radio documentation
TRANSCRIPT
43
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
RESURGENCE OF FM RADIO
By
D.ARAVIND
G.V JAYA CHANDRA
E.KRANTHI KUMAR
M.KRANTHI CHANDAN
J.SHELLEY
T.SAIRAM
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THE FM RADIO
Radio is a part of our daily life; none of our lives might have passed without tuning into a
FM station for various reasons. Radio had been invented by GUGLIELMO MARCONI in
1895 as "wireless telegraphy" or sending Morse code through the air. But on Dec. 24,
1906, it was Reginald Fessenden, an American who had devised a means for radio waves
to carry signals for a range of sound. "Wireless telephony" had arrived.
After a sluggish growth in radio advertising in 2001, the radio market has been witnessing
steady growth in the last 5 years. The radio market on an aggregate basis has grown
consistently by 4.4 per cent in the last 2 years. The global radio industry is projected to
increase from $44.6 billion in 2005 to an estimated $58.8 billion in 2010, averaging 5.7 per
cent compound annual growth.
RADIO INDUSTRY IN INDIA
After the second FM radio policy, India is growing towards 300 radio stations as compared
to 21 stations earlier. 91 cities will be covered by the new radio stations, compared to 21
cities earlier. Thus, listeners in over 70 cities, largely in the B.C and D categories, will be
listening to private FM radio stations, earlier serviced only by the State broadcaster.
Who was the father of Radio?
We have credited Marconi traditionally; however there is much doubt that he is the true
father of Radio. He was very industrious, highly inventive, and had the strongest and most
successful entrepreneurial spirit of any of Radio's fathers. He made excellent commercial
applications for wireless telegraphy. However our exhaustive research points to the father
of Radio as Nikola Tesla who had disclosed wireless and the technology at a lecture in
1893, preceding Marconi's wireless inventions and practical demonstrations
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DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IN BROADCAST RADIO
The first one which was used in olden days for transmission purpose is AM.
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.
Then the second one is FM
Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that represents information as
variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. FM is commonly used at VHF
radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech (see FM broadcasting).
43
Today radio is used for many forms of communication from long distance satellite
communications to the personal cell phones that are widely used. In addition to this
wireless communications are becoming more important for data as demonstrated by the
rapid growth in Wi-Fi
Radio is also used for telecommunications links. Signals with frequencies in the microwave
region are normally used. These signals have frequencies much higher than those in the
short wave band and they are not affected by the ionosphere. However they provide
reliable direct line of sight links that are able to carry many telephone conversations or
other forms of traffic.
SATELLITE RADIO
Satellite radio is one of the fastest-growing entertainment services in the world and it is
making its presence felt in a small but a positive way in India. A satellite radio is basically a
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digital unit that receives signals broadcast by communications satellite. This allows a
person with a set to follow his favorite stations anywhere in the country unlike the
terrestrial radio (AM and FM) whose signals are limited to a certain area depending on the
power of the station. Some of the advantages of a satellite radio are that the sound is of
digital quality and there are no commercials. But it is not for free, it is available on
subscription for a fee. An example would be “world space radio”.
Satellites, radar, communications, internet, message service are the effect of radio
technology in our modern day life. With the growth of radio the requirement for mobile
connectivity, it is certain that wireless technologies with radio at the core will continue to
thrive and become more widespread. To meet the demand it is likely that new technologies
will be developed to maximize the use of the available radio spectrum.
HD RADIO ("hybrid digital" or "high definition") is a brand name of a method of digital
transmission of AM and FM radio stations. The HD Radio system is unique which allows
stations to broadcast crystal-clear audio and a variety of text-based services, as well as
more FM channels, without changing to new frequency bands. Hybrid system is a system
in which digital signals are sent along with the analog carrier as the standard for AM and
FM broadcasting in the United States. FM stations can offer multiple channels (called
"Multicast" channels) on the same frequencies allocated to analog radio stations.
INTERNET RADIO
Internet radio e-Radio is an audio broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet.
Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted
broadly through wireless means but is delivered over the World Wide Web. The term "e-
Radio" suggests a streaming medium that presents listeners with a continuous stream of
audio to which they have no control much like traditional broadcast media. It is not
synonymous with podcasting which involves downloading and therefore copyright issues.
Nor does e-Radio suggest "on-demand" file serving. Many Internet "radio stations" are
associated with a corresponding traditional "terrestrial" radio station or radio network.
Internet-only radio stations are usually independent of such associations.
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Internet radio "stations" are usually accessible from anywhere in the world—for example,
to listen to an Australian station from Europe or America. This makes it a popular service
for expatriates and for listeners with interests not adequately served by local radio stations
(such as progressive rock, anime themed music, classical music, 24-hour stand up
comedy, and others). Some Internet radio services offer news, sports, talkback, and
various genres of music—everything that is on the radio station being simulcast over the
internet with a net cast stream.
India’s journey towards prosperity began post independence in 1947 but progressed in a
very lethargic way, leaving it out of the step from many countries who concentrated on
their development post world war II, the real transformation of the economy started in
1991 with the liberalization of the economy and the service industry boomed, and the
easiest medium to reach them was the radio and it was thrust on to AIR to carry on this
job.
FOCUS: PRASAR BHARATI RADIO INDUSTRY IN INDIA.
Radio broadcasting in India has a history of over 75 years, Post and pre immediate
independence of India the only broadcaster in India was AIR, All India Radio (AIR for
short), officially known as Akashvani, the radio broadcaster of India and a division of
Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. It is the sister service of
Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster. Radio broadcasting
began in India in 1927, with two privately owned transmitters at Mumbai and Calcutta.
