radio engineer's pocket book

'p

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK

By the Same Author

Practical Mechanics Handbook

Diesel Vehicles : Operation, Maintenance andRepair

Workshop Calculations, Tables and Formula

Practical Wireless Encyclopxdia

Practical Motorist's Encydlopadia

Practical Wireless Service Manual

The Superhet Manual

Practical Wireless Circuits

Wireless Transmission

Radio Training Manual

Everyman's Wireless Book

Wireless Coils, Chokes and Transformers

Watches : Adjustment and Repair

Newnes Short -Wave Manual

Motor Car Principles and Practice

Dictionary of Metals and their Alloys

Newnes Engineers' Manual

Flying Reference Book

Wire and Wire Gauges

Gears and Gear -Cutting

Newnes Engineers' Vest Pocket Book

-RADIO ENGINEER'S

POCKET BOOK

BY

F. J. CAMMEditor : " Practical Wireless," " PracticalEngineering," and " Practical Mechanics "

(.1)

3rd Edition

LONDON

GEORGE NEWNES LIMITEDTOWER HOUSE, SOUTHAMPTON ST.,

STRAND, W.C.2.

First Published . July 19402nd Edition . Feb. 19413rd Edition .' April 1941

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

PREFACE

This Vest Pocket Book ,has been producedto meet the needs of all thpse engaged in thevarious branches of radio-service engineers,students, circuit designers, radio operators,transmitters, constructors, and manufac-turers. The contents were originally pub-lished as a series of data sheets in PracticalWireless, and it is at the special request ofreader4 of that journal that the series is nowissued in the more convenient book -form.I have endeavoured to' include most of theuseful formulae required by those to whomthe book is designed to appeal. The indexis fully cross-referenced to enable the readerrapidly to trace the formula or table herequires.

So far as I have been able to ascertain thisis the first Pocket Book of its type, and itmakes available for radio engineers a similarsource of reference to that in existence forthose engaged in other industries.

Extreme care has been exercised in check-ing the proofs. In order to make this PocketBook as complete as possible I have alsoincluded arithmetical, geometrical, and trigo-nometrical formuke, as well as the usualmensuration formulae, whilst the Englishweights and measures, the metric system,decimal equivalents, slide rule gauge points,wire and other standard tables are included.

F. J. CAMM.5

CONTENTS

PAGEABBREVIATIONS 11SYMBOLS 13UNITS AND PREFIXES 13THEORETICAL SIGNS 14VALVE SYMBOLS 15STANDARD UNITS 16FORCE 17ENERGY 18HEAT 19TIME 19UNIT EQUIVALENTS 20POWER 21ELECTRICAL EQUATIONS 21FREQUENCY . . . . . 22WAVELENGTH OF TUNED CIRCUIT' 22INDUCTANCE 22INDUCTIVE REACTANCE . . . . 22CAPACITY OF VARIABLE CONDENSERS 23H.F. TRANSFORMER RATIO 23CAPACITY OF FIXED CONDENSERS 24OHM'S LAW . . . . ' .. 24RESISTANCES. IN PARALLEL 24RESISTANCES IN SERIES 24CONDENSERS IN PARALLEL 24CONDENSERS IN SERIES . . . 24RESISTANCE, CAPACITY AND INDUCTANCE

IN SERIES 24REACTANCE OF COIL 25REACTANCE OF CONDENSER 25NET REACTANCE 25WAVELENGTH FORMULA 25RESISTANCE OF TUNED CIRCUIT . . 25MAGNIFICATION OF TUNED CIRCUITS : 25CURRENT IN SERIES CIRCUIT . . . 25PEAK SEPARATION (BAND-PASS) . . 25INDUCTANCE OF SINGLE -LAYER COIL. : 25VALVE BASE CONNECTIONS 26VALVE LEG SPACING 31

