radiaon damage observaon in the atlas pixel detector using …seidel/hstd08.pdf · 2012. 6. 16. ·...
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Radia%onDamageObserva%onintheATLASPixelDetectorUsing
theHighVoltageDeliverySystem
SallySeidelUniversityofNewMexico
onbehalfoftheATLASCollabora;on
December6,2011 1HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
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December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan 2
TheLHCATLASdetector
ATLASInnerDetector
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ATLASInnerDetector
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ATLASInnerDetector
OtherATLASIDsubsystemspresenta%onsatthisconference:
• S.Mar%iGarcia,“TrackBasedAlignmentoftheInnerDetectorofATLAS,”poster.• C.CuencaAlmenar,“TriggeringonhadronictaudecaysinATLAS:semiconductortrackingdetectorsinac%on,”poster.• C.DaVia,“3DSlimEdgeSiliconSensors:Processing,Yield,andQAfortheATLASIBLProduc%on,”Dec.5.• R.Klingenberg,“RecentProgressoftheATLASPlanarPixelSensorR&DProject,”Dec.5.• S.Grinstein,“OverviewoftheATLASInsertableB‐Layer(IBL)Project,”Dec6.• I.Rubinskiy,“Irradia%onandBeamTestsQualifica%onforATLASIBLPixelModules,”Dec6.• R.Nagai,“Evalua%onofNoveln‐in‐pPixelSensorsforATLASUpgradewithTestbeam,”poster.• S.DiezCornell,“SiliconStripDetectorsfortheATLASTrackerUpgrade,”Dec.6.• D.Robinson,“ATLASSiliconMicrostripTrackerOpera%onandPerformance,”Dec.7.• C.Lapoire,“Opera%onalExperiencewiththeATLASPixelDetectorattheLHC,”Dec.7.
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ATLASPixelDetector(1)
December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
1442mm
430m
m
BarrellayersEnd‐Capdisklayers
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ATLASPixelDetector(2)
• Pixelsensorconsistsof256±3μmthickn‐on‐nbulk
• Eachsensorhas46080channels• readoutby16FEchipswithzerosuppression• combinedinto1module:6.08x1.64cm2area
• Total:1744nearlyiden%calmodules;1.7m2area
• Requiredsensorradia%ontolerance: 500kGy/10151MeVneqcm‐2
• Averageopera%onalT=‐13oC,withevapora%veC3F8coolingintegratedinthelocalsupportstructures
• Vbias=150V.Notepowersupply(ISEG)has700Vmax.
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Readout:
• DepositedchargeviaToT• MCCbuildsmoduleevent.• Datarateof40‐160MHzdependingonlayer.
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LHCluminositydeliveredsofar:~5.6m‐1
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Radia%onDamageo Dominantradia%ondamage
– Displacementdefectsinthebulk– DuetoNon‐IonizingEnergyLosses(NIEL)– Flowofchargedπ±fromATLASInterac;onPoint
o Increasesthereverseleakagecurrent→increasedpowerconsump%ono Degradeschargecollec%onefficiency→degradehitefficiencyandtrack
resolu%ono Changestheeffec%vedopingconcentra%on→deple%onvoltagewill
increaseo Layer0(innermost)isexpectedtoundergotype‐inversionaqer10m‐1of
integratedluminosity(withop%malannealing).Inversionexpectedinmid2012run.Noinversionyet.
o Par%cleFluence– Φ[cm‐2]=N(neutron,E=1MeV)/1cm2ofdetectorarea– Expected:Φ[cm‐2]~∫Ldt[a‐1]– Theamountoffluenceisthemainfactorcontribu;ngtotheradia;ondamage
o Theleveloftheleakagecurrentrevealstheamountofradia%ondamagesustainedinthedetectorvolume– Stronglydependsonthepar;clefluencethroughthedetectorarea– Temperaturedependent
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Technicalsolu%on:HVPP4(1)o HighVoltagePatchPanel4(HVPP4),connec%vitypoint
distribu%ngHVintotheATLASPixelDetector– Fanin/outpointbetweentheHVpowersupplyandcablescarryingthe
HVto/fromdetectorandotherpatchpanels– Loca%on:racksinUS(A)15ATLASDetectorcaverns– HighVoltage(HV)servicebiasesthesiliconpixelsensorsattheheart
ofPixelDetector
o PixelsuseISEGPowerSupplychannels:VDC≤700V,I≤4mA– DistributesHVwithmodularity1HVPowerSupply(ISEG)channelto
6/7pixelmodules– Modularitymustbereconfigurableto1ISEGchannelto2/3pixelmodules
oncetheleakagecurrentexceedsISEGspecifica%ons– ThesetoocanmeasureIleak,butonlyingangedgroupsof6/7.