These were nationalised by the British Raj in 1930 and operated under the name Indian
Broadcasting Service until 1936, when it was renamed All India Radio (AIR). AIR was
officially renamed to Akashwani in 1957, however all English usage refers to it as All India
Radio.
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India lies entirely in the northern hemisphere, extending between latitudes 8 deg. 4’ and 37
deg. 6’ north, longitudes 68 deg. 7’ and 97 deg. 25 east and measures about 3214 km
from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2933 km from east to west
extreme longitudes.
In the era of government control, All India Radio was known for taking an overwhelmingly
government line. Indira Gandhi famously stated in 1975 that All India Radio is "a
Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ.
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One of the most famous services of the AIR is the Vividh Bharati Seva (roughly translating
to "Multi-Indian service"). This service is the most commercial of all and is popular in
Mumbai and other cities of India. This service offers a wide range of programmes including
news, film music, comedy shows, etc. The Vividh Bharti service operates on different MW
band frequencies for each city.
Designation Frequency Wavelength
ELFextremely low
frequency3Hz to 30Hz
100'000km to 10'000
km
SLF superlow frequency 30Hz to 300Hz 10'000km to 1'000km
ULF ultralow frequency 300Hz to 3000Hz 1'000km to 100km
VLF very low frequency 3kHz to 30kHz 100km to 10km
LF low frequency 30kHz to 300kHz 10km to 1km
MF medium frequency 300kHz to 3000kHz 1km to 100m
HF high frequency 3MHz to 30MHz 100m to 10m
VHF very high frequency 30MHz to 300MHz 10m to 1m
UHF ultrahigh frequency300MHz to
3000MHz1m to 10cm
SHF Super high frequency 3GHz to 30GHz 10cm to 1cm
EHFextremely high
frequency30GHz to 300GHz 1cm to 1mm
The communication landscape worldwide is undergoing rapid changes. Digital
communication, which promises clear picture and sound quality and ensures
optimum utilization of [satellite] spectrum, has become the technology of choice for
many broadcasters around the world. All India Radio crossed the Rs.100-crore
revenue mark two years ago and is now headed for over Rs.150 crores. Prasar
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Bharati earned a total revenue of Rs.835 crores and the target for this year is in the
region of Rs.1,000 crores.
Agra 1530 kHz
Allahabad 1026 kHz
Delhi 'Indraprastha' 819 kHz
Delhi 'Rajdhani' 666 kHz
Delhi 'D' 1017 kHz
Jaipur 'A' 1476 kHz
Jalandhar 'A' 873 kHz
Jammu 'A' 990 kHz
Jodhpur 'A' 531 kHz
Lucknow 'A' 747 kHz
Srinagar 'A' 1116 kHz
Varanasi 'A' 1242 kHz
East regional service
Bhagalpur 1458 kHz
Cuttack 'A' 972 kHz
Darbhanga 1296 kHz
Jamshedpur 1584 kHz
Kolkata 'A' 657 kHz
Kolkata 'B' 1008 kHz
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Kolkata 'C' 1323 kHz
Patna 'A' 621 kHz
Ranchi 'A' 549 kHz
AIR FM Kolkata has two stations 107FM Rainbow and 100.2FM Gold.
These stations broadcast live programmes in Bangla, English and Hindi. See
North-east regional service
Agartala 1269 kHz
Guwahati 'A' 729 kHz
Shillong 864 kHz
West regional service
Ahmedabad 'A' 846 kHz
Aurangabad 1521 kHz
Bhopal 'A' 1593 kHz
Gwalior 1386 kHz
Indore 'A' 648 kHz
Jalgaon 963 kHz
Mumbai 'A' 1044 kHz
Mumbai 'B' 558 kHz
Nagpur 'A' 585 kHz
Panaji 'A' 1287 kHz
Pune 'A' 792 kHz
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Rajkot 'A' 810 kHz
Ratnagiri 1143 kHz
Sholapur 1602 kHz
Sangli 1251 kHz
South regional service
Adilabad 1485 kHz
Bangalore 'A' 612 kHz
Chennai 'A' 720 kHz
Gulbarga 1107 kHz
Hyderabad 'A' 738 kHz
Hyderabad 'B' 1377 kHz
Kozhikode 'A' 684 kHz
Madurai 1269 kHz
Ootakamund 1602 kHz
Pondicherry 1215 kHz
Port Blair 684 kHz
Thiruvananthapuram 'A' 1161 kHz
Tiruchirapalli 'A' 936 kHz
Vijayawada 'A' 837 kHz
Visakhapatnam 927 kHz
Vividh Bharati service
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Chennai 'C' 783 kHz
Cuttack 'B' 1314 kHz
Delhi 'C' 1368 kHz
Hyderabad 'C 102.8 MHz
Jalandhar 'C' 1350 kHz
Kanpur 1449 kHz
Kolkata 'C' 1323 kHz
Lucknow 'C' 1278 kHz
Mumbai 'C' 1188 kHz
Panaji 'B' 1539 kHz
Vijayawada 'B' 1503 kHz
Varanasi 'B' 1602 kHz
Varanasi FM' 100.6 MHz
FOCUS: FM STATIONS
In the mid-nineties, when India first experimented with private FM broadcasts, the small
tourist destination of Goa was the fifth place in this country of one billion where private
players got FM slots. The other four centres were the big metro cities: Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata and Chennai. These were followed by stations in Hyderabad, Jaipur and Lucknow.