7

PAGENATURAL WAVELENGTH OF AERIAL . 32REFLECTOR 'AERIALS 32FRAME AERIAL DATA 33LONG -WAVE COIL DATA 34MEDIUM -WAVE COIL DATA 35SHORT-WAVE COIL DATA 36TRANSFORMER DATA 45STALLOY CORE STAMPINGS 45MAINS TRANSFORMER DATA 46CRYSTAL DATA 46CRYSTAL COMBINATIONS . 46RESISTANCES FOR VOLTAGE DROPPING

. 47RESISTANCES FOR DECOUPLING . . . 47ACCUMULATOR DATA . . . . . . . 49CURRENT -CARRYING CAPACITY OF LAMPS 49ACCUMULATOR PASTES . . . . . . . 50NEUTRALISING SPILLED ELECTROLYTE 51JELLY ELECTROLYTE 51H.T. METAL RECTIFIERS 52H.F. METAL RECTIFIERS 53L.T. METAL RECTIFIERS 54DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS 56DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS 55SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF .MA.TERIALS 56WEIGHT OF SHEET EBONITE . . . . 57WEIGHT OF 1 CUBIC INCH OF METAL 57BRITISH ASSOCIATION SCREWS . . . 58DRILLS AND DRILLING 59TWIST DRILL GAUGE SIZES 60LETTER SIZES OF DRILLS 60WOOD -SCREW PROPORTIONS 61TWIST DRILLS FOR WOOD -SCREWS 61STANDARD WOOD -SCREWS 62WOOD -SCREW PROPORTIONS 63DENSITY OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS . 64WAVELENGTH -FREQUENCY CONVERSION

TABLE . . . . . 65STANDARD COLOUR CODES 66INTERNATIONAL " Q " CODE . . . . 68MISCELLANEOUS INTERNATIONAL ABBRE-

VIATIONS 70AMATEUR ABBREVIATIONS 70" QSA " CODE 71" QRK " CODE 71" RST " CODE . . . . ..... 71INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE . 72

8

PAGEINTERNATIONAL AMATEUR CALL -SIGNS 73PHONETIC ALPHABET 75AMATEUR WAVE -BANDS 76COPPER WIRE DATA . . . . . 77WIRE AND SHEET -METAL fif AUGES . 79RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECIBELS AND

POWER RATIO . 83GREEK ALPHABET . . ..... . 83FREQUENCY OF MUSICAL, NOTES . . 84HORSE -POWER 85CHORDS OF CIRCLES . . . . . . 86METALLIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR PROPER-

TIES . . . . . . .. 87FLUXES FOR SOLDERING 90COMPOSITION OF SOFT SOLDERS . . 90COMPOSITION OF HARD SOLDERS . 90TABLE OF DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS . . 91METRIC SYSTEM . . . . 92METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS . . . 93EQUIVALENTS OF IMPERIAL AND METRIC

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 95MENSURATION 97TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULZE . . . 102TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS . . . 16TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS . . . . 106TABLE OF SLIDE RULE GAUGE POINTS 107POWERS AND ROOTS OF AND g . . 110POWERS AND ROOTS . . . . . . . 111RESISTANCE OF METALS AND ALLOYS . 114ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES . 116NATURAL SINES, COSINES AND TANGENTS 119LOGARITHMS 125ANTILOGARITHMS . . ... 129INDEX 133

Larair.mar....

9

..111-,..-.-....=3.a,,,,..............----,--,.-.1,,,


ABBREVIATIONSA.-Anode, or plate.A.A.-Artificial aerial.A.C.-Alternating current.Ae.-Aerial.A.F.-Audio frequency.A.F.C.-Automatic frequency control.A.G.C.-Automatic gain control.A.M.-Amplitude, modulation.A.T.C.-Aerial tuning condenser.A.T.I.-Aerial tuning inductance.A.V.C.-Automatic volume control.A.V.E.-Automatic volume expansion.B.A.-British Association.B.C.L.-Broadcast listener.B.F.O.-Beat frequency oscillator.B.O.T. Unit-Board of Trade unit

= 1,000 watt-hours, or 1 kilowatt-hour.

