radical america - vol 21 no 5 - 1988 - september october

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 21 No 5 - 1988 - September October

1/76


2/76

Ed iors: Margarel Ceru o, John D m er Rob E as Mar a r en E a lh F a c s Eve ynHammonds Marl n H gg s ad A n Ho der B Hoy s Judy Housma Do na Pen y h a

el rs L gh Peake Ke Sch oss r, Hassa Vak , m W slh mer Deb Wh pp n A nW hor .

Asso a e Ed lors l r B sk d ar Boggs Sh r Broder Frank Brodh ad au Buh eMarg ry Dav es E en Du Bo s Barbara Ehr r h Phy s Ewen Dan G orgakas Ma hewGoodma Ted erman Ma a e ma J ff Go d hor e L nda Gordon, m ree e M ke

rsh A n Hu r oe Int rrant M ke Kaz n n Lawr nc S augh on Lynd Mark Na sonhr s a J m O'Br en Sh a owbo ham James S ark, Ga Su va A nmar Trog r

Mar ha V c us S an We r Da d W dgery and n r Wund r ch

S a K m Wes h m r

Cove : design by Nick ThorkelsoR

Vo . 21, N j Splember- tobe 9 7(Mai d NO\cmb r (988)

RAD CAL AMERICA (USPS 8 J-8BO) is publ shed ve mes a year (b mo hly excep for a s ng e ssue Marh ough June) by the Al e a ve Educa o Projec , nc aJ Summe S eet, Some v l e MA02143; (617)28 585. Copy gh I 988 by Rad cal Amer ca. U au hor zed xerox g or o her republ ca o wi hou he ex

press perm ss o o he jour al s prohib ed Subscrip o ra es:$ I 5 pe yea ;$26 o O years;$ \0 per year orunemployed re ir d or xed i come Free o p so ers Add $] pe yea o all pr ces O o e g s bscrDouble ra es or s u o s a d b a es Bu k a s:40 du on rom cove pr ce or e or mo e copUS d s bu o by Car ie P geon Pr g byNeub g Photography & Prin ing, Hay ork CA . Typ sett ng by G y C mm News Typos a d m s akes by Al ed E Newma SSN 0]] 617.

S d cla s postage pa d a Bosto Mass a add o al pos o ces

P STMASTE : Se d address changes to RAD CA AME CA, I Summe S ree Some v lle, MA21 3

RAD CAL AMERICA is ava lable o mic o i m f om Xerox U versity M c o ms]0 o h Ze b Road AArbo , M 4810 a d i dexed A te na ive Press Ce er ndex P. Box22 , Bal imore M 212 8 It s a s

ndexed nAme ca: I i ry an L So i l g l Ab c ,a d W m " ' ud e Ab ac

AD CAL AMER CA s a memb o he A te a ive Press Sy d ca e


3/76

l

INTRODUCTION

F C O , A D THE NEW AL A CE PARTY

Chip BerletNS DE T E NEW A A CE PAR Y

Dennis SerreNe

NAP: RU E OR RUKen Lawrence

C

7

7

D SORGAN Z NG GRASSROOTS GROUPS MISSISSIPPICharles W. Tisdale

A QUEER AL A CE 5eigh Peake

T E AFR CAN OR G S OF "WES ER C VFrank Brodhead

C V ZAT ON DEN ED Questions o Black Athena 3rances White

STA E OF E ART: Defea i g arva d's Anti io Campaig 4Martin Heggestad

REVO UT ONARY SE F-CONSC OUSNESS AS AN OBJECT VE 54ORCE W E PROCESS OF BERAT ON Biko a d

GramscChris J teta

MULT -CU TURA CONCERNS AND A DS ACT ON C ea i g an 6Al e na ive: Part Paula Johnson, oralba Munoz and ose Pares-Avila


4/76


5/76

Cau u f Lab C mm ee I ha exh b ed, e1 a e f hi g p iti egard it p a age da a d t e e ra p i whi e eve he es re ni g i te ga g a he ma pu a ve u e f p y h g a the apy f r e rui g member

a d " rga iz g thr ugh at emp ed p ati f a d mpeti w th ther e gr up he r e pre e ed by u au h r a ge f m Mi i ipp we fare r gh gr up t the New Jew h Age da NAP has u ed the i ue a d eve he era ure f he Ra b wC a a d the A DS a ti gr up bui d heir w ba e at he expe e f a br ad a i he e a e f f u der red Newma the gr up a t v e ha eve ed ma y abe he g up a u

A d w here a a a e e l w h heNAP a d da e Le ra Fu a i he ba i a f f y a e wi h fede a mat h g m ey, a d a a med a ve age, a fea O a h ev ed by he C mmu i Par y the e , hi d pa y ha e ge . We keep aski g: whe e does he m y me f m a d h w d e t affe t he e t t ugg i g pe a e me e t he e e a p es ? I he ef a d the h pe f a a a y m xed p ti a a ia e

be g u ed, up a d d red ed U wh e e d are bei g e ved The mp a e f he e ques a d u fear ab u hei a we has ed u pre e he adm ed y p v ative ar e epri ted here

Eve as we d h weve we d wi h t di edi a d vidua wh a e have bee at a ed t NAP We wa t ma e ea ha he e i g ea ympa hy he b ard f hird par y a d i depe de ef p . It i fa

he p f ur au h r ha NAP w r i p p he f u i h g f u h p w h ur ety If we e a egit ma e, b a k ed, e p b e p iti a g up g tha wa i e y fight g h m ph bia w g f r we fa e a d iv gh i g pe a ha ge a d p i a rateg es a d bui di g mu ti- a a pr gre ive p a a a e w u d be g eal deed i i i pa he fa ure f the ea ef t a e u h eade hip ha ha eated a va uum f r NAP a d red Newma f

The New A a e Par y a a t f wh are igh y ee g me h g rad a

me h g u ide he u e y d ed ed ma t eam a d wh d fi d her pr g es ve gr up he ree r er i he e ghb h d f r u a e y, ev de e i m u g that hey a e be g ffered a ew pr gre ive veme bu a t i k a ip

pp g hie ar h a par y ha ha i e y u de m ed g a d g p ve a iv m b a gay a d p mmu tie The e e a fa t rema tha NAP ha w ed ru tive y wi h a y the pr gre ive r g assr O g up du i g it h y I e ha bee t d rup g ta di g a ia e a d t di edi a d hara pe p e w h g e rd f mmu i y rugg e Th re p b e p t .

C mm me t a v m a d adi a que g f a ep ed rm are a way f ag e a iety de ru ve f he huma mag a t a d div ive f m pp e ed gr up If Olh g e e he r e f a y eg tima e eft ganiza t pr v de r i a a a y a d me ba e f r effect ve p ti a a w h her wh are i he rugg eThe New A ia e Par y fai hi ba i te We urge ur reade t a wi h a y e wh may be a ra ed he AP a d a ive y t y

d uade hem f m pur ui g hi u e Pa fu a d u p ea a a he me ha me exp e he NAP bef re di red theLef espe ia y am g b a gay a d h e exp i g p g e ve p it s f he fir t meWe a be ibe a ab u hi e mrade he ev de e i ea a d da ge u t imp at

Ma t Ber a ' Black Athen : th

!r si ti ROOf o W t C v liz on, a pr v a ve a d mp r a t b ha we be eve i a a g f he (i e ec ua a d p i a ) ha e ge he f u da f We te v za i ha i ur e y p eedi g i ma y ege a d u iver e h u t y. Like he d me t p a m veme f he e fr m whi h hi ha e ge ha pa gr w , p ta e u f e d a ed it ative by fa u y a d ude par u ar y Thi dW r d fa u y a d tude have bee pr g g up everywhe e re h he u ve a a m f huma es requ reme t ha are fa t ted a We ter a d wh e


6/76

dom ed e e e ce He dl ed s ches o s s o s s S o d d D e e

d s o d o c l s g c ce o hese es s e s m de mos s le o gh

he e se e c o g s hem e c ec m g g o Re g 's d c o Sec e

W l m Be e o eh o he oWes e l es d d o ex e s e e e F B od e d

ed o e h s o loo s he d oe g o o e h s o h Be s'oo o o es c l h s ex os eo

d ch l e ge o he c s d n seme cs o cmemo o o e F Wh e

c d c me c h s o s so Be l W 's e " h h s ee o o gs d g d sc ss o he l c o ld

d ce l om e o l s c ec me c h g c she

g e Be m l o some o he s e l e d ee s d s ch lle ge o

e o l s s h he g e s o o heco ce so og ess d c o " e e

s e ch lle ge e excl s e o d es h ch c eo le h e ee h s o c e

o s de o e e h c l o Wh e soem h s es he d ge o o ge g he

h s o c l co ec o e ee he c ech lle ges h he e s dol c l/ e ec mo eme s o s de he

e s c l l e l c o dI ece e s he e s h s ecome he

s eo o he d o s ggle o ecog o :cle c l d ech c l o e s d o ll

s e d o e less g o o mos c mses e ee s ggl g o o m o

m e s es c oss he co

s e e es ed hese s gglesd c o g ed o m o hes g f c ce o he Y le e s c e c l d

ec c s s e e e s go h ch o ghhe ss e o com le o h o he o e See

R Vo 18 No.5 Wome d L o c-sm s l s S g 1988) loc ed s e

e B s o e e e s e e co he d m H d s c e c d ec c l

o e ss ggle o o e o h hs ed e l e e s W e H d s

& 's o ed o o o os 1 h e e e l o mo eme cele ed o eo gges d mos o e o s c o es

4

he e o cle c l o g g e h e g ed s c c l o he eo he

l o mo eme s co e go o No em 88 he o c e

ee m de he N RB h s led g sH dc g s ch l e ge o he elec

d e o s o m g o co o sWe e s ec l de g

s ss e Hegg d Ho s mem e d e R ed oh

de c he o c m g ged H d d he s ccess l c cs h

s s h s o l ce sed o de e de l g he d ff c l co o

o c m g h e ed so heos c olog c l c cs he o e s se s ec eh e ho e ll he

o he s co o g s c c s d s ch cg s

s e go o ess e e o s om de m c l elec o s So h c

o d c e g s he gh g o se co ed dom ce he N

o s s o W Bo e h e mgo e me so gh o o he elec o s

s g c ch ge e f s me co 's h s o h l c s colo eds h es ed o he s me d he oll g

ce s h e c o ce o c d d s o eo e s ho e e em ed seg eg ed

he d o ces d l c c s s dhe s m s exe c se m

m l o e N o l s s h o em o o c hemse es e

mode e ce s o ce o e so S

c e o e he e es o c c l e ocomm he N Ge e ssem ohs d g o ed o o co dem he

e ec o s h he ed S s d Bs g

W So h c he sol des s ce o l c s em d s o g d

elec o d o co ho o ed lg g e ee d e ce c oss e

co cco d g o e o he kT e eocc o h m ge"

