radical america - vol 6 no 2 - 1972 - march april

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 6 No 2 - 1972 - March April

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RADICAL

AMERICA

Volume 6,Numbr 2March-Api 1972


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March-Apil 1972 Volume , Numbe 2

The Editors, INTRODUCTIO . .

Harry Boyte E EXILE DSRYKEE OF SOERN IDSIALZAIO

Black Rose Books dtora CoectiveRADCLIAIO OF QEEC RADE UIOS . 1

Mche Carrand, E GEEA SKE 74Sojourner Truth

REFLECTIOS O OGAIG 7artn Gaberman

FACO SOGS OF M. OAD 10E George an Jeff Pau

WOK I AERCA; HE UBBER FACO 10

COVER AD CEERFOLD Dego R veraourtesy o erot

ste o Ars

Edtos fo ths ssue: Fank Bodead Pul Buhle lle DuBos, M

hael Hsch Alle ute James Kapla Ma Levta Mao Mo

tao James O'Be. Assocate dtos: Jae Dalvo Mat Glaema A Godo D owad Roge eea Mak Naso Ba

eteso Paul chads Mchael Schlma

ADICAL AMRCA Pulsed bmotly at 1878 Massahsets Aeue Cambdge Massausetts 014 Subspto aes 5 pe yeas for two years, $15 o thee Suspto th pamphets $0pe yea

Buk Rates 4% eduto fom coe pe fo 5 o moe copes Bokstoes may ode fom Radcal Ameca on a onsgmet bass

eco Cass Posage ad a 8so assusts and adoal malgoces


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he histr aitalis and lnialis deelent and ndedeveen are inetriabl lined n awdwide sale ven n the Nth erian ntinent.he grwth industral atalis has eated and beendeendent n. lage selnial underdeveled aeasIn ths issue we ublsh studies the wkng lass n wsuh aeas: he eran th and Quebe h these

areas have seved as eservirs hea labr. eres aw ateials the indusrial enters and ites anuatured gds But the strutual aallels nlhighligh the litial dierenes beween the tw and thrwnt shaer elie he ruial evlutinar questin wkinglass nt

In uhen ll wns Har Be deals he neessar bakgund undestanding the elatve iesene

the uthern wkng lass in the ke set eles.and b etensin hughu h the rest uthenndstr he elsin bla lab r indusr. andthe niant nsulatn whie ill twns r natwh the est the then wking lass are r Bethe ental elanatns this elative iesene and thegrunds r antiiatng ue lital uheaval he raial ntegratin he then labr re hat s nw beginning is eding the hie bstale t the rsing the elted

nalgus t he erian uh Qebe has hstralleed British. Canadian and eran aial a lwwage.hghelitain develent area But hee the dialets lass and ethniit rene eah ther's evlutnatentials he wking lass wa ed nt uni b na

tinal disriinatin and the inherited lture nanal


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Th articl by Ed Gorg and Jff aul dtails in hspcifc siuaion of a smal rubbr factory many of thpoints argud by th Sjournr ruth docmnt paricuarly th imiaions of a unioncaucus ical stragy.Mor broady h pic is on of a continuing Work inAmrica sris analyng capitalist rlations of production concrtly in on factory Though such signs ar stilimprcis his ffort is only symptomatic of th gnral-

id rmrgnc of a proarian Lf afr h Cold Warrprssion hroughou Norh Amrica

O O DW ar prsnly trying o xpand or ntwork of Radical

Amrica contacts Basd on rcn issus w hav had agrowing rspons from popl who fl clos to our ol-ing workingclass prspciv W now ask ths opland othrs o gt in ouch wih us mor sysmatically

W want to find corrspondns/associat diors who arintrstd in wring and/or soliciing artics working onpamphls and discussing and criciing or wor on arguar basis Th arity of subjcts on whch w spcialy want collaboraion ar probably obious o radrsh woring cass spcially of orth Amrica and Europ;spcifc sctors of th class minority groups womnyouth as cnrs of rbllion; th hisory of womn andmodrn social rlaions h dialctic bwn srggls inh industra Wst and h hird World clurally as wlas poliically W ar paricularly inn on dvloping hsris on Wor in Amrica analyzing production and liical dynamics of individual work sitations H you arintrstd contact us hr is much to b don

h Ediors


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THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY:

Keel of Southern Industrialization

b Ha Bo

The haraer o he Sh iia an oia hioyine he Cii War ha been hape by he paricar roao inriaizaion ha he oh raee An ha roaha been bi irey in or ae (an pariay organ-ie in he oher) on he onaion o a rging eie

inry. Th he nare o he inry he immeiaeoa enironmen ha i reae an he broaer ramyh o whih i gae rie hae ha a maor impa on heproe o he oh enrane ino he inria era

Reen wrier h a C. Vann Woowar agree wiheary inerpreaion ha he exie mi were mae he"ymbo o he ew h he Sh eeoping aong

apiai ine An Woowar ami ha proi aoneanno aon or he pbi zea ha onere aneonomi eeopmen ino a ii rae inpire wiha iion o oia aaion. ( B here ha been noaeqae expanaion aane or ha onerion

Thi paper wi are ha i wa preiey ha oner-ion whih paye a maor roe in he aer iia anoia hioy o he Sh When Reconrion ene he

Shern men o propery onrone boh a Kin o exienia hao an eonomi opporniy The ae bai o heSh oia reaion ha been mahe by he Cii Waran Reonrion Ye an eonomi momenm ha beno eeop in he eie iny a eary a he ae 860An a wi be hown enormo eonomi opprniy orrowh wa opening. The Keeon o he re eonomibae ha ben o appear


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A h sam im, wie leadrs were much roccuiedwih manaining whi redominanc over bacs, a redominanc which h he new class logic of caiaism andReconsrucion erinces seemd o reaen And in heagriculural scor, a mass of formry indeendn whie

farmrs wr now andless and imvrised and consiued a secre of increasing urs

hus he uhs ruers combined imraives and oor

unies of h conomy wh e aricuar se of circumsances and cuural legacy of e slav u o roduceh exie camaign and, as i develod is ariularsocial mbodimen in he exie milvilag sysem. ecamaign isef became e ideal xression of h Newuh h hs alicaion for mmbersi in caiaisAmrica. And he ideoogy Wich dveoed was a ransi

ional form of consciousness bween he save sysem anda modern bourgeois word viw which mainained h formsof rigid hirarchy and aernaism in a nw se of circumsances, bu whic redfined e conen according o hnw logic of class in such a way as o inegrae whieworkers safey ino a conservaiv, wie consnsus.

A roo he myhs of e mill vilage eld ha worersand owners were bound ogeher in a wie famiy cosd

off rom he eerna world. e image of h mill com-muniyasfamiy combned bo h absolue auoriy ofhe ownrs and an asserion of essenial ualiy of almembers by advancng e mil owner as h model ofadulhood" oward wich hose who ad ad lss ooruniy could aroac i hy imrovd emsves" Andhe insiuions of e villag reflecd he myh forminga oal environmen wose cenr was h mil iself. F-nally, from curch o scoo o wefare sysm ey con-siud equaly a s of insuions designed o levahe or wie by offering ooruniies a every urn olarn e rules of success

e sysem of ideas whic hus came o domina mill-village life and h insiuions wic susained hem fncioned as a owerful sabilizer during he riod of he

uhs raid indusrialiaion. Mil viages from e


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of the New Suth ea absobed lae ubes ofadless whtes to a solated whte as uvese shutoff fo tetal allae wth dspossessed blas Ideedthe ll's polaed futo was pesely the eploy-et of those whtes who had owhee else to o Ad asthe vllae syste developed the oes' total otol ovethe ultual ad sttutoal Ufe of the outes o-tued to tuate the woes' dsovey of theselves as

a depedet lass stutually opposed to those whoued theDu the '0s ad ealy 0s a ap bea to appea

the soal spae betwee owes ad wokes ad woesesded wth eas tay oazato ad sel-osousess But the tetle dusy effetvely healedthe dvso stab the elatos the vlaes wththe osevatve osesus Ad that stablty has haa

teed the dusty ut the pesethe fst sts of the Suthe elte's awaeess of

the eessty to buld the Suth o ew foudatos weevsble at the ouso of the Wa I the Raleh a fluetal pape Noth CaoUa deaed

he aufatu syste s the ply ow to

be depeded upo to eeve ou tate of the evlsthat pess u he It a be ade ou eatesteas o wealth ad pospey ad oe ootedfly ao us wll floush Uke a voous plat ts atve sol 2)

ut suh speulato poved peatue: Reostutoteveed fo ove a deade b wth t Republaotolled leslatues whh wee aathea to the aosetos of the Suth's "best tes Noetheless theFedeal Goveet ad the Nothe aptalst westhat stood behd t wee eve pepaed to sttute aythoouho hallee to the we of the tadtoalul lass the outh afte 876 the e of popetywee abe aa to hat the ow futue ad that of

the eo The wods of the offal publshool hsto


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rcta o opl a arculr a cl to a thos ploy aacur a cacalustrs a cras ro 88 to 7 ovr 890Fro 880 to 97 th valu o Suthr auacturproucts cras 300 copar to 170 or th atoas a hol (8)

our outhr stats spcally North Carola SuthCarola, Gora, a Alabaa th ustralzatoor arou th cor o th ttl usy (9) I thssats th cojuctur o a ubr o actors or thrtl vrot or th boo h cso to baro a aactur cours th zal crystalz bt1870 a 1880 Icrass h volu o cotto prouctoa crass th prc o coto pr at lssprot th arcultural sctor l throuh tars as

thouht to b hoplss by Suthr lars ho lt o thars o r th Fral Govrt ollo thCvl War

h xst ttl lls r prospr th Suth;th O rs r cras a Northr trstsloo arly toar arkts or oos op- th East At th sa t th prcs o cloth thorl art s stabl ovr th rct past.

