radar bullet seminar report

8/9/2019 radar bullet seminar report

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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET2014-2015

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in the US. It was

developed by International Research Centre or !eleco""unications-!rans"ission and

R#$#R %IRC!R&. It is used or detectin' land "ines. #nd this discovery inds a very

i"portant prospect as about 1() countries si'ned a treaty in avor o bannin' anti-

personal "ines. !his treaty was si'ned durin' the second wee* o +arch 1))) in

,ttawa Canada.

#nti -personal "ines clai"s seventy new victi"s every day. !his weapon is

particularly cruel on children whose bodies bein' s"aller and closer to the blast. #re

"ore li*ely to sustain serious in ury. !he severe disabilities and psycholo'ical trau"a

that ollow the blast "ean these children will have to be loo*ed a ter or "any year.

# child in ured at the a'e o ten will need about 25 arti icial li"bs durin' their

li e ti"e. !he cost is at (000 a hu'e su" to pay in countries where people earn as little

as /10 a "onth between 1) ) and 1)) 0 the red cross itted over 0 000 a"putees with

arti icial li"bs. #nd the land"ines proble" is still 'rowin'. !here ore considerin' these

actors the discovery o radar bullet is really a bi' boost to our world as we launches

into the 21 t century.

!he countries *nown to have severe land"ine proble"s are # 'hanistan

3osnia Ca"bodia thiopia ietna" Ira6 7uwait 8aos 'ypt ritrea Chevalier

China. Un ortunately India 9a*istan Srilan*a +yan"ar are in the list o less "ine

a ected countries besides other 100 countries.

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CHAPTER 2

LAND MINE!he purpose o a land"ine is to disable i""obili:e or *ill. It is an e;plosive

device activated either by a person or vehicle or by co""and detonated by electric wire

or radio si'nals. +ost land "ines are laid on ust below the sur ace o 'round and are

activated by pressure or trip-wire. Usually "ost o the land"ines will contain "any

"etallic parts which can be "ade use o in their detection.

#nti-personal "ines clai"s 0 new victi"s every day. !his weapon is

particularly cruel on children whose bodies bein' s"aller and closer to the blast are"ore li*ely to sustain serious in ury. !he severe disabilities and psycholo'ical trau"as

that ollow the blast- "eans these children will have to be loo*ed a ter or "any years.


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8and"ines In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tan* %#!& and anti-

personnel %#9& land"ines which re6uire close approach or contact to activate. #! "ines

ran'e ro" about 15 to (5 c" in si:e. !hey are typically buried up to 40c" deep butthey can also be deployed on the sur ace o a road to bloc* a colu"n o "achinery. #9

"ines ran'e ro" about 5 to 15c" in si:e. #! "ines which are desi'ned to i"pede the

pro'ress o destroy vehicles and #9 "ines which are desi'ned to *ill and "ai" people

# child in ured at the a'e o 10 will need about 25 critical li"bs durin' there li e

ti"e. !his cost in (000 $ollars a hu'e su" to pay in countries where people earn as

little as 10 dollar a "onth. . 3etween 1) ) o 1)) the red crores itted over 0 000

#"putees with critical li"bs and the land "ine proble" in still 'rowin'. !here or

considerin' these actors the discovery o radar bullet is really a bi' boost to our world

as we launches to 21 st century.

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CHAPTER 3

PRINCIPLES USED TO DETECT LANDMINES1. +etal detection

2. ;plosive detection

3.1. Metal Detection

ssentially the two "ost co""on co"ponents o land"ines are "etals and

e;plosives. +anu actured "ines have castin' "ade ro" a variety o "aterials

includin' wood "etals 9lastic "etal or other synthetic "aterials. owever so"e "ines are "etal ree on

certain virtually non-"etal. !hese non-"etals challen'e the capacity o current "etal

detectors.

4.2. Explo i!e Detection

!he e;plosives are one co""on in'redient that is ound in all "ines. $etectin'

e;plosives however is a co"plicated process. +ode" airports have e;plosive detecters

which can detect s"all traces o e;plosives in suitcases and other containers. 8ocatin'traces or the order o e;plosives is an open ield de"ands technolo'y that can operate in

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an unli"ited variety o environ"ental conditions that are sub ected to wind water and

soil chan'es and variations.