l c el o s" d s l ed he Soc N o s s o co se m

s m e e om ss es d m s g


7/76

po c d deolog h n he c en S el co l c p gn s el ong he os ss es

s gn c n h s een he es on o h s no 's rel onsh p o he c s go ern en of

So h fr c nd he co s der on of pol c so end Wes er s ppor o p r he d

n recen e rs desp e ed l c o s heSo h fr c n go ern en so e of he

s ronges r ns ss ons o he horrorsof p rhe d nd he s reng h of l c re ell on n

So h f c h s co e hro gh he c l rr n So h f c n s c songs o

c re ol o es S e e B o nd Nelsonde n p r he d co ce s d record

s nd f l s s ch s r reedo nd Wo ld p r ong o hers

h s ss e hr s N c So h fr c n

rren l ng he n d S es foc ss s ohe pol c l g c o S e B o H s cr lnd pro oc e fr e or or ssess ng he

ro e nd s g f c nce o B o nd he B co sc o s ess o e en he sp ed dr s onhe or of n on o Gr sc l g B o s

po c pp o ch o he or o he x s

S ch cr c l co s de on of B o's conons o re ol on r es nd o he So h

r c o e en n p r c l r cl sh edr c ll h he d l ed l er por rp esen ed n R ch rd e oro gh's c c l

cc ed r Freedo n h f l B o sr d c ch c e nd pol cs e e ecl psed

he h e l e l perso of h s re l e f endhe o s Don d Woods od c s

go ern en h d oc es gr d l po c le o nder h e le dersh p poses sel she oder or e een l c er o or esnd he r gh N e s cr e s s ch response o h de e op en s s

pole c d rec ed o So h r c n re olon r esl c nd h e o e p he con

s de o of c l e d he s ec e exper ence o r c s o s or e oN e sho s h Gr sc s co cep o he

e se le of el ons d s p c on heexper ence of oppress on s c rr ed for h n hepo cs o B o nd n h he c l e ofres s cehe n r ed nd he o e en -

ld ng he enco gedhe leg c of B o re ns por n od

n s re ro or hodo rx s nd

Len s p s o he d olog c con oc e d s ol h h s eco e s ch s ple o Wes e n p c l e s l n e

hef n ee of S pres de elec oh ch he er c n g nd he f ce of l c

pr so n e h e ne rl s ppl n ed ll o hges B o's n s ng of he c l l

hege on of r c s So h fr c n reg ereson es n n odd nd nse g

Fr s ed he f l re o DS ser ceorg n z onso se so e of he f nd en lch e ges o he s e espo se o DS c

s gro ps h e spr g p cross he c ro confron he s r nce nd s r he FDnd he d g co p es ed c l nd rese rchns o s he ep de olog c l odels

press nd he fe r nd h red ge er ed ghe rg n l gro ps os c osel den f edh DS. n c f o repor s ro nd he

co n r gen ne po c l IDSo e e < h ndIn h s ss e e e p l sh g he s o d p

o n er e h he l c l r once no ee of DS c on n Bos oP One s p l shed n Vo 21 No 3

The er e poses he o s cles f ced

e ers of n or ng o h h heIDS ser ce o g n z ons nd n co n eof colo We h n he gro ng IDS c

o e en s one pl ce hese cr c s s eser o sl en p Desp e he ex s ence ofpol c l ens ons es l g o he d erspeople dr n o he o e en s go s re

ro d d s ch llenge s deep o o hns r ns ons nd he pop l perc p

ons of IDSOne nd c on of he gro ng s ccess of heDS c s o e en s he ppe r nce n

W sh ng onD o er he ee end of Oc-o e 1 of ho s nds o g en d les-

ns nd o he s de ons r ng o d ogo er en l n c o on IDS r l h

ede l Dep r en of He h nd H n Ser-ces p e g n nd B sh on r l forl c o sn en n he de hs of 4 he

o s ero s cro d p ono nced he g l f eres on fro n er o c s

represen ng r o s co s enc es nc npros es p soners . . needle sers peopl

h ne s s e d sorders d o g n zed

5


8/76

PWA Th o lo g y ov15d mo o clo o h Food d gAdm o g c c mo m co h x h h gh o p o h

g cy l o p g oxp m g g ymp om

dA .The c o e mov m h

mp g o po o o g o co -c m d h g l cl d

om ch l d v. g h v c l om xp d c c l F c co c y o h v p opo d

h c l v pool o oc y c oph c l PWA g o p

h v y v g h ch l g oh doc o /p l o h p g y h

m h l h c mov m d c v comm o co o h d och ll g c lly ch g h m g oA d o o g co o co x

o h cog o o g o p M c -l o h p g A g d .

C RR Co o l yo o p g o m

m ' P p g -) h g g o o l o l

(Vol.1 o ) v d P g 2d ho d v o d W

polog o y co oh t rs

C rr i o m g Th l y'ThMo o gof R p c l y Ph l d lphWo g l N gh o hoo h

h y y h B od hho mpl h h h l ' A oc y

o Yo o d d h7 .Foh c h ho h o co c

h mp o h h l ' A d oc y o d 5

6


9/76

Fiction, and the NewAlliance Party

C p Ber e

I ou d oO good o b u A d a i b a o a n o d on a pg i pla o a al o p a o al i li a ia ha oa d a d odi i a ion agai ga n a d a

i adl oo good o D no a u an d do d appa lgain ng ba o a i a a o o a and h h and a ( A ai d o a n o h A an p og o n h

o n h ali ail o a h h id al h n i o o of g d a , di ap and al id n

Ho , h o of A a ol d i o a o ali a ia o gani a ion ao ha ag of h E op a na o a o ali o n in h 930o o a a an

a d i d b i a p i o op i al i ioni uJ an Ki pa i and H n ng O ali a ia h o gina d f n o a a o ga i a o a fo ha a

n ali d o ol a au o a l ad o h a h U d o al a anh ii On o o a a po an i di d a li oug of o iah a ou ha g , a d i ad io

Th a o n lo ng o o han i id o o A a

ic iawn f om a epor pu s by o i ical R rc A s iat ( A) f Ca b idge, MA. PRA t it fi six y Ch o de a of i t R ea c r a nat o r p o o c i ic

ig i i e


10/76

orga a o ha forc s a d s or d form ofd mocra c c ral sm a d a ma p la v pof ps cho og cal h rap wh ch all m m rsof h cor P h rarch mus par c pa

h ap of h P h rarch s s Dr dwma ch f h or c a campa g

ma ag r for r ora ula pla wr ghscholar ac v s a d h p rso who v d

h form of h rap prac c d hos whohav com o k ow as h wma s

Wh r v r P has a major orga g fforu d rwa h r s a r la d h rap groupr ach g ou o p rso s w h progr ss vpol cs.h h rap groups us a ch

h call Soc al h rap or C s s or-mal a o h v o of r

wma d s g d o prov d mm d a h pfor h v r da cr s s s ua o s ha happ o v r o Bo h h pol cal o ga a o a d

h h rap s u s mak a po o volvp rso s of color ga m a d s a s a dpol cal rad cals

Fred N wma a d th Hist ri al R ts f NAP

h h s or of P $ ar s w h a h s or ofs pr mar h or c a r r d wma I

968 wma a d s v al follow rs form dIF a pol cal coll c v wo k C .. .T pr d d s l o s

a arch s c a d co f o a o al approach oorga g a d co sc ous ss ra s g ur g

h arl 197 s wma a d h s follow rs s a l sh d a group ca l d C rs for Cha g

CFC w ork C . C C was charac r - d a mor rosp c v approach o pol calorga g.C C d scr d s f as:

. . co c iv o b r io c t inc in choo fo c i n 3 to 7 co munito i nt t p u ic n in oc th on p ( P ) o r in ou

f h o A o th o muniM i Pro ct: in o m tion vic o o-

of th u i

Wh l volv d w h C C wma a do h rs h s c rcl ga d v lop g a u up rsp c v w h h volv g h or of

ad cal ps cholog Th s mov m a rac da o a d d a progr ss v c rcl swma how v r ra ch d off from h

ma s r am h rad cal ps cholog mov

8

m a d v ual d v lop d a or ofsoc a h rap . B 1 73 C C was off r gh rap a d co s g a s drop c rh sam m a o h r w ork po c

orga r L do La o ch r. was also spous g co rov rs a ps cholog cal h or sa d wma ga o am LaRouch swr gs o ps cho og a d co om cs wh chw r app ar g pu l sh d coll c o s ofMar s a al s s

L do LaRouch 1 73 was h l ad r ofh a o al Ca cus of La or Comm s

CLC a Mar s pol ca orga a o as w ork C La ouch s g h am

Marcus has l d h a or Ca cus of hS ud s for a mocra c Soc (SDS uS S vo d o p l LaRouch a d h s follow rs

196 h co rov s s d SDS aros whh SDS La or Caucus u d r La ouch call d

for suppor of s r k g m m s of w orkC s ach r s o k o ssu woppos o o commu o ro of h school

w Yor C a d ma d of comml ad rs ha had h suppo of ma ackpar s h o s oppos o o commuco rol of schoo s was w d l p rc v d hp ogr ss v pol cal comm as hav g

rac s ov r o s. r g p ll d fromSDS LaRouch cr a d h CLC wh ch 973 had a as m m rs a o w d

wma sa s h f rs mad co ac w hLa ouch s forc s w h h CLC Oc-

o r 1973 I Ja uar 1 74 wma sorga a o C C pu l sh d a wsR gh ha call d for h orga a oof l f s pol cal cadr s a d r l d h av l ops choa al c rm olog La ouch s

h o s w r ma wa s s m lar o ho spo s d wma a d u of 974

wma l d almos 4 C C m m rs o aoff c al pol cal a l a c w h aRouch a d

h a o al Cauc s of a or Comm s

N wma 's Allian with aR he

v P suppor rs co c d ha wmaa d som of h s follow rs work d for a m

u d h pol cal l ad rsh p of a ouchWha k ps h co rov rs al v s wha crf l ar m s pr s a o s r gard ghcharac r of h s r la o sh p a d h a urof


