllate &IQ' sort of a

coacl11doa pr1-or to tM.a peri.ocl la tt.ae.

Pauc"ity aa.d a.reliability of eovce uteri.ale pontl a

iv

etetUJ1der••1e prob1e i •r-ltiflg thi tk ala. By chec

uao;...-at otttc1a1 publ1cat1oee vch a •

!Im! dices to t he Je>ESal ot tg !m• of R•preo3ptat1•es d

r li.able. Thi& e:l'ON

loca1

,1.ftati

ources were rendered

ortant.

id t1tiea oft aeo •set• vie , their histor, tendiJl.g

t o be co tructed

the moat ariuo

ro d a har4 'JQ'tllolog.leal' core. e ot

taek was t h proe•s s ot ' 4~thologisiag•.

'lbere is also rel.a ti ,re af.ty of newspaper aaurtal. •

• .,.....,a.. pJJ•ar to have been destrc7ed or lo-at wit-h t , altho

seTeral isauee ati.11 ed. t. a. then have beea used 111 the

thesi-e. A complete set of the ,;3!Hf:Uui ChroAiol•, the "

Jh,ral4 nd the l' •zist at th ,'ta aaul blic Library, but,

goerally, yielded a di cppolntlag lmt ot material .

r.aetih:l township r•ceiY d more eZl>phaai• tha Cbak • •

altho •ither are Yer1 rt tin this otud:y', as ftl:J'

tew or.la ha ••ntur peira•m&ly uto t t b1" 1911.

either 1a ·~llOlC lDto e clv• 1a tb..

e oria U t re • elf' ,1,41uwi1u to

•1>1"•~ t .....

... ~., tlle

ffll841·01MtaUa1 panr.

l"lftl' to

V

er a y 1n this theeis. I t should

cut thP-t w t woa ori.e,i lly lulon ae the •· · 1marino Bl.o •

as purchatled in 188?• eon,Utut ed conaid.enbly or• t errit.o17

to the florth , but did not o:xteud south of tlae pil"tki- Itarioi

road. ~ r co venience. chapter two, 0-11 tbe p ebaN of the

cl by the

a.ad 18 th

Co t y.

Coll•cting figvrM a•d ~tatietics proYed almo~t impossible.

On 4 , y 190}• ~raiearino County ea e in~ enatenco, and prior

to this ~ate, Raotild. was in th~ County of Waitot ar , 41ld 1n the

electoral district of Patea. c.-neus tie1.ll'"es ror t be yeeze 1906

and. 1911 ere included.

My ai eN tb.aaka go t.o Froteaeor \, . R. 01.t.••r or MA-ase1

1Jai. r t7 for per thU th de, a t ... ra f ' 1969

I k1'7 h claaa tor el tul cri.U. ta ot

la.a Spe te. .•. , .. I r t1•• ffJ. . .. • of 'h• at

th• liaetihi Borottgh Co 11 ror the use of :tacillt.S.es.

It 1.a doabttul if this theoi.• would hay een p:ro ted

h it not been tor the l fi.Jdte ol.p ot rq pare11ta wld.D baa

already 'be.en acknowledged.. I wo lei also thank • M.R. Tt:arner

for actag ae Yirtvally tQ" 1"' aearcb eolleaj!tut for as ort while

• o.R. niek

c !orta.

lly apec1Bl thanks t Mars et Brogden as credit for

the neatn•ss of the appe r ce or this thesi.lJ is due entiN.ly- to

her .

utoha all•7, •tthl.

May, 1970.

a. • oel.urliag.

LIST OF A BREYIA1'l0BS

I .

Il . SA 01 fflE WAU'ARI BLOCS. 10.

III . 'SE MELTI5G X1l'

xv. 1na.LT11 I> '?HE .x:om.iMf m T..li.E CRUTI<m CF ll.ARMOW! 2 •

V. R LIC~SE ! ~SUE :,o.

VII. CC.flCLUSIOB

APF"!NDI X A

•P DI.I

LlST OJ' OOllf'RCli:S

•

sa.

•

PD

LIS! OF ABl3RiYIATI0BS

!few Zealand ParlJ..aaent!£1 Debates.

Voelkerling Jovnale A collection ot private d.iar1e• written by A. ~. Voelkerliag• 1896-1898.

I • DTR0011C1'l01'

The story ot ra.ce--relaticns 1a tbe t'd.mariao le td.agul.arl.y

cleYoid of the epectacul.ar. Phyaical violence is not the Jceyaote.

Rather it 1.e the etory of a quiet b:lckwater in the ldst027 of

Maori-.Pak:eb.a relations. Betoro the 188o •a there had bea little

European contact with the central. island tribes . The onl.y

&ftecti•• means or communi.eetion was the river-system ot the

Y.anpnui - a - te - ao tormi.Dg a Yi tal artery to the ,, angant.11

river. I.a 1884, the rtatin Lands Ali.enation Restrictioa Aot

shut ott the XJ.ng Country from private purchase. !'hia oco11N4

after a long series ot •••ti.ags conducud by John Bryce and

later Johll Ballance (u Native >lini.ate1"8) with the Ngatil!lAD.1.apoto

cb.J.efa. In April 1885 Stout tUl"Ded the first sod of the North

?&land Maia 'l'rvak J'iailwa7i and ia tho a14dle ot 1886 the Native

1,Qd Covt held tte Ii.rat eltth.g at Otorobaqa. fbe ft.rat peg

1a the awH7 ot tla9 ldariao •• drl•en oa tll• aoralag ot 10

Jw 1886 •••r rwabw.-4 toi- U.e Tan.Nra enapti.oa wbl.ch took

place that 4ay. 1•

z.

littl the tll.y

settl.eaent ot any note i.ng ltario1. It n.a a aall

t.ly, the e.rly hiatorJ of

S.t la rep ted to ba•• had

were held. '!'her• ie still

rl"q 40C1llll0Dh altbo

aninaal uetia

edst-ence a pro~lBlll& et a race­

etiag 1 18?0 which wae cond ted by a ori COl!Udttee . 2 •

J . R. icholls, o travel1&d t.hrougb th arH 1D 1882, de cri

ol u •a 1 ettl t of whites and tives', t

,jan :ut tribe • and the '1fhitea• by a collect,t of people

incl di.Ilg repre ta.U. ••• of at least ei..x to ei t ditter t

Europe co tri.es.3• It waa 1.n Kariol that

M.a place of r deace. In 18 1 he and his paptaer (L.B • . ran)

d negotiated pri•ate twe t7-7 le fro• the ri

of zoo,ooo actl"ea 1,s. bet.. 'foutum

graM<l, the wool klag ecovecl at Karioi. d tun t

coi~Md.oa a..:• .. ner th• t lae'• 1 .....

2.

,.

F..IMU'1 tribu laf.lU4 801,e ft t W t 8 t e

~li,.LIJ.ll'a'U. to ... IXJ.ftlQ ...

1 •

tribes in retribut.ioo erected forts al.oagsi,de the route, and tor

two 7eare they pre'Mllted any wool trom reaebing ?lapier. f."Tie11taall.7

the COmd.eaiour of Poliee j~yecl up fro• 1.anpau and a•ttled .. the claim• of all ooatend•r.e . • In 1903 the Gonnmnt bought

tl!d.a laacl from the Maori.a and di.ttded it into ah••P rmus.

Th• f'irat printe attempt t.o pvchaee the Wai.carino pri.or to

the 1884 Act ne conducted l:17 two Europeaaa, R. H8.7 ac4 D. Buchanan. 5•

Ill February 1882 tbe7 arriYed at Ranana oa the Wanganui ri•-er. along

with two interpretere-George Rees ud a captaill Blake. lloftTer,

the famous Major 1'. K•mp• tb.flll residJ..ng at Rasana. hel4 aoae griev­

ances against theee men, a:ad consequently would not allow th• to

lnterYiewed him oTer 50 years later, as •an edQcated and cvl.tured

Maori •• accoapaid.ed nay and Buchanan as interpreter and guide. The

tollowiag clay s1xteen canoes aet out for Piplr-1.Jd with a coaaider­

able quantity ot liquor. Upon arr:1.val , the part7 was welcoaed bJ

a large gathering of Maori.a from tbe upper i', u gu'ld. ta tn,leal

f••h1on th• e'Nniag witaeu.d • larp as ... bly. S1Mecbea were

,.

•

e:xchange4 and a coasidera'ble amount ot liquor coasuri. It na

an ged that the tollowill« da7 ihe part7 would proce.4 to UtaP\l

(up t he ri•ff) but Bay a.ad '&uebanaa later cbange:d. their nele•

d 1aforae4 McGregor that aa they 'HPe, beb:1114 schedul.e, tb:ey

would proceed :l.mmedlately up the Manpnu1 • a • te - ae ri•,a •

MoGregor warned that tlda wolll.d probably aroue antagonl.a, ae

it coastitated. wea·ch o-f promise. hut regardleaa-, the part7

moved on up the iu.d. Half a Id.le up the riTe.r, the7 met

with a Yery aagry Maori• 1'llllled Pitama, who, according to Gregor,

•ab ed me in a language that would hardly be perl.i.ame11tA17 '• '1'be

irate Pitaaa then made several charge•• grad. g McGregor ' s shoulder.

The latter remained oa lm, aad wa e told t hat although Pitama

•a1n,.a thought np tiru (in this eontes't , Europeans) were men

of their •or4• he aow c.alled them •doge•. McGregor did not

interpret tho last phl"au. 6• subsequnt1y the p6.l"ty .. nt to

Utapu where ah e feast had been prepured.

!'he incident jut rel te4 is interestiag 1A that 1\ reveal.a

of th iat•rpre\el' la thee• early taeta. ln

re r layed a po&:l.t~•• the

'ff,..... ' •• .... to

• •

• 2, .hgad

,.

bportuce Hao.rt.a attaGhed to the spoken pro.alae. The two

Ew.ropeaaa returae4 hOl'Mt• Th•ir deaue tor pvch•N was daa,pea-4

and the7 wer• autfering troa a aea•ral cl1a1.llua1.oameat as to the

lta-YS.ag ezNpliti94 the aituatin •• ac»•• froa the partiouler

to a tiaoucd.on of gcae,al teaturee. Y•t• before U7 analysts of

Maori• Pakeha rolllt!.oaa can be tullr- appreeiated, it mwst be

ephaeised tha,, Nlth«r wdquly, the Maorte 1n the Waimarl..ao

toned a high.17 in.tri.cated network of tribt-a and aub- tribea. 7•

CollectiYely they beloaged to what wa. loosely phraaed the

•Upper ~anganui trilMte•. ilthollgb eub•tribes might be Heroel,.

proud , tlle t.atl.uaoe ot the King MoYemeat , and of Te 'iblti at

tart.bake , was NlaliYel.y indgni.ficont . 8• The Maaganui Naone

were perhaps the oaly onoa to manfeet uy (howeY.er Yape)

Nicholl ' • , the tuat tr-aYel.l.er to l&a1'e esteiun•• doc1111entatio11

ot h1a tovs, gives u later-eating account of hie 1882 meeting with

Ia the tint iDetance he

expeJ'Uneecl ~tlnl.t:, la obt•S•1,q tile eenio.ea of a Maon troa

1Ui.o1 ie accoapa.117 a col.leape (mM t'unlv) ad blanlt to

Jbae>eJt•. fte lou1 Naorie sa•• the a.cw that tu,. •414 aot ·lla

7. Oil tta. Maagaav.t •Ja• then •u• 4Ufa•t 221!_•f_ ttae fol.J.otd.q trt.1>ea1 Nptlle••, asa,u..apa. lpuaarSagl• a..-1 ....... , Jlp'1.atcudfl• Wp.\Snabput., ... ~ •• •sattta•• bi& tor ttwt ... 1oou.. PM c;oMKJ, P.2.7'1•

a. utR. 1aa1. a-1, »·''·

to undertake the responsibility of introducing Europeans into

the co\llltry•.9• Eventually the Europeall.B were conducted on to

the track by a Maori, Te Wheu, who •could not guarantee our

safety, as the Maoris of that part were true Bauhaus and

objected to Pakehas going into their territory•. 10• It

appeared that Te Wheu's words were true for at Rualtaka Pa they

received anything but a cordial welcome. They were immediately

surrounded by Maoris, and incessantly questioned for an hour .