I th broar cooc vrot th cocurr vlopt o th tobacco ustr by Jas u rlasatoal captal or rvstt th lls spcally h Carolas A th sa t spcally atr 190t or th captal or th spra o hyrolctrc porth hch to r lls A raatc cras Suthr ral la ro 8108 ls 880to 0305

ls 1900 allo urthr ctralzato o aactur ral a ttls partcular across th SuthFall h crato o th r spl or yar v

just bor 180 a th vlopt bt 880 a1900 o th autoat loo a sll labor cssaror th vast ajory o th jobs th ustr h plats r thus abl to op thr oors to th outhrcaptalsts ch cooc avata h suppl o chap

labor (0


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As an alogist for the textle industy has stated: Therehas never in the histoy of th industry ben a protractedperiod when workers could not be rplacd fairly readlY"() large measure the industy's growth btwen 880and 00 was basd on a vastly expanding number of womnand childrn in the mil1s driven into the plants to supplment th incrdibly low wags of men already worng inth industry. From 885 to 85 in representative plants

Alabama, th numbr of men increased 3 th nmberof women increased 75% the numbr of girls uder 8 increased 58 and the number of boys undr 8 incrased8 Ketucky the corresnding figurs wr men 4women 70% girls 65% and ys 76%. th four main textHe states in 80 mn formd only 35% of the work forcewomn workrs mad p an addonal 40 and childrenbetwn th ages of 0 and 5 mad up 25% he work wekwas about 70 hours (2)

Wages in the mills not only wre low but also failed tokep pac with either the enormous profits in ttils orwages in other industries Adut male spinnrs in NorhCarolina mad $253 a wek in 885, $2.52 in 85 Womenin Alabama mad $276 a wk in 885 and their wages haddclind to $238 by 85. During the sam priod wages

in other industris ros slightly or held their own (3At th same tim profits in th first yars often werphnomnal according to th texil idealogue BroadusMitchll Profits in South Carolina mills in 880 rangedfrom 8 to 255% on th avrag and h rpors one largemill in that yar whr profits wre 5 on the investmentAnd that was just th bginning ys Mitchll It was notnusal in ths years to mak 30% to 75% profit (

hs th uth came to hav a distinct competitve advantag ovr th Norhrn txtil intrsts A study in 27showd that th Souths cost of production pr yard wasalmost thre and a half cnts less than the North's n thuth th tagibl costs of production which were mosUywages wer 2567% I the Northast thy wre 35.38%. (5)

Benath the sufac of the rhtorical total community

which was proclaimd to have cratd th mills a clarly


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dened communiy of mn actd o initiae and o benefi

from he campaign. That commni nded represened asinfican shit of wr from h ruers of the od saveuh It rw from the Pedmon rgon and was comsedof a few fomer save-owners and a numbr of merchantsand rising rofssionals surrounding a core of mi mnwhich had xisted for som tim in he ouh. s iks wereno rimariy with th back bt, but wh urban centrs ofcommrce and financ n th uth and increasny in he

Norh as wMchell saw over m "a gadua evouion from he

firs projcors who wer reay transpantd slavehodersthrough a somewha laer grou comosd o businss andprofeSSiona men 16) n North Caroina accordin oHuh Lfr and Abrt Nwsom he oficia hstorao North Caroina pubc schoos fo man years:

h rwar mUs had trand a lare number ofxie workers and had creaed a sma cass ofmi owrs and manaers who ook he ead instwar til dvopmn. (17

Lefer and Newsome further quo an anasis based on aBureau of Labor tatisics sud in 1900

21 mils lstd b th BL fo 100 at leas3 had he ersona survision ovr a rod otime of at eas one man and far mor often ofsevera men who were brouht up in the industryor who had gained perienc with outstanding menwho bad been in he industry for man yars 18

They juded tha the raid deveomen of he sate's tie indusr as due arge to rnvstment of the rofisof the ownrs (1

Capia for he boom before th dprssion of the 180was argey from uthrn sources though a common pracice was to rase par o the mone ocaly and ssue stkt Norhern eie firms commission houses or macincomanies in return for redit or machinery (0 B h


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md90s v o bkr rmrs f

d or mlls, mlos of dollrs o Norr cl s r or dsry (21) Nolss dsry rmd lrly Sor dsy 93 oly 1% o dsry s corolld by 1 lror rms c d Sor ls (22)

Gv vorb codos, dsry dd dd,lod cross or ro xl vsm crsd rom $17,7589 1880 o $53821303

1890 o $124,96.79 900 (23) mbr o sdls oro So crsd from 120000 1890o 1,600,000 923 (2)

A br coo rcs rly 20s d o movm of frmrs o mls Ad yrs 1923o 925 r s or v of Norr vsm dsry s ll drd mo dors ccord oo sorc (25) Dr 20s x dsry sso crsy dvrsd, dd fsd mrs o sd rodcs o rodco of rlr yrs

N cl s c rcd by scoscosfor of r comms T s bdc v cod d osvd rms bm sls c of cmbrs of commrcll cross ro, c Norr boz (26)

s dsry c d xrcd sr of rofsdr Frs Word Wr, rly xdd s mbrof Sor ls roo '20s Gso Coy r o x dsry Nor Crol, dcrd sso o b r ml k" (2) r 20s o ssd Nors mbr o rrsy 923 d rr v of rodcs. by sm yr d mor cv sds d b 1927 d 931

d mor ooms (28)A, orkrs dd o sr boom T vr

1923 s $1235 k, cosdrbly lss Norr rs s o vr cosoflvr o Nor, v k o cco xrcom bs o r orkrs l c comyos (29) Ad s dcld roo dcd

l loom frs rsocrcy of ork orc md


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$32.88 k 1920 th k l g,th vg $838 k 1928 (30) R ptug h p h m O uc m- h thy t cb (31) cg H Oum bu by h hh k t m h b tu ppy bcut h g pcy h ml p c lph h pt (32)

M c u h h cmp h ut tt y ctl bu h t cy th ct bh Nh c ctt (33) Th bc u hl mg tvlyml h t c tm (34)

T hv cm py muy pu l h Suh cmy pcy th t h

th cu m luy utk I Nth th umb g mply h t uy c m 80085 1920 (bu 42% th mucug k c) 97,575 1925 1926, 263,477 1967 (35) I Suh h y m-py 17,205 k 1967, g 111,872, l-bm 1,568, Vg 39,32, T 31,653. (36)

Thu h qut bu th u- uty; th qu h pc KMhm ( Essays th Socig utu vlp ly h pcp m cty hch,p m, uu yck t u mg h umpt cptt (37) H th bc pcpl ug h ctmpy lh ccp th hum essntiall u h b th h u c ut h chul bug cty ct ply Such -umpt cmptb th th lgc th l Souhb ym hch th v' c hl tb ctg up th mt l

A t cl h h c cptlm gcm t th h t mpul th Suh" 1880, ccg t th cul chcl h u-

y , Bu Mtchl. h uu cp h t


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tie ms ee m peopied i te qesio of eabo base fo idstiaizatio 38 Wat qi appeaedas a osistet aesio of eistig mi oes ad osepaig mis to e se of ba abo It as ide oded at bas ee ot e pope abo foe beaseof ei aeged ieioit- desibed i aios ase Negoes ee of iteigee is so o tat o aotogaize em - said oe oe 39) Said aote egea obe it Nego abo fo te otto mis is poo

adapabiit- (40B deig s dgmets o te atie apaitof ba abo, i ee ea otadied b te epeiees of te fe mis i i ba oes eeempoed, ee e isoia assmptios of te od t.Ba peopes esaemet ad bee too og jstified befeees to ie peopes ata igt- e, ad ease fomatio of e ass eatiosip de sae

ad aqied a ife of its o Ge e e ogi of assde apitaism, to itegae bas io te eat of tee dstia eatiosip od be to disb te emaiig saios of te es poe, ad ope te a fofoesee oseqees

e o tobe it egoes s te miig of aes, -admted oe oe (41) ote ommeed tat aog

bas od be pofitab empoed, is feo mafates od at o ag im if e og e epesseds a beief- i pbi (42) d fia a obsee of eids i 19 opeed a stiig oes gimpse ito teitea oos of oes ideoog e e ommeted:It is a fied beief ta te dai assoiaio i e sameempomet, de e same odiios, mig mae teNego bode ad ess espetf of e ite ma (4)

Ts m tog as deoted o possibe soes ofabo fo te mi ampaig i as ommeig Oigia tee ee a mbe of sggestos fo e impotaio of ie abo fom aboad o fom te Not A oempoa obsee of Sot Caoia poitis oe agaieeaed e diemma i a beid e speatiose e ommeted i egad o te iies of Sae Commissioe Basi Ba of te effots of Sot Caoia


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t secure immigratin was the desire t get rid theNegr and t bring whites t take his place (44During the perid anther develpment that was t have

a majr impact n Suthern histr in general includingthe emergent tetie industr in particuar was erding themajr stabilit Suthern agricultura sciet : the agri-cultural sectr the sciet was eperiencing the begin-nings that depressin which was t lead eventual t the

armers upsurge in the ppulist mvement An increase inthe nmber arms was accmpanied b a stead increasein the number sharecrppers and even greater reliancen the necrp sstem meant disaster r man rmerindependent white armers as the price cttn declinedrm an average 1 cents a pund between 1874 and1877 t 5.8 cents a pund between 1894 and 89 (45. Ac-crding t Mitchell :

Depressed cnditins agricture during andpreceding the ear ighties was n a arge wa acause cttn manuacture (it) led t industrin tw was b putting thse able t initiate enterprise n the search r new investments and bthrwing t a livelihd thse unable t make

new pprtunities r themseves. (46

Thus the Suths new undatins meant in large measurea break with the smblic and strctural dependence nblack labr The mills were t be built in an entire dierent milieu the Piedmnt area (The did nt belngt) the regin the plantatin wner the Negr and thepr white trash; it was the Suth the eman armer

the white artisan and the preins rm which the millsemerged (4) And anther writer n Alabama industr cmmented :

(It was cnsidered) a fact tremendus signiicance in the histr Alabama that the agricul-tura and industrial rces cnspired t transerecnmic supremac rm the black belt t the


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white Northern counties The New Alabama wasgrowing ou of what had been the wastelands beforethe war The liical slogan of the white counties-'This is a white mans couny-was in a largesense as true of the economic life of the state asit was of the political The Negro was playing arelatively insignificant role (48)

The uthern Textile Myth:Ruling Id f a N Order

uthern (extile) indusry is a moral venture It isan adventure in the realm of human possility The pioneers of the Southern Industry were the prophets of God doing wha God waned done These cotton mills were established hat peoplemigh find themselves and be found (from a speech

given before he Texile cial Service Associationin 926 (49)

the early 880s, on the fron pages of newspapers fromthe pulpit, in public gatherings, announcemen of a cam paign for the regions salvation" was broadcas to theuthern population The movement was comprehensive

embracing in thought if not in deed, many departments oflife" reflected one student of the period (50)Religious figures scrambled to give divine sanction to the

new textile enterprises -indeed an occasional preacherwould enter a mill on a management level In 880 BraxonCraven, president of the largest Methodist college in NorthCarolina dedicated a mill to Almighty God" Another minister wroe an account of the event o the Raleigh ChristianAdvocate, and the paper editorialized that capital so invested should have divine blessing" (5)

And the leaders of the new crusade were seen as paragons of all that was good and decent whose virtues wereconstantly reiteraed by the moral leaders of the uthWhere such men control you never hear of srikes andmobs They not only lift hemselves up in the scale of

being, but give life to all around, one finds in the Raleigh


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Adve in 1890. (52 Farseeing pubicminded generousnaed aders bcause overs and servrs hese haverovd hemsves ru parios wies Broadus Micheoudon by no on in admiraion or he spiri of h ims53 Even he harshs aspcs o h mis were orrayedas amos sacrd acs Th use of children was no avarichn bu philanhropy no expoiaion bu gnerosiy andcooperion and sociamindedness (54

A roo h myh ha grew and soidified ino a socia force lasng un he prsn day as he expanaion of hemis origin uncioned as he uhs answr o Noherncapaism Th cenral assrion abou he mils was hahy wre buil rom pur moves -dramaicay unikh cody raiona spcuaions which inspird Norhernndusry