In 2000, where the Government formally announced auction of 108 FM frequencies across
40 cities, In FM Phase II — the latest round of the long-delayed opening up of private FM
in India — some 338 frequencies were offered of which about 237 were sold.The
government may go for rebidding of unsold frequencies quite soon. In Phase III of FM
licensing, smaller towns and cities will be opened up for FM radio.
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FM radio has gained popularity in India, especially with the entry of private players.
A survey was conducted by Intellect (Research & technologies unit of Initiative Media, a
part of Lowe group) -- ‘Radio Track 2003’ in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, and
Chennai with a sample size of 1,200 respondents to study the impact of radio and its
penetration among four key target segments -- housewives, students, business
executives (car owners), and business executives (non-car owners).
The survey found that the frequency of listening to the radio as well as the number of radio
listeners had increased over the previous past two years. Delhi registered the highest
growth rates in terms of new listeners at 35%. The percentage of heavy listeners also
increased from 11% prior to the entry of private FM players to 63% after their entry. In
Kolkata, the percentage of radio listeners increased from 20% to 75%, and the percentage
of heavy listener ship increased from 5% to 19%.
FREQUENCY TYPE AND TERRITORIAL MODULATION
Terrestrial radio modulation: AM | FM | COFDM
Frequency allocations: LW | MW (MF) | SW (HF) | VHF
Hidden signals: AMSS | DirectBand | RBDS
CODECs: AAC | Musicam
Terrestrial digital audio broadcasting systems: DAB | DAB+ | DRM | HD Radio
Earth Orbital digital audio broadcasting systems: Sirius | Worldspace | XM
Restrictions on FM broadcasting: News in not permitted on private FM, although the
federal minister says this may be reconsidered in two to three years. Nationally, many of
the current FM players, including the Times of India, Hindustan Times, Mid-Day, and BBC
are essentially newspaper chains or media, and they are already making a strong pitch for
news on FM.
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THE DIFFERENT FM STATIONS OPERATING IN INDIA ARE:
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
90.4 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Erode
90.4 0.05 IND Delhi New Delhi
90.4 0.02 IND Goa Mapusa
90.4 IND Gujarat Ahmedabad
90.4 0.05 IND Gujarat Vallabh Vidyanagar
90.4 0.05 IND Karnataka Dharwad
90.4 0.05 IND Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
[Trivandrum]
90.4 0.05 IND Maharashtra Baramati, Pune
90.4 0.05 IND Maharashtra Pune
90.4 0.05 IND Pondicherry Madagadipet
90.4 0.05 IND Punjab Ludhiana
90.4 0.05 IND Rajasthan Banasthali
90.4 0.05 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
90.4 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
90.4 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Dindigul
90.4 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Erode (Perundurai)
90.4 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Erode (Thiruchengode)
90.4 0.2 IND Tamil Nadu Yercaud (Salem)
90.4 0.05 IND Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
90.8 0.05 IND Maharashtra Pune
90.8 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
91.1 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
91.1 IND Delhi Delhi
91.1 IND Gujarat Vadodara
91.1 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
91.1 20 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
91.1 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
91.1 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
91.1 IND Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
91.9 IND Goa Panaji
91.9 IND Haryana Hissar
91.9 IND Haryana Karnal
91.9 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
91.9 IND Punjab Jalandhar
91.9 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
91.9 IND Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
91.9 IND Uttar Pradesh Agra
91.9 IND Uttar Pradesh Bareilly
91.9 IND Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur
91.9 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
92.7 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
92.7 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Tirupati
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
92.7 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Vishakhapatnam
92.7 IND Assam Guwahati [Gauhati]
92.7 IND Chandigarh Chandigarh
92.7 IND Delhi Delhi
92.7 IND Goa Panaji
92.7 IND Gujarat Rajkot
92.7 IND Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda]
92.7 IND Haryana Hissar
92.7 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Jammu
92.7 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Srinagar
92.7 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
92.7 IND Karnataka Mangalore
92.7 IND Karnataka Mysore
92.7 IND Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
[Trivandrum]
92.7 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Bhopal
92.7 IND Maharashtra Mumbai
92.7 IND Orissa Bhubaneswar
92.7 IND Pondicherry Pondicherry
92.7 IND Punjab Jalandhar
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
92.7 IND Rajasthan Bikaner
92.7 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
92.7 IND Uttar Pradesh Aligarh
92.7 IND Uttar Pradesh Bareilly
92.7 IND Uttar Pradesh Jhansi
92.7 IND Uttar Pradesh Kanpur
92.7 IND West Bengal Asansol
92.7 IND West Bengal Kolkata
93.5 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
93.5 IND Delhi Delhi
93.5 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
93.5 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
93.5 IND Orissa Bhubaneshwar
93.5 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
93.5 20 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
93.5 10 IND Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
93.5 IND Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli
93.5 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
93.9 10 IND Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda]