11/76

th L Ro ch o g n tion t th tim o thi nc NAP s position is st t d in tt

n m d h Committ to t th R co digh

Five ye rs prio o s ounding ndfuo c ivis ive of who now si o N P s4 e er ion E ecu ive o d oined heN ion C uc s of L o Co i ees he

e o g n z on o nded y org nic og essi ee de s fro he we f re de un on nd e e -o en s. New n w s one o hose w oo ned. He nd is co e gues e e sh e

NC C s ed ro i e y w on sFo w ng ei de e in he s e of

19 4 he eg n n e ensive o i nde hodo ogic cri i ue of Rou he nd heCLC nd 975 e e o g he fi s on he

Lef o exp ic iden f Ro c e s eo

s is

his ch c t i t on o thN wm n Ro ch tionship is t b s s -s ving nd t wo st g iction

ith som \ p c nt o th c nt NA c i bo d comp is d o p sons who t on

tim chos to p t th ms s nd th po ticd ship o L ndon L Ro ch i b com s

c ci to min th tionship cn 1 74 NC C w s not cting o g nic

p og ss d s om th w ightsmo m nt, s c im d b th N wm nit s. n

ct it w s h ing o b cting sign ic ntb ck s ppo t t , sinc it w s ding s cc ss tt mpt to d st o h b ck d N -tion Rights g ni t on nd d m

ts pop d , th t G o g ingth s m p iod, L Ro ch so p o-

po nd d id s th t w wid p c i d top s n o t ight cism Ro ch , o in

st nc o nd d th isp nic comm nit in Nov mb , 73 ss (p b ish d in bothEng ish nd p nish tit d h M mpot nc o th P o Ric n oci ist An int n m mo b L Ro ch sk d "C nw im g n n thing mo iscio s s disticth n th B ck Gh tto moth H d sc ib dth m jo it o th Chin s p op s " pp o -im ing th ow nim sp ci sbm n sting p noid p son it .

p g n o m o nd m n distinc-tion om ct h m n p son iti sHomophobi nd s ism b c m c ntth m s o th o g ni tion s h o i s

L Ro ch onc nno nc d th t wom n s -ings o d g d t on in mod n soci t co d bt c d to th ph sic p c m nt o so g nsn th n s wh ch c s d h m to con

s s with c onD ing m st o 1974 th NCLC ndRo ch w s p im i tt cting m dd c

nd pp c ss wh t in ct st d nts p stigio s t n nd mid w st n co gc mp s s h d co o t d nionists ndw cip n s s ch c i d N wm n s s ppo t s A o m m mb o

Ro ch s NCLC m mb s th 974 o wh t w c d th N wm nit s

h p t th ms v s nd th ctpo it c d ship o L Ro ch o months nd w c m to b i th t whN wm n w t d d ing th t p iod wto c s n nd st d to Ro ch to nhis m thods nd t chniq s o cont o ing p -sons n n o g ni tion

he ind v du s New n s g ou see ed ok c ri nd o i ic focus nd were o sessed

wi h sycho ogy nd se u i y New n w sc e r he e de nd i w s o v ous h

Rouche s ego nd New 's ego e go ow he o work oge er in e s e

org ni io or o g

hi lUm mb ship b NAP c tivbo d m mb s in L Ro ch s NCLC mh v st d on w months, h wo king

i nc b tw n g o ps d b L Ro chN wm n, nd th d N w o k po tic n m d Gino P nt s d o ong o

ct s s om N w o k m mb th thg o ps wo king in oos i nc o ndiss s s ch s w o m m boo g ni ing th wo king c ss o p iods

ong s on On int n NCLC disc ssion o th N wm nit s d sc ib s t n monthso s io s po tic disc ss on b osmonths o lUm mb ship o nt o msb tw n th N wm nit s nd th L Ro chi sw h d in No mb nd D c mb

nd th N m ni sp it took p c in tA g st, 1 4

A t o ic ing NCLC in A g st

1 74 N wm n nd his o ow s contin dtod b t nd c itici Ro ch nd th NC Cov iss s o sh d po itic id o og s i thid o og p s nt d gi im t tist th o


12/76

ong a h s o h Am can L had -no nc N L as i h p o o Na iB o nshi , a ck po ica c , o o ighpo ic ag n

N man in i his g o p as nosophi ca a o h Am ican L h n i

join d h LaRo ch , h n hN mani s p i om N L ,h anno nch o ma ion o a vang a Ma i -

L n nis po i ca pa In h igna ion ign N man an 8 o his o oh a gni ican s o Ma nin

mino og hich gg s a a g a g opo i ica ophis ica on han a mi d Anno n-cing ha N man' In na ona o k sPa P) had no com h vang apa o h o king c assh n on

o aTh o n z o of th v t

m k th o niz tion of th Th fo m t on of th IWP h o n f om o

tt m o o niz th L ] om th n th tit mi ht mov f om o t on of f h monto o t o of hi of th

Y U DM TH

T F D

M TH T

the S cil n r d R H r . F d o"tSo Thu P7 ' I t p r o m b

'

, . - . - . - ,

. 0

_ l. . I . . ,- _ M. ' N. . - , _ . , _

h n join ng h N L N man anno nc h a p ing hims an hi o o

n h po i ica h g mon o aRo chA a ing his o o o o h NN man con in o gg i h aRo cho h o Non o hi in ica a cas

naiv o ho v d a ion hipe ntel e t al a g ard

h a h o ica ing o LaRoand h a an c n h o ica i inN man c a d iva v (and h ica

o m o o k i Ma sm ha i on a and vi a niq on h Am

L h ha d h o i s d c ia an M s anic o m o T o k m an go c n c vi o h impo anc o h

i a a in haping his o , co p a pa on ng no ss o ig app oach o gan ing h o ing c ass and p op o coo ha c a po i ca co on a m n

Th N mani s a c a a o h o ovang a ad n hi passag om an inna o gan a ona c ssion:

h hi th x ta thvo t on v th o It

b fi in it vi ih h m n of th th f t on

of h i c a n i as vo u ion ro Wh t i m of i o mv of h n th i

on Wh t i m n th t vof t n iz n tho ion f o( t f ni a

t v th m m nt tion o thoo

P p ss o con o m i a n cop ain han ing o d ha on mo ion

h a h d p n s on do ng sp ci ic po i ica oin i a sp ci ic po i ica o ganiza on n NAh h ap in i sp cia c iv a a

o m chani m h n co p d i h N manca o gani a on h In na iona o kPa (I P

h i a ong adi ion on h Am icao cad o gan za ion o k ng a ong

an i hin pop a and ma s o gani a ions.h c i ici m o h I P' o in P op

Pa and no NAP i ha h p oc s i np inc p dand man p a iv Th N manis i c aim h I P o s noi a c aim a -nish d h man o m NAP m m hosa h a o in c d in o h s c


13/76

I a nt y a a w y a agoSti o iti a a t , no matt w a t i

i o og a u , av an ab o u ig o woin ma o gan zation towa d ommon goa .

o i a a ti , tudy g ou and o t vqu nt y ngag in ma wo k in id

d mo ati o u a o ganization . n t iugg tion a o n y d bat d t u t

qu nt ymov t o ganization o wa d in wayt at wou d av b n di i u t w t ou iou

tudyby a an u o i i in m mb nom a indivi ua oo not to d u

t on o iti a a i iation wi otm mb o t ma o ganization, but a onga a id a a nt d and d ba d o n y,t d mo a i natu o t o ganization i

v d

o iti a a ty i no t am a a o u ao ma d mo ati o ganization ota yt o iti a a t at ont o a ub i

o i a a y at a mani u ativ an anti-mo ati tuation, di to ing ba an

ubv ing t ynt i oa a ty a o m anag nda t at ow om t o u a w o majo ity t mo t tain y abu t t u t om mb o t a g o ti a a ty w o a -

t w at i a o m o a ty di i in ga ding

andidat and at o m wit out av ng aa in ut into t d i on ma ing ou t mo , v n in a i Ma i t L n ni t

id o ogy t i a n ty o a ao gani ation to in t o y an a ti in a

o ng and o n mann by on ingto iti i m ai d n t a ti a a i at ono a t o t a un tand ng i i m o ibi t i no o u at w i iti m an bd d ow an on iti iz and d bat a

o iti a o ganization on i unawa oou na i t D nni i g a tu i d num ou

int na o um nt om t N wman t anon ud d at in t m o t i o iti a t o y

o o ganizing t y ma a u a i tin t onb tw n t o ad ima y w t int -

ua an t "o gani m mb ( ima i yo o o o . o ing o King, tima i y w it n ua vangua d t ain d

by N wman t oug t a y i in t o- o u ing t a y to ai t on-

iou n o t ima i y b a k and a inouit o t at om day in t u u t y wi

av t w wit a to a tua y a t

\Fu lan i pe a s N AP membe n N ew Y or k, w h eF r ed N ew ma lo ks on. M ash a G e s n pho to g a phc ur es) ofo gan zation but not y King a d bt i a " at n a i m

p Bla ad

N do ngag in a tiviti t at u o tb a k andi at , a t o owing x t oa by N u o t oint out

n f gn n fo v nd J on d it g h u tio t thD mo N tion onv n on n n o N mov d d th t nd nd ntP id nt ig fo th f o m n nd d t nn L S tt o d k n33 t h th t d m n d

o th ot

at t ai to m ntion i t at S t N a un u u y t ug

o a m aning u ad i o o b a k No a w o t ad o gani ationa titbu no a n u n o ont o t t,

,a a oint o ona a d o iti a in i, u to o n y it z N bu w

t b am obviou N ad wa a t izing i a on o aving aima i y ona , im ying t at S tt o

tinu d to u o t N , S tt w nt ub iwit i a g Mi i i i' k o -

t n w a


14/76

kf h p b c i contin d to c ii \; ' hla d - - I kn w b t ttqU s in in th k o A o Il :an oh to t s pow b ck wo nF ilyC a t L no F ni nd B b

wh n[ s N w n h w s din I - h:' Swh I 1 on t t c n' ad J in o s witho in onli cc - ooj st won't o d p

IIIHk l n/ Htin 0 NAP h d no co

a d ind p nd nt po tic a hink bo t p t t on n o

P pk o con in b in A trai,i. ! hi iti is nt n , tt s id II u o h ow o n o tion within

par y. ot so idn't know w nth

f h l(li n o n in , id I II wl urS ot ws i b i C ta . o d o D nni tt

\1a b t s tto n to n w qu - i aposi ion t t o ou d

w n nd is o ow s s nn ni i t p c th t p p op

( I :,1 1 p bl d ship posi ion s IIind, \\ dr s i

rr sai h n\0 b i th p o ih ' g z; iwo d t b t n

'1! b a k p op w i nd hh: k gl dN w n on h point:

e 0hi t n d o ns c o c s it ns kin po ic , it

nn n p sonn th t's b ck con o' n nd st nd it s st h in

a : f cin hi h p c h ' nothin o[ a r 1 nd nothin o th n window

io di erem o s st w o

igl i h sc e. o I is d thos q stions oFr d h d h t d tin It w s

i g inwhich n o th b ck d -h ip

" It lIa s c ry int ense We ha d Leno a ( ulan i]m : l .in, ! ' isms" .E ly [Car er] making

