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Radar Basics A Guide on Radar Systems, Automated Plotting and AIS for Marine Professionals Volker Wenzel and Marcus Wöster

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Page 1: Radar Basics€¦ · Radar Basics A Guide on Radar Systems, Automated Plotting and AIS for Marine Professionals Volker Wenzel and Marcus Wöster RadarBasics_STC_Publish 2019-02-20_01.indd

Radar BasicsA Guide on Radar Systems, Automated Plotting and AIS for Marine Professionals

Volker Wenzel andMarcus Wöster

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Page 2: Radar Basics€¦ · Radar Basics A Guide on Radar Systems, Automated Plotting and AIS for Marine Professionals Volker Wenzel and Marcus Wöster RadarBasics_STC_Publish 2019-02-20_01.indd

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Design and typesetting: Johan van den Wijngaard, STC Training & CunsultancyPrinted: GraphyCem

First edition

All rights reserved.

© 2019 STC Publishing, Rotterdam

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint or any other means without written permission from the publisher. The content of this book has been composed with utmost care and effort.

We have attempted to contact and inform each and all titleholders. If you feel that a specific notification of ownership and/or copyright is incorrect or incomplete, please inform us and contact STC Publishing.

ISBN 978-94-92083-27-2

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TABL

E O

F CO

NTE

NTS

Introduction 7

Technical Basics 11 1.1 Radar Working Principle and Radar Radio Waves ...........................................11 1.2 Components of Modern Radar Systems ........................................................21 1.3 From Data to Picture .....................................................................................29 1.4 Radar Targets ................................................................................................33

Setting up the Radar 49 2.1 Basic Settings ...............................................................................................49 2.2 Presentation Mode ........................................................................................54 2.3 Elementary Radar Tools .................................................................................57

Radar Navigation 67 3.1 Positioning ....................................................................................................67 3.2 Parallel Indexing ...........................................................................................73

Radar in Collision Avoidance 77 4.1 Target Information .........................................................................................77 4.2 Manual Radar Plotting ...................................................................................85 4.3 Electronic Plotting Aid / Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) ........................100 4.4 Electronic Plotting Aid Performance Test ......................................................122 4.5 Consideration of Radar Systems in COLREGs ...............................................122

Radar and ARPA Failures 125 5.1 Radar Failures .............................................................................................125 5.2 ARPA Failures ..............................................................................................132

Automatic Identification System (AIS) 137 6.1 AIS Stations and Carriage Requirements ......................................................138 6.2 Working Principles .......................................................................................140 6.3 AIS Radio Equipment ...................................................................................142 6.4 AIS Information Provided by Class A Stations ...............................................144 6.5 AIS Information Provided by Class B Stations ...............................................147

Table of Contents

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TABL

E O

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NTS

Using AIS in Radar 151 7.1 Comparison of AIS and ARPA Information in Radar .......................................151 7.2 AIS Target Presentation in Radar ..................................................................152 7.3 AIS Filter Options .........................................................................................159 7.4 AIS Target Data in Radar ..............................................................................161 7.5 Target Association .......................................................................................164 7.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................165

Search and Rescue with Radar and AIS 167 8.1 Search and Rescue Transponder (SART).......................................................167 8.2 AIS-SART ....................................................................................................169 8.3 AIS Man Overboard (MOB) Devices ..............................................................171 8.4 EPIRB-AIS Devices ......................................................................................172

Information Overlay Option in Radar Systems 175 9.1 Route Overlay ..............................................................................................175 9.2 User Maps ...................................................................................................176 9.3 Chart Overlay ...............................................................................................177

Using Radar and ARPA Information in ECDIS 183

Radar in Integrated Bridge Navigation Systems 189 11.1 Integrated Bridge Systems ...........................................................................189 11.2 Bridge Alert Management ............................................................................192 11.3 Integrated Navigation Systems ....................................................................193

Watchkeeping with Radar 197 12.1 Taking over the Watch .................................................................................197 12.2 Using Radar in Respect to the Prevailing Situation .......................................198

Radar and ARPA Training 205 13.1 STCW ..........................................................................................................205 13.2 International Safety Management Code .......................................................208 13.3 IMO Model Courses .....................................................................................209 13.4 Training Record Book ...................................................................................210 13.5 Manufacturers’ Radar Manuals ....................................................................210

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TABL

E O

F CO

NTE

NTS

Appendix 213 Short Reference List of Modules According to the IMO Model Course 1.07 and

Sections of this Book ...................................................................................213

References 217

Index 225

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HOOFD

STUK

KOP

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INTR

OD

UCTI

ON

Radar is one of the essential components of modern navigation as it provides a picture of the vessel’s surroundings, through independent means, during the day, at night and in nearly all kinds of environmental conditions.

In combination with automatic plotting of echoes, the navigator is able to generate vital information on targets and to evaluate the navigational situation.

In 1886, electromagnetic waves were discovered by the physicist Heinrich Hertz. He recognised that these waves were reflected by metallic objects – an effect which was first used to detect ships and aircraft at the beginning of the 20th century.

When the military realised the strategic advantages of foreseeing the attack of enemy airplanes and ships, great efforts were put into the development and improvement of radar techniques, especially during the Second World War.

After the war, the advances of radionavigation entered the civil market. As early as 1946, delegates from 23 seafaring nations met in London at the first International Meeting on Radio-Aids to Marine Navigation and agreed on the first Performance Standards for “Radio Navigation Radar and Position Fixing Systems for use in Marine Navigation”.

The idea of establishing common standards for the minimum performance of electronic equipment has survived for the last 70 years, leading to quite a comfortable situation; whatever ship’s radar system a navigator uses, he/she knows which minimum functions and performance can be expected and what limitations exist.

Introduction

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INTR

OD

UCTI

ON

However, manufacturers follow different approaches in software design and interfaces, leading to a variety of different systems. Becoming familiar with the system installed on board is therefore elementary for safe navigation and a routine for every navigator.

Given the possibilities modern technologies bring, there is an increasing trend towards the development of extra features, in addition to those required by the performance standards and towards combining different systems with each other in integrated bridges.

The consequence of this is simple: modern radar systems are becoming more complex and greater efforts are required to fully familiarise with the system.

Radar Basics will help you to be a competent radar user and to know about the capabilities and limitations of your everyday radar navigation aid.

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HOOFD

STUK

KOP

01

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RAD

AR W

ORK

ING

PRI

NCI

PLE

AND

RAD

AR R

ADIO

WAV

ES

To understand the potential and limitations of radar systems, it is crucial for the user to know the technical basics. The radar working principle and the fundamentals about radar radio waves are therefore described in full. The functioning of the main components of radar systems is explained and the process of digitalisation and imaging elucidated. An insight is given into detection, size, shape, and the extent of targets.

Marine Radar systems comply with technical standards defined by IMO and IEC: • Revised Performance Standards for Radar Equipment [IMO (2004): Res.

MSC.192(79)];• Shipborne radar - Performance requirements, methods of testing and

required test results [IEC (2013): Standard 62388].

This book will always refer to radar systems in accordance with these standards.

1.1 RADAR WORKING PRINCIPLE AND RADAR RADIO WAVES

1.1.1 Working PrincipleRadar stands for radio detecting and ranging and this is exactly what radar does:

With the help of electromagnetic waves, the distance and relative bearing from the radar antenna to a target is determined. By measuring the time from transmission to the reception of an echo created by an obstruction, the distance to the object can be calculated. If the electromagnetic waves are strongly focused, the relative bearing from antenna to the object can be determined. As the antenna rotates, it is possible to give an all-round

radar

electromagnetic waves

Technical Basics01

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