Th crusad was no ony dscribd as a moral venure;

was said o mbody h fors and hopes o h regionsnir whie puaion -rich nd or alike A liberawier reflcing Nw uh hisorians inreaionscould commn in 66 h he uhrn mi campaigndifered rom he indusriaiaion o Russi and Chinan ha i rose rom bow bcked by al he orce oh popua wi (55) And he sas on h bsis o D. A

Tomkinss rhoric ha in a sma own he ownrship oh acory would be dsribued among mos of h inhabans 56

Tha quain llusion was inded an imoran par of hexi myh Thy (h mils) wre bu rom he com

bind cpi o many o lie mans or h socia andeconomic ehaiaion of h region raher han primary

or prva profi commens on rcen wrier (57 And

in ac schems o spread he ownership by sing sharesa chap ras oen ircuaed proposed by men like D. ATomkins They bring o mnd more recen heradings of asocled poples capiaism a is said o chracerieAmricas economy Bu he myhs o hos days ik herheoric of oday were no inndd o elucid h acucondiions o h world he evidnc indicas ha whaever

he ilusion he mils wer in raiy overwhmingy owned


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and controed by a sa cass of en who had been used

to propery and power for soe te (5 nterestnglyenough the coentator on the capita of any of tteeans goes on to add that does not realy atter who

possesses legal tite to the textile ils that dot the outheast fro Lynchburg to Laure" 5 The point for hi isthe coon nature of the projec and purty of the otves

Fnaly the capaign was proclaied to be desiged spe

ciicay for the salvaton of the poor whte Again t sworth noting that such rhetoric appeared fer any lshad been planed and after considerabe thought had beendevoted to the iperatve to exclude back labor.) And herethe iage of the counityasawhitefaiy withworkers the chidren who coud potentaly grow up one byone is the ony adequate organing concept Coentaryon the vlages has reflected consderable abivance about

the roe o the worker n the counities On one handeulogists for the industry have oten caed that sociarelatonshps were characterized precisey by their egalaian character As one ndustrarelatons specast hascoented:

The anagers of the early ils had a sufficent

feelng of kinship with their workers to recognienot only the source of their sensitive prde butaso the portance and necessty of t anagers and workers aike were peope the tersoperator and 'operatve were used erey tondcate that they had certain specaed functonsas indivduals There was no pication n theers o a asterslave reatonshp 60

On the other hand a line of ore crca observers havenoted the absoute authority of the owners withn vagesAs incar Lewis descrbed:

The outh ore than any other part of the countryretans the dea of the Gentry versus the oerclasses -that s the poor whte trash with the


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egroe not even in te ocial ystem t does notake much to make you eel you are Genty Butonce you are in it you mut igt, kidna, kill, anything to kee rom being carged with symatyor the worker (61

But te idea ar not as contradictory a they aear, orthe worker were ortraye rom the beginning a

equal articiant in the ew ut woe coareexerience ad let undeveloed teir innate worth An observer in the 190s describe te "inner reality o heworker with revealing clarity

Under te vulgarity o the worst nature abide agraciou cordiality, an originality and a rehnetat lift tem above te smirch o ordinary direutable vice not te hallowet otimit can be content with te benigted and unrogreive attitude o the oor white, wen out o thieemingly unromiing material education, mentalmoral, and hyical, migt evolve te ighet order o umanity (62

Anoter writer deined the tak o the owner by aying :

The ioneer mill owner o the out aced theHercuean tak o taking an illiterate mountain anarming eole and ranorming tem Te milowner rendered a tremenou and neceary ervice by their aternalim 63

uch imagery oe much to outine the tranitional character o te New Sout ideology The old out concetion o

ierarchy, te aternal role o the aritocracy, and thedeenency o labor were here tranorme : he authorityand "benevolence o the ruler towar their chilrenretained it orce but in a new context tat romie"aultood itel to workers who eectively acculturate

temelve


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Beneah he ubic rheoric of he cruade, he oner

ideoogy refeced a cerain degree of cynicim bu nonehee reained he major heme On one hand, hey coudon occaion exre aarene o heir oa oer ihark cariy "e govern ike he czar o uia e aremonarch of a e urvey, aid one man for inance (64)And many ere aareny enirey cear abou heir ondominan moive. For inance a "rereenaive oner

od Lion Poe

i an inu o my common ene o ak meheher eary mi buider bui mi o makemoney or o ecure ocia beermen nineynine er cen of he moive of he eary mi menay in a deire for economic reurn. (6

Bu he oner on he oher hand, ao exreed aringy vivid image of he orker a chidren. "The eoee have are j a good American a any Bu heyare ie chidren, and e have o ake care of hem, rocaimed one man. And he oner ere no hy abou voicing he ay in hich heir "benevoen concern manieedief "e ook aer heir mora, exained one mi man.

And anoher You kno, my eoe have eeryhing hey needTo year ago decided hey ough o have omeoer Foer are good or hem I oudnever be good for hem o be jeaou of each oher. he (my gardener bough he ame kind of eedor each garden 66

Aay underying he mi men concern, hoever, ahe fear ha wihou he roer careaking he orkermigh "go heir on ay hen one oner a aked hyhe mi didn e i houe, he anered franky ecoud no do ha becaue e coud no ook afer hem (67And anoher reied o he ame queion "e houd oeconro over hem (68


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Finally, e emloyer viewed te black ma outide te

cloed lie o e mill town bot a a tret to be ued okee wie worker art o te amily, and a ecre,te otentially dangerou llie o teir ward. A FederalIndutrial Commiion reort in 1901 ound tt mill owner viewed te black a a reerve labor orce, to be uedto kee ou muc o te agitation o labor te emloyermut ave omeing to old over te union orgniztion.69) And one euogit o utern indutry vividly relected

te owner concioune o te roe o race wen e aid

e wie laboring cle ere re earatedrom te egroe by an innte conciouneo race ueriority. Ti entiment digniie tecarcter o wite labor I excite a entiment oymty nd equlity on teir ar wit clae

bove tem nd in ti wy become a woleomeocial leven 70

en ny uggetion o a colition between blck nd witelborer emerged, te mill men rllied wit erocity In teort Carolin eection camign o 189 wen e cargeo rce mixing wa urled at te Poulit in a uccelattemt to ma teir rty, te Carlote Oberver noted

rovingly

Te buine men o te tate are largely reonible or te victory o te Democr. ot beorein year ave te bnk men te mill men nd tebuine men in general te backbone o eroerty interet in te te taken uc a incere interet 71

Tex Vllas; Class IntegrationW a lsd UivrsOn te urace e textile work orce eemed to it te

carceritic o labor grou wic indutrialrelationeciali ave noted re eecilly trikerone nd

caconciou 72 earted rom te broader ociety,


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omogeneou, and locked ino unleaan, ouinized labo,exile ke oe eing ave ofen led e devel

omen of wokingcla adicalim u e elaivelylo claconcioune of exile oke in e u andei coninuing ienificaion wi e one ake on addedinee How wee e owne of e mill able o inegaeei oke o well ino ei own ublicly oclaieundeaning of e wold? y did e woke acquiecein ei exenally defined ole? a wee e aco a

inibied e ene of emelve a a cla aa fomoe wo uled ei live?Fom e exeio, mill communie fi almo exacly

a deciion of a labo foce aa Lien o M. SuaCame, eiden of e meican Coon Manufacueociaion, icuing e mill village in e ealy a ofe 20 Cenuy

comaaively mall own geneally locaed ouie e cooae limi of any municialy andofen in e couny, eefoe elfconained andelfuoing, wi i own oe, cool, ublic uiliie, and cuce, wi i dwellng clueed aound e mill building and all owned bye mill comany e ciizeni i acicallyall naive bon of ngloSaxon decen ee ia definie concee ooiion ebacing evey lage majoiy of Soue mill communie,and wi lig modificaion yical of em all. (73

Fank annenbaum kecing e inie of mill village:

e mill village a no lie of i on. I de

inie ae un by e mill e mill village i lkealmo evey oe Te oue ae all e ame.ey ae e a equal ace. ey ae coloed bye ame kind of coloing Eac oue i alikeEac ee i ju a wide and ju a big a eveyoe ee (74

e deciion ae aling in ei ayal of e io


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lation o te mill commnitie rom te ret o tern

ociety and in teir decrition o te omogeneity o tewor orce And docmentary evidence o tee act i notard to dicover A late a te irt decade o te Centry 7% o all otern textile worer lived in comanyowned oing By 1916 te igre wa till 7% (75 Frter, teattern o movement wa overwelmingly tat o an exodrom arm into mill, and ten rarely i ever ot againA tdy o mill worer in 1923 in ort Carolina owed

tat 626% o te ater o mill worer ad been armer,and 512% o te reent worer ad once armed ileonly 11% o te ead o amilie d been born in millvillage 63% o te cildren rom 6 to 14 ad been borntere, wit te ercentage teadily increaing te yongerte cildren Finally 70% o te ingle worer, men andwomen ad never ollowed anoter occation And te o-

lation wa inglarly omogeneo : only one oreigner oto te more tan 1,000 worer rveyed; and 94% o teworer rom or otern tate (76

According to all tdie, a large minority o te textileamilie moved reqently ne examination in te late '20owed tat 36% o te amilie moved an average o atleat once every two year, and 2 16% moved at leat oncea year Bt teir orbit were circlar; te overwelming

maority o amilie moved rom village to village, remain-ing alway witin te ealed world o te textile indtry (77

Te evidence o te intermingling o te bo' and teworer' live come rom a variety o orce Te com-mon attern wa or te owner to now every worer by ior er irt name; at time, worer wold call te boand ervior by teir irt name a well In at leatte early mill te attern wa or te oe o te ownerand te oe o te management to be near te mill, notearated rom te worer' own ome Te bo and iwie wold attend te ame crc and nday cool tatte worer attended Te wie wa oten active in crcwor, and te bo wold ometime direct te local bae-ball team Finally te owner' door wold alway be oen; e wold deal directly wit te worer; e wa te cort

o lat aeal (7


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It takes little probing into the realities of village life tofind out the inner eality: Spreading out from the mill asthe center of the community, the owner's control etendedover virtually all aspects of the life of a village. The millmen dominated churches, schools, recreational facilitiesindeed, they often built them. And their control funcionedeffectively to destroy any autonoous social space any institutions which the woking class could claim as thei own in which independent leadership could emerge and de

velop, in which popula traditions could be sustained, or inhich workers could compare and analyze their eeriencesa working people.

he pattern of tetile village aose at first largely fomthe economic and geographical dynamiC of developmentAcoss the Piedmont, entepreners constcted mills removed fom uban areas, and the dvelopment of companyhousing and store mirored simila mill towns in the early

days of the New England indstryBut such villages acquired a selfsustaining life of their

own, precisely because they played a central social role inthe emergence of the New Soth. Whethe located in townsin the countyside, or on the otskits of ban center, themills' beneficence" pread to penetrate spheres of lifebeyond the essentials, and to create communities encap-

sulated from the broader social environment In the firstperiod, between 880 and 900, it was almot universal formill owners to uild schools and churches in addition to thehouses, and it was a idespread practice for them to buildand un company store as well in fact, wage ere oftenaid in the form of check edeemable at such stores (79

hat pattern of total communities" was the consitentepression of th tetile myth he mills, it should be re

membeed, wee not mere moneymaking institutions"hey were proclaimed to be commnitie suffused withthe oner's concen for his wads, indeed justified by themultitude of elevating oppotunities ofered to that massof men and women hose potential had been buried" undeoas eterio