Finally, an old woman, who had been watching the proceedings

carefully, rose and shouted 'Haeremai J HaeremaJ.J' and then •the

pakehas have been following up the rivers of great names, and

have come to our homes; they are hungry and we must give them

food•.11

• !er words were the catalyst, and a feast was readily

devoured. During the feast Nicholls asked why the Maoris had

acted so suspiciously. Their chief, Te Pareoterangi , replied

that they had always been suspicious of half-castes and Pakehas.

But the chief went on to relate a recent incident showing that

the tribes suspicion or Europeans was related to an occurrence

in their immediate history. It would appear that a gold

prospector called Moffat on his last journey came to Ru.akaka,

and i.Aduced seTera1 of the natives to accompany him to the Tuhua

9. Nicholls, llng Gountr7, p.259.

10 • .!!?!!•t p.260.

11. ibid., p.273. -

1.

country. He had prerlously been warned not to enter the country

in hi.s search for gold. On h1.s way he was shot in the back by

Te Takaru, and as he fell from h1.s horse another Maorl split

his skull with a tomahawk. Now, continued Te Pareoterangi, they

were afraid that Nicholls and Turner had come to pursue Te Takaru. 12•

Ia comparison with the Waikato and Ngatimanjapoto tribes, the

response of the Manganui Maoris to European penetration appeared

mild. w.J. Butler, the Government land purchas er, noted in his

1887 report that the inhabitants of the Manganui were converts to

the Hauhau religion, and employed most of their time in •travelling

about from place to place performing religious ceremonies•. 13•

However, Turner, Nicholl's companion, sounded an old fighting chief

•about the present and upon the he~eafter•. The old warrior replied

candidly•

At one time I thought there were two saints in the island, Tawhiao and Te Whiti, and I waited a long time to see if they would be taken to heaven in a chariot of fire, but I have waited so long that I'm tired, and now l think that there are no saints in heaven or earth.

At thi.s juncture, old linepareaterangi.1 •who was always a good

ta1ker and d~splayed at al1 times a facetious spirit•, laughed

heartily at the admission of the old man, and then blatently exclaimed:

•we bell••• in nothing here, and get fat on. pork aad potatoes•. This

12. Nicholl.a, :

1 • ~ .

•·

ftue, 4.-J)~t• tile taot that the ffaori.s were lwaya N84y to

81a Ila . ' ,11:. gl.ol'iti u of 'le tt '1"e it.I..

(who Uy ••n their p heta) 'h••• en.a Nl"e

baa 1y ' at •• and .,.., a atJ.t5. u ftri.ety or --. religie Te affected

t ea. Th•• two t ctora the olt f AD7 otr fora ot •tn limn '

te4 the creaU of

eref re c1a

the a •nee of religieua !

con t cic t woul.4 d.epeDd 011 t. • nature ot th first p nan V •'•• r cu. tu spa clic eontact b.cid bee relatl••~ pe cet

la J, llU, ,sa, Ballance (t

rla of Ra1MU.a.

ti.•• . et.er) aet the

t the aeet1ag wer. re-~euuttRativea

tM wu lle ftrat H.me a

KMu.oter ot tile ~ had •isited the Mupuau. tn.h • great

C l'clial .,.1, e,

a,1111.ao•a w:ld

1 • •

luoe r•ceiftd a

•

the coacillato17 t of the apeechee ·f two ld.ef r~NAtin

t Bal

Peehi, obvi sly impr•aaod b7 llaac•, dm1tted tbat o tl"UCtioa

h d etocveil 11J11t he •wonld go back to hia people a tiaeua tit

tter with thea ••• [I l •••• t

. ,, . • i lata

t e tter abould

inform lane• that the line to, the r lway a4 -e: azn to• and that then would trouble whate~er. 17 • Ba1lance • •

!ri.e_adl.7 attitude ba4 won the day. Of all the ~aim-..-,Liiu Ma.one

, 1885, G-1, p.7.

1

LIBRARY MASSEY UNIVERSITY

•

ll• A OF

la the who1e MatoJ"J' of th• Co been 8DJ' ha.s4t ezt a1ve 1a o co,apl•t.ed wt\h uch eaped.ttioa.

( Stout

there ba ..,...., cllat-nct, or

10.

1907). 1•

'1'lms the stout - D ta Commtni ut.r~ ced the:ir r .port

on the t,a1ma.!'1no• and 1a doi.ag 001 aptly pla.c•d lt 1tl .tts

perspecti Ye in re t1.o to the acquud.ti of ~ laa4

'lhe pvobaee fol.lowed clc,. ely the

N

,.

chief bet

piece of land J)U.

1

buried o top or t

erec-t.ttd b7 t • Go'l'AftUll.aft

de tnske atteP his d

ottS.d.al

f t •

that

ler.

catiYe ot tlle

onr-al.l co-operati.on betw buyer and seller. It la a etake

to riew the purcha ( a so h v d )'4. ln t of on.

Lt.tl ti.on r d ed t

alth011dl ( . tted) iata were 2.mlSUI~

........ .,,_,.,,.,. the lac t acconlO<'ltatioa tor, t\ft':1 1

2.

,. •

•

• Court aS.tti.aga.S. A dl~Olll!ff waa t • aver

' • •

. •"'-

ti

••

12.

from 9de for the poorer land to 5s.od. for good la.ad. However

as chapter VI illustrates private negotiations did not necessari.ly

mean larger profits, and in tM.s sale, the Maoris at least

received their money.

Throughout the negotiations reserves were set aside for those

who had sold land. These reserves were personally allocated by

Butler, and had noth~ng to do with the Native Land Court.6•

Finally, on 3 April 1887, the Waimari.no Block was awarded to the

Government. Out of 1,006 names on the original order of the Court

only one hundred had not sold their land. At the final hearing of

the Court, Butler read out the names of the non-sellers, and asked + ' ... r.e

the Court to award to/ Crown the interest of the persons who had

sold. Major Topia , a rather curious Maori identity (little is

known of his background), applied for an adjournment to enable the

parties to come to some agreement, and this was acceded to. When

the Court resumed it was informed that the adjournment had been

fruitless. It appears that Major ~opia had incited the non-sellers

to create confusion over hapu boundari.ea. As it was impossible to

get reliable erldence in the face of the strong opposition manifested

by Topia, a statutory declaration made by a cM.et, Rangihoutou, as

to the Yarioua hapu boudaries wu produced 1n Court am\ receiTed u

endence.7• In the fiJla.l anal.7si.a, the CroWD encled up rlth 417,500

6. PD, 1887, 57, p.805.

7. Ieom, 8 April 18871 Wanganui Herald, 5 April 1887.

1,.

8 • •

a. •h

to ,:s. 11, &Cl!"IH!J,

wwe award.a to iu 11S t aol •9•

the

" • lnd pue!taaa, ._._.. •

e ttorla11a the Y

zpld.a the ft.aal fiaac ritb jor TopJ.a. Ke ne appareatl,

• ••• a<h1.ai the aoa-eellero an.d eoachillg 11P the aellere to

gl • en • a4•er-• to tu crowa•.10• itopia 111 all pro biUt1

t &red t .at the ori rac.e would c • a large landleaa bod7

he

This appear• logica1 it 1a collBid.eNd that he !d.asell d

ea4 ns tl\er tM"e oft -· It he t • or

to~ .. h1.a 1 ul. appear highly

aa OftftJ" •h 17 left ., 4 otnl " •

e7we f: ' of t 11 . •

,. t1 .1 •

• •

•

U.4011btedly 1nJustice:• 41.d occur 1n tn tistri.bution of laa4

an4 titles. It 1a Yery llkely that so ot the aor .reaete

members ot hai • · on tbe Ma nut rt ver l"e n t t lrly

repr&eente at the Oovt . 12• For, ia subse~uent year ••••~ 1

p titlona reach• the ve at praylar; for redrea.a of

grieftJICN naulti trom the 1887 ttle ent. nie petitioaa

received a g1muiae bear.lag. For ent.Dpl•• wua •Puaon bia

d Anether • pray d that R rea l"Te be set aaide forth 1 the

that ~

The Gover nt should malat inquiry into the case ot th• petiUon•ra. d, b7 way or a compassionate allo...anee, gr t suoh relit as may be cons'iclered just to thoae oflllera in the Ii 1.marino Block whose

ee ere, thvough i oraace 011 t he part of the he d of their haf;• withheld from tbe Court at th tiae of beaz-ing A · t 1895) •14•

'I'he Government t lea t, did cot wipe its hands of the 1 plications

of land purch s• after 188?.

It 1s t.mpl"Obable, th t the purchase of Maori lalld 1 any on

corner ot the Doai.aioa could cla:im the ltrmotlc tJ.tl•• a •ju.at

deal•. t •t 1 t ls pparoat • that 111 c an.so •l th t e sale ot

12.

• •••••

Maori 1aa4 1a other Ustri.ct•• ti. Waiaari.ao pv.ha- d.Na •ot

aeeeaait•t• a denaciatioa of the Eur'c,peu pvchue~• at th•

~ of hieto1'7. Ill tact, 1aa4 purchase ill the ~aiaariao ehowa

a ftattag ot rather than a cl.a.ah ot 1ate.reate9 an4 is of a

pS.eoe with the geural aophietication of race relatloae

generally ia the area.

,,.

ot bri.oi was aa Italian knowa to the l'.aoru ae 1Morri11•,

who squatted Ot1 aeae laad nine a11 .. nat or Raelihi. Be

was found ia 1886, liYi.ag with hS.e '1aori wite. A.ppUQtly

he lllll8 ot .ii i.ndustn.oua nature. tor the land had be ..

cleared and tree• plant•d• EYentuo.Uy9 lJl 1892, he •aa

ordeNd oft t he land• though the Go.ernciont made a generoua

compensation ot £200. 1• In 1888, Peter Bron the first ' legal •

settler. aad first Justice of the Peace for \he uea o.rr1•-4,

and •fter hie caae a eucc~S81on of pi•u•n (probably leaa

th&D fift7 at t~i• time) , moat of whee t ook up saall bloelat

and ilmudiately c011Deeced the arduouo taak of el.eaJ't.Dc the

buak tor tand.ac l)VJ)08ff•

A bade coacera of al1 th• aettlera ft8 to ia:J)ro•• the

roau. A• tu lack aa 1886 • tl'Ult boa brioS. to Plpirlld.

t&a4 •• nt, 2 • Gd tld.e waa padually belag 1dclene4 s.at.e a

dray roa4. v1rtull7 all the roadiag ta lhia uea ...

eoutnioted OI& the co-opera,t Ye priaciple. Th• o..w.,_t

wo•14 let a Hc,i.on of road Oil contract to the eettlera

lh••••l•••• who Ulea pl'ONecled to btd.lcl tuu on rou. fte

aTerage eae sappoeed. to IN '-•94• a 4a7 (tllo•p S.t ftrS.N

because of qathfl" aacl other ialluJ10ea) aad the aettlen

proYidN theil' na ahnela. Ia the lalH.al J)heN of aettl..­

eeat 1t ... theu onlJ l"H4y nppq of caa>a. :,.

