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SIXTH GRADESECOND SEMESTER SCIENCE REVIEW

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH FOUND, IN THE REAL WORLD.

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Force - quality that tends to produce movement or acceleration of a body in the direction of its application; push or a pull; can be measured by the amount of acceleration it can give a mass; has size and direction. (pushing a shopping cart)

Motion - change of position over time. (walking to class)

Balanced Forces - describes forces acting on an object that cancel each other. (sitting on a chair)

Unbalanced Forces - describes forces acting on an object that result in change in position. (the chair falling over when leaning backwards)

Inertia - An object's resistance to a change in motion. More mass, more inertia: the harder it is to change the motion of the object.

Displacement - the moving of something from its place or position.

Velocity - the time-rate at which a body changes its position vector; displacement divided by the time of travel; quantity whose magnitude is expressed in units of distance over time; the speed of an object in a particular direction ( easterly wind at 10 miles per hour)

Speed- amount of distance traveled divided by time taken; the time-rate at which any physical process takes place ( 20 mph school zone)

Acceleration- rate at which speed or direction changes; can be found by dividing the change in speed by the given time, usually expressed in meters per second. (a car taking off from stop sign)

Gravity / Gravitational force - force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. (the force that keeps you on Earth)


Friction - force that resists motion between two objects in contact and that always acts opposite to the direction of motion. (rubbing hands together)

What is happening in the motion graphs below


DEFINE elements and compounds and give two examples of each and write the symbol for them.

elements - pure substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be broken down

into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. (02, H2)

compounds- Substance made up of molecules that contain more than one kind of atom; two or more elements chemically combined; a substance made up of at least two different elements held together by chemical bonds that can only be broken down into elements by chemical processes. (H2O, C6H12O6)

Define and give the properties of each one and give two examples of each.

Metals - element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity, is shiny, has a high melting point, is ductile and malleable and forms positive ions. (Pb, Au, Na)

Nonmetals - element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, has a dull surface, low melting point, is brittle, breaks easily and forms negative ions. (O, Cl, Kr)

Metalloids - elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals, generally are brittle and dull, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. (B, Si, As)

Where are the metals found on the periodic table?All the elements to the left of the stair-stepped line starting at Boron (B), atomic number 5, and going all the way down to Polonium (Po), atomic number 84, can be classified as metals.

Where are the Nonmetals found on the periodic table?Except for the elements that border the stair-stepped line, the elements to the right of the line are classified as nonmetals (along with hydrogen).

Where are the Metalloids found on the periodic table?The elements that border the stair-stepped line are classified as metalloids.What is the speed formula? The amount of distance traveled divided by time taken.


A football field is about 100 m long. If it takes a person 20 seconds to run its length, how fast was the person running? Use the above formula. show all work. d 100md = 100m s=-------- = --------- = 5 m / st = 20 s t 20s

A train travels 480 miles in 8 hours. If it travels a constant speed, how fast is it traveling? Use the above formula. show all work.

d 480 mlsd = 480 mls s=-------- = --------- = 60 mls / st = 8 hrs t 8 s

State Newton’s first three laws of motion and give two examples of each.

1st Law: states that every object will remain at rest or in motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.

2nd Law: The law defines a force is equal to to the change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time

3rd Law: The law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.


What measurement do we use for Force? A force can be a push or a pull. It is not something you can see or touch, but can see it in action. The unit measurement of force is

called the newton.

What is a simple Machine? The simplest form of using one thing to accomplish something faster or better. There are 6 basic simple machines; the lever, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, the wedge, the pulley, and the screw.

Define an incline plane and describe how it makes work easier.A ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle. The inclined plane allows the same work to be done with a smaller force exerted over a greater distance.

Define Pulley and name the three basic types and how it makes work easier. A Pulley is a wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes. It acts to change the direction of a force applied to the cord.

1) fixed pulley - the pulley is attached to a hook or a wall and doesn't move

2) movable pulley - One pulley is attached to the load, and rope or chains connect this

pulley to a fixed pulley.3) compound pulley -sometimes referred to as a block-and-tackle system, is a

mechanical arrangement of pulleys that permits a tradeoff of applied force for distance

Which way does the pulley work best? Pull the load down or parallel to the floor? Why? To pull the load down. Pulling parallel to the floor add the resistance force of friction

Define work and give an example.WOrk is defined as using a force to move an object a distance. Example: a student moves his chair.

Two crates, one heavy and one light, are at rest on a waxed floor. Which crate will need a greater force to provide the same acceleration? Use the concept of inertia to explain your answer.