After 900 (ntil the First World Wa company storesere built le often; in fact they had been one o the first


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oec o worker unret An wit e builing o mil

in alreayexiing town companie i no bui chooa requenly. Bu the pattern o company houing an oermillponore initution remaine te ominant patternthroughou te 30 an even the 40 Te ar broug omevariaion in the tye o buiing an minor improvementto exiting oue but te triking omogeneiy remainethe centra eature. (80

A tuy o over 300 mil in the late 20 emontratethe coninuing inruion o companie into ivere intituion beyon toe (hing churche an e actory lieiel which were te primary bon linking worker tomanagement n aiion variou companie uppore awie variety o oher activitie : nurerie meical aciitie communiy houe park atleic aciviie O te322 plant uie 7 a run company tore generaly

hoe hat a been buil ir; in 1926 3 o tee orewere ill operating 81 a typical mill town uring the 1920 activity woul

begin at am wit te bowing o te company whitle announcing the imminent tat o te work ay orker woulemerge rom eir oue wic were little i any betterthan thoe many ha let once on te arm In 144 communiie uie out o a ample o 26 oue were wiout toiet or bat. Inie te be that te worker hau vacate ha been ille wit an average o 4 peroncompare to 1.24 peron per be or white tenan 149or harecropper. In 988% o e ome ea wa provie by open ireplace. (82)

The work week normally ran 6 or 70 our n unaythe community lie woul turn away rom the mill them

elve an ocu intea on e curche. any o heechurce ha been buil wih mill money an almo allreceive the inancia ep o he mi An it woul bevirually the enire community ha howe p o hear tepreacher ak abou ire an brimtone or e virue o ar work an obeience on thoe unay morning 72%o the marrie mae an 83.9% o te marrie emaeatening curce (83


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aations om the theme o hell ad damation wold

hadly be those to distb the existing ode. n the con-tay, the woes might discove thei good otnemioed in the wods o thei astos. "Thee does notexist i Ameica a haie olation than that o the millvillage was the view voiced by a leadig Methodist jonalin Noth Caolina And accoding to aothe iece Thevey best labo ad hman ideals obtai (in the mill com

mnities), and they obtain becase we have ove these millsgeat te, Chistia bsiessme 84 hethe co-scosly o not the mill commnities chches eomedcosideable sevice themselves o the textile owes the wods o Listo Poe :

The chches set ot to mold taslated am-es ito stable coteted sobe citizes and i

dstial woes methods sed consisted othe clcatio o esoal vites (ad the) o-visio o a cente o commity integation othetha the mll itsel, and emotional escae om thediiclties o lie. (85

Dig the wee, the woes' childe might well attedschools bilt by the mills whose teaches salaies weeaid o o slemeted by mill aid. Ad o those adltswho caed to the "imove themselves the comaiesoten an ight coses, which the mill owes cosideedvalable "i ceatig iceased loyalty to the comany whichhas ths ovided ootnity o advancemet accodigto oe not entiely symathetic obseve. (86

Fially so that o niches o thei lives wold be etiely

withot the comay's esence the wokes i many commities had a vaiety o othe ootnities o theiiteests : they had maital diiclties, a welae wokemght visit thei home; i a ma wanted to egage i someathletic events on his atday atenoons o, he cod a-ticiate in the comay baseball leage; i a woma odtime om amily and wok, she ehas wold be ecitedito a sewing cicle sonsoed by the mill; wokes had


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nohng else o do perhaps hey would wander down o amllul and mllrun communy house. (87 The eforwas made, h consderale success o fuse he corporaeand personal worlds As one deologue o he sysem wroe n he facory vllage here can e lle separaon o pr-vae and ndusra Ufe (88

And how dd hs sysemacally consruced mleu ul-fll he ele men's vson of her role of shearng away

he rusc degraded eeror of he workers and rngngforh he real essence ha was as good as anyone ? dd so y carefully rewardng hose workers who suc-ceeded accordng o he rules:

Praccally all of he overseers and supernend-ens came from he ranks he men n charge ofhe varous deparmens represen ha poronof coon mll vllage populaon whch has achevedsuccess (89

accordng o one researcher who suded he personnel nsome deph He dscovered durng hs eamnaons ha hesupervsory personnel had had lle educaon Bu wasoher characerscs whch were mporan: Mos had e

gun work very early, a seven egh, or nne years old and889% were church memers, a near essenal o promo-on he offcers of he church and he eachers n heunday school are usually composed of men who are n asupervsory capacy (90 And her communy leadershpwas epeced n oher areas oh as he necessary prerequse for nal promoon and as he connung reflecon of her characer descrng hese mens mem

ershp n lodges, for nsance, he oserver noed:

These men acvely suppor he secre order, noonly ecause gves hem he opporuny o mxsocally u also ecause hey eleve he secreorder ncreases her presge and serveshem n good sead when promoons are eng con-

sdered (91


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Finally, it i intereting, thugh harly urriing, t nte

that it wa men wh were the real chilren the try the wh ha the rtunity t "grw u an becmelike their ruler; wmen were in many reect cler tthe mythic itin the Ol uth lave emale u-ervr r inance, were rare eite the large num-ber wmen wrker t will be hwn that uch a realiyha it eect n the cncue wme wrker

A rerter r the Nati, writing in 1929 abut the wave textile trke i uth Carlina, ainte a harly rawn icture the cciune the uther mill wrker At the cre the uthern mill wrker utk arethe unay chl, the tarangle Banner, an ernalrieh r te b. 92

ee, the cerative, atritic character the mllwrker' bele wa wiely cmmente n by even the

berver mt critical the village an ymathetic twrker' ieeent rganizatin At it rt, it revlvearun he wrker' ee rienhi an liarity interet with ther b an the ene that they were un-er hi tutelage A writer i 901, eaking wcmewhite' eerence t their ruler, wrte that the erativeaccete hi ituati "nt becaue he elt them the behi uerir, nt becaue ay clam ecet r

weath but becaue hi cnience i their wim 93The uttaig act i wrker' cciune their

jb tuati wa the har earatin they mae betweenther cnitn an their b hile they might cmlainabut wage r wring cnitin r tretchut r lie inthe cmmuitie, they ctinue t view the b a eentially "n their ie Oe rerter te that when uth

Carlina wrker went ut n trike "Many tem, whenthe trke bega, hk ha with their uerinteneta maager a they ile ut the mill t mae cer-tai that there were har eeing 94 An a wmanreearcher, Li MacDnal wh examie everal millcmmunitie in the late '20 u may cmlaint abutwage an citi. e cmmuity, he hear cm-ment like "Mll wrk will rag the rt ut a by

Thee here mill have the wrt, haret, lwetai


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work in te worl. "Yo ave to work like a og. an

entiam or te management. (95 n anoter, again, e ear nmero comlaint, an reorte at te ame timecomment like : "i comany an te bo i wite' "ey ain't ro, an te er goe to nay cool allte time. "e bo know everyboy by i irt name e ain't above orinary olk. (96 n in a tir commnity : "e bo ain't tck an on't tink e' better tanoter olk "i i jt like a big amily. (97

Every nay worker went to crc to ear "olaione ortoox ermon te terror o literal brning

ell e emai i lai on te lie to come. (98n ecae trog antay w inee te major otlet orworker' eire or a better lie. Many oberver notetat te common reaing are wa ectaclar novel orcomic Mot worker, moreover, exree eire or

temelve or teir cilren to eventally leave te millvillage lie. (99 c antaie were tragically ortcircite, owever, relecte in te enle ron o moverom village to village

o te ret o tern "cltre ociety, mill workerby te '20 were no longer "coworker wit managementin a great rama o recontrction n te contrary, teworker' aivity became an aet to many commnity

leaer, to be ecribe in vivi aion or te enticemento roective Nortern intry (00 n te workertemelve by te '20 elt a llen ene o teir iolationrom te broaer worl, an te ower o tat worl' contemt. ne lanlor exline to annenbam wy a worker a retrne to te mill ater a brie ventre back to tearm by aying : Even my tenant armer wol ave not

ing to o wit im (0 n welare worker recontewy two yong women a "gone ba ater leaving te armor te village : "t mae no ierence. ey were mill an anyway. ey jt elt tat tey a taken teown . . . 02

Given c a ene o iolation, lower wage, an teexeriment management mae wit cientiic managementtecniqe, worker began to ee te nion a a otential

intrment o rotet againt teir itation tog not

2


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generally as a refletin f their las rganizatin ne

survey f a large number f wrkers a researher fund43% f the wrk fre penly in favr f unins and 27. %psed. (03) But there was a general feeling amng thewrkers that a unin whih had ne existed in a mmunityMaDnald studied in depth was nt suessful beause itwas in the hands f the Yankees and Jews wh ame dwnfrm the Nrth and wh did nt understand uthern wrkers ( 04) And ne reprter writing abut the 929 strike

wve deribed wrker he had talked t as seeing the uninas an instrument prtest rther than as an ageny frlgrange lletive bargaining. ( 0)

Wmes lives in the textile villages had been mre ppressive and mre hazardus than their male unterpartssie the beginning A writer n Appalahian wmen in the930s aptured muh f the misery and peless aquie

ene f their lives Brwbeaten frm hidhd, wmen unaided neverfind their wy t a ene grievane prpmale dminati the reaers ve wrked theBibe fr al it i wrt Armed with the rib stry,ve si in den, ad St. Pa Let te wmenlearn in iene nd wi al subjetin and Wives,

submit yurelve te men ruh he wmn witthe nvitin her iferirity in Gds eyes Oneever hear a wfe rebeling at er lt (06)

Mi wmens diet ad heavy wrk ued a high rate finess heir wn ikne and their respibiities rtaking are f ther wh were ik used wmen t semre than 3 mre wrking time than did men (07) Anwmen died the jb at a ignifiantly higer rate tanmaes 08)

Li MaDald fund a generally paive attitude amngwmen tward their live The Bible ays wmen huldbe in ubjetin t their uband, aid ne wife (09)Ather mmented I dnt get time t take interest inanything, but it aint wmans pae t d it anyway. (0)

But MaDnald als gathered evidene f te anger whi2


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mmered udereah the urface placdy Whe womedcoveed he wa gle, hey epeaedly adved her oto marry You ae lucky, ad oe "I you have got eeyoll ay you ow bo (1) Whe wome dd take aco moeover, for mome they mahed the myh ofouthe wome placdy Wome ook a acve a paa ay me the 929 tke, a Pope decbe womeworke a the mo mlat ad deemed tke Gaoa (12) O occao wome orgazed ad fomed

he bulk of trkng worke (1)Bu depte he logg fo a bete lfe ad epode of

poet aga pecfc gevace, he mll woker co-coue emaed tragcaly cmcrbed, the proeo the ame evromet whch had capured the lve owell. he woke geeally eproduced the pavy oher ocal elaohp the pecepo of he ou-de a much ue to bothe to vote oe woker toldacDoad hem what u he cotry wll uthe ame wtho me ael hem abo (11 4 A b-eve oted tha oca peake mll commute he ealy h etuy ted almot o ere (5