B.W.G.-Birmingham wire gauge.C.C.C.-Closed circuit or secondary

condenser, or S.T.C.C.C.I.-Closed circuit or secondary tun-

ing inductance, or S.T.I.cm.-centimetre.C.P.-Candle power.C.W.-Continuous waves.D.A.V.C.-Delayed A.V.C.db.-decibel.D.C.-Direct current.D.C.C.-Double cotton covered.D.E.-Dull emitter.D.F.-Direction finding, or direction

finder.D.P.-Difference of potential.D.P.D.T.-Double pole double throw.D.P.S.T.-Double pole single throw.

10


ABBREVIATIONS-(continued)D.S.C.-Double silk covered.DX-Long distance.E.-Earth.E.M.F.-Electro-motive force.F.-Filament.F.M.-Frequency modulation:G.-Grid.G.B.-Grid battery or grid bias.G.C.-Grid condenser.G.L.-Grid leak.H.F.-High frequency (same as radio

frequency).H.F.C.-High-frequency choke.H.P.-Horse power.H.R.-High resistance.H.T.-High tension.I.C.-Intermittent current.I.C.W.-Interrupted continuous waves.I.F.-Intermediate frequency.I.P.-In primary (of transformer) ;

start of primary.I.S.-In secondary (of transformer) ;

start of secondary.kw.-Kilowatt = 1,000 watts.L.F.-Low frequency.L.F.C.-Low-frequency choke.L.R.-Low resistance.L.S.-Loudspeaker.L.T.-Low tension.mA.-Milliampere.M.C.-Moving coil.mfd.-micro-farad.mhy.-microhenry.mm.-millimetre.mmfd.-micro-micro-farad.

11


ABBREVIATIONS-(continued)0.F.-Outside Foil.O.L.-Output load.O.P.-Out primary (of transformer) ;

end of primary. Also output.O.S.-Out secondary (of transformer) ;

end of secondary.P.-Plate, or anode.P.A.-Public address.P.D.-Potential difference, same as D.P.P.M.-Permanent magnet.Pot.-Potentiometer.P.V.-Power valve.Q.A.V.C.-Quiet automatic volume con-

trol.Q Code.-See pp. 68 & 69.Q.M.B.-Quick make and break.Q. P.-P.-Quiescent Push-pull.R.F.-Radio frequency (same as high

frequency).R.M.S. Value.- Root -mean -square

value.Ftx.-Receiver.S.C.C.-Single cotton covered.S.I.C.-Specific inductive capacity.S.P.-Series parallel.S.P.D.T.-Single pole double throw.S.P.S.T-Single pole single throw..S.R.-Specific resistance.S.S.C.-Single silk covered.S.T.C.-Secondary tuning condenser.S.T.I.-Secondary tuning inductance.S.W.G.-Standard wire gauge.S.W.L.-Short-wave listener.T.R.F.-Tuned radio frequency.T.T.-Tonic train.Tx.-Transmitter.

12


SYMBOLSAdmittanceAmplification FactorCapacityCurrentConductanceDielectric ConstantEfficiencyElectrostatic Flux DensityE.M.F. (voltage)EnergyFrequencyImpedanceMagnetic FieldMagnetic FluxMagnetic Flux DensityPeriod TimePermittivityPhase AnglePowerQuantityReactanceReluctanceResistanceResistivitySelf-inductance

V

6

W

11

B

P

SR

UNITSAmpere AAmpere -hour AhB.O.T. Unit - 1,000 watt-hours, or 1 kilo-

watt-hourCoulombFaradHenryJouleKilovolt -ampere kVAOhmVolt V

VAVolt-ampereWattWatt-hour Wh

PREFIXESKilo liMega MMicro AMilli m

13


THEORETICAL SIGNS

TT NT, , ,td.-Cat0E,SERS AWC, Con HFC aareCcw,99

Kf1,,,Onc'cm!, RffiJryCL

4 "