o HVPP4systemprovidesareconfigurablepatchpanelbetweenHVcablescomingfromPixeldetector(PP1)andISEGHVchannels
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Technicalsolu%on:HVPP4(2)
o HVPP4systemincludesCurrentMeasurementBoards(CMB)tomonitortheleakagecurrentforeachindividualpixelsensor
o TheCurrentMeasurementBoardmustmeasureleakagecurrentsoverawiderange:0.01μA...1mA:~105range
o Themeasuredcurrentvaluesaredigi%zed,transmitedviaCANbustotheDCSbytheCERN‐developedA/Dconver%ng16‐bitDAQboardELMB.
o PVSSsoqwarereadsoutthedatafromELMBboardsanddownloadsthedatatoPVSS/COOLdatabase(largeDCSstorage).
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Leakagecurrent(1)
• Currentmeasurementsonsomepixelmodulesareusedtomonitorthestatusofsensorsandhencees%matethequalityofATLASPixelDetectordata
• Usecurrentmeasurementdatatoes%matethefluenceΦ[cm‐2]
• VariousotherATLASradia;onmonitoringdevices(pindiodes,RADFETs)installedadjacenttoPixelDetector.
• TheISEGsprovideadirectbutlessprecisecomparison.
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• Everypixelmoduleisequippedwithatemperatureprobe.Thesedataarereadoutintothedetectorcondi%ondatabase.Thecurrentmeasurementdataarescaledtothetemperaturefactors⇒ scalingismadetoTR=(273.15‐10)°K
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Leakagecurrent(2)
December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
N.Molletal,NIMA426,87(1999)
Currentmeasurements:• BasedonthephenomenologydevelopedbyG.LindstromwithM.MollandE.Fretwurst
• Thoseauthorsobservedauniversalbehaviorforsiliconsensors:increaseinleakagecurrentispropor%onaltoaccumulatedfluence.Annealingismodeledas:(nextpage)
Typeinversion
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HamburgModel
(shorttermannealing)
(stabledamage)
(longtermannealing)
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Leakagecurrent(3)
December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
ATLASusesfluencecalcula%onsintheATLASInnerDetectorareamadebytheATLASRadia%onTaskForce,CERN‐ATL‐GEN‐2005‐001Latestupdateinhtp://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=52704
• 1MeVn‐equivalentΦ1MeV‐eq/1000m‐1
• LHCppeventswithPHOJET+FLUKA• TheMCdatafitedforr∈(2,20)cmwith• Uncertain%esofpredic%ons: pp‐generator:≈30% Calcula%onof1MeVn‐eq.using
damagefactors:≈50%Intotal:≈58%
L0L1
L2
• Usetheseparameteriza%ontopredictthefluencesforLayer‐0,1,2
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L0L1
L2
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CurrentMeasurementBoard(1)
December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
o Circuitisacurrent‐frequencyconverter
o Op%callycoupledtoafreq‐voltageconverter.
o 4circuitsperboardmonitorselectedchannelsinthe13‐circuitHVPP4boards.
o 2digitalreadoutrangesperanalogchannel;withdifferentanaloggain
o Isolatedinpairsofchannelsfromeachotherandfromthereadoutsystem
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CurrentMeasurementBoard(2)
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o Rangeofinputcurrentstobemeasured:(0.01μΑ,1mΑ),~105o Outputvoltage:0‐5VDCcompa%blewithELMBdigitalboardo Isola%on:isolatedinpairsofchannelsfromeachotherandfromthereadoutsystemo Frequencyofopera%ngcircuit:
<100KHzo Interface:atachedtoHVPP4TypeIIboard
o TheprecisionofCMBsisabout10%
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CurrentMeasurementBoard(3)• Tworangesare
implementedtoensurethatthelargedynamicrange1x10‐8Ato1x10‐3Aarecovered.
• Calibra%oninputwithaKeithley237inconstantcurrentmode.
• Calibra%onoutputvoltagemeasuredthroughtheELMBwithPVSS
• Theresponseisnicelylinear
• Thetworangesoverlapat10‐6A–10‐5A.