94.3 IND Chandigarh Chandigarh
94.3 IND Delhi Delhi
94.3 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
94.3 20 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
94.3 IND Punjab Jallandhar
94.3 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
94.3 IND Rajasthan Udaipur
94.3 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
*94.6 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
95.0 IND Delhi Delhi
95.0 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
95.0 IND West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta]
*95.8 10 IND Gujarat Rajkot
96.0 IND Assam Guwahati [Gauhati],
Kamrup District
96.0 IND Assam Guwahati [Gauhati],
Kamrup District
96.7 10 IND Gujarat Ahmedabad
96.9 0.05 IND Delhi New Delhi
97.0 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
98.3 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
98.3 IND Bihar Patna
98.3 IND Delhi Delhi
98.3 IND Goa Panaji
98.3 IND Gujarat Ahmedabad
98.3 IND Gujarat Rajkot
98.3 IND Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda]
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
98.3 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
98.3 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Indore
98.3 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
98.3 IND Maharashtra Pune [Poona]
98.3 IND Punjab Jalandhar
98.3 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
98.3 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
98.3 IND Uttar Pradesh Kanpur
98.3 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
100.1 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Kothagudem
100.1 3 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
100.1 6 IND Maharashtra Ahmednagar
100.1 1 IND Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur
100.2 6 IND Assam Haflong,
North Cachar Hills District
100.2 10 IND Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
100.2 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Shivpuri
100.2 6 IND Punjab Patiala
100.2 5-10 IND West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta]
100.3 10 IND Karnataka Mangalore,
Dakshina Kannada District
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
100.3 6 IND Puducherri
[Pondicherry]
Karaikal
100.3 6 IND Rajasthan Jaipur B
100.3 10 IND Uttar Pradesh Allahabad
100.3 6 IND West Bengal Asansol
100.4 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
100.4 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Mandla
100.4 6 IND Uttar Pradesh Bareilly
100.5 3 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Jammu
100.5 10 IND Karnataka Hospet
100.5 6 IND Maharashtra Dhule
100.5 10 IND Tamil Nadu Kodaikanal
100.6 10 IND Karnataka Mysore
100.6 6 IND Maharashtra Nagpur
100.6 6 IND Orissa Berhampur
100.7 10 IND Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
100.7 6 IND Chhatisgarh Raigarh
100.7 6 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Poonch
100.7 10 IND Maharashtra Mumbai II [Bombay]
100.7 6 IND Rajasthan Churu
100.8 10 IND Assam Guwahati [Gauhati],
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
Kamrup District
100.8 6 IND Jharkhand Jamshedpur,
East Singhbhum District
100.9 6 IND Nagaland Mukokchung
100.9 10 IND Andaman &
Nicobar
Islands
Port Blair
100.9 1 IND Himachal
Pradesh
Simla [Shimla]
100.9 IND Tamil Nadu Yercaud (Salem)
101.0 6 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Bhaderwah
101.0 6 IND Maharashtra Pune [Poona]
101.0 5 IND Orissa Deogarh
101.0 10 IND Tamil Nadu Nagercoil,
Kanniyakumari District
101.0 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
101.1 6 IND Gujarat Surat
101.1 6 IND Maharashtra Nanded
101.1 6 IND Meghalaya Jowai
101.1 6 IND Punjab Bathinda
101.2 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Khandwa,
East Nimar District
101.3 10 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
101.3 6 IND Madhya Balaghat
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
Pradesh
101.3 6 IND Maharashtra Osmanabad
101.3 6 IND Orissa Cuttack
101.3 10 IND Puducherri
[Pondicherry]
Pondicherry
101.3 6 IND Rajasthan Banswara
101.3 6 IND Uttar Pradesh Aligarh
101.4 6 IND Haryana Kurukshetra [Kurushetra]
101.4 6 IND Kerala Devikulam
101.4 6 IND Maharashtra Nasik
101.4 20 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai I [Madras]
101.4 3-10 IND West Bengal Siliguri
101.5 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Markapur
101.5 6 IND Kerala Kannur [Cannanore]
101.5 6 IND Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur
101.6 10 IND Chhatisgarh Raipur
101.6 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Indore
101.6 10 IND Tripura Agartala
101.7 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Anantapur
101.7 6 IND Jharkand Chaibasa [Chaibassa],
West Singhbhum District
43
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
101.7 1 IND Maharashtra Aurangabad
101.7 1 IND Rajasthan Udaipur
101.8 6 IND Himachal
Pradesh
Hamirpur
101.8 6 IND Karnataka Bijapur
101.8 10 IND Rajasthan Jaisalmer
101.9 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
101.9 10 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Rajouri
101.9 10 IND Kerala Thiruvanathapuram
[Trivandrum]
101.9 6 IND Mizoram Lungleh
101.9 3 IND Orissa Bolangir
101.9 6 IND Uttar Pradesh Faizabad
102.0 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Visakhapatnam
102.0 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Shahdol
102.1 3 IND Jharkhand Hazaribagh
102.1 6 IND Karnataka Raichur
102.1 6 IND Rajasthan Jodhpur
102.1 10 IND Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli
102.1 10 IND Uttaranachal Mussoorie [Musoorie]
102.2 1 IND Andhra Vijayawada
43
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
Pradesh
102.2 6 IND Chhattisgarh Chindwara
102.2 6 IND Gujarat Godhra
102.2 10 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Kathua
102.2 6 IND Karnataka Hassan
102.2 6 IND West Bengal Murshidabad
102.3 6 IND Bihar Purnea
102.3 3 IND Daman & Diu Daman
102.3 6 IND Haryana Hissar
102.3 3 IND Karnataka Karwar,
Uttara Kannada District
102.3 6 IND Kerala Kochi A [Cochin]