;plosive detection under ield conditions has recently beco"e the preview o

"ine detection do's. # do'?s nose has proven to be a very sophisticated and reliablesensor however handlin' "aid detection do' tea"s and ensurin' consistent behaviour

in varied ha:ard scenarios is a co"plicated and de"andin' tas*s.


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CHAPTER 4

RADAR "ULLET!he radar bullet is a special type o bullet. !he "ain use o radar bullet is to ind

land"ines without settin' oot on the 'round. !his consists o irin' a special bullet in

to the 'round ro" a helicopter which could pin point buried land "ines.

!he bullet units a radar pulse as it 'rounds to a halt. !his pulse stri*es the "ine

and its i"a'e 'ets available on the co"puter in the helicopter o erin' a sa e and

e icient way o indin' land "ines. 8and"ines In this discussion we deal with buried

anti-tan* %#!& and anti-personnel %#9& land"ines which re6uire close approach or contact to activate. #! "ines ran'e ro" about 15 to (5 c" in si:e. !hey are typically

buried up to 40c" deep but they can also be deployed on the sur ace o a road to bloc*

a colu"n o "achinery. #9 "ines ran'e ro" about 5 to 15c" in si:e. #! "ines which

are desi'ned to i"pede the pro'ress o destroy vehicles and #9 "ines which are

desi'ned to *ill and "ai" people.

Inside the bullet is a "etal cylinder surrounded by a ti'htly wounded coin o

wire. #s the bullet leaves the 'un there is a battery 'eneratin' a "a'netic ield in the

cylinder. 3attery bullet casin'

+etallic cylinder


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CHAPTER #

RADAR PRINCIPLERadar is Radio detection and ran'in'. Radar is a sensor. Radar "a*es use o

radio waves to detect and locate ob ects. !he purpose is to provide esti"ates o certain

characteristics o its surroundin's "ost co""only the presence position and "otion o

aircra ts ships and other vehicles.

Radar operates by trans"ittin' electro "a'netic ener'y into the surroundin's

and detectin' ener'y re lected by ob ect. I a narrow bea" o this ener'y is trans"itted

by the directive antenna the direction ro" which re lections co"e and hence the

bearin' o ob ect "ay be esti"ated. .!he distance to the re lectin' ob ect in esti"ated

by "easurin' the period between the trans"ission o radar pulse and reception o echo.

In radar bullet principle the chan'e o "ediu" by the waves "ust be ta*en into

consideration.


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which will hit the tar'et and re lects bac*. !he sa"e antenna and the ti"e di erence

between the si'nal trans"ission and reception is calculated which will help up to

"easure the distance o the tar'et ro" the radar.

5.1$%n&a'ental

$i( #.1) 3loc* dia'ra" o an ele"entary pulse radar set

3asic radar syste"= !he bloc* dia'ra" o an ele"entary pulsed radar set is

shown in


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ta*en by pulses to return ro" a nor"al ran'e o tar'ets. !hus when such echoes are

received the antenna still points in the ri'ht direction to collect the".

#s soon as the trans"itted pulse ter"inates the duple;er disconnects the

trans"itter ro" the antenna. !he duple;er also reconnects the receiver to the antennaallowin' the returnin' echoes to be correctly processed. !he received pulses are

a"pli ied and de"odulated by the receiver. !he pulses ro" the returnin' echoes %and

noise o course& are then ed to the device on which they are to be displayed as will

be described. !he cycle is co"plete and the set is once a'ain ready or the

trans"ission o the ne;t pulse and the succeedin' ones while the antenna scans alon'

its predeter"ined path

!he radar set is able to show the position o the tar'et because in or"ation

about the a:i"uth %hori:ontal direction& and the elevation %vertical direction& o the

antenna is available. In addition the distance to the tar'et "ay trans"itter output

tubes and the irst sta'e o the receiver is o ten a diode "i;er. !he antenna 'enerally

uses a parabolic re lector o so"e or" as will be "entioned in Sec.