:riti s Ih er was a lot of fo lk making T l' i m s o f som e of racism I a t th ey

h . r . l o f o r ha d 't ment io ed 10 Fr ed, b t had 10 d m e

an l o d O I h e r blacks in a wh per type I l ' I. in d o f way, the times th a we were w ther . d c o w d.

ho t t th t tin , cco din to is st t nd t t nt b ot AP

d s c d d tic w snot oppos d to th p on p inc p s nch b i d n p op h p d b ot

o s o th p B t th p p d dint o insid AP cco din to tt . h w w o t in p opnot on op t in n o n z tion w b

so w o cont o in sp ct o thi s o c t n co dn t st i htn bod o t B t it w s c t in cti

t s o cont o in ot o p op o do thkind o t in s t t w sk d o th . thwou d do n th n j st bo t t t h wo

sk th to do"I wo n't n b s p is d i t d t

o so c t o niz tion to iwin o n z tion wi b ink on t ink th t id o o ic q stion th t is s p-po d th th st o w o th c th

nt n tion o k P t , th notho t n ont its"I c t in b t t(0 wi nc P t , nd wh nI s ont just

n i ' t co to co possib th o d w n nd th cont o o so n in-

d id n t s o pow

G Stong Opinions? p u

11 mh II / /

kj N , . "K

, " h'r n , [ ." I\ J : I 1I o , ,,

'' , J"J '' '' I, (;[- I ,,

-Idl '" , J 11I ,M

! u

!I WNY I )

. IJ *


15/76

tt id th th p w n t unt nd th t n N wm ci t m d thic :

h id th t it w n d th t i uw nt d t b p thi g niz ti n u wih t t k th p b c u it i th b ckb n

u t nd nc h th t c m nd m th g ing b d '

i m

n x mp wh t c itic c th p iticpp tuni m th N wm nit d th NA

i th i ng t ding t t imp c nn c-ti n w th R ck n nd th R nb w

iti n i t nc , th N wm nit ht b i h d in hingt n th R inb w

L bb bi d h L bb ing ic thR nb w A i c h R inb w L bb hic t236 M chu tt A nu N E nd

i t N nc R Ex cuti i ct ndm in t in A t nt i cth R inb w L bb ic h b

qu nt mi t k n th hingt n ic J ck n R inb w iti n, mi t k

th t in th p t NA d h p did n t k tc i N w p p tic h pp d

b ut NA R i b w L bb in whichth ugh ut th p t um th R inb wbb p nt ck n nd th R inb w

iti n ci cum t nc NA d hipc u d h i id d b xp ini g up ntth t th tw g up un t d N w th

m n tic t th b tt m m R n-b w L bb m t t t ng th i n c nn c-t n b tw n th R i b w L bb nd R inb w

iti n but m p p ti um thn tic i m g t chnic it t x pu -p nd t c nn cti n d ind d xi t

ck h h d t pub ic di t nc himnd th R inb w iti n m NAP ndit

R inb w A i nc nd R b w L bb cc i n . ck n nc t dh a o

Su Tm sB i b t th t w h n -ti n hip t nd h t i th cu nt p iti nt k n b p k p n ck n n thR nb w iti n

In th un 1 85i u thNa o alAll a , n t c n th R nb w A i nc

h w h w t u th qu ti t nhip h b n d dg d in th p t:

Hos c cs nd cu ous s fo vs g o nc Ross, Do s s J ckson su -

o h ou do ng?'oss ho ds sh o off c o

R o A nc Con on s o g, h s n d o o s o d\0 s ch -

qu s.

'T o s no h h ss c so uo s , u h h [ s o J ss J c sons s Ross, fou d of h s x o d nd -d n A c nd c nd d fo

ckson d g n m n984 An [ su -o J ss co c us o h soc v s on

h s cu d on h f o h R n oov Y s v d ff nc s

J ss h h n s n nd n o cs s o-h ic h s I v s s com gho I on o o o s v

s o c s n J ss nd s f c us com d o s h s v s on of jussoc ough ou od '

hi dm tt d c th b xpti n i nti d h n t mi p n

th ct , d ign d t c n u th i u nugg t c nn cti n wh n n xi t Th

c n u i n upp t m ck n th R inb w i n i x c b t d b hth N w A i nc t d c b it . F b u 13 198 d ti n thN t o aA l a n w p p c nt in d c t d

c,a ano . rf g 10 " t y >uEVt em c ' I c s

NAP ad i he .

Dn li :1O n y ; n, r i l :n , nO l nf I ' C .

Ame " : , nc emot v " eI n ve r e gn , eO 5 Bu lt IS5o ,n o Y U u n (0 1 0 m


16/76

p d th th ult o or s og n he Ren o sp nn ng the o p ges A etter on A l n e P rty s t onery o g y t sts

on t e est o st h d the s og n he P rty ohe R nbo A pet t on ng on n

dependent B k Pres dent p gn s

tled An pen etter To Re erend esseJ kson Iron y, n 1 3 ssue o the e n te

theo et ournPr ctice, e n tt kedJesse kson nd kson s progress ve suppo ters n strong ter s

he U S l ra Le has rad onally su eredvery ad y ro a en al d sorder perhaps es

den ed as pre a u e van uard la on herehas, over he pas ew years, een a pos ve a -

e p y so e o rec y h s pro le calledyso e r end y le c c w ec ca on' wh chhowever, has deal a nly w h he sy p o s o

he d sease y essen ally help n he cl en oeel o e co or a le as u a n Hence,

so e o he ec ed ul ra le or e a ple sup-por er o esse ac on e ocra ' are s l-

n ly conv nc n he selves hese days ha salr h o n e w h ac son's p o ress veaspec s any have ra sed ques ons as o wh chpar o ackson's pol cal ana o y e od es h s

pro ress ve aspe s

R TH R P R ,TH

NEW ALLIANC PAR V

NA IO ALCONVE ION

C,- --- . -

G 20-2 s 1988

b

{t w o 'lr

A d s l er sep r ng A ro the R nbo Co l on beg n ppe r ng dur ng the s eper od h t A un hed the p gn o

eno u n or res dent Dur ng 1 87 thAP beg n to pub y tt k the R nbo

Co t on nd n theNa ional A lianceLenor

Fu n s quoted s s y ng " h l durespe t to Brother esse J kson, l osteveryone kno s he h sn t bu t re R nbo

e ght h ve n orpor ed so eth ng edthe t on R nbo Co t on, In , but h sn t bu t R nbo e e bu t re Rbo .

o ever desp te the r t s s ndd s ers, there s st u h publ on us

on ern ng the re t onsh p o AP to he

R nbo Co l on nd kson s pres dentnd d y h s on us on s not e teNA pub st te ents

n tit S ci l T py

Dr. Fred e n s do tor te s not n he th-re ted eld, b t n the ph losophy o s en

nd ound t ons o the t s For sever lye rs psy ho og sts nd groups on erned

bout u ts h ve quest oned the e h s o thepro ess used by the Inst tutes or So

her py These t s s re rys zed o o ng s te ent by n e st o st t n

t v st ork ng n the re o s pp rt or Centr A er ns

Be ore or a er he he apy sess o hey wouldsay why no se l he newspaper' or ay e youcould do us a avor and hand ou hese lea e s

he herapy o ces are ull o he r pol cal pro-pa anda. n h roup herapy so e es we

d sc ssed pol cs and he r po cal pa y. heywan people o e nvolved n he r pol cal ac-v es hey don' really ve any rea en

h s was so h n Id dn't l keo e people e nvolved e ause hey h n

he pol cal wor w ll help he e er e o-ona y_hey o an ry w h e when I asked o n

d v dual herapy ou need roup herapy nOnd v dual herapy', I was old50 I le h nhey s a ed send n e l era ure a ou he r

pol cal or an a onsn he P) l era ure and n he herapy ses-

s ons hey ry o des oy any o her le or an za-on y say n ad h n s a ou hey also

des roy a pro ress ve or an za on y recr n


17/76

awa se bee all t e elve le i t b t t e t e

d ale i e od j e t eo le W en oget nvolved t e e i no diale t it i ta i , t edon og e be ond t e t m o t e ot eg o T e ave no eal oblem t e j t a

i o a e nOt wit AP o a e t e e e 'e don ke t o a a low ee and

don wo o t e ol t all a do ngo aganda wo k o t e New All a e Pa t

o a o e, o g et a bette o k o it on t e o gan zation o an a o d a lot o anget nd d al t e a . Eve t ing one o

oweSome eo le a e ooled e eciall t e

ned ated o e ot onall e s sdi g ting e don t a e abo t eo le t ewan! n be : mo e one mo e eo le mo e

owe T e o ial t e a i t an ex e toe it embe . It j t l ke e an ot ea t vitie o ce t all e t e a e a t e nman a ea , b t t e a co l ot ng

n y S s p opsy o o ouns n o o nd p sonb o n o d d y n o -

un y n o n o b o n po po o n Bu o n o

n s p o p u p o ss, p s s n o d n p u po

o n s o ons ous y o un ons ous ys p n w o y b n d p nd n

nd ons p w p sow d po o n . s o so pound d by o d n o

s py Ins u s b s poon o s py suppo NA

C cl

us o N w n s o d n-d d y w , nd p s o L Rou p od no ows o d w on nu o b d ssu o

s pub y on n n NAP un oup s d s p p s spons b y o

onso s ound s nd u n o u s ssu o pp n oppo un us o

"R nbow s o n s po n o on

on s s sp y u n o wpo onsu n n Ros , d y pon op y ou R nbow obby un-d s o s o w s p s n n

ss son un spo d n o n z d s b n n o d w

N w n s on u s onon us on n on y s o w k n

kson s d b y on po n ou n s w os s u odu on o

R nbow y w b ou d s op s o N w n s nd NAP onn on b w n d s p o

NAP nd N w n o pn s s n pu nd un o

s s su ons p NAP uud d n on o b n po

n ks y on n n b s ssu s n o n p son nd po p

on ow n oup sp o o ndpo d s p w n w on n

s ou o os n n d o o on nd w o nd po n s o

po o n z on s uF n y po n U uon ssu s o u s p son y wo

nd u u s o n s p no d sp y on n , nd b o d s p o

on w o o ob ous, d s und n s n ny po

y su s s s , s o op obs nd ns ns y o s o

nd pp d I o n o so uss o su d, w us on on ssu s n on

on nd du ns u on nd pobu so on n s y s

p B ,o t tajj oj ol t a R s a cA Oc a s al o a v ga v o alw o a w o s a t c o LaRo c o ga za o gov t -

l g c ab s g w g sp wo k w p a st g o p A a pa al gal -v s gato B l t as wo k d o v allaws d j d g pol t al g aga ns ll galgov t s v lla c a d d pt o H c tl s c a oj at o a awG ld C v l L t s Co tt a o d o al oa d ojPo M s ondu nd