102.3 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Guna
102.3 10 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai II [Madras]
102.3 10 IND West Bengal Kurseong
102.4 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Kurnool
102.4 10 IND Gujarat Rajkot
102.4 6 IND Maharashtra Akola
102.4 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
102.5 6 IND Bihar Patna
102.5 6 IND Himachal Kullu
43
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
Pradesh
102.5 10 IND Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri
102.6 10 IND Delhi Delhi I
102.6 10 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Srinagar
102.6 6 IND Karnataka Chitradurga
102.6 5 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Sagar
102.6 6 IND Orissa Rourkela
102.7 6 IND Assam Nagaon
102.7 10 IND Kerala Manjery
102.7 6 IND Maharashtra Kolhapur
102.7 6 IND Maharashtra Yeotmal [Yavatmal]
102.7 10 IND Punjab Jalandhar
102.7 6 IND Rajasthan Obra
102.8 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
102.8 IND Chhattisgarh Saraipalli
102.9 10 IND Karnataka Bangalore II
102.9 10 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Jabalpur
102.9 6 IND Maharashtra Beed
102.9 6 IND Rajasthan Chittorgarh
103.0 6 IND Jharkhand Daltonganj,
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
Palamau District
103.0 10 IND Karnataka Dharwad
103.0 6 IND Maharashtra Chandrapur [Chanderpur]
103.0 10 IND Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
103.0 6 IND Uttar Pradesh Jhansi
103.0 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
103.1 10 IND Arunachal
Pradesh
Itanagar
103.1 6 IND Chandigarh Chandigarh
103.1 6 IND Karnataka Madikeri,
Kodagu District
103.1 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Betul
103.1 6 IND Maharashtra Satara
103.1 6 IND Rajasthan Alwar
103.1 3 IND West Bengal Shanti Nikethan
103.2 6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Nizamabad
103.2 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Tirupati I
103.2 6 IND Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
103.2 6 IND Rajastham Jhalawar
103.2 6 IND Tripura Kailashahar
103.3 6 IND Assam Dhubri
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
103.3 6 IND Jharkhand Ranchi
103.3 1 IND Tamil Nadu Madurai
103.4 10 IND Assam Jorhat
103.4 6 IND Bihar Sasaram
103.4 10 IND Himachal
Pradesh
Dharamsala
103.4 3 IND Orissa Puri
103.5 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Warangal [Waranagal]
103.5 1 IND Haryana Rohtak
103.5 6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Bhopal
103.5 6 IND Manipur Churachandpur
103.5 10 IND Manipur Imphal
103.5 6 IND Rajasthan Mount Abu
103.6 10 IND Kerala Kozhikode [Calicut]
103.6 10 IND Meghalaya Shillong
103.7 1 IND Karnataka Gulbarga
103.7 6 IND Rajasthan Nagaur
103.7 6 IND Tripura Belonia
104.0 IND Delhi Delhi
104.0 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
104.0 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
104.0 IND Orissa Bhubaneswar
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
104.0 IND West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta]
104.2 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Bhopal
104.2 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
104.5 10 IND Jammu &
Kashmir
Jammu B
104.6 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Jabalpur
104.8 IND Delhi Delhi
105.0 IND Madhya
Pradesh
Bhopal
105.2 IND Karnataka Mysore
105.2 IND Uttar Pradesh Varanasi [Benares]
105.4 6 IND Goa Panaji
105.4 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
105.6 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Visakhapatnam
105.6 IND Delhi Delhi
105.6 IND Karnataka Benguluru [Bangalore]
105.6 IND Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay]
105.6 IND Rajasthan Jaipur
105.6 IND Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
106.2 IND Chhattisgarh Raipur
106.2 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
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Frequency
(MHz)
Transmitter
Power (kW)
Country State /
Territory
Location
106.4 10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Visakhapatnam
106.4 5 IND Delhi Delhi II
106.4 IND Haryana Hissar
106.4 IND Haryana Karnal
106.4 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai
107.0 10 IND West Bengal Kolkata I [Calcutta]
107.1 10 IND Maharashtra Mumbai I [Bombay]
107.2 10 IND Himachal
Pradesh
Kasauli
107.2 IND Karnataka Bengalaru [Bangalore]
107.4 IND Uttar Pradesh Allahabad
107.5 3-10 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Tirupati II
107.5 10 IND Kerala Kochi B [Cochin]
107.6 IND Andhra
Pradesh
Hyderabad
107.8 IND Gujarat Rajkot
107.8 IND Assam Guwahati [Gauhati]
107.8 IND Goa Panaji
107.8 IND Gujarat Rajkot
107.8 0.05 IND Karnataka Bengalaru [Bangalore]
107.8 0.05 IND Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras]
107.8 IND West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta]
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MAJOR RADIO OPERATORS IN INDIA on FM, MEDIUM WAVE AND SHORTWAVE
Aamar 106.2 FM:
HITZ FM Radio India Pvt Ltd
All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani):
Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India)
Radio One:
Mid-Day Multimedia Limited
Gyan Vani:
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Power 107.8 FM:
India FM Radio Pvt Ltd
Radio City:
Star India Pvt Ltd
Radio Mirchi:
Times of India Group
Red FM:
Radio Today
Suryan FM:
Sun TV Pvt Ltd
Win 94.6:
Millennium Broadcast
GROWTH OF FM STATIONS:
After implementation of Phase II Policy of FM radio privatization, private sector FM radio is
likely to be available in many more cities and will enable advertisers to reach out to a
larger consumer base, using radio as a medium. This could result in radio getting a larger
share of the advertising spends. New opportunities in the radio business may arise from
technological changes and other regulatory changes. These could include privatization of
AM, expansion of FM beyond the 338 stations envisaged in Phase II Policy, multiple
frequencies for same player in one city as well as opportunities in International markets.