!'be MaorJ.a plaJe4 aa iate,ral roi. ta the•• .l'O&«Hag

sch ... •••• they toned the 01117 N&4.T n;pplJ of labov tile

early aettlere co\tlcl rel7 oa to aey degree. where there • .,...

ao ~u. tile Maorb wollld act u g,d.dea. Aa food na a

uoeall!t7 tor tile trawller• it waa Maori. hoepitali'7 \hat

eaaur-ed a ha.11 stomcll whenYer the~ •• a will.age or a taail.7 •

Ou Ea.ropeaa trairelllag ,q, the Putapara Wl'Oter

l aegot1.ate with 014 Mar,- tor pa4doold.q a, laorN tor 1/-. Har)' ~• a good o1d 80-1 aad d,YH 70l1 plat7 of pork ud potatoea h eat• ... make• a tu. ta JOV 1f!MIN• oae ......,..i, nlll pupoaeq to• hn,_. ............. .lftn ... s., 7911 aafori&U. t• tile atpt. •• tdata a l'eqlleat tn • t .. •••IIN ... a eaaa.. ••• l -~ ba4 te pq 1/• tor tu lln'ae ••• anld.ag nat....- tor,__. ad allelt•• 1dtio I eaa ..... 70II - gt...,. wt.tt& tn• llllort lloQJ.tal.1~7•'1.

2. !!&r!!M ftll!t cap, 2, re~ 19'0.

J. am,w"11!::.-~!..~·I! .. . i.··"''· ' • t,11 I• 11 o.1ew.. 1887.

.l 1eu tucf W.• f tor U9Jii.wll0 this syabyotic relati ship

between. 't • two rao• was th eo aphlcal loca\lea o~ the

· a1aariao. t U to aay, tn a sense it wa at • f'l'O Ue

t I' 1:16. eaola,

•

ree14eat:ia1

• atu. As at . etJ.hi co not

a

ruaoa d•itp of ite exiet oe.5• !he 1solat1 factor •u

reaclily apprec:f.ate4 by the early Attlers: a col · iet tor the

,.

• etilu. eetti.rs re not a •atl.y tistS.ed with their meaa.a of oo.1:sm1:nncat.ioa •itb. the o ter • rld •• • an at a auet1ng have possed a re o1ut:loa ••• t t ••• while naturally expeetiag the ccmpletJ..oa ot t met.allJ.ag o the plrild.,-viaws:Ulle road.t thi meetu is op ed to all t'\lrt.her exp-41 tlll"e ou tile ''.'aapn R1 Yer• :d sicters that th ~ ,..,.~,dlll1r the pa-a . t e diatl"l.c t o tl•ta.. 6•

Thie iaolat~ ;WAJMB·.eea of it) foater4td p.ra tiaa.

•that

UM. , • .. i., •• •~ len..r 5VIIIMll,I& aeiUtt•lJ a.ff• to ciuanel

• 1 • • 05 ..

19 .•

depea4e4 OIi •P..aagi • •irtr • auppq1.ag h1ll dtll utoea or

cllp:ptag Id tit• ,,adllfH!'ino

teade4 to becoae a meltillg pot tv the two rac • •

Aa t he rla wero .a oh Gr• t h•lp to • earlt Mttlera.

it• et1tte4 the

l" ihe \'1.1'4"1.a

iris soul.c.\

· ot pack• h0-raea d aheart.q eerYicea tll.•

14oa atc.•pt ~ r...,.d whe t 7 •er-• o

trleafl17 tenms with \heir eal)l1o,ers. It ne eustoaar7 for the

fartlfl' to pply lh• SbeaJ'el"a an4 theU depe eats with food

dun.ng the ehe ring o:,.rat1ou. A nu t nu toad it to bi.a

dvaatep to s: pl,. his lmlef otore with gifts ot mutton from

time to t.tae. 'fhS.s rathe"I' i fOftlal syat.em ot eervicu aad

payme,at thl'ollgh gif'ta d8 parii-culal'ly co 111 th yeare before

1910. i!'lltll t h latfl' iacreaee ta f'ane.ra• protlts, aad the

deYelopae i ot .Rae-tlhi towaahip 4 r · 4a, a great.• r l~ce

to be pl eel oa money....,..

ut Yall1t7 na opened up tor aettleaeat,

..... n.1 Qoua tutu.ea pt NCUou. ft-, b Guua

-4--ena•o wul4 Dfl'IINl1 . ., ••

NAU ef t e IAl.l:.ne.Jratl faf.tll, t..t.ora ~~•

to nrid'lte·• · lf

drcl.4' t .C.Qlut~QIC, ...

pla.c,.. 11h • aa lie UIU4 u to lla.fl I to 1 .... tba •• lllt aa4e "' we enj 1 1 fS.nt r••••,.

':.bit, • rill• .,.. i aa4 al reoet..a ta r•\-va. tu.

efton at the U.. lo writ• BN'ICU

t nfor• ......_, ftNei,Ut.l.e to t

on. 141-.

..... otel'i.U. ., ..

le peaet a lea

of ,n mud":1.. •era ..iar. aS.fut.4 la • II p •- - ii&

' •• • ~- 1, ttrat nte •. •

ho ••elul lat•r tld.a fAJl.111 ... reoet

doge 1d.tla •nn•

7 ......

tb• tan that be •

•

ecaaelate

S.a ,, • ., ... 1917

·-tee\.

t'JN..t~e dt•U.• WIUl.9a elUlftlat·

,. .r01nt111J.JI. ,,

• .. ...... , I '

,.

tJa •

..

z,.

aell•• the aYerage ~ tn4e4 to be a 1.aduti-1 ... aa4

lloaen wone. RaeUld. wa,s not a trati.ng ceutre or sea~.

aa4 the • .... • ot Bvopeaa aool•t7 ba-4 not yet peutrate4

lid.a oo1o1dal lluk-ta. oa '11• oilier haall the Daropeu

ootnntld.tJ 414 aot look ellkaaoe at '1lo8e •ho ueocrlatect wi.h th

WJsea Bed4oa vave.11•4 tuoQbo11t the -tt" 4:lahiet• ot

the JIOl'UI Ialaacl tn 1894. lae l'"dw4 a wara ••l.coa.• traa tile

••11 Mtt1-ta ta tlle Cataarifso.10• hi" Ille Maod.99 •Uq

Mck•e• riait pnTJ..de4 an oppenuaitJP to 'WOlc• •neral req11eau.

A ooneepoad.eat deec.ribed. Seddon•• ••ting With the Kaorl.a of

a aall. ka!!J! two 1111•• eut ot Ruttld.1

~ uri•• at a saell Maori~ call.ed !'Nllll1. end the entil"e pop11lation ow ~ • tllrM pMratiou of oae- family• oaae oat an4 ottered a ld.g welCOH. ft• pdncipal u.a ta hialat aa4 fiadbg Ja. hq two Mlalat.era l>efore h1a (C&ft'Oll acoempented oeddoa] h.e act• oi, the •"• .!!!!I!. !!a• Be 1a cotacerned tu ta pl'euna,1.oa oruii art••• of th9 aacntor• d la1a ,e:.::: li• hrUd 09 the YUS.0... hill tope OIi the B1ock. •• nloagtac to th GoTffllllallt. Wlll tit• PNadu r.._..• tlaeM aaael plaen,11•

ft1a .. aot • quatlmt laTolYS.ag uU.oaal ~--• u peUq,

Ntbel' eaaethiac tllat Wll8 llnletialeJ.J Nlffaa& to \M J*t~

1d

, 12 • •

ld.e aellbe t t N11oola about be

5eotl.On freq tl~

ttoa1low U.raeu

... t te4 .

ecia11-y ocl a

(b.r!.oi. co , ed

ffaUff

f ow ft

tullslaae i

tiff Soiaoo1 ..

it

• the ftaa1

da • f •• .c. Gr t , •

-.. reti.re4 be •• of ill- al •

it 1fa.a eYe t 117 ~r.eu OYff the r. ar . )

• epaoe

r Pop'•

J.01••..,.L-o.t1t:1e •

' • • •

1 •

c.:Lture would be aasimi.l.ated by the dominant cul.ture. This is

reflected in the exelusi-ve use of Eng1ish as the teaching mediua. 15•

SeTeral extracts from Pope's reports suggest that the Karioi school

would be fruitful to examine:

•R&ally useful kindergarten work i.a done here••••'

'The relat.i·ons eld..sting between the teachers• tamil.y and their Maori clients g1.Te no support to the catch­wo~d that the Maori knows no gratitude.•

'It 1s pleasing to see that the Committee here••• have worked heartily and well•. 16 •

So too, would it be interesting to examine multi-racial schools such

aa Raetihi (u example of an •urban• school 94 pupils on the

roll h 1909) and Orautoha (an example of a rural school 15

pup11s on the roll 1* 1909) • The key to such research would be to

see,. espec-ially 1.n relation to Kario1 eehool, how the coaparatiTely

1ind.1vidualistie• approach of the Waimarino Maori. would react to a

programme conducted along the lines of Pope's paternalistic

1S. AJJm, 1900, E-2, p.2.

16. AJBJt, 1900,. :&-2, p.11.a 1901. :s-a, p.111 1903. _g..2. ».2.

IY • HEALD AJQ) TU EC®Qlff IM HE CBl!AflOW

OP RA.BOlff

.A pre4cndmt factor ta tile cr .. tioa of raoial llanaoJIJ'

1a tbe ~ wu \he eeoaoat.c etatu of tile lfatti re•••

Healtll too. eae iaportaat . B•d Ille Maori.a es:iete4 ia a atah

ot dl ... •• and e..S.-atarTatioa, the resultaat ol.aaa

4lff•reatia tJ.oa wt.tll the E\u"opeaae collld •uil7 ha•• tvaed

hto a racial o~e Maorta betag n.e .. 4 •• lb• lowez­

cl.aaa, tirty aad 1asy. Ericlence, bow•ver. poiate to the

coatJ""ar7.

htler la 188? reporte4 t.he Maori• of the ld.aarlno to

be la ' good he-a1t,h' • a,owy.., lie ref erred to tile Maorle

UY!ag oa tile Maagaad - a - •• - ao aett1 .... ,. a.a Nlag la

a •wretohe4 atate • ••• .. , the •Ugbteat n,an ie ~ h

tu aon c-• J.awa et bal.111 • . 1• a. 1891 "- •wntor

rw ,._ ..... • .. • .tut.ar r•:,orl• atattac ,11a, t•e1r M4e

.~ate ....... ,utu'°'7• ,_. ,, t• • .,, ... t• aupn ..

tu, the rtali&7 aao tll• la aot h greater ... lt ta.• tat l.eapit• lllecl'f'iaga altftt t • Maa,&a1111l ~. tile popdatioa

ap~ua t IJaTe ateadilr t.aoreaeecl, · • '911 naeu reportlag,

•thdr Alllt....,. er.....,..ate are au tllat eaa" deein •.2•

t • · 'fiald.Ut7 ot tile Ml.eri

pnftCl, be a oouldenble aa · ,. ta 189' one idU operated

a, tnt.. 3 • Y•r,- dekly t • _ _,er 11111.tipll • u4 t r good

• • cte« ea oft1clal '°1:aalcal

&sud.aatl• or tile~ ta 1909, etat.dt

• ataariao For .. t roha 17 caff'iea la it• till •r the moat valu le crop it will ••w od •• Ia ffftral l oca lit:;es ri.1111 •at aatai are ao ple tlhll that t ey aN t • chief treat tnu.

~talaly aa4- • profit., gettiag as

auh ill •eoae iaet CH aa • aa a N solely for the t!.aer-

"11N• f n1 y 1920,. ten•••

operat

,. ,.

• u I IS.Ye Ill.lee troa aetS.hi. on.a

. ...... 0

.26.

4eaip" t r nf1te. U a

Ill t be La 1.,,.. fr••"• 1 taye la the ce1-ebr•'- • atvall.J

tutu\ te 1 , •.,. .. oft-he aill-owa•r• it, aa

• onz of

to operate a!tH r .....

iato t e aiuri bacl J.ce4 t. u ••udud• or Maori. .. ,..