4"'" Rrcigi" P"'""

AvoroCea 4

14

f1g'ffc? dfiC,QOPNars

CR.j ram


VALVE SYMBOLS

7.2

Doveca.0,,00etP.vroax

&At,.5Caez 0 64,0 ,Enro.0

7.7wooe&pro. th7,44, h'ExoDe Pe.Nrooe

HALF W.L.Recrm-hca

110:,15,';`: v111.,

e

PErirODE

CiAss:g

1,4x.1 Tx'

15


STANDARD UNITS.Ampere.-Unit of current. A pressure of 1 -volt will pass

a current of 1 -ampere through a resistance of 1 -ohm (seeOhms Law). It represents a flow of 1 coulomb per second.

Ampere -hour. --Unit of quantity of electricity, equalto 3,600 coulombs. One unit is represented by a currentof one ampere flowing for one hour.

Board of Trade Unit (B.O.T.).-The Board of TradeUnit is 1,000 watt hours, and is equal to 3,415 BritishThermal units.

Coulomb.-Unit of quantity of electricity. It is equalto one -tenth of an absolute electromagnetic unit.

Dyne.-C.G.S. unit of force. The force which whenacting on a mass of 1 gramme imparts to it an accelerationof 1 centimetre per second per second.

Erg.-C.G.S. unit of work. Equal to 1 dyne -centimetre.Farad.-Unit of capacity. A condenser has a capacity

of 1 farad when a charge of 1 coulomb raises the potential1 volt. In wireless the practical unit is the microfarad(.000001 farad) sub -division is the micro -micro -farad = -000,000:000,001 farad.

Henry.-Unit of inductance. It is the unit of mutualinductance or self-inductance in the electromagneticsystem. The henry is equal to 10' C.G.S. electromagneticunits. It represents the inductance of a circuit in whichan induced electromotive force of 1 international volt iscreated when the current in it varies at the rate of 1international ampere per second.

International Ampere.-The practical unit of electriccurrent representing the unvarying current which whenpassed through a neutral solution of nitrate of silverdeposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 of a gramme persecond.

International Coulomb.-Practical unit of electricquantity, representing the quantity of electricity trans-ferred in 1 second by a current equal to the internationalampere.

International Farad.-The practical unit of capacityrepresenting the capacity of a condenser which is chargedto a potential of 1 international volt by imparting to ita quantity of 1 international coulomb.

International Oh m.-Practical unit of resistance,representing the resistance offered to an unvarying currentof electricity by a column of pure mercury at the tem-perature of melting ice having a mass of 14.4521 grammes,a constant cross-section, and a length of 106.3 centimetres.

16

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOKInternational volt.-Practical unit of electromotive

force, representing that E.M.F. which when steadilyapplied to a conductor having a resistance of 1 inter-national ohm creates in it a current of 1 internationalampere.

International watt.-The energy7used in 1 second byan international ampere when flowing at a pressure of1 international volt.

Joule. Unit of energy. One joule equals 10' ergs.It represents the work expended per second on a circuitin which there is a current of 1 international ampere,and between the ends of which there is a difference ofpotential of 1 international volt.

Kilovolt -Ampere. -1,000 -volt amperes.Kilowatt. -1,000 -watts or 1.34 horse -power.Kilowatt -hour. -1,000 -watt hours.Line.-The practical method of measuring a magnetic

field is in lines or kilolines. The line is identical with1 electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux ; kiloline equals1,000 lines.

Mho.-Unit of Conductance (" ohm " reversed). It isthe reciprocal of the ohm. Thus, a body having a resis-tance of 4 ohms would have a conductance of .25 mhos

Ohm.-Unit of Resistance. The resistance which willpermit the flow of 1 ampere when a pressure of 1 volt isapplied.