$evelop"ent o radar ro" its inception radar has used a syste" o sendin'

short power ul pulses o radio ener'y and then analy:in' the returned echoes to

deter"ine the position distance and possibly velocity o the tar'et. >owever the

"ethods o doin' so have evolved and beco"e ar "ore re ined and sophisticated as

ti"e has 'one by. !he pri"ary incentive as in so "any other thin's was the i""inence

o war. Radar was "ade possible by a technolo'y which at the ti"e war bro*e out was

ust be'innin' to show pro"ise. !his technolo'y itsel too* 'reat strides orward to

"eet the new challen'es i"posed by war.

!he irst radars wor*ed at "uch lower re6uencies than present syste"s %as lo6

as 0+>: or the ori'inal 3ritish coastal air-warnin' radar because o a lac* o

su iciently power ul trans"ittin' tubes at hi'her re6uencies. !his was chan'ed in 1)40

with the appearance o the cavity "a'netron and the sta'e was then set or the

develop"ent o "odern radar. #s can be appreciated one o the pri"e re6uire"ents o a

radar syste" is that it should have a air de'ree o accuracy in its indication o tar'et

direction. !his is possible only i the antennas used are narrow bea" ones i.e. have

di"ensions o several wavelen'ths. !hat re6uire"ent cannot be ul illed satis actorily

unless the wavelen'ths the"selves are airly short correspondin' to the upper U>< or

"icrowave re6uencies.

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#.2 CALCULATIONS


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CHAPTER +

HARD,ARE DESCRIPTION!he i"pulse radar bullet syste" developed in the International Research

Centre or !eleco""unications-trans"ission and Radar %IRC!R&. I"pulse radar

bullet syste" co"prises I"pulse 'enerator !rans"itter Receiver 9ulse e;tender

#B$ converter 9rocessor and isual display.


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re6uency spectru" o the second one has a 'lobal "a;i"u" there. #s a result

the "a'nitude o the ield radiated by an antenna syste" ed by a "onocycle is

considerably lar'er than the "a'nitude o the ield radiated by the antenna syste"

ed by a "onopoles with the sa"e "a'nitude.

owever land"ines

detection re6uires down-ran'e resolution o the order o several centi"eters which

can be achieved usin' re6uencies above 1F>:. It was ound e;peri"entally that the

0.@ns "onocycle satis ies penetration and resolution re6uire"ents. !his output si'nal

ro" 0.@ns 'enerator is shown in i'ure. !he spectru" o this pulse has a "a;i"u"

at re6uencies where the attenuation losses in the 'round start to increase. So the

spectral content o the "onocycle below this "a;i"u" penetrates deep into the'round and the spectral content above this "a;i"u" provides su icient down-ran'e

resolution.

ANTENNA S STEM

!he antenna syste" is one o the "ost critical parts o radar bullet syste"

because its per or"ance depends stron'ly on the antenna syste". !he antenna syste"

should satis y a nu"ber o de"ands. !he antenna syste" contains trans"itter andreceiver. !he trans"it antenna should=

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• Radiate short ultra-wide band %UG3& pulse with s"all rin'in'.

• Radiate electro "a'netic ener'y within a narrow cone in order to ilter out

undesirable bac* scatterin' ro" surroundin' ob ects.

• 9roduce an opti"al ootprint on the 'round sur ace and below it.

• !he wave or" o the radiated ield on the sur ace and in the 'round should be

the sa"e.

• !he wave or" o the radiated ield in the 'round should not depend on type

o the 'round.

!he receiver antenna should=

• #llow ti"e windowin' to isolate the direct air wave ro" the 'round

re lection.

• 9rovide su icient sensitivity in order to receive very wea* ields.

• Receive the ield in a local pointD e ective aperture should not be lar'er than

1c" 2.

• 3e elevated at least 10c" above the 'round sur ace.

#dditionally a possibility to "easure si"ultaneously bac*scattered ield

in two ortho'onal polari:ations is desirable.

PULSE E/TENDER

9ulse e;tender will a"pli y the 'round re lection si'nal up to the

"a;i"u" level ac6uired by #B$ converter.