43
Most employees in this industry work in clean, comfortable surroundings in broadcast
stations and studios. Some employees work in the production of shows and broadcasting
while other employees work in advertising, sales, promotions, and marketing.
For many people, the excitement of working in broadcasting compensates for the
demanding nature of the work. Although this industry is noted for its high pressure and
long hours, the work is generally not hazardous.
The growth of FM radio in India has been tremendous in the last year, according to the
National Relationship survey (NRS), FM grew 55% from the last year with listenership
growing to 119 million, and this states the fact that almost 27% of the country tunes into
radio every day.
Radio city , Radio Mirchi the leading private FM broadcasters have their own following.
AP Parigi, CEO, Radio Mirchi
John N Catlett, CEO, Radio City
43
Occupation
Employment,
2004
Percent
change, 2004-
14Number Percent
All occupations 327 100.0 10.7
Management, business, and financial
occupations34 10.5 13.8
General and operations managers 9 2.8 10.2
Sales managers 4 1.3 8.8
Accountants and auditors 3 0.8 13.5
Professional and related occupations 159 48.6 5.4
Computer support specialists 2 0,7 39.4
Network and computer systems
administrators2 0.6 48.7
Electronics engineers, except computer 2 0.5 12.0
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians2 0.7 20.2
Producers and directors 21 6.5 10.0
Radio and television announcers 39 11.9 -7.3
Broadcast news analysts 6 1.8 2.4
Reporters and correspondents 11 3.3 2.2
Public relations specialists 3 1.0 6.7
Editors 4 1.3 7.0
Writers and authors 3 0.9 7.2
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 29 8.8 5.2
43
Occupation
Employment,
2004
Percent
change, 2004-
14Number Percent
and radio operators
Audio and video equipment technicians 4 1.2 5.9
Broadcast technicians 22 6.9 5.2
Sound engineering technicians 2 0.7 5.8
Photographers 4 1.1 0.1
Camera operators, television, video, and
motion picture9 2.9 5.3
Film and video editors 4 1.1 10.7
Sales and related occupations 46 14.0 7.0
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail
sales workers3 0.9 -0.3
Advertising sales agents 32 9.7 2.7
Sales representatives, services, all other 4 1.1 36.2
Office and administrative support occupations 61 18.6 13.2
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support workers5 1.4 9.7
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 4 1.3 0.6
Customer service representatives 14 4.2 48.4
Receptionists and information clerks 3 1.0 3.3
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance2 0.6 31.8
Production, planning, and expediting clerks 2 0.7 16.1
43
Occupation
Employment,
2004
Percent
change, 2004-
14Number Percent
Executive secretaries and administrative
assistants6 1.8 10.0
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and
executive4 1.1 -8.5
Office clerks, general 9 2.9 3.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations23 7.1 42.7
Telecommunications equipment installers and
repairers, except line installers4 1.4 47.2
Telecommunications line installers and
repairers11 3.4 46.9
number of jobs would increase manifold as the radio industry is expected to grow by 32
per cent over the next few years to touch Rs 1,200 crore (nearly $270 million) in revenues
by 2010. Industry watchers say that if the operators are allowed to own multiple
frequencies, which is the long-pending demand of channels, the number of jobs would
shoot up drastically.
Typically, a big station needs a minimum of 40 people and a smaller one, like a relay
station, needs 7 staffers. Apart from the quantity, the kind of jobs on offer is vast—station
managers, programme managers, radio jockeys, marketing personnel and functional
personnel such as administration, finance and HR.
‘‘Considering the huge potential of FM channels, the sector’s appetite for manpower
is huge. The opportunities would be at all levels, starting from CEO to executives. In
fact, the sector will grow like the way TV has grown in the last 4-5 years,” says
43
MaFoi managing director K Pandyarajan, whose company is involved in talent
acquisition for FM channels.
EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIO:
The cost effective medium to advertise and to spread awareness
Excellent complementary medium
Interactive medium
Low content costs
Difference in prime time to television
Delivers to relevant audience
MARKETING STRATEGY OF AIR:
AIR has emerged as an example of how a public broadcaster could make a turnaround
and give the private channels a run for their money. Despite being in the public sector, AIR
forged ahead of the private channels. In terms of visibility and reach, All India Radio [AIR]
have stolen the march over the private channels. The coming of age of the public
broadcaster, which was nearly unthinkable till some time ago, assumes significance in the
backdrop of the big boom of private channels.
AIR covers 99.37% of India's populace of over one billion. AIR maintains approximately
225 broadcasting centres around the country including one in the capital of every state, a
total of 384 channels and transmits in 24 different languages and dialects
The Prasar Bharati [Indian Broadcasting Corporation] revenue has crossed 12bn rupees
[about 266m US dollars], with 9bn rupees [about 199m US dollars] being that of the
Doordarshan and 2.7bn rupees [about 59m US dollars] of the All India Radio. In the face of
43
the challenge from private channels, the public broadcaster not only stood its ground but
also brought about a turnaround in its fortunes. This was achieved without sacrificing the
public broadcaster values.
The turnaround in AIR fortunes came about as a result of the various policy initiatives
unveiled by Prasar Bharati chief executive officer [CEO] K.S. Sarma. Increased focus on
proactive in-house marketing, AIR has many different services each catering to different
regions/languages across India. One of the most famous services of the AIR is the Vividh
Bharati Seva (roughly translating to "Multi-Indian service")
The Yuv-vani service of AIR provides an enriching and novel radio-experience by
encouraging youth participation and experimenting with varied script ideas
All India Radio, after launching the news-on-phone service on 25th February 1998 from
New Delhi, is running the service from Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Patna and
Bangalore also. The service is accessible through STD, ISD and local telephone calls. The
service is going to be started from 9 more cities — Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Imphal, Jaipur,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Raipur, Simla and Thiruvanthapuram shortly.