R s L w R po


18/76

" F , a o l i o lib a io s . N Yor date i a 1 3

"Th omm to S t h Re ord t ai ht NYor da d ir a 87-1 88

I v i a orm r m mb r o CLC o k,

o mb 1 87 ar . ma . P al "To t M mbi o t I ; io a au s o Labor Commi t ,

o . A us 7 M d W st io a R ort i t a m mora

dum C ago ir ula io Fall 7. T ommi th R o d St aig t ibid

7 W Tisdal " : W y I t N AlliaPar y JO{kson Adv /e. May 858. D ositio o D is S rr i t a Emily avs a k o Advo a r Mar bo o MD May 1 8 ir it u t o F st di ial D ri , H dou y MS A 1 a e 5 47 8 1 1 3, 45-1

D osi io o D S r a s 155 157 7P yllis oldb Wa r ma , "A a o

V at I Wa to D . a y Ross is T u ly . . . TheNari al Affianc. o k vo . ag 4 u ,] 85

d ma A T d y To a ds a g ard ism oWha W Ar Doi a d W y atr , a l/Wi t r1 83 ol l, os 3 s 7-]

Wi liam Pl asa t Th R a Ra bo The Na aA fia ork F uary 13 8

3 A am o th t ov m , i su oaT a A fia c W ll am P asa a a s t Ra

o Coal tio as "t D mo at Pa y's o y l tb h t ha "Fu a d r h r T o oadAr B r Tha la a s R r d J s a kso

h mo ra i Pa ty rimar s ut ha dory i ossibl su t at t rogr si R bo

ag da il arried th u to t g ral l tio io mb . William Pl asa t Des a a ly e ki

U ity he Na iO al l an N Yo k ag 1 I t i i h a orm r m b r o NC Ea t oastov m r 8

\6

1


19/76

nside the New AlliancePartyaka Rainbow Alliance aka Rainbow

Lobby aka the Organ za ion aka

D nn l. S r

wr a r m ch ho gh and som d s a c rom h w ll anc a y ) WhIbrok s w h N P a r my r s d n al rac , I I n d d som mva a hhodg podg o co rad c ons rac sm s x sm and c l sm ha so r v al d s l d r nhco rs o my campa g

kn w wh I o n d N ha was O black l d and I kn w whl was ob ack l d.I ook long r o nd rs and ha N P was no v n a progr ss v organ a o

a so pr dsB ha as may, I probably s wo ld no ak h m w abo h organ

ow v r, as a ong m ac v s who mad h m s ak o o g a d who s rvh orga za on's "C n ra Comm , I b l vhav a r s o s b l y o r v al h ns

psycholog cal co rol a d m ll o s o do lars Fr d wma m loys o g w ll m an ng nd v d als o r comm s h y arg h black comm y), o v c o s y a ac

ad rs black s ons a d rogr ss v organ za ons or p rpos s ob ld ngN wman's ow r basWha ol ows s a r a v y br narra v o Fr d N wman s op ra ons, N b g b

ro hav rchang ably s d h am s N h orga za o h In rna o

17


20/76

Wo ke Party (lW ) etc , or hey are all runby and con i t of the ame people AP i

ewman' public electoral tactic, o i hamany member (mo tly people who havebeen topped on the treet who paid a dollar fora paper o ome othe come on, who ra ely ac-

tively participate, and o ten don't even knowthey oined who are n t a part of theo ganization/IW i e. ewm n' follower

At he o t et, I want to an wer the frequentlya ked que tion: ewman a ociated th

a ouche? I imp y do not know I under tandthat ewman o iginally comp e ely denied hav-ing oined w th a o che claiming, in teadtha it wa hi followe who had ut that hewa ced o re ract the denial in the face ofoverwhelming ev dence The tory told o allorganization m mber who we e n with

ewma at he time wa hat ewman and hifollower were w th aRouche when he wa alefti t a p it from SDS pre OperationMop up. [ have ince learned hat hi wa a liethat they oined afte a ouche had made adeci ive right hift, and par icipated in the cam-paign 0 de troy the e did not ee any di ectevidence of a a o che connection whi e I wain A . B t I wa never privy to wha wa go-

ing on at the top Newman' hou eholdNewman often b agged a o t how much heearned f om a o che, and, as noted below,

the eported o ganizationa operation ofa ouche' gro p ar frigh eningly imilar to

tho e of ewman' groupke a ouche' National aucu of abor

Commi ee , Newman run a very tightly con-trol ed organiza ion ike a ouche, ewmanha created n merou organization mo t only

paper) w th dive gent name ; ome to a ractparticular indiv dual e olely o makemoney many with name o imilar o true eforganization that unknow ng ndivid al areoften fooled (e g . ain ow Alliance and ainbow o by which have no connection (0 Je e

ack on' Rainbow oalition the Unemployedand Welfare Council, which a acked the a-tional Welfare ight Organization, etc

Newman contro led all the e o rce , per onnel, and policie of the organizatio When J[eft in 1984 he wa living with th ee wive .One wa in charge of al the organization'finance which ewman boa ted we l

18

urpa ed $ mill on another con olled all peronnel/member ; and the hird wa in charge ofnational operation

he organization ha et up it own internalca te y tem Rank and fi e member wo ked1 pl hou a day often out on eet co nerrai ing money ewman on the other handpe ! mo t morning reading in h large uppe

We ide apa tment and jogging in iver ideark Hi workday began with hi af ernoon

therapy e ion in hi luxury We t ide off ceewman and hi cho en lieutenant often

met and relaxed at hi ea ide man ion heman ion wa upported by a mandato y taxplaced on member of the organization Rankand file mem e were alway taken along ontrip to the man ion for the honor of cooking for and cleaning up after Newman an hicho en one

Newman' /NA ' political po ition varyaccording to wha he elieve he can be tcapi alize on at he ime per onally witne edthi opportuni m on a n mber of occa ion .Quite notably, befo e i became obviou thatJe e Jack on' campaign would move gra +root folk nationwide Newman har h y at-tacked ack on. When it eemed a tho gh

ewman could exploit Jack on movement heu ed Je e' name endle ly n li e at re andel ewhere and created the ainbow Al ianceand " ainbow Lob y imilarly, ewman

trong y maintained that o i Farrakhan wa


21/76

an nsign an r g w nger W en l ke asg e ul ni e r Min s e

Farrak an's la y n e bla k un -y, New an's l ne k a I egree urnW en r gressi e news a ers an in-

uals ai s r New an, ey be eleg i a e arge s r es ru n, e en se e

re i sly a la e In y ar larase w en was r ing N , b e

bl an n ernal resen a n e was a e lea ng b a k r gress e W en I raise

iss es New an's ra is an e l i a i n bla ks, I was label e a na nal s (i e., n ale s ) W en I s ke nes ly ab N

ers ns s e e rgan a n a i les begana ear in eNat ona A liance a w ul

a a e E ga H er r I e enre ei e alls r r en s a N was aling u w en rien s ine r years as

see ey ul n r u e se ua a a er ab u e W en ey ul n' in e

ir , Len ra ulani au re e ar le un ere aus es e W en s Cau us,

an er a er i ee T e re ( eay r, w N i er s y raise as a

lea ing bla k ra e uni nis w en e ass ia ewi N was a a ke as a rank r nis

w en e ine wi IU erena a en inewas lau e as New Y rk s re e r gress eele e al w en e an w a N a il a-

i n, an ars ly ri i ize w en e b ke wN

New an as br g a ll n llar luslaw su aga nsTh Jacks n Advocat

a ks n M ss ss s nly b a k news a e ,an s bla k a i s e r, C arles s a eW y? W en New an saw e br a su r

Jesse a ks n re e e in e u , e e i e arge s e res u es e e He ass gnese eral New Y rkers Mississi s ale,

a ng kn wle ge ab e ll an e, nsu r N 's a n s un y n w-ing e e an res u es re u re bl s anews a er an e e an res ur es req ire

e en a aw su New an a is lawyersla a a r law su n s ale es n

a er N l ses e ase. N al salways l ses e su ser es s u se in-

li ing in uryN a e a a y ask e es i y

aga ns is ale l e \ a e r re ues

-

r , Jan Kea inl

was rage s Ne ing I knew,0 was nur , an re ei ing alls rea ening a ee er e y e a n g arres

e e ur is isse e r a i n aga nse )

he ain nemy

n s New an era es n al si n e e en e Le an

e e en are ns ere ene ies by

New an New an as labelle is againsis ale a sui aga ns e e , as ug a a kn r gressi e ins i i ns are a g ng na a re iew eNa i nal l ancwil

re eal ar re en us assa l s n -gress es an n rea i naries

New an ses le r e r well, anrganizes w a le r n e a eals w a

is g an r gressi e in e l an uses a b l is base e w ll as q i kly e b a e as

e will a a k a e ena

r gress e, anrgan za n a r n i le base n w e an

bes nize r H s e bers i ,al s all w a e abs l e y n is ry


22/76

Climb ng Mu k KOS /i p g

m v m av f ay

m mb j a a v ap c py O c a d v d al a bd a cl , mby a a d

ld a r a c d r da a I a a W k a y

(IW ) all dly a l f pa y a a .