A0D CON ERTER

!he trans"itter sends out a series o electro"a'netic pulses then listens

with the receiver connected to hi'h speed sa"pler which in turn eeds #B$

Converter. # dielectric ano"aly in the soil "ay cause the si'nal to be re lected bac*

to a separate receiver antenna. !his in or"ation is converted ro" nanoseconds to

"illiseconds so that it "ay be di'iti:ed by a conventional #B$ converter or

processin' and display. !he center re6uency and band width o the trans"itted pulse

can be varied by chan'in' the antenna and are chosen with respect to the re6uired

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depth o penetration soil type and si:e o the ob ect to be detected. In this

e;peri"ent we used antennas with a center re6uency 1.4F>: and @0E band width.

!he precision o sa"plin' converter is su iciently hi'h to do accurate "easure"ents

o scattered transient ield. !his #B$ converter 12 bit accuracy. !his provides d3linear dyna"ic ran'es. #B$ converter converts the si'nal into di'ital si'nal which

passes to the processor.

PROCESSOR

#B$ converter converts the si'nal into di'ital si'nal which passes to the

processor. 9rocessor ilters the si'nal. !his si'nal shows presence or absence o

surro'ate "ine in the soil. 9rocessor allows passin' the presence o "ine detectin'

si'nal. 9rocessor selects the "ine detectin' si'nal and passes to the visual display.ISUAL DISPLA

isual display helps to see the ran'e o tar'ets. It displays the e;act

position o land"ine. !he advent o the "a'netron also "ade possible the ne;t steps in

the evolution o radar na"ely airborne radar or the detection o sur ace vessels and

then airborne aircra t interception radar. In each o these particularly the or"er ti'ht

bea"s are necessary to prevent the receiver ro" be'in swa"ped by 'round re lections

which would happen i insu icient discri"ination between ad acent tar'ets e;isted.+icrowave radar or antiaircra t ire control was 6uic*ly developed o which

the "ost success ul 'round - based version was the U.S. #r"y s SCR-5@. It was capable

o "easurin' the position o ene"y aircra t to within 0.1 H and the distance or ran'e to

within 25". Such radars were eventually capable o trac*in' tar'ets by loc*in' onto

the" with the aid o servo"echanis"s controllin' the orientation o the antennas. #nti-

sur ace vessel %#S & radars beca"e very co""on and 6uite accurate toward the end o

the war. So aid airborne radar or navi'ation bo"bin' or bo"ber protection electronicnavi'ation syste"s were also developed. Radar counter"easures were instituted

consistin' "ainly o a""in' %trans"ission o con usin' si'nals at ene"y radar& or the

so"ewhat "ore e ective droppin' o alu"inu" oil in strips o about a hal -

wavelen'th to cover approachin' aircra t by producin' alse echoes. !his

cha %#"erican& or window %3ritish& proved very e ective but its use in the war

was considerably delayed. ach side thou'ht that the other did not *now about it and so

it was *ept secretD however it eventually ca"e to be used on a very lar'e scale. ,ne

o the indications o the enor"ous 'rowth in the i"portance o radar in Gorld Gar 11 is

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the increase in the sta o the U.S #r"y?s Radiation 8aboratory. It started with about 40

people in 1)41 and nu"ber "ultiplied ten old by 1)45.

!he advent o the "a'netron also "ade possible the ne;t steps in the evolution

o radar na"ely airborne radar or the detection o sur ace vessels and then airborneaircra t interception radar. In each o these particularly the or"er ti'ht bea"s are

necessary to prevent the receiver ro" be'in swa"ped by 'round re lections which

would happen i insu icient discri"ination between ad acent tar'ets e;isted.

+icrowave radar or antiaircra t ire control was 6uic*ly developed o which the "ost

success ul 'round - based version was the U.S. #r"y s SCR-5@. It was capable o

"easurin' the position o ene"y aircra t to within 0.1 H and the distance or ran'e to

within 25". Such radars were eventually capable o trac*in' tar'ets by loc*in' onto

the" with the aid o servo"echanis"s controllin' the orientation o the antennas. #nti-

sur ace vessel %#S & radars beca"e very co""on and 6uite accurate toward the end o

the war. So aid airborne radar or navi'ation bo"bin' or bo"ber protection electronic

navi'ation syste"s were also developed. Radar counter"easures were instituted

consistin' "ainly o a""in' %trans"ission o con usin' si'nals at ene"y radar& or the

so"ewhat "ore e ective droppin' o alu"inu" oil in strips o about a hal -

wavelen'th to cover approachin' aircra t by producin' alse echoes. !his

cha %#"erican& or window %3ritish& proved very e ective but its use in the war

was considerably delayed. ach side thou'ht that the other did not *now about it and so

it was *ept secretD however it eventually ca"e to be used on a very lar'e scale. ,ne

o the indications o the enor"ous 'rowth in the i"portance o radar in Gorld Gar 11 is

the increase in the sta o the U.S. #r"y s Radiation 8aboratory. It started with about

40 people in 1)41 and nu"ber "ultiplied ten old by 1)45.