Ad ug hough he hogh wa, moreove, a feaof hoe otde the akee, he Jew the Nohe uo, ad above all, black Decbg how black people

wated eveythg" oe woke oced the eme ofmay whe he declaed hey d ake he ml too fhey cold ge ( 1 1) Ad !oald ced mayothe ace o the fear ad hated wh whch oud-e ad black were egarded It ook lke he couy a bad way ad oe woke I them foreg oobogh back om he war Aother Keep ot the fo-ege ad he gge I he oy way o keep the ace

from ge mxed" (17)A umbe of other obeve oed the acal fea of

the whe woke a well Lo Pope decrbed he ml hee word

Afte emacpa the at o he Nego wachaged from tha o a valuabe ecoomc ae o

hat of he poo whte ma la opot aga30


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bv The rse f the ms represeted t acsderabe degree the ecmc trumph f the

r whte ver the emacpated bac (U8)

Ad ptca bservers beeved that the race ssue hadbee eectve keepg may wrkers (ad farmers) tedt the Demcratc Party durg the ppust era ()

Fr t wa cetra t the mage f the texe vage as afamy that the wrk frce was whte Ad the wrers' acquescece t that prcpe frm the begg deed,

severa f the eary prtests had bee agas the empymet f back abr bth factaed ad symbzed thertegrat t the wers' wrd

Rebelli nd Its Aermath:The Lng oad to Self-Dscvry

he exte stres erupted acrss he Suh 929,ad eve mre traumacay the geera stre 94 appeared fr a bre perd may usde bservers,ad perhaps may f the atua parcpats that theNew Suth tse had ded Bu the chage was mre apparet tha rea despte the catastrphe f the Depressad he chages ha had tae pace wh the dustry,the d patter cass reats emerged frm the upheavas bascay tact

Athugh the Suther texte dustry had see bref mmets f u acvy bere especay durg the severayears mmedatey fwg the Frst rd ar, wrersprtests had geeray tae he frm f hrtved effecve strkes agry gestures that cused speccwage r wr cdts but dd t here t gterm

ppst t maagemet pces, much ess devep ta systematc wrd vew atags t that f the wers.2) I the 's, hwever severa mar devepmetsucted at a subterraea eve t geerate wrers bteress ad t drve a ta wedge t the bds betweewrers ad maagemet

Fwg a wave f Nrther vestmet, ad faced wththe eed maxmze effcecy the ctext f a cm

31


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petitive industy a new geneatin f mill manages cameunde the spell f the Yankee cut f the eat Execuvein the wds f W. J. Cash surundng themselves wthflunkies and mahgany and fsted glass (2) eams efficiency expets went frm plant t plant suggestin wayst cut ut unnecessay mvement and abve all uging anincrease in the pace f wk

he ld assumptin f the wke that has main

tained his selfespect and made him a pat f thettal rganizatin f the plant the idea that hewas wrking with management in a int cpeative ventue was cmpletely igned

accrding t an industialrelatins expet ( 22) Said Cash

be deprived f ne's dignity as an individual and

made int a st f autmatn f these peple bed t the ancient uthern ntin that eachwas a white man like any the bred t t theheritage f knwing the masters f the mills n theld casually intimate terms fr such a peplethat was well nigh whlly intlerable (123)

In additin t the muchhated stretchut ther frces func-tined t widen the divisin Huge prfits during the Warhad led many firms t cmply with gvernment war regu-latins by imprving their prperty and raising wrkesexpectatins In the brader envirnment, develpment fther industries added new dimensins as well t wrkesperceived pssbilities f wages and living standards Manymills, feeling increased cmpetitive pessure and prema

turely assuming the stabilizatin f cnsensus, cut back nsme f their welfare activities by the 20s, fr instancecmpany stres were largely relics f the past and schlswere built by the mills far less ften than in earlier yearsIncreased use f cars by a small but grwing percentage fwrkers meant that the percentage f the wk frce livingunder the mills' shadw in cmpany husing declined Andfinally, as described abve, wrkers wages wee sharply

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cut backhe surge f unin rganizing activit and strikes whic

fllwed the War had largel subsided b 92 but thersigns inted t increasing unrest hrughut the decade,unin leadership fund itself cntnuall in the sitin ftring t restrain ebers ilitanc ( 24) n a braderlevel, textile wrkers during the 2s began t create autnus cultral and scial frs f expressin in partantagnistic t the dinant culture

Gastia, Nrth Carlia Listn Ppe fund that thenuber f wrkers atteding sect curches breakawasfr the established deninatins icreased fr in 92 t 4, in 939 he sects were fier, evagelisticreligin at its st intense, and reflected, i Ppes wrds,"a rug idicatr f the degree t which the ill wrkersrecgnize their cultural alienati (2) Ma preacherswere ill wrkers theselves the decratic character

f the religius experiences was arked And the sernswere full f eschatlgical refereces "Big preachers andbig prfessrs are tring t stp Gds wrk said nean "(but the will be stpped) b the Secnd Cin fChrist (26) he instittins f the vilages lst se ftheir frcefulness as well established churches fr instance, were niversal described as "cd And finall,

the r ad dwntrdden were elevated fr the statusf isfits ad utcasts t tat f true sldiers f Gd (27)Differences betwee strikes in 929 grapicall reflected

differing scial cditins B far the st ilitant, stbld st divisive strikes ccurred in precisel thseplaces like lizabethtn Gastia, and Marin wherethe "scial space between anageent ad wrkers hadwdeed the st All three f thse strikes, fr instace,

invlved huge plats all were wned b utside interests(28) lizabett, where the plants were wned b Gerans te cents f ne bserver f te 929 strikesclear caught te iprtance f suc distance During theWar, it was recalled :

sacred therhd, the Aerica he, andGd knws wat else had been saved fr the Ger


36/122

ma meae It was therefre, a simple psy-

hlgial press fr the lizabetht strikersi 1929 t reall the aimity with whih a fewyears bak Ameria espise the very me whw sat i the fatry ffie. (129)

he harater f the strikes was te ther ha qiteifferet i th Carlia, where it will be remembereepartig wrkers shk has as they let t make srethere were har feeligs Wrkers etrate exl-sively the stretht a i fat i a mber f plaeshase t i represetatives wh ame t ffer theirassistae Arig t e reet reprter f the evets

Bth the i a the stretht were efeate iSth Carlia Iee te basi isse settle ithe wave f strikes was (the eisi t) retai the

l system f itrial relatis with its empha-sis a itesely ma relatiship betwee theemplyer a the emplyees (130)

Bt the e f the 1929 strikes with the ambigs exep-ti f Sth Carlia lear efeats fr the wrkers, i trestre traqilty t the mill mmities Urest tie t simmer belw te srfae fr the first years f theDepressi A i 1934 a mass strike whih at its peakivlve 420000 wrkers shk the istrys fieet its fatis. Brigig t almst 200000 wrkers ithe Sth it appeare t iagrate a ew era f strgglei the regi

I geeral the Sther istry a weathere the De-pressi far better tha the Nrther experieig lsses

ly i the years 1930 1932. (13 1) I 1933 the textile ethat was frmlate t mply with te Natial IstrialRevery At staarize wrkig hrs at 40 a set amiimm wage f $ 12 per week Altgh Sther istryexpresse sme isgrtlemet at the iserti f feeralathrity it wat ha previsly bee their allegeprergatives the majrity f Sther firms regize theee t ratialize a trl the tpt a mpetiti

withi te istry Whe the Spreme Crt strk w34


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e RA i 193 e ajriy f Ser fir ledged ie aiai e de (132)

B wrker were iilary aified wi e gide-ie Te NRA ad allwed ied re Ad May 22 1934 e de ariy rped lii erai fr 12 week w 30r if wi a rredg redi i ay Trg e er biereag e wrer ied bid 133)

Te Uied Texie rker Ui wi wa be e

eile fr e exi a rred ad year befrearilaed i ily f "rggle ad i wa ardlye alege e wer egey 1929 a leader fa i ATUT rgaizig drive ad aed i Care :

I i i grea lad we are eried fi we a ake a dii ribi warde deee f efiiey f erai adf deradig bewee elyer ad elyee (134)

e ea f e UT ireed eier e wer re wrker Te wer fel dbedly a ey eeded i eir " rje ad e wrker a ee ey brke f e raiae f ilvillage

gi dd wi a ai wi d fid effeive exrei y i re draai erTe rie ief beg by 20000 wrker w waled

aey i Aabaa i ly 1934 red e Seried fr a brief erid i a baegrd f iga re Afer e rike ffiia begiig e firf Seeber wrer' arava read ar eryide r w w rge er le eir

i B i wa deied be a brief aeri f aay Te il wer ad ae gvere e erie wi eqa fry See riker were ied i Heaa i S Carlia Seeber 6 by e Sae iiiaNaia Gard i were aied i 24 Nr Carliaw ad aria aw wa deared i Carlia aGergia were Gverr Taladge e erai

a i wi rie eader were ided (13) 3


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plers plns r repeing lled r the se 10,000

Ntinl Grds nd 11,000 mp grds B September20, lthgh the irst mssive pring strikers hdsbsided, 10,000 were still t (36)

Unin ledership, hwever qiesed in the e theederl d stte tin lng bere mre militnt wrkerswere willing t d s On September 22 UTW ViePresidetrk Grmn nned eptne the ederl Mediti Brd prpsl r settlemet whih merel lled

r brd t "std the prblems Thgh Grmn lledthe tme "e the gretest i ll lbr hist, ne tk him serisl r lng Unin membership, whihhd rise spetlrl t 270,000 in Agst 1934, sbsidedt 60,00 b 937 (37)

t is essetil ere t lk mre deepl t the dnmis ls dri the strike wve d the press reinterti whih lwed The ptter explsive tbrsts

lwed b rermti previs werwrker rel-tiships hd bee etblished l bere the 1934 striketsel I the sed ville MDnld stdied r instne, militnt nin hd existed between 198 nd 1924 Over80% the wrkers hd jined, nd wrkers hd stk ivesmmers i rw Bt this mmni, b the time shevisited it hd hged nsiderbl

ll minister hd led "sessl ert t imprvethe mmnit (138 Wrkers there, s in the ther vil-es she desribed, mde shrp divisin between thehrh nditins nd the bss, wh ws sid t be "white, ine mn, nd nt bve rdinr mill lks (139)A set hrh in the mmi hd lsed sine the ninds Ad the wrkers, in remembering the ni, reveledmst ll their rrent seldbts nd the dependent hr-

ter lbrs lss reltis "hings ret s prs-pers s i the i ds, bt the re qieter Wrk-ers re t hrdheded t get things dne r themselves We re gettin lng s things re nw The wrkers d tknw engh t d r themselves (140)