mb r p a a q ay r v al y c a d a y v r v y a a Ev p

a la p a a d b l r a , c mm a m mb

p pa a da y b -m ly d ar a d, a d a y mayb d ma d d a a y m

IW a b c a d by N ma cc p fa a k , l a

v r b c d d a a al a v al mm m mb r a all c by

wma rzy a I a ral mm r a v r a l

20

p l cy d ba by c N ma mad p k

T r a rm am f c d WP c , l k m

c m mb l k m l f r a r par y p bl c a d m mb

p d r r d, N ma a c a d v , a d a d a f ma y la

ac a ma a m mb r pS c al apy N ma ' c a , cd d backb f d cy v

m mb q da d a l a c alapy p yc apy

by N ma ' a d p ck d a d a dap I m ca N ma ' ap a al p p k p

l apy ma da y, m mbm ll pay f

Wh t T py

apy, N P yl a m d fc c v l abl p pl

pl v l rab l a d c b av

d arl all m mb q a d rapy a l a c a k. S m a

d c a k a m v da lyc lar pa a d r r p ally c v d v c m ally b k d ary a f v acc p d a d p a

p c a m m p r al a p c' f fa l r v f -f r a a

cc rd f c al appr va m p va c

fac l a all b O ca ly c d f b d l y apy If y d a a all

N ma ' black a p a ack y f r b rac I f y d

a a ma ap a ack y f r b If y q

p f rap y a y b c ca fac l

mb a k p b y f m p aypa d mb l r av m

call fam ly, v , v a d fday p c al v W

m mb d v fam l , m


23/76

h ot other I member ccomp esthem e er ll , members h e l e tedthemsel s rom ll the r other r e ds d llthe r close rel t o sh ps re th el oI ers embers ge er ll sh re p rtme ts,l g comm ll d o te te e

recr ts to mo e th them. embers dpote t l members ere o te e co r ged tot the r pre I job, ess the r ob pos t o

co ld be e plo ted.A prob ems th t rose rom th s e treme

reg me t t o ere de lt th ther pBo rgeo s th g, problems th g g

ll or the e ol t o ere de lt th b thegro p h t h d become the member's e re

orld th t e the r e er l er b l ; thsh ped the r h g d derst d g opeople, e e ts h s or

Con l io

hese e p ges o er b t o er e o complex, d m op o , d gero sorg t o gero s, ot o l to the o-ce t, ell te t o ed peop e ho re c ght

ts gr sp b to the m t ll tr to explo tgero s, bec se t ses r progre s e

l e d told m l o s o do rs, to pre obl c comm t es, to tt c b c e ders d

st t t o s, d to s lt progress eorg z t o s t h m gero s bec se tc l e o tr ght l e bo t be g bl c led hebl c s do ot s t o the top, do ot co trol thereso rces do ot co trol perso el l e to tsmembers bo t ts p rt c p t o th

o che; l e bo t Ch rles sd le l e bo tme l e bo t h te er ser es Ne m 's

terests d p t o spo esperso s ho cometo e e e these l es gero s bec se mmembers ll do h te er he re told to do

o t e er e l t g h t the h e beetold

I co cl s o h lebel e e s mport tth t NAP be e posed or h t t r l s t so r ob ot to d ell o the org z t o h chcr es co tro ers b t to co ce tr te o re erg es o r comm t es d org ze,

org e org ze t s c m th t h s beee t ope th t llo s NA d other oppress eorg z t o s to b se o r comm t es em st ll th t c m th ge el pro-gress e, comm t co trolled org z t o s

Foo oI . O er i l de New Y rk In e o Social T erap a dRe ea c Rai w Allia ce Ea Side Center o S rTer herap the Ha le n titu e A ociatio f e er

o u i ie the New Yo k Ci Une plo ed andWelfare o ncil, eo ge ack o Ro a Luxe bergCultural Center e Natio al Allia e New paper he New

lack Allia ce oali on of ra Root W en, e Iter atio al Worker art , and ore A l are created andput re t b New an according to e group or per on hei ta e i g e g. w en e dec de o go af er e, thec ea ed the New lack Allia ce N A) O ce a reed to ethe pre ide ial ca d date, the N A a di ba dedSi ila , New a crea ed e New Y k Cit

e plo ed a d Wel a e C u cil o ll i e we fareac i t a d a ack t e Na io al Welfare Rig Or ani atio W e New a de ded o wi ch e ocu t ele

ral pol c he d anded e New Yor i ne p eda d We e o c l deep d app i an e

leade wh ad no a he a er a c Al ak a d Ne er o k w e a e New a c i e

t e a l e t e rga a i n. New a crea e hea za c o e w a e i er ci c e wil

ead w t wi l r w a i w l d and w en i onger needed

I t i relat vel co on for New an' p ple o a ackack ew paper w erever e go i NAP i ' i e ex

e i e co era e.

e s erre te an b oN ann wa p n al an at H

now a bla k a t v wo k ng an w t ng nMa an


24/76

: R L

,' / I T l n is o im R di l\l r; e E ifo . H has wo k o

1 1 / { S fi isf a w ii a kso_ H ' $ 0 a y oppo aI( LY O LaRou h Th ou h h s

'\ ' "il O LaRou s s i h m! t"lI i . c ou F N wma b! ollo ' h s pol al a So

I eN w Pa y NAP) a wo kI I Mi i i iLaw joi w th o h s

x ii o gi s a m /ho s i h pa s oJ n Ad ea w kly p o ssiv

bl ck ne ws pa pe r.

T e e Allia Pa ty ou ht a i l 51 ia ai stfh wspap a K Law as as lf o h s a i l s Ap l o988a

M ssissippi sm NAP s su w thoutqui i th s to p s t a

Cha s a a st aw wsmiss as i olous a th N P was

o to pay h s l al xp s s out NAP sa ios to h t ials Law ma ks

T e to o m th h a i th Ap il

issu o NAP s w kl wspap he N -i Alli n e, a : a kso A o at Li lCas E s: NAP Wi s

H w p s t K Law s o s a-o sa out th N w Al a Pa t a its tas, mos o whi h w p t th to

9, /988Gu di nA i e le y bu m y le

e dee y u i i u , i n enly ng i i ,1 0 i hey y h NA li

re di ry nd uni i h ir e re u ri i led nd h i n

r New k Ci y b ed y h her y ulA in u n u e i le wing en

bei g ell u he Dem i y whre ed he ed b e i e u i

m ign " e h he Dem r le nby de e ing Duk ki

A e hibi ed wh h bee lled i "ruler uin i in li ni n Augu 1 when

Ful ni u r e r hed he e e deed r y e i n, e en h ugh he

e e nd reed m deleg e w uld n h eb ked Duk ki Whe he Ful ni r i n ,m ny wh m we e unkn wn l g me

Ken lawr nc

e e nd reed m i i u d hem elin he mi i y hey w lked u mag hered e ged l i n, de l

hem el e e he rue e e nd eedy nd min ed u ni.When he re ul b h en i n

were e ed C li i e e i n ihey e u ed rule n he legi m y e

ISORGANIZING GRASSROOTS GROU SIN MISSISSI I

in e he ew Alli n e y e en en

in Mi i i i g r li i , e ern h e been r i ed b u he g niz ig l i he e b u i l im be

bl k led y, nd b u i rg nizinwhi h re id l ely re emb

h e y d R u he, ne imei e ew Al i e y bigwig F e

Newm n.L l rg ni e bl me ew Alli e y

m ni ul i e i r he e en i

Wel re Righ g niz i n Wel e righrg niz n h e bee he ge L R un g u be e he g niz

R u he d ewm n n ed, he i n l U em l yed d Wel e Righrg iz n ( WR ) h ee lled

un ub le em ke e u ui l Wel e g niz i n he ded y h

l e Ge ge Wiley,by heVi a oI'll w rk wi h nyb dy, y i M e Ir

win he wel e e ed le de he WeR gh rg niz i h ' whI m

b u ryi g hel meb dy. d ew n membe he A d e i Mi i ime u mee ing e er l ime d ied

ge u g ee me ge in ne g n iIld he he uld me i wi h u l w

b u um nyb dy' b ndw gIdidn kn w ny hing b u i

A er he e u ed me ge he Wel rRigh g niz i wi h {he ew Alli n e-

y, hing beg n l r Irwin e d" u e u e , M y A n L n ndu

e e y y B rne , g mi ingm ny mee ing I win id he undh


25/76


26/76

u an s l y r th N w Y r Inst tur a Th ra y a d R s ar h sa l at d

w tha w r rga zat s N w All aarty, Ra b w All a Ra b w bby,

N wBla All a a d nt rs r s s N r-al za w th v rla g l ad rsh ,

b rsh t l h n u b rs a d rgra s

Y t d s t th h na s 198 Fr dN w an d n u d J ss Ja ks , say g,

h t (ultra n , s al d rat a dul st) ar al st all and r g t J ss

Ja s s r a h ar s ss s dr au l K g s t wh h t b ars s a tr s bla , s a st rta ly a w r ng lass

ght ar ? add d "Ja s d s t hav r -

gr ss v as ts what r that's su s d ta But a y ar lat r N w a a d h sll w rs s t u th Ra nb w All a , th th

a b w bby t th unwary t b l v-g hat N l w r Ja s n's r r s -

ta s, a th r tr l a n d y daR u h

r a gr u l wh s t s allh s lv s Mar sts s a sts l t sts a t -

r al sts, r gr ss v s a d l b rals (wh l at

h t s s r u y r j g r r th s lab ls) th s ar dd ta t s. But r al tyNA and ts a l at d rga zat s ars th g u t d r t ly ut a th sar s r a ult h ad d by Dr r dN w a that has st d var us

r s s t s s t ss r s n 1969 h s ar y ally ynd

aR u h N w a has bu t a t alrga zat bas d th d at a

a rd a y array gr u s and d v dualsas as sts lud g ra kl n s v t,Ra s y lark alt r M dal , ll aKunstl r, th F , Bla k a d rt

annat na s n s gay r d ands uggl s r a r a a t h r ng

y w r rs h t r r st al stb rat rga zat and ts l ad r, Yas r

Ara at, w r d un d as k l r -ts

E ually h s ta t s a l d abys ally aga g a w d aud aR u h s r s swa t g ly as a Na w th t s t

st r t ll g n ag s N w a 's was

2

t r h s rgan za n th n th I t rnat al r rs arty) r ub v w, a d ta t tt nd a d r t n h n th l tB th tra s r at s l y u ts a d d -

r nt at th r g t at t av ts b aus th r v rsals l t a

l n s ar d tat d r h t and l t dby th b rsh s w th u a y l t al r -

ss r anat nF r y ars th s ual t s hav k

th N w a u t g ng r d ally rg ngas a th rn h l s s d But w th r s

w a t r, a larg n us y run n wn s ur s, wh h r h rst t hasw n at al sta d ng r N w a s N wA l a arty at l ast r th durat n

n a ula s r s d t al a a gv n th ugh Fr d w a 's has hang-

d 8 d gr s a y as ns, s h ngsd t ha g s th v r r s t s ath ra y th syst that l ts nd v duals

sy h l g al ul rab t s as a v h l tr ru t a d d s n b rs A th r s tha

att r wha th l n s at a y t, thn s ar h sa h rgan za ns th

l t al l N r h A r a


27/76

A QU R ALLIANCETh art e a e te ver j e h hap eare Gay n y e s(V ,N

, t be / , 88Alongs de he chaos and fes v y of he 7

a ona March on ash ng on fo esb anand Gay R gh s and of Gay r de a ches f o

an ranc sco B s on one age s ands ns a con ras o o her e or es. s an ageof a l rac al corps clad n den cal bere s

a ch ng n s r c for a on h a sed f ssho ng n n son "Gay po er s Ra nbopo er I s an age h ch s s l aneo s yco pell ng n s force and n y ands sp c o s n s l ar s and confor y or

any lesb ans and gay en h s s he r f rs n-

rod c on o he e All ance ar y Aho gh probably no he r las In he asseveral years AP has ac vely co r ed he gayand lesb an co n y see ng s f nanc aand pol cal s pp r The res l has been an n-

ens f ed search by he co n y n o heh s ry s r c re and pol cs of AP n order

o clar fy s rela onsh p o he gay and lesb anpol cal agenda.