••• a U.. .. ,-t1 .... t a a aasaltl••t • •hi thQ are :f'ellillg tile -IUdl •••• .-, ••l'J'

pl'01ld17 potat-4 011t t •• e1r aheep9 cattle td.P, ot which tluty ha•• a d tock, and all 1-~16 we11. 5•

tl•.r• and tu YUS.ou ee- • aeraton ill tlt.e year• tell 1

hill, all bad reacl7 •or4a of prai.ee tu the leYel _.1,.....1& •

Mui.a op•rated a loaal nov a111.1•

ia •h••P taridag S..• r....,.kable

whn 1.t u at.raat4td with t • o•......U aalloaal patten nl •••

o • of ooaaJ.clffallle espualoa 1a tlYiti•• h the 1 90'a,. t Uow

, .. • 1 • ,.

.,, ... a little 1eD r a pid tllaa tJae iauaN

1 • .,.1,,

1 enn

"

. • P• •

IMJlttllld.... · "·

27.

• •P taraa; ta 1895 t ta had

theN ••r• o.er 1.000 own.en la the• tin cout17. rr.. 1900

• lloft-.er, t e maaber of owaera deoU...d• ere IHtlag 558 ill

1905 flgll 1111910e N•ftrthelaaat t e daal'iao ud. the

wat• were tu 1117 co tl.ea wh1cb 41.cl not• ow a uo l

tu •ber or ori ehee taraers. 8•

&liapae at Appe ix (bel · ) will tafl.eate that t•• ane vmier

o am.on cultin i.on - preciffly ail. Ia4ffd, t • •erro eou

principle a~ 1 Un.clul \itle ••• tn prepaat ca1&N of ate et

nd oataei •9• waa the life-blood of

tu ••11"• tlle Maori.a ah.ow-' tor iad19S.411&1 titles. !he tout -

rtgata c.oud.aatoa of 1901 made sped.al aote of l ai•l'i• Maori.

ft .... '-•• .. , aalde ta 1 7 fort ae

• . a4 .. 14 laa •

' ••• laUTtdul.

tat'

• ,.

•

2 •

• tile na of this loealit7 ...

boa•• u.to 111411fict · 1

....... bJ

natapa o~ put ;raJ. an. agri.altval cO'llllll'f•

Jutift.ed the c:ompanU:n aoti'fi.~J' or the ori owaere, aaatatect 17 'the c.•urt• 1a ~ Ila.• DD!"O'De l eal of tad11'1d U.zlng the1.r ld • A. poliq whietl might haft bean au1C14•1 ot er e1H t oea, 1114 MU to haYe ea Jutift.ed ur • 'be aua• ot the nteat · t t e 1 iti4aal anfl taidly ter .. ta, the n,loa and

H f the laa4 bft1Yed• 1, .

ftu Wl&1 tendag not suited tot ao ~u pan l4eal of

ld.raaea • •

• • •

e sit 11 :t.• a U,- upruM4 b7 ........ tM t- t, • nnotw l• uonliv•• '*' tile tau t t • at t tt t.e, la Wftr1*aUag.

,a.

,.._ 1887 to ,11. ea,l.y 1950'• l aiaan.ao. • pan Qf tll•

Rolle Potu OJ' Bag Collau7, wu a •417• area, eo llcenau

••r• ieauecl tor ae111ag 11q•or. n. nUftU.ac tone beld.ad

Uag eoat17 ao-licnc• ••• the cieaire ,o pl'eff,... tlle Maori

race fnll the efl.la of liquor. The atory ot no-Ueeace b•daa

111 the eerl.7 188o•e when the GoTern.- aa still parnlag a

polic7 of coloa1al. expeneioa WS.th roada ad railwqa paerally

ltelag tvtMr deftlo~d. !Jae Bag Ocuab7 wae n. ... d ia a

aore a ppreoiat1n muuutJ'e eapecially alao• it c1lt across the

41.reot route beh ... Welllapoa act Auoklaa4 aleag whi.ch, ~t

waa aaaw4, tile hl&hJ.y 'ftl1Ulte4 Maia ft.., Pall11a7 11ne 110111.•

na ... aoH.atJ.oaa 1d.tla tile 'l'U'tou llac co.at17 tl"i.._ wer•

tllu Ii•• top pd.ult7 1J7 tlle Gs"'1!nt••~ rt ... la tide

...-.-, tllat '"- .-.. u. .. d ....uc...s.as ...... . biw to tlle ,..._. of the ~U. del'Stda1 '1w ueu

- bon •• Ul• naa c:o.,.,,. NOil• .... ~, ft-q., u.. Lto...tas .Aet of 1181 atn .. a

flle Ge••rnor, on th• appUcatioa of &nJ' block or area or ffatJ.Te land oa which no pal>Ucaa' e license hne been grant.eel, eq by proclaaatloa 111 the Gazette, declare thot no llcntn ellall be graat-4 within eucb bloelt or uea. and lt shall not be lawtu1 t or the Ucenatns CoJll!d.ttee lo ieeue any lieenee to take •ftect wi'Udn UJ7 t>lodt or area so proc1Allle4. 1•

,,.

In Octobu, 1884 , 1'a1rhiao aud 1tnt7 1ialkato chlets algae<! a

,.t1tton for Farl.J.aa.at, praylag that r,.ahia.111111 the II' .. ~

Malai.apoto chiet, d gbt 'be heud at the Bar of both tloUBea,

and thtlt intodcating liquoJ" might bo •xcl.\Mkd troa the

KJ.Dg Country altogether. la the courH ot hlo addr-ersa,

ACothol" roc:u•at I have to mCllto ia that t b.e sa-1• of apirtta within ow diatriot ahall b• stopped absolutel.J' . I do not want that great eT.ll brought upon ov people. l ho" that the Uo11Ge will be otrone; la pre•enttng thia e'Yil cOld n.g upon us ud upon our peoplo. 2•

There •aa no bickerlagr JIBJ.lonco iauDediately informed

the Rouae that tb.e pl"Ohiblt.i.•• c lallffa ot the 1881 Liceae1Dg

Act nre going itato tore-e 1a the liag Count17. ' • I.a a r..ult

tu ta.whia Lt.euetaa Ar.. ••• proc1aieed oa .3 Decol>a' 188't. ' •

1 . In z,ataf ata9tg. 1881, ,.1,, <••· 21) .

2. n . ,se,.. '°• ,.,S6. J . ,,~d .. p.,12. ,. •a 11!1*1! aa .. n,. 188~, r1. p.168,.

It 1• aoet Di&ld,tS.c•t \bat no •p1.eda9• or tpaot • - eat•Nd

late-then ••e ao tact.t iap.licat1ea that , J.a retVB tor a

liquor bes, th• chief8 wou14 allott hropeaa pn•tnt loa of

the ar••• ft• d&ateant ama11 force bohiad ht&M'lll ' • pet1U.oa

wu th• Gospel Taperaaoe Mtss1.o1l• whose npporters toned

the Blue Ribltoa U'a.7, pleds•4 b7 personal eXU1ple to do their

utcoet to adY&J1ce tb.e tuperaae• caau thrOllghnt 1 .. tealall4.

Ia 1882 thd.r tON.mOet leader, C. P . °" lamtched a Maol'l

uwepaper Ze,!o!1efs1, with 11M aTOWed &1111 of laproriq the

moral ud 8001"1 coaditloae of the Maori peopl.e, the f1..t

iaeue coa~nillg a tDll-i,ag• portrait of ~,au.am..5• fbe

Proclmtl.oa ... purely a hm,anttarlal, mo••• ~tout bt.aoelt ,. adrdttlag tb.at it could be •u:P•••eded by aa Act ot Par11-atf

' The lew WQS there to be iftYOked .if the f'.aol'i.a GO 4e-obed• ad

there •ea therefore no a.ad tor pact•, or co•eeanta or barpJ.lllq•,7•

Ballance stated at JCokoia. fte baa was d.mpl.7 aa e:spNeaima of

GoTerwat. policy, and there 1e no iadi.catioa tll•t the Pl'oolaa\1.on

had heen l.ssHd by the <loYel'Ulent la return toY a gltt or

c•o.edOII of Ule 1aa4 tor- the ,&tlny cw tor A"7 rtpt ot eaw7

Sato Ule U.S eoatry. Ceri«lal~. ffahaad, ffaoad au otlle~

lead.en beUned that the PNGJ.uatloa ccna141'e nwlt.S 1tJ tlMI

aathort.t7 t

• ere4• 1mdolable cbara ter.

a 17 tri to uoure t.h• N eat.ion of t'lte

1n cert.•h aFoa • 8•

k d te

(14 April 188ft) th

i!rinld.q 'b-1t• of the

Ribbon had pread aad t

,,.

Balla.ace m t at Banaaa t • ~ a u1 Maor1e

s ••11 ae upro tat1v.a froa t • 11 imari.Do tribea, the

wered \7 t • •er eat: •t wi.l.l •••• tbe for-e ,

that the lawa _ot t h colo y ~.I' tf1eient 1 aoat

they are only applied aad u for• . 16• Tll•retore

the WO!' s t Ball.a • 4 indeed •f the pre t1 _;ious

ff

•

ir 1 trict p cl

• 1 • • » ,. 1. •

I

er the

••

la•U 1t-Nlt aa e it cl.ou that it wae .l.sa up the

ap U tl.oo of •tu own•-. ot

Sotle-4 e ne,to

tmted•.11•

licaae lie • · aa hitherto been

It would appear howe•u• that N9el'al li

tea thl'M uoe1... for .~. 01·1t, .......

•• aa4 la 1909 the Ylllldit)' ot the eXletiac poclaaatione

ftFe coa1'tftled y ~ 1at1oa. jay Uc • already er •• 1 the King aiag oft e 1909 ut.

were • . t.h• •xpiry o-r the period t'or which they were sraated,

[toJ ce e aad d tel"ld.mt • and 'be lncapabh of ren.wa.i. 12•

Ccnmtry o-Uc n after 188? takes OD

tor .. "·' .. 11. c~

aaot r taaue. b t not &eparate for l

petitlo

ape.en S.a,

1te a al ha4 ••

lll'O ... A to

V • .A er 1

raode.

tive chiefs who edouq

for a proelniaed are • acldJ-eased a co11m1fatjlcat.i

r • t ., ed 0817 an eaoti

A. £. lleaum ctud.ed w the t e GoTe ·

N tiYe llcy ... to 1Mti •t 1a t

t

1

1 •

•• '° be ,.n-4 t r tu rail 7 •.15•

St d , eit ff ·pen .eac1ftlle

Maun Id.a t>.liet 1a tll ea e of proh4.kt:1oa at ,

0Yel"11W1J>llnff the Uouce <l•~ail.4 ot the 18&>•• tot•

ocu 07. A '11.g awWA ucl HOU 1 debate eane4 1a

~ • ~ f.ag Nl.f ~ bi edaoyt- t

• • to the pro 1•• Ia the 111.48' tall this o

rp n..ahff ( a be21 to~ ·elli.a toa CJ.~) Pl"C:tl:te11>:1J p •trat.e

to the er of the \t.er who Jle eu •

Seddon•• pl'O'JDOIJOJ. and tor the a.ext

tw nty year 1ittle cli tloa wu

Oo•er et to alter t aituat!o. Jl'&Uiag ft• 1909 .lll

1a tlle •or of Sir J b •• Pl"OJ)Oa 1

to

I .T.

' . 1 •

• 11 . ,,,

(Taumaruam.) favoured local option as the nuabers of Europeans

in certaiza King Country areas were increas:J.ng. 17•

How effective was the no-licence ban? When it was drawn

up it appeared •water tight', but it perhaps suffered from a

certain lack of vision. In 1887 there were few Europeans in

the 'Upper Wanganui L:lcens1.ng Are~ , but with the purchase of

the Waimarino Block, and the development of the road between

Karioi and Pipiriki, the situation began to change. The

Magistrates• Courts after 1887 bereasingly became jammed with

liquor offenders--in the Waimarino at least, the ban was tending

to prove farcical. Liquor was readily sold to members of both

races. When Seddon travelled throughout the Native di.stricts

in 1894 he met with repeated requests from the Maoris for a hotel.