Dring the biterest mmets strike tivit the bndsbetween wrkers nd wners hd never been etirel destred the midst the Gstni strike, l preher

&


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w supprted te strie deared i a eraged speeagaist apitaism It is t te wer r peratr f te

mis (we are striig agaist), sme f wm are fie me,but te ditis uder wi we d t get ivig wages(141 Ad te patter MaDads viage repeated itsefarss te Sut i te pststrie perid

Tese maagemets we te beame aware fte guf (tat ad begu t pe betwee temsevesd te wrers), did t wat it tere. Te udave buit a bridge arss it wit te uis but tis ud t be a aswer uder te was

ardig t a idustr smpatizer (142 He as stated

I ma mis te perse seti was mved ut te treasurers fie 0 ad arged b te tp

maagemet wit te respsibiit mpiiga srts irmati abut te pepe sme te mst eabrate perse dssiers tat tewriter as ever see are i te ative ies f teiedmt textie mis (143

Tus maagemet was restituted urt f ast resrt

Gastias ra is was tpia f ma we it ra aupage ad i te a paper after te strie, dearigte bss t be te wrers fried ad tiuig atmaes te spirit Prgress u perati ema wit ater is te itimate eti f tevarius uits ' (144 ra vigrus eisted te aid a miisters as itermediaries betwee te mpaad ew wrers, buit a rereati amp ad ept u atrubemaers (145 Ad tward te sets te mis iGastia adpted a ew attitude itte b itte te ewersets are seeig ad wiig supprt tward mi maage-met mre reet subsidies simiar t tse gratedt te der ures are beig grated t a ew setariagrups. (146

A mdiied frm patera reatis was avaiabe t


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te mre "adventurus mpanies, ed by te arger and

Nrternwned pants Regnizing te need t stabiizete abr suppy n nger fearing unins tat rganizedte industry as neessariy subversive and peraps awaref e maturatin f te wite nsensus and te paraeemergene f a wrk fre tat ud beme we integratedint te dminant vaues f te regin by te iusin f itswn cie, many f te mpanies sened te mst bvi-us frm f teir ntr ver te wrkers Beginning wit

Buringtn in te mid30s, a signifiant minrity began tse uses In preparatin fr te saes

ca newspapers usuay feature te sae wit af te mpanys carefuyfrmuated statementsabu te pprunity it is ffering t its wrkerse editr ften adds is wn mments n teirtues f me wnersip (147)

Finay, a researcer int te saes gatered many qutest e effet tat te d stye f tta paternaism was "nnger needed e wrkers ad at ast mved beynd tecmpete dependeny f idd tward a kind f per-manent ate adescence

Running trug a te reasns ike a refrain waste cnitin tat me wnersip wud make frmre respnsibe citizens and better mmunities (and) prperty wning wud stabiize wrkersand essen abr turnver (48)

But te reatinsip between asses ws never t be tatf independent aduts rkers as a we were nevertreated as "equa partiipants in a fuy burgeis envi-

rnment Fr te paterna, se reatinsip between tewner and te wrkers remains typiay an eement in tewrkers "adesene even nw A wman wrker in Gas-nia in 197 refeted mu f te same dependene tater anestrs ad been taugt 90 years befre wen sexpained a sarp utbak in er urs by saying :

eve ad t ut dwn n a we t f tings


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(but) the mill has een gd t me They gave mydaughter a ,0 schlarship, !nd theyve tried tk ater the emplyees It jst make me dammad t think abut the way they (gvernment icials) d them. (49)

As will be ee, hwever, a new and diruptive elemet harecently been added t the textile amily emplymet back wrkers may generate the ngdelayed ser

ganizati that a segregated wrk rce never succeeded iustaiigThe rgaizing campaign lached by the CIO i 937 un

er Sidey Hman demntrated ce agai the btacet uin. Hilma had decared at the utset hi cmmit-ment t "respnsble uinism The Textile Wrkers Organizing Cmmittee spet ver tw milin dlars in thecampaig, an used 0 Sthern rgaizer, bt encu

tere ermus reistace rm wner, wh brght ttheir d arenal backist, thgs, rings, a preachers. (0) By 939 TWA claimed 20% the 30,000 wrkers a members, bt the wrd wa ten meaningles ny % Suther pindle were under actual cntract( 939 the CIO rermed the Textie Wrker ni Amerca, ad rak Grma recstituted the nite

xtie Wrkers, aiiate with the ALThe Secn Wrld War brght me icreae i inmemberhip, with ctracts erced by the War LabrBard By the cncuin the War, TWA caimed thatthe duty wa 20% rgaized (2) rm 946 t 93the CIO ce me egaged i a mar drive t rgaizethe Suth Operatin Dixe The Sther Organizig Cmmittee hred 8% its sta rm the Sth agai in a

ert t cter charges tier Phillip Muray 98 reprted iitial enthsiasm, and the CI piti nrace wa certaiy an advance ver the earier campaigMray reprted t the CIO exective cmmttee that uimeeing were away eegregated, a ten chaired byblack In a mment euphria, he even decared that Operatin Dixe was a "civiright prgram But textie,

with virtually n black wrkers, the rhetric wa hllw.3


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And the drive coinued o be plaged wih personaliy conflics, siff resistance from employers, and oly episodicsccess among workers. From 1949 o 1951, TWUA won 48nd lost 63 of he elections it s involved in In Georgiathe ion by 1954 hd fewer cotrcts tan i had had in948 TWUA ad spen four illio dollars beween 1946nd 1948 ale - d gied 15, 000 new members By theconclsio i represeed 36,400 workers i the u compared o 9,900 wokes in 1939. (153)

The fed beween he UTW ad he TWUA coninued ftehe merger of the AL and e CIO in 195 altog Tcontied to be very smll I 96 he TUA temped adrive mong e gins (Brlingon, ano, Pepperell) btde lmos no gis

A milin strike fo lmos hree yers i Henderson,Norh aolin maked virtlly the only ouburst of milincy aong he ion's oerwise declinig membershipI Noveber 1958 more a housand workers srckHarriet Hendeson 1 ad mills For almos hee years core of workers fogh he mills e local bsinessesd the forces of sae government. The srike ws a lasdeeted in Jne 1961, ad for ion oficers ere seenced to prison uder fradule chrges of "conspiring obomb A illiting sideligt to the Hndeson stoy e

citled he per o earlie yers : The wokers colno believe when hey strck tht e mange ws fl they hoght he hd been dped by a ainion conspircy from o of stte Mny workers told an observer ohe siutio h they had liked he man 154

By 1965 he Souhern idsry ws 9% orgnized Bt ahe present time he increasig employen of blcks igiig cosiderble ecoragee o the nio orgaizers

Black workers in recent elecions have voted solidly fohe uio; he percenage o blacks i he idsry has icresed from 33% i 1960 to 134% in 196. Th pesidenof a mill local in Erwin North rolin expressed te oodof mny tody as ell as te istory of reltios in te isry when he recenly said

I hink wiin he nex fe years well have many


43/122

mre Negre Wite ate t rganize ey wantt get ang' wit management But Negre nwit' nt n teir ide ()

* * * *e uter men f pwer deat wit te a tey fundarund temelve fter Rentrutin wi imaginatinand rute zea aing a attered enmy, tey rebuitte ut n new fundatin wi wud guarantee temweat and reative eurity fr deade Cnfrnting teemrgene frm avery f a previuy pivta etr f

te ppuatin, tey were abe t reaert e dtrine fwite upremay in te ntext f new, apitait reatin-ip by puing te ba ppuatin t e margin fte new rder And divering arund temeve an in-reaingy retive, frmery independent wite ppuatintat ad deveped an ean and pirit wi pribited paive aquieene t te new rder, te ruer f te Sut

deveped a mytgy and an apparatu t impement temyt wi erved t integrate te eart f te new wring a int a nervative wite indutria nenu

A i paper a atempted t et in uine te ref teir effrt wa te eabratin f e textie myt andte mi viage wi wa it refetin in te pere fia reatinip e fundamenta feature e eenef te eatinip between te ruer and te rued in tee

viage wa te prdut f te new gi f a And teimpetu fr te indutria devepment ad itte t d witmyt r vin : It wa te utgrwt f peia enmiand ia arateriti f te regin Bu e viin itef and te partiuar feaure f te envirnment in wiit ame t reide were te prdut f ative reaive menatempting t diver a way t aert effetivey eir ruever a iety

a e ruer f te new indutry did in fat devepw an eabrate ytem f reatinip wi preervedte iuin f te wite wrer independene wie in reait it maintained bruta ntr ver a apet f wrer' ive i nr wa enrmuy effetive preieybeaue it wa rarey vert at a e very meanimtrug wi it funtined were prrayed in my a in

trument wi te wrer ad eped t buid fr teir


44/122

wn welfare And he wners rigid auhriarinism iself

hid behid a mask f ern whih piured is praiiners as a lile wiser a lile lder he mdel f whai mea grw up

As uerpin he reai f insiuis designed iegrae and here mill mmuniies wers playedup ad develped wrkers fears f hse uside hewn espeially he blak masses here is muh evi-dene ha wners we enirely nsius f he impr-

ae f raial fears amg heir wrkers ad suh fearswere used rune wrkers rganizai and srenghenwhie slidariy rm he early days f he mills Finallyhe disdai he mill hands experiened frm he braderwhie siey furher reifred heir islain ad sense he village as refge hs he mill mmuiies be-ae sarpy walled ff frm he res f Suer siey;

i he nfies f se villages driven by he very wreh-edess whih he wers ipsed n hem bu lakig fn-daeal nfidee i eir idepede apaiy fighbak he mill ads red hse wh prfessed beeir kid and heir friends he rulers f heir lives

deed e wrkers e villages ied live inwrehed irumsaes ninued be imprisned by heviage sysem preisely beause hey were unable ar

ilae a aleraive sisness here is siderableevidee ha hey did enirely buy he village syse e aiviies (wi e impra exepi hurhes)designed fr heir beefi were rarely aended by helk f he wrkers B he ulimae hai ard eirapaiy a idepedely was he mysifiai a resuled i he ilsi ha he bss was eir side

he wrkers presed heir siai hey ms fendid s by fusig speii grievanes as if le ewer kw ha he ad verlked smehig Durig hebrief flurish aiviy rm 929 934, whih grew u he firs real disaiai bewee wrkers ad wers,hey assered he embry f a aumus nsiusness

Bu his indepedee subsided verly beause fhe lak ay isrume hrugh whih i uld geeralize

ad ssai iself he nin wih was heir vehile was42


45/122

itel rier the myth cl certi

the lg ru hwever the ideedece d itegrity the wrker cciue w tructed by the rticulr cil eture the mill illge ith ertile grudrevlutiry cciue mtter wht it itil btcle, will chere d devel it w itrumet elerei ut the mill villge lcked reciely whtE P hm decrbe the icbtr cl cciue durig the idutril revluti i gld :

he ctryide w ruled by the getry the twby crrut crrti the ti by the cutet crti ll but the chel, the ter,d the hme were their w the "uteeledlce wri there w rm r ree itellectul lie d r demctc exerimet 56

te mill cmmuitie the th there w cilterri which wrker cld etblih ideedece F citet cheret elimge the wrki cl itel culd emerge we ll iche lie were erdedby the imge te the te wer d thu by hideiiti wker rt te white mily