he obv o s and s ple appeal of bo h helan pres den al ca pa gn and of AP s

progress ve pro gay pla for s he challengeoan elec oral sys e h ch has been on hehole nhosp ab e o he gay and lesb an co -

n y hese ca pa gns see o be an oppon y for he gay and lesb an co n y o

share a vo ce h n he sys e . or any n heco n y he pla for p for ard by APcan da es s co pell ng beca se addresses

any ss es of concern o gay ac v s s Ble co pelled by s essage any gay en

and lesb ans have beco e s sp c o s aboA and s rela on o he co n y An e -

a na on ofAP's h s ory and s r c re re n-fo ces ha s sp c on as do acco n s by ac-

v s s and for er AP e bers of he r e -per ences h he par y

Q es ons concern ng he h s ory and n ernals r c re of AP have been ra sed repea edlyby s cr cs and ll no be repea ed he eHo ever of par c lar concern has been he

h s oryof an all ance be een e an andyndon LaRo che s Ca c s of abor o -ees(see Ber e h s ss e). G ven aRo che's

psychose a heor es of organ z ng h s

Leigh Peakeall ance leads o ser o s do b s abo he In-s e for oc al Therapy and Resea ch(I TR and he role of psychology n A sbroader s ra egy

h le labell ng A a "c l h e anas s "g r has beco e co on fa e focr cs of AP he ac cs beh nd he labdeserve ser o s cons de a on he herapyconnec on da es bac o he ear y seven eand he es abl sh en of he e Yor Ins e fo oc al Therapy and Resea ch h c

e oe Conason cal s AP s heore cara n ng and he ape c cen e heore cal gro nd ng for he Ins e e an s o n p bl ca on er a

t r t en ers for Change 1 7 h chdescr bes a nd of s on e eenpsycho herapy and po cal rec en for

evol on e an arg es n er ath r t ha he ef ove en and so on

are no h ng ore han he fasc s conce vedbra n ash ng progra s des gned o des roy he

nds of he o ng o an and he or ngan and hereby bl nd he or ng c ass o he

gr real y o cann ba a on and encroach n

asc s ha are so e of he nderly ngpr nc ples of h s ass ve bra n ash ng? Onenderly ng pr nc p e s o have he or ng clao ally d v ded n o gro p ngs h ch f gh ea

o he and and n do ng so h de he eal y of hfasc s a eover Blac na onal s co ncon rol fe n s he pe y bo rgeo s ove-

en gay pr de or e par c pa on pgra s, rade n on paroch al s and so onare o ep s e se b the a o loca e ag o p s den y n so e h ng o he han

or ng class e phas s ne)h le any on he lef gh agree ha one

por an s ra egy or soc al change s organng a n f ed or ng class ove en or n

deed ha d v s ons be een co n es are cr cal obs acle e an here co ple elyden es bo h he necessary d vers y h n sa ove en and he co ple y of nd v d al

den y as e l as he p en a for po eg ass oo s ove en s gro nded n any one of

hese co n esIn cons r c ng a psycholog cal heory oforgan z ng e an arg es he f nc on of

R sho ld be rea ng he soc e y by c r n

25


28/76


29/76

n fu ther ar f at n S m an fStewa t s am a gn ea tswas t t ed "W menand the a nb w The resu t sa s ve dewas that man e e nfused these an-vassers as be ng nne ted w th the a nb w

a t n S me a ed the a nb w a t nf e t sa I gave m ne I was g ng t

g ve m ne but then be ame s s us sa sve de When ha enged anvasse s den ed

the e was an nne n between P and thea nb w L bb / an e des te ve whe m-ng ev den e t the nt ar n the r wnN

news a e .Ma Fr d e P s ew Eng and

eg na rd nat and S Senate and date n Massa husetts n a e en nterv ew

unte ed " ua the a nb w a t n

wasn t he f stR i bow' was F ed am -n f he a Pan he s Ou nt s weneve new ha I e R 'was wned ban b d I m n a gu ng ver the a nb wname We h se the a nb w name be ausethe

a nb wha ens t des be the m vementwe e bu d ng We ha en t be the nde en-dent w ng f the m vement. The e a e s mese s t a d sag eements between the nde enden w ng f that m vement and he

a nb w a t n wh h b and a ge has se -ed n as the ef w ng f the em atPa t .. .The a nb w bb has made eathat the are n the a nb w a t n 1th n what [the a nb w a t n] w n t sa

s that the ' e be ng ut gan ed n manases and the an't stand tOne f he f st nd at ns that he ga andesb an mm n m ght e er en e s m a

d f u t w h P s e ed b Sue de fthe at na Ga and esb an as F r e

N T ) n Wash ngt n In a Ma 988e te t ed rs f he ga and esb an ess

H de des bed a 8 n dent when s e wasfa se ed nt a at n n a ane u -

ed ab t ha e r mes but wh h t nedut t be "n th ng m re thana re u tmen

meet ng f the a t . I was ed t seve at mes n th s wh e r ess. In add t nam ngst the ane sts was a Nat n f s amm n ste wh a n hed nt a ver.ffens veant Sem t ant ga d atr be

n a e ent nte v ew w th th s auth dedated he m ess ns N P and ts e a-

t n n the ga and esb an mmun t "S n e

r I have ta ed n ewe han f ftee d f-fe en ga and esb an a t v sts wh have a edt e ress m n ma zz ement and s me e ess the 0 a f ustrat n and u r ghtange at the a t s be ng used b P It s

ear as e e a und the u me nnta t w th N P that he e s a r t na

n ease n a ge and a enat n f m hatrgan zat n as a t stw th a tne n s ahange s de n udes n he Ma ette

a en a t gethe the e et] re t andmments f m mmun t a t v sts a n a

tu e f P s a tun sm aw ngness0 sa f e n es f r hesa e fbu d ng tse f as an nst tu n

f hese st es nd a e the need f r thega and esb an mm n t t se s ues-

t n ts ab t w r du ve w thw th n P. he mmun t must a s ta e aha d at what h s h st r tun sm

nd a es ab u N P's m t ves f r ursu ng hega and esb an su and a t at n

P has a wa s a med t be ga . W thhe nset f the es dent a a e and the anam a gn eff ts t e ru t ga men and es

b anshave been ste ed u an t ss b be an den e that at th s same t me he ga and

esb an mmun t was ne f the few v aha sh t s f u a s? P bab n t. W ththe u a s n m nat n se ed and ush anuna e tab e a te nat ve he ga mmun tas ed tse f " w wha ? P was ead w than answe : Fu an P a ea ed at s me

f the f st st n O mee ngs n 987t adv ate P as he best veh e f r abundan ene g and ange ga n n 88 at a

esb an/ga a f m where a t vs ugh a st ateg f es nse the es dent a

a e N P was he e m te anth I nd n n g and r gress vev sts n he e e en e w th the g

P h s ught t nt bute nstru veI t a st ateg d gue w h n he ga mmun t n r t an nde endent esb an and gam vement nstead N P h s ugh t tb th d a gue and m vement nt P

amew Indeed man g u s n ud ngthe Pe e's Part n 8 and nt nu ngth gh the M ss ss We fa e gh

gan at n and the M ss ss Gaan e have e rted N P s e ea ed a -

em ts t d s t the t a a t v t


30/76

c cc d ng t B r t th gr u[ n t ] r gr v rg n z ti n nd[ ]t t it v r r r c uit wim mb hi

NA l tf rm i l ng It nt w dwhich m ch th L ft h lw y b nw ing Th v tu th d i n tdi ut d. th r i th di ut th t thi l t-f m h dr wn th rt f m ny ctiv tc mm tt d t br m v m nt f c lch ng N i h r fin lly th di ut th tth l ct r l cc m l hm nt f n Ful n

w thyf c gniti n. w v th r ig t di ut v NA b lity g v n c n-t l d u h it i n t uctu c n r d

r und F d N wm n nd ci l th u ict g r rg z ng t f m lin w thth c mmu iti i d t c b dl nc In f c NAP h t ry nd c will-ngn t ubv t th g ni t n nd

ci t w th l li L uch nd h n wh id l gi h f

m ny n th f T qu t S yd fG Wh th th y int nd t r n t I

th n th N t n l Alli nc rty c uld u v tn t n m u g r t l bi n nd g y

m v m nt

FO TNO ESI . Vi oSl c ,

Fred Newman POM a Auth ) ( Y: C n rs f rg . 1974). p

L gh bi t i t membe jhe dic l Am ric e i i e tive

2


31/76

THE AFR CA OR G SOF "WESTER C V

F ank Brod ead

The contro er y o er c em c core curr cul the hum n t e We ter l z t on the l ke h un er core the eolog c l ure of the e cour e ne cr t c l ump

t o h ghl gh e by th eb te th our we ern cu ure roo e n the ge u of n

Greece h o g c nt h tory befo e th t Th ump on the po nt of epfor M r n Ber f c n t ng hree o ume tu yBlack A hena: Th Ajroasi i Root ofCla a vil za on. If Ber ' n ght n gument re u ne We ter

e er be the me he Greece th t ught n chool w ll be een to be f br c t o or g he y fluence by r c m n nt Sem t m the re ult u t e y mo ece tu y of urope ch u n m m quer g chol h p

la A hena rgue th t the nc ent c l z t o we now c l cl c l h t rootn Egyp cente e e tern Me ter e wo roun B t t me when the

l now c l e Greecew occu e by re t e y b ckw r peo e Egypt n n Phoec n co on e were fou e there o on z on co t nue con ct be wee Greece n

gyp n between Greece n the We t Sem t c cu ture e pec l y Phoen c gr u lbrought Greece w th n the c z t on of the e ter Me terr ne F om the e more

nce people of fr c n the e tern Me terr e he G eek er e the r ph et


32/76


33/76

le ends m n t e n ie t Greeks c cer ir n n s s r m t e rt exce t f r

s me mi r t s t t were f r t l e t ed r le in Gree i i izt er t e re s ns f r t e r di m s i were

e tirel exte t e b dies f rele te ide e nd e reinte pre i t is e i-de ce in f r f t e r n M del reflectedEur pe ide ic l ncerns t d n es insc l rs ip T e me ics f t s r di ms i t t e F br ti f e t Gree e"f rm t e re f t e first ume fB k

e ar t e s ke f n en e ce we n d de e

elements f t e p di m s ft s d es ern li t t se f t rs t we ke ed t e re ut i n

f nd t se t rs t t s ren t enedt e e ut ti n f Greece m s l rs ndi tellect ls i t e e tee t nd n etee tce t r es ese f ct s were sel nterrel ted.