A reporter wrote of one chief, Hiraka, from Moawhango:

Hiraka said that he did not wi.sh the Premier to depart with the idea that they wanted a hotel established in the di.strict in order that they might get drunk. It was for quite a different reason. They could not shut their eyes to the fact that grog was imported clandestinely into the district•••• It was not desi.rable that enl shou1d enst in any district but perhaps the 1esa•r evil in this particular case was that it should be uader control. 18.

Two factors seemed to be at work against no-licence; the

Maori loYe for wai:piro and the coataminating influence of a

17. PD, 1909• 148, PP• 1)1.5-1316.

18. AJBR, 1895, G-1, p.5.

,a.

pa•U.elllu Jr1nd ot ~ •ho trawUed thi-oqh the f!a1aariJlo

hoa larioi to P1p!rf.1d.. 'bri.agtaa ld.th Ma U.qGO!" (oftea

adulterated td.U metb.7lated ap:.lrita) which wa.a r.taUe4 to

oato•et-a of IM>th J'tleea. Aa tw tile Hnt factor, Sedcloa

wu ' asaved that .. uly •YRT ncond latJ.•• 1a coacft'lled

eithel' clueetly or iadirectl7 1a d1spelUdag !HPKP'• Yet

tu liquor ball did aet appev t-o ff•ate nc1al t•adoa 1a

the .• 1mar1ao. ud acCON!ng to the Polle• Force COl:mt.saloa,

1-898, ono ' •17 grogger• toad refuge 1a a Maori pa when

being pursued by the JM)llce. 19• To Maori ad Pueba drillltera.

oftea a aource of irritation, tended. to be a4cepted ae o- of

the more un111holescine facts ot lite. Certunly any bteachu O'f.

the Act 414 occur, and although a European eou14 briag liquor

into the v:almriao caution had to 1:ae exerdaed la the n.y it

was brGU3ht 1a nd ill th• manner it •as consuaed. 20•

19. AJBR, 189,. 0-1. pp. 1'6-1371 AJKR. 1898, 8-2, pp. 1'6-1,1. 20. ft• tolloa1ag u a liat of the clllel ofteao•• coll•clN

tree 1anllaffab1- so•ce.o • (a) fo NA1 or •ZJOH or a.» for ..i. ..,. liq•r. (1,) l'o -• or 4-U•u wttht.a tb• ...... liqllR' tat.a4a4

te-...u. <•> to ..a,i,17 Satoztoauag UqMr to-, ao.s.. otlle

tuatw..a..iJ)l)l"pCMIM. (4) To td1 lo aoltt) t.ateaUoa to &apon liqaor aa4 .. -. ..... -.. ,~. (•) t. eton Uq1IOI' tor otu••• (t) 1'e 811.PP~ ~ '° a ..- la tile..,... -~-I a

. «l,pad ..... (s) 19 '-• ll'IIIO• bk the n• er fNe a Rd.1~ 8ta.'1•

wtllda ta VN Id. tluna-1 a al .... o-..4v ltJ' Ille p•ohaea. <•> 1to __,. llqllAI' t.lu'oagll ' .... £Mla4 ~- -

hat Ol'flce 1111...,_t .... tag a .tat--t aa to Ille aa-... croaattt7 •• .... aaa ...._ ., t11e .. d ........

If it did not create racial tension, sly-grogging did

create tension of another kind. One resident of Raetihi

claimed in an. article:

Many an hone~ drinker who had procured a quantity of liquor through legal channels but who had been indiscreet enough to dispose of it to-0 rapidly, frequently through treating friends, was unable to satisfactorily answer questions asked by- the police and thus sealed his fate. The onus was on the person to prove that he had not di.sposed of it by sales.21 •

The following statement contains a kernel of truth,

Proclaimed Area law differed from the general law, in that an accused person was held to be guilty until such tiffle as he could prove hi mself innocent. 22 •

It certainly did not profit one suddenly to dispose of a

large quantity of liquor unless one could explain its consumption.

As a consequence some of the more familiar sights around Raetihi

were the notorious 'k.eg-partiea•. At these parties a limited

number of persons, having acquired a considerable quantity of

liquor, would gather together and drink until all the available

liquor was consumed. JCegs of whisky proved very popular,

especially with local sports bodies and other social groups.

Yet tension grew thro gh mt.certainty; uncertainty created

eondittons ot abundance followed by shortage or 'ri.ce versa. ----Sometiaea -baraasmea:t aroe•• It was ousto.aary for a

European farmer. when shearing was finished for a seaaoll., to

21.

22.

angaaul Chroaiole, 15 .ngut. 19,9. Ar\iole b7 Toa s}io11t. Tiils · acco11nt llas been verif.ied by heol"llal discussions with residents •ho lived ill the a1.aar1no when it wu a 'drJ'' area.

ibid. -

i.o.

OHO a fftaia q to be

e ttea, t • halt or the ah ing ~ •a• le 1 ly th.,. were not allowed

test1Y1t1 • JA

aa4 the li.q ,, t • t

. thodiet th

ccmata tl7

OOBfl.YialJ.t.1" ho allp 1ty th 1r tic .. t•tlle

C try a op))Ol'tuaity whi • not op t t • 1 the

rut ot the eo tq. Liq r • gled out by formlat gro p

eaotl7 1d.enUf'1abl• • sSa • geae Uy., p

queaU oft

' le

! t aelt

'

• •

t •

bly caua• 1t • ••

le rob.lee.

,.2,. John

at a

prohibition were not carried in the next general licensing

poll, a local vote should be taken in the JC1ng Country to

decide the future of no-licence.25• At the same tille a

conference of King Country Borough Councils resolved to urge

upon the Government the desirability of its granting local

option.26 •

This reco11J11endation was all that was needed to bring

about what was probably the moat stormy controversy in the

M s tory of JCing Country no-licensing. Nevertheless the • ~orm •

in the King Country must be placed in the context of the

national scene. The period of the First World War exacerbated

many of the religious and semi-religious tensions in New

Zea1and society.2 7• During the war and afterwards the

prohibition movement increased its propaganda against liquor

with some fanaticisms and in the national. poll of 1919 the

majority for prohibition was reversed only by the soldiers

votes. Thus in 1923, with the thought the 'sacred pledge•

of the ling Country was in danger of being treated as a •scrap

of paper' it is no wonder that there was a coaa1.derable outcry

fro• the reformers. In July, 1923, a depuatton waited oa the

25. AJD, 1922, I-1~, olaue 5. 26. B.W. JU.l.aer, Liquor Lawa in the lly Coatrz (Wellington,

1946), p.31. '2!/. See, for 1.utance, P.S. O'Connor, ~Sectariaa Coafiiet 1.a

••• Zealaaa•, Pollt1.cal s9m,, Ill ••'ber 1 (J11q 1967), PP• 3-16, B11 Moor••, •Ke g1aa ot the Proteataat Polltt.cal Aaeociation•, uapubli.shed M.A. thesis, University of Auckland, 1966.

Priae rt..iai.atel",. ~illiaa Keaaey. A petS.t1on. waa praoente4 b,­

• • Stentoa ( Cbaiftan ot the Ta.WftaJ'Uu:l Co t7 C-o,meU),

R. B.a!Tis (Mayor cf Ra•t1M.) aad the Re•.zaell4 ! . Demd& of

Te l:uitt. fte dep11tatio11 u~s 1.atroduood 'b7 Frank Lanptoao,•

Meml>er ot ParU.ameat for \;aJ.mH."ino• 28• The d•1)11lat1oa arg,Mul

that the ' Pact• ocnal.4 reaaia la toroe. OD the aat!oaal

GCae tM IN ?Aaland AllSaace publiahri • apedal booklet ,

1a •hleb Artlele twent7 two ot the Covenant of the League :,f

ttetioml was cited to give tull •to:::-co• to tlNth- lU"'gumeat. 29•

c~t t1.ng of the tiret eod of the ~.aia T':nmk R&ilwa.J' I

ta this diaouaaioll [ot 1885) .. d by queaH.ou put to ae ~ aha1nd, tile 1'a ti .-e.n wiohed to know if the Govuim-ent wcul.d oontiaue the pre-••t1oa ot alcohol bd.Dg brought lnto the Robe Poth Di.etr1ct ••• tiler• waa a ba~gain made between the Maoris aad th• Go•eraaon.t that thio dietriot weo to be upt free tro111 the aale or apirituou liquor• ....

Be COJlCl.decla

Ancl 1t.hat n.11 be thought of a if the fllt'U'e hietorlaa of Se• Zeal•a4 ha• to l'HOrd that n llll'de a ao1-a paet [&le] wS.t.h tile BaU.•u~ ... that .. aft•~ repu4i&t.«l lt?,c,.

w.a. Mla••• Yr,,S Lfft, P•Yl•

DeaJ)tt• Ml t t t. • et • .ii,. •d.lJt.ecl. Stout•a esttae

aoa1.lab1e e thori.t.7 • 1 \ waa

aecepted 1>7 p.el. tl7 • the Koclt.ly COJJdttee

I' . ftd tb. otf111n,:u,a~ re,cor!mltn the st. pa sed •er.

Curl.ousl7• ho dee lte t e fact. that ae •Pact • est.ate4,

· a.t.marillo ~ • •4ry• are .., erba s la the fl.reit yeara

th• .,.."",__uoa vftd u addrable purpose in. ke g the ulk

of the liqaor tnde h'OII the 1111ac:~, 1'b eat the out.aft, t

proclnaa't!.. •eru ! t-.t and •~t t huaautari.an. To the

eu. the, eya'boUeed nrol rea1>Cma1~111t7 ha that d

been ton by war, waa ra)d.dl.J 4ecl.la1ng 1a B\UHMt.l.'Se d 'tfa6

thought to h dy t. To the on ehiefs the procl.aaatiou

&JU oli ed a onri.ctioa that it• a ti'Mt etrf'il"Ollllfmt Mell•

invol•ed 1a the hi iafnnt aonaUty rate, and th t al l

derablo loll. It e felt that li the

iatellig nt of tMir raoe f.. to foole. At the ~ ti11•• tlle

etr• 11 of tbe proh1bttioJlia tioas aot be i red,

for tbeae c riecl · • 11 • • 1 aft.er 1t e.e«~IU to

opent• at all effect ftly. T.t 1.D • tlul -~~-· !.t.

• . t.7 Tffl'!Nn, •• ,. he aj ,,. or mu•~• • d-.i1"11'1in

,a

i

t

IIMCW•IA ao-,U. .4 • ff• !.••ta ..

aoi!!'al.. la

8.8 it 001rl"'41taJ)1N1CleG d

of , • aillar'1ao County (and ettll u)

iD t • ot orl.

lmown u the Ohot 1oclt• coutitute the largest

o~ orl l.aad 1a New Zealand to 'be vested In th•

rda. e netbg of t is 1an4 vras f'adUtatd bJ the 1900

Lande AdJaill!etrat~ Act.

-n rly 1n 1898 S 4oa clistribut d a Bill proftdhg tor

rda to manage ori. lands. The otinting t ctor behind

th1e B.ill 1ras tbe reco t.1on that th• Ma.ol-1 cou.ld not fo!"ffU

lin ott lde 1y capital a&flet. It waa feN' that ti tely

S.I 1 d aal.oa ve not prollbit-ed •a large laaclle • 7 of

tt • •

1900 t

2.

up to beow a hmt'd&1!1l oa tile tal•• 2•

rid• t r , • uM1U1dl1eat o-t ela

la which tlle Co11DOU •• situated. n.ee Couaclle ls.act po9ff8

which up to tha• time had 'boo enrct1.Nd aolely by tbe tfaU ve

Laad Court. 'f'h• n.w C~acila could iapoee nstrictiou oa the

lea.S.ng ad nale ot land. tan4 aU.eaatloa ,ma not to be

appro-Yed 1mleea the coucil wae eatiafied that tu Naorta

comed had •uttici.eat other laad. tor their adaten•an.