You sit on a rock. Your weight is a force acting on the rock. What force acts on you?


What is the above force called? What law of motion is it?

Define the following:Energy: capacity for work; a source of usable power.

Density: mass per unit volume, or how much mass is contained in a given volume of an

object; number of individuals in the same species that live in a given area.

Potential Energy: energy an object has because of its position, shape or condition; stored energy. PE = (mass) X (gravity) X (height)

Kinetic Energy: energy possessed by a body because of its motion.

KE = (½) X (mass) X ( velocity2 )

Name the seven forms of energy and give two examples of each.

Mechanical Energy : related to the movement of objects or its position in gravity. (roller coaster, go cart)

Sound Energy: relates to the repetitive compression (squeezing) and rarefaction (letting out) of molecules in a substance (solid, liquid, gas). (Voices, whistles)


Chemical Energy: related to the potential energy stored in the bonds between atoms in acompound. (Striking a match, baking soda to form CO2 Gas)

Radiant (Light) Energy: related to the vibrations of an electrical charge or magnetic field thatproduces electromagnetic waves that can travel through a vacuum such as space. (the glowing coils on a toaster, the sun)

Electrical Energy: related to the movement or flow of electrons which carry a charge. (CD players, TVs)

Thermal (Heat) Energy: related to the motion of atoms or molecules in a substance. (fire, stove top)

Nuclear Energy: related to the potential energy stored in bonds between particles in the nucleus of an atom.(Atomic bombs, nuclear power plants)

Define three heat transfers. Define and give an example of each.

The process whereby heat moves from one body or substance to another by radiation, conduction, convection, or a combination of these methods. Heat transfer flows from a body with high energy (higher temperature) to lower energy (lower temperature)

radiation - transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves or rays. (A person placing their cold hands over a warm fire, Lying out in the sun to get a tan)

conduction - the process by which energy is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of physical contact. (A pot sitting on a hot burner, Using a heating blanket to get warm)

convection - transfer of heat energy by the circulation or movement of gases or liquids; the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations.(Macaroni rising and falling in a pot of boiling water, How the inside of a greenhouse works.)

Draw a Bohr model of an atom and label its electron, proton, neutron,and orbit.

shell


Define the terms below on Chemistry.

Atom tiny the smallest unit of a chemical element that can still retain the properties of that element; particle of matter consisting of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons and an electron cloud that contains electrons.

Atomic Number number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; number that identifies the kind of atom; the number determines an element’s placement on the periodic table.

Chemical Symbol shorthand way of representing the elements; usually consists of one or two letters, the first of which is always capitalized, but the second is never capitalized.

Periodic Table of Elements a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.

Chemical Formula a set of chemical symbols showing the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions.

If a block of wood is 3 cm cubed and it has a mass of 27 grams, what is its density? Use the formula above.

Mass (m) - 27 g 27g .= 1 g/cm3

volume (v) = (3 cm)3 27cm3

Density Level of liquids:


What does the high number tell you in the chart?

The liquid has the highest density, and will set at the bottom.

What does the low number tell you in the chart?

The liquid has the lowest density, and will float on top.

Lamp Oil 0.56

Alcohol 0.89

Water 1.00

Milk 1.24

Corn Syrup 1.51

Honey 2.09

Draw Circles in the boxes below to represent the density of matter. High, Medium, Low

State the Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another.


List the six sources of Electrical Power: Give one advantage and disadvantage of each power.

1. Fossil Fuels - (Coal & Oil) advantage: easy access disadvantage: not renewable, pollution

2. Hydroelectric Source advantage: renewable disadvantage: disruption of the environment

3. Solar Energy advantage: renewable, no pollution disadvantage: not available 24 hrs a day

4. Wind Energy advantage: renewable disadvantage: noise & wind not constant

5. Biomass Energy Source advantage: renewable disadvantage: expensive, inefficient

6. Geothermal advantage: renewable disadvantage: not available every where, high cost

Name the Energy Transformations that occur in a Fossil Fuel or Coal Power Station. Hint four energies and draw arrows between them.

Chemical Energy to Heat Energy to Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy

List the Energy Transformations that occur in a Hydroelectric Power Plant Station. Hint four energies and draw arrows between them.


Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy to Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy

Create the Energy transformations that occur in a Nuclear Power Plant Station. Hint four energies and draw an arrow in between them.

Nuclear Energy to Heat Energy to Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy

radiation - alvin independent school district / … · web view- s ubstance made up of molecules...

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