Se er l ide l c l rends were resp sib ef r t e de i e f pt s re u ti O e w s

e nc ri f p s N e nic c unterreut n r ide c ser ti e ris nit

W i e t e pti texts pe efull exis ed

wit r st it f r e l sixtee e uriesb t e ime f t e e ss e e deten e w s fr ile e. T is is ill str ed b t e erse uti nd udic l murder f t e re t scientistG rd Br 16 essenti ll n t e

r u ds t t e re rded pti l re d n tristi it s t true re i T s tur l

re i i w i req ired n exter l G dt nim te t re w s str lss ted w tw t M r ret b c lls t e di lEn i tenment t e secu ists re ublic ns,

nd nt e sts w bel e ed t t e En l se l ti f 688 d e f r e u ,nd w were determi ed t er r w t e

ntinent l ut c ies T e pr mi e t r lepl edb reem s s in e ei tee t e t rre l ti s b t in Eur pe nd meri di tes t e c ti ui it lit f ris-ti n il s p ies ultim tel deri ed fr mE t B 81 we er wit t e f n l defe t

f t e re c e u i n t e cultur clim tecre ted t r u ut E r pe b t e unterreluti n r t rs w s stile ll iews c rr -i e e int f s b ersi d t e usef

ts red t e e luti n s defe t

t er re s f r t e f ll f t e ncie tM del w s e rise f t e lt r ress" int e ei teent centur r t e first me t eide t t Hist r m r es f rw rd r t er t nsimpl m c li ll d m ted secul r

u t. T is d e ti e seq e es f rt e re u ti n p w se e s bil

d nce been m its str n est nt : lwi me nd i E t s ci il z ti n w s

lued re ise be use f its l e it ndres st e t e N w t e s me e iden ew s m re fre ue t i terpreted0den te st -

i , d t e f ct t Greece mea/ erE tm de it i s me w better re sin ,t ur e e m d i dus i l de el-

me t f stered self c nce ti n t t ur pew s m e d ced" n t er c n ine ts;

d E r e n Gree e, e e ncient Gree ebe efited fr m its ss ci ti n wit Pr ressw i e t e re ut ti f de den d O en-t ! pt rres ndi l suffered isdi t m w s l i re sed s Eur pe

rim ril F en d is ) im eri l sm it e ei eent nd inetee t ce turies tur ed

si d fri t l n es, nd ut f t eseex er e es f c t t e l ed t e ide l f

O ie t l ism t s bee l zed b Edw rd S idB t t e w m st im rt nt re s s f r t e

epl eme t f t e ient M del b { e rM del i t e e tee t entur were t e c selrel ted d mutu ll re f r de ies fr cism nd m nt cism r el ers ienttimes, d s l rs f r e turies terw rds,

d re rted t t e n ie t s i lud-ed e ple differen l s nd t t s me fE s m s werfu e ders were bl c

il t e end f t e e iss nce t is l im w s -ce ed s m er f f t b Eu e ns Bu bt e ei tee t e tur t e r se fm dern

s e tifi r ism u p r llelin t erise f t e r de i fri sl es m de t e

uesti , W t c r were t e cie t p-ti s? ur e t e f r t e r e i te li-

entsi s Ber l tesIf i ad b n ci nti ic lly v " aBlac w i gica ly i ca a l c iza-

n w d n la Anc n Egyw ic wa inc ni n l lac d A i-can c in n ? w w a

i n i wa d y a Anc n Egy ia w blac ; c nd wa

3


34/76


35/76


36/76

m d es met d we de e ped. dH st y s p t d ts m me t e t gY t t w s s ip d p ed e u sit t g y A y M de F X p .g w g s p t t t e pp it s u e d t e e

g um e t e e e t Egypd P e d u tuw g t g u ds t t ey w e

" te "u . t y wu d d u t t d d

t d p y d ed ty t w d tg d e g y. mp y ig

e p w s u d m up-p t g t A d su e

etwee e myt gy d ee my -gy m ug t s y Be

t s d s t s u t m de pt t t y t s y j t .

e e gy, je e t y. dt t i e y gu . myt g .

d e y d ded Su ey gm m s ip t t u e

A y M de t e tu y Beud :

m t king f a ur f i ] rksIhi w s ba d ntir l t aditi n l r al

ha had l i t rN n f the 9th- n r X n i n k w -'ge a inv lv d. . s m n th I d r iO h ld m d l k plac n

f r h r an f i all a -t s he A c er Mode f ll n

b a an new d v l m nt i t i db b a it t thepr v i i g w ldview b pr s twas in m ibl itt p r digm f r ndp g ess f h early

th c ntu A s t d t t y m p-s t d t e te u s s - e ess y d u st

u de d gT m t g du t d

e mp t eq e e t e ewde g H t y ug ut u p t ed ; e "p ss s p i t e

e y u y m d i t et mp t e dem

p, e t izi g t m t e t e -

d e d ew pt e A y M d g ed demd p tm ts d s y ti ut . d

g u y ud d d s m t p ty

34

tu/I ! y u t ,

O g "p s s w t g d e g

d mi t d e t u dd g u d e i i i t

W ed t t t e A e d tt -uted e g e i i iz t t

t gypt ut t est Sem tu ee st M d t e , esp y

e put t P i w y d e tt d y t e m ti y Egyp

m i B t s e med te p e t p d gm

"B d A y d de y g yEgypt e t e m i

t B A y d d dtP e s w z t d t u

t w t y ee e, d pe y w

ut g


37/76

he na on of traders and especia wi h theircolon at Cartha Moreov r some of the centur major arch o o ica discoveries such asthat of S hl emann at M c nae in th 8 sinitiall appear d to reconf rm the pres nc ofPhoenician ttl m nt and trade

he rise of acial ant Semiti m in th nint nth and tw ntieth centuries howev r estab

i h d stron bias s w thin acad mic scholar-ship a ainst Semitic influ nc n anci ntGreece and stablish d what ernal cal s th" tr m Ar an Mod J A fi st a row nportion of what were obviousl Semi ic influ-ences were attributed to ab lon a and Ass riaand contac betwe n ast and west was sa d tohave been b overland routes throu h he Ana-

tol an penins la and b sea and e o -nicians ext came the d scov r of the arc eo-o ica remain of Mesopotamia the ome ohe non Semitic sp akin Sumerian Th s p o-

vided an alte native non Semitic so rc owhich clearl east n luences in Greec couldbe ascribed inall discoveries b Arthur

vans on re for which he coin d he phrase"Minoan civilization soon l d to the h pothes that a " l nic p ople not at allSemitic or p ian occupied he islands o theA an and transmitted their cultur to theAr an nvaders he man aspects of anci ntGr ek c vilization that could not b inked o

ndo Europ an akin p op cou d now bconveni n l ributed to he r H llenics

the 192 s what ernal characterizes as"crude ra m permeated he field of c ass cs

ot onl had both E pt and P o nicia beenelimina d as poss bl so rc of influ nce one G ek civili a ion b t an su s on thatth s mi ht have b en th case led instantl op ofess ona mar inali ation

Altho h ernal h r erv d most of h s d scussion of the inad quacies of he scholarlbasis of the Ar an Model to h s cond andthird volum s o lack A he / , in The bri -

io / oj I/ e G ee e he has persuasivelar u d that the displacemen of the Anci ntMod wa du toex e factors no to viden e p oduc and int pr d n w chola

hip ut h al o ob v hat th c ofrac m and ant S miti m mo t notabl ina sociation with t l r' rman and th brutali ti of mod rn colonial m hav them lve

b com " xte nal factor di creditin cholar-sh p ba ed on raci t and anti S mitic bia

itin a numb r of cholarl traw in thwind rnal tat that th da of the Ar anMod l are numb d and p cu at ha thee p ana or mod l he favor a Rev d Ancient

Mod w ll becom th he monic paradi ma in th twentiethcentur th w shful thin in ? n man wa s it a

p ars that th Ar an Model wa a r po e to au op an elf conc ption hat it s ood so far

above the oth civ lizations of the world that icould not po s bl b in an cul ra de t toth m onversel the world toda s popu ase n as fa more inte dependen and he domi-nance of uropeans n the wo d is no lon r

s lf evid nt ve heless it i evide that thepow of raci and an i emi m nstron and enera ions of academic c ola -s ip av created w th n the fie d of las c apowerful vest d interest favorin t e continua-t on of he Ar an Mode

An int r stin xample of thi conf ict con-cerns th fate of Micha l Astour f '.cinatin gHel en se ,which ar u s ha "the entirM c na an civili/ ion wa es ntiall a periph-e al culture of th Anci n a t its w stern-most ten ion " ernal relate\ th poi nantstor of A our life. which includ d s d in

aris n he )de ntion in Sovie pri ncamp from to [ six month i n Sibe a{where he co inued hi re > arch on GreekSemit latio and emi r tion 0 e W

n ] 9 6 w ere he soon ain d a tea hin osition at rand i Havin not onl survived Ucon nu d f ndamen al resea ch on ea t M di-

an an isto A ou p bl s edl -s i in 1%7 D spite h s overw elmin evi-dence to the contrar c tic refe ed to hi

absurd ti and r f t d to acknowled e aere was West em tic p ence in the Med te -

an an un l fo r e Ur e af th Tro anWa Althou h th book sold we l and had 0be quick repri d he at ack on i wa

radical america - vol 21 no 5 - 1988 - september october

Documents