Ad wrker deelig ltertie d illed wit

er te brder ciety wee cemeted it tht teileeirmet by teir et t the wer udmet te utide lck ce t be ee thret t teirb d tei ecil reltihi t the mill me eiger Nrtherer ermet ee ui were t treteig d icmreheible wld the ly ltertie t wich w the wer embrce the bece y ce i which thei ideedet ccie culdemere d i the trk light e whic hut ut tewrld beyd the illge wll the tburt relt thtwrker did mut wee hrtlied eide. retrecttey eem llw bitter geture id ely dlecet rebelli by me d wme wh hd whereele t g withi their udertdig the wrld d whtu reted i the ed t the e milieu the ville

wlled wy rm teir tetil el llie


46/122

But the story of the mill worker isnot concluded, for he

Suthbeyond the communities has changed with the passageof time. Growing increasingly indistinguishable om cpi-

talist America as a whole, it experiences the tensions that

are intensifying in the broadernationl environent. And,

birthplae of the black movement wich as soconvulsed

the broader society, the South aces et another spete :

hat mvement is spilling int the neheie rld ofthe mill itself the enter f the Suthern white familyAnd its entrane annt fail t shake and perhaps ultimatelyshatter the bnds whih hlding wrker and wne tgether,frmed the pivtal stabilizr f the plitial ulture duringthe emergene f the New Suth

OOTNOTE

1 C Vann Wward : Origins of te New Su (uisia UnersityPress 1951), Page 133

2 Q ug er Albert Newsome : Nort Calina : eisry of a Se s (Capel ill UNC Press 1963) Pa 475

3 Ibid Pe 4734 Jack Blicksiler : Cotn Mnufacturng in e Suteast : isrical

Analysis (Atlan Georgia te College of Business Administraton1959), Page 3

5 Q in Broadus Mtcell : Te Rise of Cotn Mills n e S(Bare, Jons opns Press 1921) Page 26.

6. George arnes Abraam Berglund d rank Deer : rin e Industrial Su (Carlotesille Uniersity of Virgnia Press1930), Page 6

7 olland Toson : rom Coton ield to Con Mll : y ofIndustrial Transition in Nor Carolina (New York MacMllan 1906)Pages 23

8 es and associates : Indusial Sut Pages 679 or te Piedmnt region of te Sueast in particular e tele

mlls came smlize industrializaon iself; far bend e fourstates st affect tey ppear as e symlic embiment of enew order e Wdwa : Origins Page 131 or realistic discussionof e genesis of Se dusialization re Wowa : OriginsPages 107 140. Also Blicksler : Coton Manufacturing Pge 3

10 Ben Lemert : Coon Teile Iusy of te Sue AppalacianPied (Capel ill UNC Press 1933) especialy Pages 3036

11 Ibid. Page 5412 Wwa : Origins Pages 224226.

13 Ibid Pages 225226


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1 Mtchell Rise of e Mlls, Pages 3 Mtchell t wl shown eerenc ehora over e owner' s alsm. Thoughos

paper Ne h hsors of he mll caa e us as socesfo e tele myh self; e such hstons play ontole n erg the dverse snds ofthe caa nd coheng ento dlogy approprate e ndustralzn h

15. t : Coon ele ndusy Pge 10.1. Mtchell : Rse of e Mls Page 7.17. Lefler d Newsome : Noh Caolna Pe 718. d.9 d Pge 80.

0. Mthell Rse of e Mlls, Pags 13 Se also Wowa :Ors Pe 1.1. d. Pes 30-307. rge all Eergence of the New u (Lousa

Unversty Press 9, Pg 7. Mhell Rse of e Mlls Page 3.. Glen Glman : Hum Relatons the ustrl heast y

of e ele Industry Chel Hll UNC Pess 19, Page 105. all Emergence Pages 11111 nd Page 7

. Paul Blanshard : La n ue Co Mlls 19 pahlet)Page . Tall : Emergence Pe 38. d Pages -.9 Blnsha Lar Pge 030. l : Emegence Pe 3931 Ray Marshall : n he (Cardge Hav Press

197, Pe 10.3. Blshad Lar Pe 0

3Gl Hu Relatons, Paes

911Accordg

a

90sy he ct 8% of e texe wokers were sll or semsll d. Haret Herrn Wefare Wk n M Vllages e ory o

Ea ll Acvtes (Chapel Hll UNC Press 199 Page . he 19fgues were compl by E alope Dnn for e Eloyment ScutyExche Repot in No Caolna Volume Numes -.

3 d7 Kl Mhem Essays on e ology of Cultue (London

Boue Kon Pau L 195. e especally Pages 788 Mthell Rse of Mlls Se he dscusson of lar Pages

00.9 d quo from fote Page 18.0 d, quo fm foe, Page 19.1. d. d. d. q fom Pages 90. d quoted fm oote Pe 0.


48/122

45. Wwd : Oigins, Pes 1520546. Mihell : Rise he Mills, Pge 144.

4 Gilmn : Humn F, Pge 6948. Al Me : Hisy Abm nd He Pele (Chi d

New Yk, Amei Hisi Siey, 192 Pe 636 Adng ne j sy blk l e e Civil W : Emnipi he slves shed e j in blk l n giulund dmesi sevie" : eling e Abm His : e BlkWke (New Yk, Clumbi nivesiy Pess 193, Pe 30 Whne-hi he Se wk e, blks held 15% he mll jbs,ls l se in uside jnii wk, ng Khene

Lumpkn : The Suh in Pges s (New Yk inl Publishes,1940 Pge 5

49. Q m speeh by hn eke in is Mnld : SueMill Hills : A y Sil nd Enmi Fes in Cein Mll Villges(New Yk, Alex Hillmn 1928 Pge 1

50. Mhell : Rise e Mlls, Pge 86.51. Lisn Ppe : Mill Hds d Pehes : A y Gsni (New

Hven, Yle Pess, 1942 Pge 2452. Q n Ppe : Mill Hnds, Pge 23.

53. Mihell : Rise e Mills, Pge 104.54. bid, Pge 9555 h Ge Vn Osdell : Cn Mills, L, nd he Suhe

ind 18801930" (published PhD dissein, Tune, 1966 Pge 956. bid Pges 13145. Gilmn : Hn F Pge vi58 F evidene w he mlls, ed, insne Lee

nd Newsme : Nh Clin, Pges 46-480. Pehps ms ineesingis he h Mihell ll his ehi des n begin mke

suh lim his view he mlls wee lely gun nd susnby he ledng iiens " e Suh e Mihell : Rise he MillsPges 23223 ulle disussin he mlls genesis.

59 Gilmn : Humn F, Pge vi60. id. Pge 138.61. inli Lewis : Che nd Cnen L" (New Yk, le

pmphle pu u by Uni Feue die, 1929 Pge 1462. Cle De Geneid : Gegi Cke n he Cn Mll", n

Cenuy Mgine N, Vlume 19 (Febuy 1891 Pge 498

63 Blnsh : Sue Cn Mlls, Pge 49.64. Qu n Tindll : Emegene, Pge 32865 Ppe : Mill Hs, Pge 19

66. Fnk Tnnenbum : Dke Phses he Su (New Yk G PPm's Sns, 1924 Pges 50-51

67. id., Pge 468. bid69. Lpkin : Suh Pes 159 160.0. hn W. Duse : Mnel Welh Alm nd Biminm,


49/122

llus (Birmingham, 188 Page 10971. eer esome or Calina, Page 525

72 e for insnce Clark Kerr braham iegal nrindusyPropensity rike" in Keuser and associates (irs) ndustrialConflic (e York, McGra Hill, 195 Pages 191193

73 Tnenum Darker ases, Pages 50-517. bid, Pe 5875 Gilman Human Facr, Page 150.7 Jennings J Rhe : Sme Con Mill Workers a eir Villages

(Chl Hill, UC Press)77. id, Page 12

78 for instance, oson Coon Field, Pages 200-20279. id, Pes 11171 Rhe Coon Mill Workers, Pes 23-280. bid, Pe 35 Herring Welfare Wrk, Pages 230-2381 e Herring Welfare Work, Pages 2-31 for a summary of her

finings82 Rhe Coon Mill Workers, Pes 2930 Herring : Wefae

Wrk, Pages 230-23 on using83 Rhe : Coton Mill Wrkers, Pages 1-1798 Blshard Sue Con Mills, Pes 87-88

85 Pope Mill Hs, Page 29. For an excellent discussion of eroe of fdamentalist relion in insillig lar discipline, see E PThoson Making of e English Worng Cass (e York, VintageBooks, 193, Pages 35-37

Herring Welfare Wrk, Pe 778 Rhe Coton Ml Workers Pas 5-59 Herrings ok also

es o exa-mill activies in geat detai88 oson Con Field, Page 189 e : Coton Mill orkers, Page 157

90 id, Pe 191 bid92 Paul Blanshard One Hr Per Cent mericans on rike" ,

in The ation, Volume 128, umber 330, Pge 5593 oson Coon Field, Page 1879 Blsha : One Hdr Per Cent, Page 595 MacDonald Mll Hills, Pe 13 Macnald as clearly appalle

at e passivity and fear hich characeriz e workers om sheineiew Her loles form a constant undercurren roughou her

ork e wish ih soe passion for e orkers overcome eirconvicon of he oners benvolence a dersd he obvious a eir ch conditions ere crea precisely by ose oers

9. bid, Page 10597 bid, Page 798 oson Coon Field, Page 2899. Macnald Mill Hills, Pages 111-112, and Ryne Coon Mll

Workers, Pages 19819910. Gilmn Humn Factor, Pages 191200


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101. Tannenbaum Pe 66102 Ibid Page 66 e also Mitchell Rise of e Mills Page 197

103 Rhe Coon Mill Workers, Pages 204-207104. Macnald : Mill Hills Pe 85105. Blanshard One Hdd Per Cent, Pe 555106 Edwa Alsworth Ros s : Pocket Aricans", New Republic,

Volume 37 (January 9 1924) Page 171107 Margaret Jarn Ha: Mers of e Su A Populaon

y of Native Wite Women of ChildBearing Age of the Sueast"(publish PhD dissertion, UNC 1937), Pe 270

108. Elizabe Otey : Won and Children in Suern Industry", n

Annals of e American Academy of Political Scial ience Volume153 (January 1931) Page 163

109. Quoted in MacDonald : Ml Hills Pe 144110. Ibid Page 77111 d Pages 77 and 144112. Pope : Mll ands Pe 258113 e miltancy and selforganization of women are document

n a paper on e Elizaben ike of 1929 by ra Evans Boe UNC1970 : Women of the New : Elzabethn Tennessee 1929"