Unit Electrostatic Charge.-The charge which in avacuum at a distance of 1 centimetre from an equalcharge will produce a force of repulsion of 1 dyne.

Unit Electrostatic Flux.-The electrostatic flux existentin a unit electrostatic tube of force.

Unit Magnetic Flux.-The magnetic flux existent in aunit magnetic tube ' of force. Unit is the Maxwell.

Unit Magnetic Pole.-That pole which located in avacuum at a distance of 1 centimetre from a like poleproduces a mechanical force of repulsion of 1 dyne.The total number of lines of force which passes througha unit magnetic pole equals rr.

Volt.-Unit of potential. It is the pressure required topass a current of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm.

Volt-Ampere.-The product of the root mean squarevolts, and root mean square amperes.

Watt.-Practical unit of power equivalent to a rate ofworking of 1 joule per second or 10,000,000 ergs persecond. Volts times amps equals watts.

Light, Speed of.-Light waves travel at 186,000 milesper second. This is the speed also of wireless waves.

Sound, Speed of.-Sound waves travel at 1,142 feetper second.

17


FORCEThe absolute unit of force is the Poundal,

which is that force, acting for unit time,which would impart unit velocity to unitmass.

1 dyne =0.00007233 poundal.1 dyne =0.00102 gram.1 dyne =22.48 x 107 pounds.1 megadyne =1,000,000 dynes.1 poundal =13,825 dynes.1 poundal =0.03108 pound.1 poundal =14.10 grams.

ENERGYEnergy refers to capacity for performing

work, or for moving against a resistance.1 erg =2.373 x 10-6 foot

poundals.1 erg =7.376 x 10-8 foot

pounds.1 g.cm. =7.233 x 10-8 foot

pounds.1 joule =107 ergs.1 foot poundal =421.390 ergs.1 foot pound =1.35573 joules.1 foot pound =13,825.5 g.cm.The actual energy, Kinetic energy,

or dynamic energy of a moving body= mass x velocity 2.

la


HEATA therm is the heat equz7valent of an erg

on the C .G.S. system.The Centigrade Heat Unit (C.H.U.)

is the heat required to raise llb. water 1°C.A calorie as used in engineering cal-

culations represents the heat required toraise 1 kilogramme of pure water 1°C.This is the Great Calorie. The SmallCalorie represents the heat required toraise 1 gramme of water 1°C.

1 calorie (g.c.) =0.0039683 B.T.U.1 calorie (g.c.) =4.1862 joules.1 calorie (g.c.)=3.088 foot lb.1 calorie (g.c.)=-0.005614 horse -power

second.1 B.T.U.=252.00 calories or 0.252

kilogramme calories.1 B.T.U.=1,055 joules.1 B.T.U.=778.1 foot lb.1 B.T.LT.=1.4147 horse -power second.1 C.H.U. =1.8 B.T.U.

TIME1 sidereal second=0.99727 second

(mean solar).1 second (mean solar)=1.002738

sidereal second.Length of seconds pendulum latitude

45° -= 39.1163 in. 99.3555 cm.

19


UNITS AND EQUIVALENTSOne ft. lb. . . .1 lb._raised 1 foot high.One BTU 1,055 joules.One BTU 778,1 ft. lbs.1 watt 10' ergs per second.1 watt 23.731 foot poundals

per second.1 watt 0 7376 ft. lb. per second.1 watt 0 001341 h.p.One HP hour . .0.746 kW. hour.One HP hour . .1,980,000 ft. lbs.One HP hour . .2.545 BTU's.One kwH. (kilowatt hour)

2,654,200 ft. lbs.One kwH. . . . .1,000 watt hours.One kwH. . . . .1.34 HP hours.One kwH. . . 3,412 BTU's.One kwH. . . . .3,600,000 joules.One kwH. . . .859,975 calories.One HP 746 watts.One HP 0 746 kW.One HP 33,000 ft. lbs. per minuteOne HP 550 ft. lbs. per second.One HP 2,545 BTU's per hour.One HP 42.4 BTU's per minute.One HP 0 707 BTU's per second.One HP 178,122 calories per

second.