English and Hindi hourly news bulletins and regional bulletins in different timings
MARKETING STRATEGY OF PRIVATE FM CHANNELS:
The life is metros is obsolete without FM radio, Radio Mirchi owned by Times group, was
Earlier available in the seven cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Pune, Indore and
Ahmedabad, now it is also available in key markets of Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur,
Patna & Jalandhar therby taking the tally to 12 stations across India.
It's the largest private FM Radio operator in the country in terms of number of operational
stations and revenue. A track record of developing creative and innovative content or
programming formats has helped Radio Mirchi expand and retain its audience and
advertisers. For example, it has exclusively released the music for Hindi films such as
43
'Hum Tum', 'Salaam Namaste', 'Mangal Pandey' where it enjoyed exclusive rights for FM
broadcasting of the music of these films for around two weeks.
With the shows that feature public voting, youngsters associate themselves with the
channel, when they have power to elect some body, they feel apart of it hence they are the
king makers, hence they relate themselves with the station. As we already know that
retaining a customer is a lot easier and cheaper than acquiring a new customer, this kind
of event enhances the chances of retaining.
For example, the '983 - Kismat Khol De' Contest won the Gold medal for Best
Activity generating Brand Loyalty at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia -
2004, and the Bronze medal for Best Activity generating Brand Awareness
and Trial recruitment at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia - 2004.
Future plans also include exploring opportunities to become FM radio
broadcasters or content providers in international markets at an appropriate
time, either directly or through strategic partnerships or inorganic initiatives.
Apurva Purohit, CEO, Radio City says, “While television talks to people, radio
talks with people. Radio is a habit-forming medium, which creates a deep,
personal connect with listeners, We were the first FM station to introduce the
concept of movie pujas, audio releases and live coverage with celebrities.In
Bangalore, we pioneered India’s first radio platform for upcoming bands
through Radio live.
MARKET SHARES AND REVENUE SHARES
Nearly a year in business, and private FM operators have little to rejoice
about: crippling licence fees, lack of measurement, reluctant advertisers and
fickle listeners. Still, with growing audiences, more advertisers, and the
Government `open' to news on air, they are hopeful.
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On the other hand, the Indian national public service broadcaster, All
India Radio, is suffering from acute financial crunch owing to its age-old
mind-set and lack of aggressive marketing strategy.As a result, AIR's FM
channels—FM Rainbow and FM Gold—do not get enough patronage of
advertisers.
The Indian radio sector may become a Rs 1,200-crore industry by 2010,
according to a study conducted by the Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce & Industry and PricewaterhouseCoopers.
FM radio's share in it is a meager 3%.The share would grow substantially over
the next 10 years, as at least 338 FM channels will be operational by then
it was a matter of experience for advertisers as they spent money for publicity
of their products or services during 2003-04
MARKET SHARE:
According to IMRB’s dedicated research team, All India radio enjoys highest membership
across India,but when compared to metros and SEC(social economic classes) A,B+,B,C
the listener ship varies accordingly. The frequencies that they operate in Hyderabad are
Radio city: 91.1 khz
Radio mirchi: 98.3
Aakshavani: 102.8
Big FM: 92.7
S FM: 93.5
Radio mirchi operates in 10 cities
43
Radio city operates in 18 cities, Radio city is number one in Mumbai, Bangalore and
lucknow, where as Radio Mirchi was slated to be the second one, the percentage share of
listeners are 42% in Mumbai, 39% in Delhi. Out of the total listenership considered for 11.8
lakhs in Hyderabad Vividh bharathi accounts for about 57% and others are have a share of
43%. The average time that a person would spend listening to radio is 112 minutes in
weekends and 96 minutes in weekdays as per the research conducted by IMRB.
Different taglines used by Radio Mirchi for regional languages
← 98.3FM - Ahmedabad Tagline "Radio Mirchi - It's hot"
← 98.3 FM - Bengaluru It uses the tagline "Sakat hot maga!" in Bangalore.
← 98.3 FM - Bhopal Tagline "Radio Mirchi - It's Hot"
← 98.3 FM - Chennai It uses the tagline "Idhu sema hot machi!" in Chennai.
← 98.3 FM - Delhi Ranajoy and Mirchi is Hot
← 98.3 FM - Hyderabad It uses the tagline "idi chaala hot guru!" in Hyderabad.
← 98.3 FM - Indore 'It is Simply the Best.But very hot'
← 98.3 FM - Jaipur
← 98.3 FM - Kolkata It uses the tagline "Radio Michi Shune mon always khush khush.
Radio Mirchi is hot" in kolkata.
← 98.3 FM - Mumbai It uses the tagline "Its HOT!" in Mumbai.
← 98.3 FM - Nasik - It uses the tagline "Its HOT!".
← 98.3 FM - Pune
← 98.3 FM - Patna
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← 98.3 FM - Jalandhar
← 98.3 FM - Goa Tagline - "Radio Mirchi - It's Hot"
← 98.3 FM - Vadodara Tagline "Radio Mirchi - It's hot"
← 98.3 FM - Rajkot Tagline "Radio Mirchi - It's Hot"
← 98.3 FM - Varanasi - Test Signal Started on 14 July 2007
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR:
The research conducted by IMRB at major cities in India, In Delhi of the total average
listenership of 16.9 lakhs.