Leadtlg of laa4 wast YOtaNcl• but tbe Testiag ot land 1a the

Couac11a wee to be YOl•tar,. ' •

H'io:r to the .Adm1•1 etrats.on Act ot 1900• aost ot tile J.ars­

'bloeka of lnd ta the upper ,ang,antd dietr.lot colll..cl not t.. loued

or dealt with 1D any way by print• ,,eraou, sale• COllld only be

made to the crown. The opportuait7 afforded b7 the 1900 Act. of

l•aa1.ag throqfl the Council waa eagerly a.1.zed 11].)0a b7 the local

:-...s... Bet••n '1le years 1900 and 190:,, appl"OXlllOtel.y 100, 000

acres wre ves,ed 1a the Council by de•d.s of truat, executed by ,. a aajoritJ of the onera. • !'Ju.a operation and tho coapletloa

ot the tl tlea 1a the Coaeil• occapied a period up to 190,. !he

01,otu a1.ocJc.. coadatiaa of 62,44-fl av .. , ••• offered to the publ.S.o

..... ' • A pocl ckgr.0-4 to Naod. Affaln 4Via tile LS.-.Nl aa

M7 N toad i.a R. J . RlrUat ' Jtaod. Utatre• t aa• .J. A. Vi)U••, • rt d•~ aa4 U.at 1891-1909•, arpullah.. . D. thena. UdYenrltT ol 1 .... 1 • • 196,. a. latter Nl'k llaa ne•U:r INI• ,-uata .... f!Mt.&H 0 1 Si1• It.! lf!lH! Diede ([lackJ•dl , 1969).

~. AJl'R• 190'1, 1A, p. 11.

la tile ad.males ot the Aotea District Maori Laad Council) nre

that other Crowa landa were more attzacti•e1 that the terms

ot lease (twent7 one y&Us) we-re too ahort1 aad that there

was a lack of roading in the area. 5• It waa theretor• proposed

that the tenants should be entitled to receiTe the valae of

the permaaant iapnvementa at the •nd of a a.coa4 period ot

tweat7 one yea.re whe;n the lease expired. Pez,petual right of

renewa1 was also euggeste4. In 1904 wb.en diacuestons were taJdng

place pri!l!a1nary to the ms.Jdn6 of t he second otter of 1aaC for

leuhg, the European members of the Council Ud their best to

gain the approftl. ot the Maori m~bers tor a perpetual leas.,

but 811Cceeded only 1a o'btailling agreement oYer compensation tor

permanent impro•emeota at the end of the aeoond period ot l•aae•

Bet11een 1904 and 1901 practically all of the land in the

Ohotu Block was taken up under lease from the Aotea Maor~ Land

Couadl or its euceeaaor the Aotea Maori Land Boarll. the latter

han.ng take o•er the fuactloaa ot the Couac11 aft•r the ' Maori

Laad Settleaeat Act • ot 1905. 6• At-ter the t1J'st period of lea.a•

{twuty oae 7eara) tiler• was a right o~ reanal ,~ a hrther

tfflltJ oae JUl"8• Reatal to, tu ftnt ten na fixed by tead••

oat tor th• HCoa4 pezio4 ... to i.. fi•• pa c•t •~ a Yal•t!.oa

' • AJD.t 1951, G-5• p.20 (M,JU'e ce..s.eaoa}. , . ·n. Aotn Haen Lan d BOU'4 ie !le.re&tter ~•feJTed lo .. tu

Laa4Boal"CI.

,.,.

canted 01lt •~r tbe t..r•m ol the ori.gi.aal lea ... 7 •

Diaaatisfact~oo ia tk• 1111,1.a1 stegea were felt by the Maori

Olfll&ra• •• the s tout - llgata COmm1 ee:loa 41.ac:oYered ia 1907. fte

Maona held •ab-ong opinions• aa to th1a eyotem ot laacl

a4Jli.ni.sti-at.1oa. 'they compile4 a •at.roq• oaM agaiaat the Laad

Doan b7 taatitlatlng compari one with lease• thq theesel•••

bad negotiated or ftr• n.egi»tiatiag dllc. section Ids.tees ot the

1905 Aot came i.ato operatf.OD.. ~,, aecti.otl allowed the general

remonl of roetl"ict~oas to .-.able leaai.Dg by direct negoU.otio .

dth the Maori owure, and wae aftiled cm at once by aaoy Maori.a

in the area.

Briet'ly, •they [the locol Maoris] d14 not faYOV u7 eyatea

of leaat.ng wbic:b 41Yeat.e4 them of the fee-rimple of their laad.B•.

'they bolle-.ed th• eygte• iaaui;wated by the 1900 ~et wa& espeui.••I

and thoagb good ronta1a might be obta,..ned, t.he d.edact1oas for the

cos~a of srul"'Y~ roa<liag and adm1Jd.stro.t1.oa would aore tbma

covater ba.lance •Q adYaatage that lead.Dg by teader thro,ap the

Laad Board ad.ght ban oTer l.eaeias by di.root negot1at1oae with the

.Part• ot the Ollol• Bloek ••n o1.ted b7 llaol't.a aa aa

euap,l•• !ta• J.aa4 !Gard, attu aJ1 eati.lllalecl ezpeadi.tve of £8,000

to e10,ooo :for H&Uq ud a-.n.e,Sa-r, bad not e11Yer•4 -, nate

fl'OII the laad 1Meed 1>7 t.t. .,___ • aaaea, tbe Naon.• prinle

1Hau •a. a hcl bJ uJ'~ tJMt nate .. .,. aftil&bl• trltllftl

~ 4eclaetlou n-eept tor 1aD4 ,-.8•

Yet s., would also appeu• that tnactom to 4-1 d\h laat l>J

aq of pn.ftte i. ... poaeeeaed at. lae glitter. la their paeral

l"•port OD the Wanpald. Ngioa the St'*' - lip.ta eo.Jealoa seat

to COIUdcl•nble 1eDgtll to expose the wnaal, pno.ed.Ve 1a

nepH.atiag a p.rt.._t• lttaa.a

s.coe tile aadatance of• promS.aat owaar ta tile block, a UD ot f.afl1&0noe, wbo, aa apat, take• \he prdiwtury agreemnt l'01IDd &Ad obtain.a Gi.gaatV"•a tbeNto. Bis •npeHa• a.re pud by the iateadtag i. .... , nlle moaey ,..,,... to the ownen • slgnlq tbe agr ... ont. fth kcom.s a proposal to l•••~ which 1s thea brngbt before tbe Board to, apprcwal of the t_... of roata1, ancl on appJ"Ottl (pl"Ofl.a1oaal oal.7) the formal lease 18 enca~ 'before the ...i. •fttci.al ritaeeae~terprot •r• aa4 J . Po. 'rber• ~a nothing to prevent •DJ' other part7 teklng th• eame course 1a regnrd tc • bloclr. al.rea47 Gnd•at aegot1.at1oa. and ob\atldas the eignaturea ol the OWDff o~ o•vra •bo had • lready si.gned other agreementa. ftarorett.call7 there Ny be competltioo~ pnotieally there ie aoae. The f'irat man to aecure the aaeietaace of the le ding btlueatlal own.era to carry tbo deal through, geaerall.J' gatu a clear t1d4 unt.il he o'btaua t.be id.gna\ve• of all rilll to 1eaae.

CoapeUtloa as lath• cue of Ul• Koift Block (N. i!t . almariao)

1>roth1oed •lllcwud eoaplieaUona. Soae Oll!Hra aiped two leaeea

to 4:Ltfaeat pant.a. otben war• a.tag ta4ac.S t. ~eaotlloe

eul!.ff ne• ia ta.oar ot .... parU.... la tile coatwd.oll pl'Odw,ed

117 '-'d.a riftl.17 iiJa?~ w1Wte14 appl'Oftl •U.1 a hU Saqllll7

wa •de• .&a ._. of ta. cl..U..p wv• •-au& eltl)lt- ...u.. pn'tf.o•S,,, ,._ iatftUq lNNN •r• 0d of p,e • ' t-o •

....... n. ... ,., .

a. uu. 1907.

, . St&i•• ~.1-.. ' .,1-1.1..

ReTert».1 .. a , deapit• the Stout • Ngata Co1Z1miaeioa•a report

that printe ngotiations tor leaaea might. aot be as (or evea more) L;c;nd

profitable thrul land leued through thel :Boarie, the Wa111iar1tao

Maorts believed that the Land Boards .. re less profitable tor

them. Theretoro th~y opted t or a system wbi.ch eeee-4 tc produce

quicker, more :llldt'W'i-clual, core pl'"Of'itabl.e rewl.ta.

L;:;n"' It the Maori OWAero ••r• to show disc.ontent With tba/ Boarcl in

ita earlier phasea, the i.useea ther:,oelvos were to e%J>•riace

truatrauon. But the tl"U8tratlon was, bits initial etag.-s, not

racial. It ia worth lo&king at settler d~8conteAt in detail to

make the point that tbe lessees auttered t rom ditt1oul.t1ee eoaaon

to (or cot untypical ot) general ditticulties of lesnea 1G under­

do•eloped N..- 7Aaland uea11. There is no ewid.eace that thet

be a Maori. •

.Alt•r amould•r:l.ag tor ee••ral years-. tiacoatent broke o-ut ia

the ld4clle ot 1911 la the ton of a .. ttlera• petltln to tile

••mat NC11Mettas the rtght of Iba h-~ to •ootaia

aeoUou of tlte

iaYOl9e4 la the peUt1oa. fti,eJJ ... ~-.1,.. fCTH to tlae

Goftnaee.t fo:r lll411U'1•10• At the NM U.. 1'-0 Maori pet..1tJ.oaeff

10. tro»oweu. •a..•Ol7 ot Uld. ' ,.. ,,-,,, u , 1911. I•J• p.1,­loOONiq to the 1905 :,al CWleai.oa oa lAat1 ~ ....... ~ N-ttiera i.a the ~o had '•aldec,ai, nao1•e4 ta faftW of the optioa of ti. O:..hol4 lf.ftll to Cl'ftll t-•• •••• • J.attply IHtoaw ot the dUllo1tlt7 ta obtaiad•1 ttmo.e to 4nelop a 1• .... hl.4 ,ro»ffl7• 110 ~t.n.o retnac• - -4• to ~ 1-4,. A.n&. 1,05• c-lf • p. 118o.

prayed that the CVOJMNUUI INt not pTea the rj.gb.t to pvouee th•

Chota 'Block. 11•

A parlt. .... tary comr:dttee wae set •P• and laqutrtes bepe.

c.tt. Paber,oa and c.i.. Dui.pn ga"Ye "'1.clcmee on behalf of tile

Ohoh lea ..... 12• Poor road.iag sae -. ptevance. The .. ,tlen

ha.4 beea torcri to Nt.ae loano 1a OPder '° Jll'od4e tbemael••

road acoeaa-. As PcMrtoa na\edt

fllq wt.11 haft to pay oft \he• loau9 aad at the ad or Z1 7ear•• there td.11 be • reftl.m.U.oa. ftq wlll baYe lacree.Md *Ill ftl.• et tu lad by ralaiag UMtee loau and maJdng roada. ftley nil aot oal.7 ha" to p,q oft tho 1oaaa• 1-ut they rill ha•• to pay aa iaereaaecl rental ta comu1u1unc• of makJ.ag the roadtl •••• 13•