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AllCMBs:• Designed,producedandtestedatUNM• CalibratedatATLASPoint1onthesurface• TheninstalledintwoATLASPitRackareas
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CurrentMeasurementBoard(4)
• CurrentstatusoftheATLASHVPP4system:– Layer0(innermost): 22CMBsinstalled;88L0modulesinstrumented;
– Layer1(middle): 2CMBsinstalled;8L1modulesinstrumented;
– Layer2(outermost): 2CMBsinstalled;8L2modulesinstrumented;
• Hardwareinstalla%ontobecompletedduringWinter11‐12shutdown
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Results(1)
• RawHVleakagecurrentmeasurementswithHVPP4CMBs,highgain/lowrangechannels,Layer0(leq)
• Modules’temperature(right),almostconstant(‐13oC),somefluctua%onsduetocoolingcutsorvariouscalibra%onscans
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Results(2)
• Layer0leakagecurrentspermodulemeasuredwithCMBs.Correc%onstomodules’temperatureareincluded.
• Plotsincludepreliminarycorrec%onforbeaminducedioniza%oncurrent:– Ihit=Nbunches*νLHC*pixelhitoccupancy*chargeperhit.
• Annealingisvisible.• Addi%onalCMBcalibra%onsforeseen:
– DuringthenextLHCTechnicalStopweplantosafelymeasuretheleakagecurrentswithoutbeam.
• ComparisonwithHamburgModelisinprogress.December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan 20
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Results(3):comparisonwithmodel• ComparisonwiththeHamburgModelisavailablefortheISEGdata:
• Predic%onisbasedonluminosityprofileandexpectedfluencebybarrellayerfromPhojet+FLUKAsimula%ons,scaledbythesiliconvolumeandthedamageconstant,αtakenfromNIMA479(2002)548‐544.
• MeasurementsarepreliminarycorrectedforannealingperiodsinSummerwhenthePixelcoolingwasoff.
• SimilarcomparisonforCMB’sindividualmodulesisinprogress.
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Conclusions
• ATLAShasdedicatedhardwaretomonitorradia%ondamageinthePixeldetectorviatheleakagecurrents.Theprecisionis10%.
• Firstsignsofradia%ondamageareseenatthepixellevel,withaleakagecurrentincreaseofabout0.16nAfor1.3m‐1integratedluminosityfortheinnermostlayer(5cmfromthebeam).
• MeasurementswithCurrentMeasurementBoardsandattheoutputofthePowerSuppliesshowanincreaseoftheleakagecurrentinthemodulesofabout2μAfor1.5m‐1.
• Annealingisvisible,andpreliminarycomparisontothemodelisreasonable.
• TheATLASRadia%onDamageWorkingGroupcollaborateswithCMSandLHCbexperiments.ComparisonwiththeHamburgModelisinprogress.
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BACKUP
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PixelLife%meo Bycomparingcurrentwithintegratedluminosity
•FitcurrentIvs∫Ldtwithlinearfunc%on,Iistemperature‐corrected•ThefitcanpredicttheamountofcurrentIthepixelmoduleswilldrawaqeracertain∫LdtcollectedwiththeATLASPixelDetector
o ContrarytoCDFSVXII,theATLASpixelS/Nra%oisNOTanissue:thelowestnoiseleveldeterminedbythesensor'sdesign
o HoweverhighenoughleakagecurrentinATLAS•canleadtoexcessivepowerandthermalrunawaywhichbasicallylimitsthebiasvoltagethatcanbeapplied
o AsingleISEGchannelcansustainthecurrent IISEG≤4000μΑ•Ini%ally6/7modulesperISEGchannel•Max.currentpersensormoduleisIsensor≤570…670μΑ
o Twoperiodsofapixelsensor'slife:Thefirstyears,operatedatfulldeple%on.Theendisdetermined:•cri%calrangeofhighcurrentscausingthermalrunawayandlimi%ngbiasvoltage•orexceedingISEGspecofIISEG≤4000μΑ•orexceedingISEGspeconVbias≤600V
• Lateryearsofopera%oninpar%allydepletedmode.•thesensordrawshighcurrent,s%llwithinthesafetymarginoratthemaximumavailablebiasvoltage•butitspixels'hitefficienciesgraduallydiminishwith∫Ldt(orabsorbedΦ1MeV‐eq)
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ATLASPixelDetector(3)
December6,2011 HSTD‐08,Taipei,Taiwan
Barrelregion
Layernumber
MeanRadius,mm
NumberofModules
NumberofChannels
Ac%veArea,m2
0 50.5 286 13,176,880 0.28
1 88.5 494 22,763,520 0.49
2 122.5 676 31,150,080 0.67
Total 1456 67,092,480 1.45
End‐Capregion
Disknumber
Meanz,mm
NumberofModules
NumberofChannels
Ac%veArea,m2
0 495 48 2,211,840 0.0475
1 580 48 2,211,840 0.0475
2 650 48 2,211,840 0.0475
Total(bothend‐caps) 288 13,271,040 0.28
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