!he radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver havin' the lowest possible noise

i'ure >i'h sensitivity and a bandwidth appropriate or handlin' the pulses involved.

!he receiver video output is usually displayed on a cathode-ray tube indicator in such a

"anner as to show the ti"e di erence between the out'oin' pulses and the returnin'

echoes. !o achieve this result the sweep volta'e o the cathode-ray-tube display is

synchroni:ed with the trans"itted pulses.

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CHAPTER

E/PERIMENTAL SETUP


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CHAPTER

$IELD TESTS# ter the laboratory tests tests where conducted at the #ri:ona desert. Usin' the

sa"e e;peri"ent set up the radar bullet as able to detect (5 c" anti tan* "ines and al

+ara ) anti personal "ines which are a particular proble" in northern Ira6 where the

"ines have been laid by Sadda" >ussein?s orces in their con rontation with the 7urds

.1. AD ANTA-ES

!he li'ht wei'ht syste" can be itted to any helicopter ieD 'un co"puter

controls etc.

;tre"ely s"all bullets can be used or detection # (0 "" bullet 'ives out a 4

*G radar pulse. #l"ost 10 ti"es "ove power than a standard 'round penetratin'

radar ro" 20c" down.

#lso since the bullet is beneath the sur ace o the 'round it trans"its "ore radiowave into the 'round.


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.3. APPLICATIONS

It can be used or detectin' land "ines.

It can be used or detectin' buried pipelines .


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$UTURE PROSPECTS#s the UM has already i"ple"ented a worldwide ban on anti-personal "ines.

!he invention o radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction o "ines.

!en thousands o anti - personal "ines lied buried in the hilly re'ions o

Ca"bodia B north - 7orea B # 'hanistan etc. #nd accordin' to UM it would ta*e"ore than 100 years to detect and destroy these i wor*ed out "anually. +ine

clearance or de"inin' is nor"ally bro*en into three sta'es. $etection Re"oval and

$isposal. Current detection "ethods ran'e ro" hi'h tech electronic N'round

penetratin' radar in rared "a'netic resonance i"a'in'O to biolo'ical detection sche"es

%do' snu ers and insect or bacteria & to si"ple brute orces detection "ethods %Rails

Rollers and plows& and use o hand-held "echanical plodders .+ost o these "ethods

are very slow andBor e;pensive and su er ro" a hi'h alse alar" rate. So withhelicopter and radar bullet the "ines can be cleared easily.

+ass 'raveyards which result ro" internal civil wars as in Co"bodia 7osoro

and in sa"e # rican nations can be detected usin' radar bullets.

!his can be applied is uture space travels when we 'o to a di erent planet in

that case we can shoot this bullet in to the 'round and detect "ineral deposits and other

deposits.

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CONCLUSION+ines are "a or cause o concern in "any countries. $etection and re"oval o

"ines is very i"portant as it is ha:ardous to both "an and ani"als ali*e.

!he conventional "ethods that are bein' used ri'ht now or "ine detection

involves wor*in' in close pro;i"ity or the "ines. So overall "ine detection usin'

radar bullets is a cuttin' ed'e technolo'y that is sa e and e ective.

Gith all its advanta'es it "ay be hoped that "ine detection usin' radar bullets

will be "ore used in detection o "ine there by "a*in' the world sa er place to live in.

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RE$ERENCES

1. S. I! 3S7IP #M$ 8.C#RIM J 8ate Lti"e resonant re6uencies buried bodies

o revolutionK

2. 8.C#RIM R 7#9,,R C. 3# #+. J9olari"atic S#R i"a'in' o buried land

"inesK

(. + RI88 .1. S7,8MI7. !ata +C Frawhill

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radar bullet seminar report

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