Radio Mirchi has a listenership of around 12.1 lakhs.
Radio City has a listenership of 2.9 lakhs,
Which means that the market share of Radio Mirchi is 72%, the target segment of the
organization are the house wives and old people who amount to the top of the spectrum.
The listener ship Share of Radio Mirchi is 60 % when compared with all the other private
FM stations, their success can be attributed to the fact that they are city centric; they talk in
the lingo that is used in the city. They talk for the social causes of their particular society.
Factors affecting customer behaviour:
THE ETHNIC TIES: It is the human nature that we desire to be associated with people
whom we are attached to and hence ethnic ties play a more important role, if the station is
able to satisfy your sense of identity , you are definitely going to be loyal to it.
GENDER:
43
Especially with the community radio growing at a fast pace in India, it is necessary that the
stations cater to the needs on the basis of gender issues, women talking to women is a
growing trend in the industry. Talking about gender related issues and gender bonding
have become a good part of life.
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC SERVICES:
the demand to be update with the news and the events that might effect you is a growingf
concern among people. as you cannot carry a television service its good if you have an in
car fm stereo and get to know the traffic updates and the weather updates.
LOCAL FLAVOUR:
the local lingo goes with the general public, the youngsters when they are involved in the
process of choosing a person or need ot talk about the local issues these channels play an
important part.
POLITICS:
politics have a major role to play on the minds of people hence the content that is aired on
the medium of radio is supervised by government rules.
LISTENERS OF DISPERSION ACROSS SEC’S AGE AND GROUPS
% SPLITOF LISTENERS
STATION SEC
A
SEC
B
SEC
C
SEC
D
15-19
YRS
20-24
YRS
25-34
YRS
35-44
YRS
45+
%
POPULATION
14 21 38 27 12 15 29 22 23
RADIO 23 21 26 33 21 19 23 20 20
43
MIRCHI
RADIO CITY 22 21 24 30 22 19 24 9 17
RED 21 22 31 26 20 22 22 14 22
GO 30 22 27 18 7 20 21 16 26
FM 1 22 20 22 41 4 8 20 21 47
FM2 30 15 15 19 8 9 28 28 27
The lead players. Radio Mirchi and Radio City have similar listenership profiles - a skew
towards younger age groups and SEC A and D. GO has a distinct skew towards SEC A
due to its programming content. Broadly, most of the stations have identical programming
currently and are thus attracting audiences that are very similar. Stations have not been
able to carve out a niche for themselves, in anyof the markets.Interestingly, a research
commissioned by RED FM inDelhi carried out by Development and Research
Studies( DRS ) has proved that listeners cannot really identifystations accurately. In 74%
of the cases, listeners attributed their favourite radio programme to the wrong FM station!
This suggests a call-for-action for stronger brand
positioning exercises by the stations - and ensuring that they do not sound just like next
competitor.
PLACE OF LISTENING:
IN CAR LISTENERSHIP audience is particularly valuable to advertisers, partly because of
its size and demographic composition, but also because in-car listening is different from
listening in other locations. There are around 25 million cars on the road in Britain today
and over 90% of them have a radio. The results in terms of radio listening are significant:
every week 21 million people listen to the radio in-car, accounting for a total of 153 million
43
listening hours every week It is an audience far more likely to be upmarket, male and
young-to-middle-aged (25-44). The in-car environment is particularly relevant for
messages about anything to do with motoring - car purchase, road safety, traffic snarls etc.
For example, 'Radio City Jam Buster' invites calls from listeners stuck in traffic jams so that
others can be warned; you can tune in to your car radio for information as to how long will
it take to reach from the traffic mess at Dhaulakuan to distant Connaught Place
Overall listening levels
In the course of a week, 45% of the adult population (21.3 million people) listens to radio in
the car (this figure is from Rajar, the joint BBC / Commercial Radio audience survey). Over
the course of a month, this rises to 52% (nearly 25 million). So in-car listening accounts for
nearly 15% of all listening hours.
TIME BANDS ACROSS AUDIENCES
Although the morning prime time band is favoured by most target groups, early morning
and late night bands seem to have untapped potential
43
MASS MEDIA:
The sample comprised 86.7% male & 13.3% female respondents. Age-wise, maximum
number of respondents (43.4%) were in the age group of 31-45 year followed by 46 years
& above (31.5%). Since the study was conducted among the radio households, all the
respondents had radio sets. Radio with FM 93.3% & with out FM 6.7%. More than half
(51.9%) respondents had TV Sets and 18.9% respondent had even cable TVs. As regards
educational level of respondents, highest number of respondents were below matric but
literate (41.4%) followed by below graduate but metric (31.5%). Almost all the respondents’
primary occupation was farming (87.7%) followed by services (6.9%) but those
respondents who reported their primary occupation other than farming were also by and
large associated with the farming as secondary occupation. The sample comprised 31.2%
small farmers followed by medium farmers 29.0%, marginal farmers 28.7%. Only 6.3%
were large farmers and 4.8% share croppers. As far as agriculture equipment ownership is
concerned, highest number of farmers(29.2%) has Tube-well followed by diesel
pumps(20.7%) & Tractor(14.7%)
Age group No. %
18-30 years 810 25.2 31-45 years 1395 43.3 46 year & above 1012 31.5
Ownership of Radio No. %
Radio with FM 3003 93.3 Radio without FM 214 6.7
43