114 cDnald : Mll Hills Pe 71115. Thoson, thogh a lever n e tele myths was convinc

that texile workers would eveally become class-conscious thusnot w mch nterest tir reaction to P speakers Coon eld,Page 189

116 MacDonald ills Page 72.117 Ibid Page 108.118 Pope Mll ds Page 12119 e, for nstce, oson : Con elds, Page 9, and John

Clark Populism n Alabama (PhD sseation NYU 1927) Page 173120. e George Mtchell : Texile Unonsm the uth (Chel

Hill UC Press 1931) for a sumary of e hstory of texile ionsuntl e 1929 strike wave

121 W J. Cash The Mnd of the S (New York Alfred A Knopf,1941) Page 270.

122 Glan : Human actor, Page 182 e also Mtchell : TexleUonsm Page 66.

123. Cash, Page 353

124 e Jean Carol Trepp : UnonManagement Cooperation the Suhe Organizng Caaign" Joal of Politcal Economy,Volme 41 (1933), Page 614 Mtchell : Unionism especially Page 65

125 Pope : Mll Hands, Pes 136-137126 Iid Page 128127 Ibd, Pe 131128 Pope : Mll ands, Pe 145 e also os Tippet : When

Sue Lar rs (New York Jonathan Ce and Harrison m,1931) for a fascnatng accot of Gastona Elizabehton present


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by a wng obseer, d ws Lar, for an eyewess accoof Maron

129. Tppet When Sue r rs, Pe 9130 V Osdell e Mnd Pe 138131 Tall Emeence, Page 467132 bd, Page 436133 eHerbert Lahne e Coon Mll Worker New York, arrae

a Rnehart, 1944), Pages 2223, for a g accot of the strke bya on sather

134 Trepp nonManagement Co-operaton Page 614.13 e ndall Emergence, Pages 09-12, for nformaton on the

strke addton hnes accot136 bd137. d138. Mcnald Mll Hlls, Pe 86139 d Page 10.140 d. age 114141. Pope Mll Hns Page 27

142 Gman Human ator, Page 234143. bd. Pages 24-244.144. Pope Mll Hands, Page 318.14. bd.146. bd. Page 140.47. Harret Herrng Passng of the Mll Vllae Chapel Hll, NC

Press, 199), Page .148. bd., Pe 16149 Qut n Mll fe s Tou Aga", e Charloe Obserer,

une 7 170.10 Tall Emergene, Pages 18-20; rshall Lar, Pages169170 Lahnes descrpton of owners' taccs n ths caa a earler ones) " dscrmnary dsharge, evcon, blacklstng,and yellowdog conrats fal e m oer brought o larspes, ps and depes d coany ons. " Mll Wrker, Page24)

11. Mrshall Page 17112 bd, Page 246

13 bd, Pages 24268 for a lberal vew of Operaon De.14 e account of the Heerson strke comes from an nvolv syatc obserer of the events . nald y, Duke verstyDepartment of ology. Dr Ry s an nvalable resource on texleorganzng n the 190s A jor hess of hs s that the textle onswere scessful only hey were able offer a ol aleatve"effecvely Materal on Henderson fm an eew anuary 4, 1972

1 Qt n Reese Clegho Black Brethrough n eles",Rae ews a Oseer November 9, 1969.

16 oson Wrng Class, Pages 1-2


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The Cambridge-Goddard Graduate School Master's Program for 19 72 -7 3 includes the following courses :

"Mass Society and Mass Revolution by PaulBuhle and Dave Wagner a theoretical and practical examination of the internal mechanisms of

modern culture, the objective development toward a reappropriation of lived experience fromthe bourgeoisie and the State and the role ofrevolutionary intervention.

"Community Organizing : A Historical Perspective by Jim Kaplan a study of the cass content of the community orgizing projects of the960s leading to a political conclusion of theprospects for workingclassbased community

struggle in the 1970s

"Marxian Economic s , by Paul Mattick Jr : astudy of Capital, Volumes to , and utilization of analysis for specific theoretical and litical projects

Oral History : Twentieth Century Labor andRadical Movements in New England, by SteveMiller includes extensive selfeducation on thehistory of the labor movement, oral history interviews of old radicals in the area, and utilizing information for ongoing political projects

European and American Working Class, 1967to the Present, by Mario Montan : a critiqueand comparative study of the most recent waveof workingcass upsurge (with special emphasis on Italy) and comprehension of their signi

ficance

For more information and cataloe write to The Cambridge-Goddard Graduate School 1878Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 0240


53/122

Th e Radica l izat ion of

Quebec Trade Un on s

by Black Rose Books Editorial Collective

ISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Th Cndrtin ds Sndicts Ntinls (CSN 1)ws ndd in 92 1 s th Cndrtin ds TrvirsCthiqs d Cnd (CTCC, chnging its n t CSNn dring its scriztin in 1961 Th irst Cthicnin ws ndd in 190 b Chictii B 19 18 t st

2 cnssin nins wr in istnc nd b 1921 s220 dgts r 88 nins jind tgthr in l t ndth CTCC with initi brshi s 26,000 wrkrs

Th CTCC ws ndd ssnti b th Cthlic Chrchs r rsns t th grwth intrntin nins.br rgniztin bgn in Cnd in th 1880s s rst th inititiv th tw US lbr sscitins, th Knights

Lbr nd Aricn Fdrtin Lbr rssinnin rgnizrs r ths tw grs crssd th brdrnd crtd dgs r lcls th rnt bdis B thirntr, ths rgniztins wr intrntin nd scr

Th CTCC ws iitd t Rn Cthics nd nddt ight th innc Aricn triis nd B-shvik cnis In 1931 n 1066% f th indstrilwg rnrs wr ninizd In 1932 th ninizd br


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orc was about 42,680 o which 25,000 (58.58% o th tota

bongd to th CTCC B 195 1 32 15% o th abor orc(259,950 was unionizd, and 99081 (3388% o th totabongd to th CTCC

ach CCC union oca ws run b an auonir, a pristwhos dut it was to ucat its brs on thir Cathoicdutis in thir ro s trad unionists Th auonir choscrtain workrs to participat in spcia stud sssions orindoctrination, intrprtd a abor gistion or th,

and aind th appication o papa nccicas to daii

Th on conoic dand viwd as gitiat or thworkr was sip tht o a wag suicint to support hisai Lga striks wr prittd on whn a s hadaid; spath striks wr considrd iora and thuswr prohibitd In this authoritarian cast th workr had

no accss to tchnica inoration to hp hi undrstandsocit, and h was prvntd ro dvoping an groupskis

Th ida o th ownr o a actor as a an st apartro th workr in trs o his intrsts or th ida ocass conict was viont dnouncd Privat proprtws justiid b ntiica tachings

A trad unionists catchis was pubishd, containing

39 qustions and answrs, and th irst hour o ach unionting was dvotd to th orization o this catchisTh patrnais, itis, and cutivatd ignoranc o th

socia and conoic raitis; th bi in hirarchicaauthorit; and th dpndnc on pontiica taching to sovdatoda probs o FrnchCanadians wr rctdin th union's organizationa structurs and in its prossdobjctivs It ws ogica ro this that th CTCC shoud

b instrunta in th irst provincia ction victoris oMauric Dupssis (2 in 1933 and 1936

Fro 19 15 to 1936 thr wr 50 striks in Qubc thatinvovd 155,000 workrs, o which nin invovd th Cathoic unions, ipicating 4300 workrs Manwhi th ntircontinnta tradunion ovnt bginning in th 30s,bca incrasing iitant, oowing th oration o

th Congrss o Industria Organizaions (CIO in th U


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nd its sbseqent epnsin int Cnd The Cndin

br Cngress (CLC the Cndin iite the Cdpted icy pitic ctin in dditin t trditinbr ctivities nd ied itse with the sci decrticprty Cnd, the CCF (3 The re bckwrd Trdesnd br Cngress Cnd (TLC iited wth theAFL rectnty wed the ed the CLC bt neerwent s r s t epress spprt r sci decrticsciis

The eect this n the CTCC ws drstic drp inebership which snk r 4% the ninized brrce in 935 t 28% in 943.

The 40s were rked by vient cnicts between thethree in br rgniztins, the Federtin Prvincid Trvi (FPT, which ws cpsed crt nd trenins iited with the TLC nd ths the AFL; the C -inked Cndin Lbr Cngress (CLC edertin indstri nins; nd the CTCC The interntin nis,FPT nd CLC ttepted t rgnize Qebec wrkers s st prtect their ebers in ngish Cnd nd the US bychieving siir py rtes everywhere n the cntinent.The Cthic cergy n the whe viewed these nins s dngers inence which wd destry the sidrity the wrking css The cergy were crrecty ccsed by

ny in retrn r their ttcks n the interntin niss cbrting with cpitists nd with the repressiveStte pprts reier Mrice pessis.

Dring this perid the rge interntin cpnies tenrecgnized the beneits deing with the CTCC rther thnwith the re pwer nd iitnt interntin ninsBy greeing t the initi dends CTCC c, ndpying wges which were high r Qebec bt r bew theNrth Aericn verge, the cpitists scceeded in btining the yty their wrk rce This type benevent pternis ws shwn, r epe, by the AinCpny Cnd t Arvid By sipy giving in t theinepensive ntinist dends the cergy nd the CTCCthis cpy ws be t keep its wrkrs dcie nd pyess thn t its epyees in ngish Cnd r the US. Bt

the enterprises with ess perceptive wners, preerred


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t dl with th intrntinl unins. Ths AngSn

cpitlists dvpd rcist vrsin t dling wth thFrnchCndn Rmn Cthlic crgy Thy cnsqunlyprrrd t dl wth AnglSndmintd trd unins.

Whn th FPT bgn t rgniz th wrkrs t th Aluminum Cmpny Cnd th lcl clrgy nd th suitr Gnst ught ginst it Whn th FPT's rgnizrws w h ws dnuncd whn h ws rplcd by nIrish Cthlic rign Cthlics wr dnuncd rm th

pulpit. CTCCilitd unins wr mr tn cmpnyunins, s t th Dminin Ttil plnt t Mgg. r thumnir rcivd slry s chplin th cmpny-supprtd hspitl, nd his thr rcivd cmpny pnsin tr hving succssully brkn up CLCCIO rgn-izing cmpign.

At its nnul cnvntin in 944, CTCC Prsidnt AlrdChrpntir dscripd th FTPAFL s th wrst nmy th CTCC n nmy which ws nt rid t us ny mnst ttin its nd At th sm cnvntin Bishp Duvill Sint ycinth wrnd tht supprt r intrntinl uninsthrtnd Frnch Cnd's intrsts. urgd simultn-us dvlpmnt wrkrs' nd mplyrs' syndicts s prlud t th cnmic crprtism which w cnsidrssntil t th utur lbr nd mplyrs s wll Th

clr's cmpign ws much mr thn spchmking.Otn th wrkrs' wivs wuld b wrnd by thir priststht thy wuld b dprivd th scrmnts i thir hus-bnds jind intrntinl unins But sm chng ws b-ginning, nd in 943 th umnirs wr strippd thirrml pwrs with th un

radical america - vol 6 no 2 - 1972 - march april

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