'1'h& o~ Road (a.. map tollowlag pas• t:;7) mnlag through the

Blook •ae cited ae an exar.rple. The eettlora had thoJZeelY&e ra1ee4

a loan to p.ve acceea and the Land Board protd.sed a aul>eidy of

£,009 which wo.a later rofue-4 whea it na diaoo•er•4 thal the :.300

was not to be ue•d tor aetalll.ag purpoaea .. It appd.Nd to tile

settle.re that a eaa was eot edf.Ued to enythiag ae aa ilaproTement

at the ead ot th• i. .... aai.u t.t waa actually Oil the 1a1ld •ith1a

h.18 own boun4u'i-. T. ii . F1aher (Preaident ot tile Ao\ea Maori

I.aD4 8oar4) !wt eldMd la 190"1, nfon ttt. stnt • Bgau Coald.a8'.ollt

lha' there WU q ~ · tbat SQ dpnee 0TH' £8•000 fo,

nne,1.ltg ad l'Oa41q wo1l14 la4' bona lay llle CJoftnlteBt .. tu

1'0&4lq -4 •tti..at of out• 1lOll14 ...._,~t .. S0111'Jllq 1aa4a ...a

11. AJD1 1911. 1-,. iu12- pu:ltioa 111.

12. AJD. 1'11. i-» ...... . 1J. w.t•• ,.a.

, ...

by the 111l• 1ft. 1101HtYH'f ~- t e ftaa1 aaalytd_e thi t ·llllt:Q.8~•

C&1Y to thing. It atr1Dea~ that the nttlera •ere oldiag a

fal.u iapreuioa at th:e outset. Pembel"toa bl tl,y clalmed t t lt.e

wo 1d t have taken Id. llloclt 4 he ow the dt.f icultiee

iuo1••4•

req ate. l.t they d t t!ud.l' otm roa41 • tbere • a

aarked ditficult7 -i,-,~)li loa on the lea es wM.ob were not

c aeidered a • tie le secvi.t7. • small aacnm·t• bta~aa~l•

troa the Go•• ent Ad-.a s to Settlers• otticea were of little

practi l benefit . ad with out de l . s {t.f obt 1.n.a l.e) a Jdgb r

rate or iater et waa exacted thea with a tr.e- ld eecur:lty. aey

1 vest.ad to, iapro,ra ta WA& not sa~e. because the 1e •• weJte

o.ot oteot tor ill~rov Aa -16~1U expnaecl 1t1

, . 15.

• •

J t

• 2.

., ..

lessees

a right t o compnaati.oa co.U not appl.¥ to the ori.giaal le•••

of twenqo ODe 7••••17•

A uedlan deetrucUon of t1111>er •• also ocOUZTS.q. secttou

o'f th• Oho~,i Block, •apeo1&11y uomt4 etlld. and ObakuM, carri•d

most nl1Hl,1o stands of timber. (Sff alto.-, p. 28. ) Howner, aa

tbeN we-a a elaue 111 t.he l..-aae which compel.led the leaae• to

gift the Laad Board• half N>Jalty, lhe leaaeea tbna•lfte .ould

•cartai.n1.7 aot troubl.e nth t.he bush• 18• s-ew.ral et tu ffttle:NI

had appnAtcbe4 a t1.ltber COepuJ' about the proapecte of 1111-Ung

the bush. ft.e ~ eab~uetly looked illto the utter ad

ropl~ed :I.a a le~ter that the71

could not coe.sS.der the matt•r, if the ruliq OoYH'IP1ent ro,.alt7 ••re charged• u the block 1• so tar fl"OID a na,1oa that the tramd.ag charpe would, whea added'° th• roplt7, be aore \ha •• could parchaae tiabu tor oloee to the U.e. If bonYer, ,he AOtea Maori Land Board were to allow tb:e tlab•r to be sold at a :reduc•d rat•, our~. 1 think, would »r0babl7 agree to bU7 t~e tlal>eP aa4 pwt ln a tru to t;et lt Ollt . 19•

I "'nd fte/ Bovd Ntpli.ed to the settlers that it ' had llO ponl' to gran-t

..,. J:"equn•.20• Again• the nttlera oJat•d that although they •ere

anr• ot the halt roJ&lty olauae whoa th97 took llP tbet .. secUou.

lheJ" "r• not aware that lt ... ooM14end u aa a1118olute ~ b7

t._ t iaber CQlllpUUtl. u.o. acoor4!.ag to a .. , . cattll. ,ta.,..._ at Pu-:U-• ,., Paagltlkatt trollble UOff fNII tu 1u, ,ut tM

11. ,. u.. lll'•natec1 s. 1aa4 , .... ratlaer ,..._,... ... iau .... n• ptrpl.attS• or ... u .. 2'J an .,...._ la AJD, 19'1e, .. , ...... -peel•JJ7 p.2J.

18. .... 1911. I-Ja. .. , . 19. i!S!•• • • , . m. .Im•• .&PJllll'Ua x. p. 1,.

cl.a • u1 aot

by the Clftwrn la tu U.triot 9 'lf!d.ob na

~- that •er• 12•15 ail.• a~

t t • • tb1a le to •

•• y ,. p · t ot n

QKll.'::Llll[lii£ wt ter beca1aae t t da 1, felt t

ttu cutl.atect lf ttte attle.r ha4 t • fne 14.

ttler ••• ~ aa1te aa

aa e c II O\lt oft 4 1eact. n,h • little o tlay aa 911,1 •• •

to Pember t on a ter effort wo d • ,o if the 1.aad " theinl. 22

•

2

h Block wu .Uhi. It ns dec.14" to ton a11

t.ea' •

• t .. , 1. 11 1 •

• 1 11

'

"· le.a•holdere, 11bea d.1.scont.nt 111&Ted :late a aore .SUl'opeaa coate~.

tJte dif'flc111U.a "" translated !1"08 being thoM of a leaaoholder­

to tho.e ot • leaa.hold-er with a Yiaori land.lord• ant altillately to

the 1sa~• ot Evopeans oa the one ban4 an.4 Maorie oath• otber.

fhla attitucle. •• we hA•• seen abo'Y•• wo.a aot that of the eettlerai

but in a broader coat•n• the Ohot.u contro-Yel"IIJ' took on thia second

d.lllMUllUOJ'b

Signiticutl1 the t•o local newspapers ds.d not talte aid.ea in

the d.isp11te, but the queat1oll of the Ohoto leo.aea na taken up by

the two Wag41lld. SMWapa"r• and debat.d in Parliueat. Thi• pa

the era wh .. Jutlge r: .B. Edward.a Toic-ed a ~u.liu'ly E'uropeaa opJ.nloa

lleld b7 many throughout tu Dom1nion that ' • Maori lande-4 aristocracy

wee be1ag ereated in Bew Zealand. 24• fbe l't!!f.1!!!!!: Herald. ran eeveral

Yigor•ue ed1t-0rials apiut the LiNl"el ffativ• lend J)Ollcy, eapeclally

against ca.rroll ' e all.epd policy of tai!Joa whieh wae .supposedl7

41.aaatrous tor the DomJ.m.011. The p~t ot the Maori rcapbg the

benefit of the laduatq of the settlers na •aiaratng •••• If thia

is not c.-eat1ng • Maori landed arietocrao7 •• ahollld lib to knew how

it. CM be accompUshecl', atonMd the etitorial.. 25•

J . 'l' . Bogan• Mal>a ot Parllaaea\ tor l.anpmd.• 41waat lane4 the LAn_d

us•fd.uaa ot tll• twt ioa of th•1uoU'da, apart IHII pre..USag

r••n• for th• aol'!A• the MIione eboul.4 la&we the choice to det•Ndae .Lan..d _

llht hff their lacte •ere ,o h4t ooatlaaall¥ a41datat eNd b7 tw 1IOaN

or to be •4•1-S•t--4 '7 U.ue1•-· CU'tdaJ.7 bf te1t ,tte ae,tlffe

2,.. i!lppl IIFIM• 12 ,. ~ . 1911.

·u . a.I!•

,,.

aboul.4 lte abl.e to acquh• capital. ao.d tut GoTel'Uftt l-ubllc Wona

should contribute mon to the roa4ieg eituaUoa. Members of

• endorsecl bia atatR1eate. Pearce l.ecl a aoathtag attack. ft• Land

oarde wee iJMtt~tiv• becal&ff th• Maorla could not ••ll •fta it

tbe7 waat4'd to. Be objected to th• M-tting up of a ' Nati.Ye

Arl.tJ-tocracy '. ae did not want to torce the ~on.a to a.11 and

prefel'red thea to farm• but he read. a •report• •t• ehcn, that th1e

was 110t beins 4ou' t

Whea tbe block ... first opeaed for s•ttl•ent a DUlll>er of the b•at ucti.oaa ••re, ot the inataace of the llat!.ve Mialeter, leased to Uativea 1a the laudable hope that these RaU,•ea •ould re&14e oa tlld..r seot.iou 8lld lap,ove them. But what happened? So far aa we know, not 4 d.ngle one of the Maori tenante is farmins hia sec~ion in the Ohotu Block tod•J• Some of them wer• actually assisted bJ' loaaa f1"0l'D the Ad.ancea to ~ettle~• Office to improve their hold.iaga• but the money [or aoae of it) W4o Gpent ia other ways, aad the sections •er• first allowed to become eanctuariea tor rabbits aa<l llOXloua -48, an4 When the atteatioa of the Gonnmon.t Inapectoi-a l:Mtoaate too pressing the NaU•o• soJ.4 o•t to Europeaae at a handaoae gc,ochd.119 which t he7 forUt• ritb equan4U'ed la ,1ie wnaal m.;:,nnerr2,.

a.- autho.reJ.p ot this •report• 1.s akno-n. 21• Littl.• auatanc.

cube ereclited it• Aeaplte lte admlt.tedlJ' pernaal" style• Ja fact

the Obot• coatl'OTO~ arri.Yed at a,._.._ aU Id.Ilda of agitatS.oa

'l'/.

ud tatlated claiae •er. king -4• agcd.aet NaOl"1 J.aadlord:l.a

g•.rolly• The eolQt:ioaa pNpoaecl were like .uch of the agl~a-tioa

Ohotu Bloc'.k. !he petltloaen P.-mbertoa eel IW.pa Md tbo1agtlt lt

-,1114 be 4tqdtable U tlw laa4 •en boaght bJ' the GoYeraaeat 8Ad

the --·~ iaftated tar th• Maori.81 al.thoup th•Y all apeed tha~

the conaeat of the Raori owaera was nec•88U'J• 1logaa. the 11e1tkr foa­

flaapnu:l J.Daiated that the Maori.a IIUIJt d.•• eoueat. or otllent. ..

el1Ch leglstat.1.on shoul.4 apply to Eta>opeaa lo.ndlorda too. 28• Da.t the

less p•raoul tlut qveation was, tu aon '91.gorou ltec_. th•

•eolutioea• . Pearce a.ad Gu.thr1• wruited compulain l•glelat1os. To

them ao lajustlc• wculd be do:ae o.s the settlers wwe all pr•pared

to si•• nat wu a tau price tor the land, whilst the flamboyant

editor er the nsrald euugly entrenched ~n hie off~c•, •could see

no reaaoa w~ the c-oaceaa:loa of th-e right to purchase their

holdings ehould be withheU. •29•

Im.tiall7, the, the M.aon owners were dieaat1afled w1t.h the T,c: n r!

not.tq et thetr la4a 1a the ;'.Board. Thla was efl..Ctent •ft•r tbe

1905 Act a11owe4 the to aogotlat• privately dtll their laa4f ao

en.oh tor state patena.U-. '!et ell01ICh 1aa4 _., iJTeYOcaltlJ' vene4 L?nd

ill llillt /Jloaft... aoz. thaa b aiv other 42.atrlo, 1a ... z..ln4, -to

a11ff the ~t to • curiec1 t~ iltlloqh la 1911 tllll

•••••t aooedecl o tbe nciwt tor h4t ~ . u CSG11p111aln

i.ssetatloll waa pa••• U4 no i..t ... •~ ...,...... r.raa

lhe ~ •• C011tft9'Uaf W88 M'MI' r•~• lel.attii17• Ille

28. n., 1911• 1'6. P•?'+9•

29. • . .... IBl!i•t:9 ._t 1911.

Go•enmeat aubaiclt&ed the roacb 8.1t4 tho Maori ownere a,ree4

to a •t•lr ho11eet aa4 just• coapenaation. leadq the Cbotu

Block a 1DOAG1Hnt to Liberal •ntat• patenauam•.

,a.

VIL COlfCLUSlOlf

It aow remain to draw th• thread• ot the t-held.a topthr9

to attupt to ent11'1a.e the et.rude into e Gingle rope. The ,-.are

1880-1911 were crllC1al la tense ot the naUoaal Maori ettutt.oa.

These we.re •post- •ar ' 7eara, and heaJSng of past woun4s .u aot

to be portomed 1>1 a IIU'Acl.e. Sorreuon e-oncludn1

the untortunote •ffect or the •ars, the confit!C4tiona and the aubs•queat thirty 7e-U"a flt land pvcbuee na tbat the {111.aoria hod to stut theiJ" climb to e-quallty fN>m a position ot estreq in!e-riori.t7.1•

Rut 1n t hia thesio ttie danger of such genera.liaations it oppUed

1a an unqual.Ulocl manner baa been illustrated.

B7 deal.lag 1P.lth a m&llr'bn ot at a.rat. ace.reel~ related top1.ca

the coaclwd.oa 1e reached t.hat 1a the i eJ..mriao, Maori and Jlabha

nt"1ned a relllll"kabl• 4eg;r" of social. and ecoaold.c equall'-7•

The local Maoria MfON 188o bad--· Gheltere4 troll ,11e

deftatatlag etfecto of tb -.n. ~~ rneale4 no teadenoiee

befor-e or •ftor the f otnmga St1pJ)l"eus.on Act of 1907. 2• It le

tecpt.iag to .1 .. tbia tac, 1.a the light ol what haa a1Pee.cl7

llte 1n this area.

"·

Chroaol.ogically and actually tbo aoot Saponaat eYent was

t he purchaae et the ~ Block iD 188? . Th• pvehaae eas

not cl1st1ngu1ahe4 by deT.lovs tranoactJ.oaa• rather it 1fU

••lcoaed by both ?"1oori and Europo.u.

Shortly a tterfllrda1 in.to this ae• &rff cam• (a handful at

tirat) the SU.ropeans. Both races lacked 1-ediate prov:lncle l

or t ribal tie• or ideatificotion. Th•y wor ked togethe r tor

their own end.a , but at the same t lae becw.use or t he lack of

tribal e.r prorlncia l tiee1 they co-ope rated 1n labour, rd.:ced

thd.r languapa end adapted t heir domestic techniques. I t wa.e

The Ylability ot tho P.aori econoa,y meant that tho health

and econoaic statue e! the Maori• was on pa!" nth the Earopeana.

?bi• pre-Tented racial pNjad:1.ce troa eYOlri.ag o•t ot claea

pnjudlc•• the local Kaor1e ao'l oal.7 ueep ted the •erroaeou

prbctpl.ea• of illdl...U..lint toa aJl4 nbdlYi,aloa ot 1a4 tt.tl•••

2 . hr • 41acuaai0ll ot Tolmqda ... . T. t.aace, ' ft• Teb­acl tile GoTenaat 1a ,he tw.att.e, ll Ceat.UY•. lrlli•e,aitf of Aw*laad B1•toJ'lca1 ooiet7, Annua l 1968, pp . 12.:38 . ..

Ii nf•race to fii l• ta th .. atll&riao could -fond ia thia utual ..

60.

but utilised the•• which p~evonted economic polarisat~on between

the two rac•a• 'through all this we CGD eee the theu of

~uropeao influence being leee effective wbw it did not correepoad

with the wants and needs of the local Maons.

~. can subeequeatly id.entity discontent 1a tho ~ldaarino ai-ea

mainly after 1900. There wu &ottler diacoatent o•er lan4 tenure,

and there was Maori discontent o•er· t he d.1apoeal ot lands. But

ae ha• been detailed iD the th..sis• and must be emphaalsed bere.

the settlers were not comp1~1ning about ~.oori landlordinf their

troubl•s were common to leaseholders throughout the Dominion.

I n opting for ; ndivi'.'!·..1.,-,1 f'reed011 to deal with their land• the

Maorle were not rcj•cting t he loeal Fakehas9 but were robell.1.ag

a b'1liriet t h& aura of -~d e - patel"Ulism' •

.:;r.t~r. : perha.pe reached its peak outsi.de our period, 1a

the 192o•a, •hen there wu a question o.• to whether the 11.iaiunno

would remain ' dJ"7• and whether solemn ' pledges• to protect the

r--:aoris from alcohol would be l\oaov,ed or diab.onoure4. Yet•• find

theN diaeonteats either had th•ir Deghni.aga or raU.oJl!lt ill

DOll•racia.l probleea, or ••r• fozaed abo•• the local 1•••1 b7 noa­

local cn.tiu 11114 ~H81ll"...pe>t:apa•

It would not b-e true to say that tbei-• .,.. ao antapautS.O

fMUJIS batWffll the raoea i.n the oaalUdty. lt wo11ld h bte to

sa.Jt Offenh•l•o•, that 111 the period beton the Gr•t eear, ho

etrlTlll« aocleti.••• Me.on ud ·11ropean, actt•d priaari.17 f'OI' Nl.f

c unlty tatwe t. aad dJ..d

lict.

h:oat ot •nu d1 tor ••

l.f the cool f4

th relatlonsht a were

rlao teaded to

•

di ton•

dace a

ottea able to be red ed to 1nd1ri.d 1 cin taacea, we :y ••

graphic

chroaol c 1 a.reae ot ort-P eha histo.ry. 1, is tru t t

th n were no Nptae or Buolca 1n the o. Yet for all •• y

r t.a the1r rol.e to ha•• been 1aport . t, even forma.ti•e in other

areaa, ou ta led to question w>Mtth91' ex:le ti.ng s tud1ea

to be qualified by iJlYestigati

1 tli.Y~dual relatiouhipe.

or Uer c um.tie•

not ff

ere re , after 11. other areas (er, rb pe, b · re.a.a)

ll m re

ot o an ttlera. The ld.otory of race re t:1.o iJl the

1187 be aa. • ea.a t

tiM, t lt 8 te 1ike1 t . .,... j t t

• t

t

• •

tcao.ri. population f1guree tor ~:alaarino couaty

tear Ma.le Female Total

1906 359 310 669

1911 316 276 592

NB . The dlvergeace abon bet\'fe9n those two yeare ie p.robabl.7 the re6tll\ of 1.Jaaceurate CeD8118 takillg.

Sovcei

,,.

tear

1906

1911

APP!!Nf>I X B

Acree pt 1ndid4ua1 culti.atloa bJ' Mi!lori• 1n the ~almarino COuDt7

l-'ot a toes otller Sowa Crops Onsaaa

266¾ 187 4,:'61

140i 16? , .409

Maori Stock Returns for the W•i.mariao Coat7

Tear Suep Cattle Plge '

1906 10,6o8 ,.J6, ,.m 1911 19.8.32 ,.o,a 298

COmmoa Culti -ratioa

Nil

Nil

Boraea

-868

Liff er SOURC'iS

N. B. ftla fo1lowi.aa' Uat l• ot work.a cS.uct 1a the tllea..a, not a biblio(P"aphy.

1. ffanaffJ1pt e~•ri.!};

Jounaals •f A. ll. Voelkerllag. 1896-1898. 't!Mtae are• priYate collectloa aow C 1970) la the ban.de of Mr. G . L. A. Vo.lkerlillg, RaeUh1. ~ are-.-t ltOO pages of MSS 1a good coaditloa.

l'Jat1Ye Departmeat Spec$al Flle 619 • ov.1....-i~, 10 Fewuuy 1885. lleld Sa the lfatiOll&l. Archi.vee, t;ell.tagtoa.

ll e Of'M!al Publlff:tioll

!IUMH11l!I '1~~,vmw of~ 0¥!,! Som ff nnr1vatatiYff• 1880-9 • 9 l:i, 1;_., 1 , .,,...,..., .

Stem ot Shf goJ.op.y ot Nn h!!.mv• 1906. 1911.

Hew ZW!N! Gafftte. 1824-1911.

n.. . Zfflapu c,1n,1a1 . Jea.r-P!tli• 189'l.

pew t,aland Parl.1f!nt&z De'batt!• 188'+-1921, 1948.

Stat&f$1ca of th9 Co!9p of Mn zt!la§• 1906-1911 •

.statutos of New i ealCAd. 1881. 1909.

nr. eoet.&or•F.1 P9rio..t1s-a1s a4 !•!!P!Rtts

•PU•• w8 1111 • .,,. 1,08-191,.

bfpJag Pftl• ( •1J18t8toa, dally. ) 1900 •

..... "fflpd rs,,r. (.lucklencl, ac11th~. ) '89s.

Olplfpe De•, < Mk.17•> 1911. 19,a •

• N:!!£1!8 991!Z P.!!!• (BaetthS.. M.--.kly. ) 1911, ,~.

, !:!l!!B& Flft!l•!f• <nu~.> 1881. 1911, 19%. 1959.

!!IPIJl IIS!H• (Dally.) 1887. 1911. 't9),.

n . Othe[ Pu~liahed Coat&mporag ~ttrJ•&

Cyclopedia Compaay I.Ud.ted. cf clopetia of Be• Z•al,4. Six YOluaes, ~,elling oa and Cirietohurc&. 891-1908.

Bn Zealand Alliwe. Th• M•s eoe a prohibited ar2•f our tfatln Lee. ~.. gt.on, 1923.

Nicholls. J .H.x. Tb.• Uy Coutrzbor §!Rlol"aUoas !I .. ,. zeaiana. Loadoa, 1 4.

v. ~eeoadfa hbliebe4 Materilllt

Lange, R. T. 'Th• Tohuaga and the Go•enmeat 1a the helltieth CeAt\11'1 ', Onivere,a ot Aucklud Ri.etor~cal Scciety Annaai'.. 1 , PP• 12- ,S.

IU.laer, H•*• IJ.quor Laws U the 1tia£ Co9trz. -'";ellingtoa, 1946.

O' Connor, P.s. •sectarian COuflict in N•• Zealnad •, rolitical Science, xn, auaber 1 (J\ll.7 196?)• PP• 3-16.

Vl . t)'apubliehed 'lheees

Marti.A, R. J . ' J.a~cts of Maori affair• ia the Liberal Peri.od• , wipubliahed M. A. tbeeia, Victoria Ulli••rsit7, 1956.

McDowtJll, S. G. ~• History or the Dey.elop•ent of naetih1 and the &1U'T01111ding District •• llll1>Ubli.ahed M .. A. thena, Uninrolty of Caaterbury, 19'6.

Y.oores, R. ' The Origiaa ot the r roteot.aat Political A.aaocia tJ.011 • • ua:pu_blish•4 M. A. theeiae UD1Yereit7 ot Aacklaac1• 1966•

Sorreneoa, H. P. I . •&. Pvohaae of ~ri. liaa4e 1865-1892• • uapubllah•d M. A. th•al•• ~ffralt7 of AacJtla4. 19},.

1-U ... , J . A. •lfaerS. &ociet7 aa4 Politicaa 1891•1909'• u ~olishecl Ph. D. th••.i.•• llaf.•fftd.tr ot lacou!JI• 196,. (!hi• work baa r-..Uy ltee• p•l>Ulllled .. PoU &:o• or UL1 en ;,a1aad 11aon, .t•Blu4. 1969. >

67.

n1. 1awnm Ropata. Dm..0•11- Febl"OfU"7 1970 at &kaka Pa. lfot•• fNZD tb.ia

iaterdew ue ta -ay posee•a1oa.

Ohoat, Toa. Juuarr 19'9 ot Pa-etiht. Noto how tht.a i.aterY1e• u• ta ,q po6iaaanon.

'RUIJT( r,

'JJAt-rorA RR

MAP OF WA ~RR l ·.? C.C J.~ J ,

Sc.PI'-..£. L,. M \ LeS to O Ni:::. IN.<...\--\ .