20


POWER1 watt =107 ergs per second.1 watt =23.71 foot pound -

Js 'per sec.1 watt =0.7376 foot lb. per

second.1 watt =0.001341 h.p.1 kilowatt-hour =2,654,200 f o o

pounds.1 kilowatt-hour =1.3411 h.p. hour.1 kilowatt-hour =859,975 calories.1 foot poundal per -421.390 ergs per

second second1 foot pound per

second =1.35573 watts.1 horse -power =746 watts.1 horse -power =550 foot pounds per

second.1 horse -power =178.122 calories per

second.

ELECTRICAL EQUATIONSAmperes x volts =watts.Joules = seconds =watts.Coulombs per

second =amperes.Watts ± 746 =effective h.p.Coulombs ± volts =farads.0.7373 foot -lb. per

second ' =1 joule.Volts x coulombs =joules.Watts x 44.236 =foot -lb. per minute.Kilowatts x 1.34 =h.p.

21


Frequency Formula

Forniula for frequency is : f - 106 where L = in-2.7tv LC,

ductance in microhenrys and C = capacity in micro -farads.

Wavelength of Tuned Circuit.Formula for the wavelength of a tuned oscillatory

circuit is : 1884.96V LC, where L=inductance inmicrohenrys and C =capacity in microfarads.

InductanceThe formula for inductance in microhenrys is:

9.861D2N2K,L- 1000 where L =inductance, D =diameterof coil in centimetres, 1=length of coil in centimetres,N= number of turns per centimetre, and K =aconstant. See table.

_.Inductive ReactanceCalculated from the formula 2.7-CfL, where f=fre-

quency and L=the inductance.This Table shows the Value of K, which must be

Calculated from D

D- K1)- K

1 1

4.00 .3654 1.25 .63813.75 .3743 1.00 .68843.5 .3944 .90 .71103.25 .4111 .80 .73513.00 .4292 .70 .76092.75 .4545 .60 .78852.5 .4719 .50 .81812.25 .4972 .40 .84992.0 .5255 .30 .88381.75 .5579 .20 .92011.5 .5950 .10 ' .9588

22


C-1,000,000 d!Where N=Number of moving .vanes.

S =Area of one moving vane in squarecentimetres.

d =Air gap between moving vanes andfixed vanes in centimetres.

Capacity of Variable Condensers

.0885NS

H.F. Transformer Ratio. (n) n2 --- Ro11 being the dynamic resistance of the tuned circuit

and Ro the A.C. resistance of the valve.

Stability in Screen -Grid Stages.One Stage.

Stable ifcra:Co is less than 2.

(0'2+ cn)Co=residual anode -grid capacity in farads.

=.001 x 10-14 for Cossor S.G. Valves (alltypes).

=.0045 x 10-" for Cossor MS/Pen A.61,62 =conductance of grid and anode* circuits

respectively.=1/R where R=dynamic resistance in ohms.

av-anode filament conductance of valve.=1/Ro.

Two Stages.Assuming identical tuned circuits throughout,

and ignoring damping effects of valves on tunedcircuits.

Stable if0.) Co0'2 g

is less than 1.14 (Tuned Anode).

or if fi)C2Co g less than 1.14n2 (Tuned Trans-

former).where a = conductance of tuned circuit (secondary)

and n=transformer ratio.* In the case Hof transformer coupling, or its

equivalent, replace as by n26, where n=transformer,1

ratio, a = conductance (= -1-.) of tuned secondary.

23


Capacity of a Fixed CondenserC_.0885 AEN

1,000,000 d.Where K =Specific Inductive Capacity of dielectric.

N= Number of dielectrics.Area of overlap of plates in square centimetres.

d = Thickness in centimetres.Another Formula :

AKN4,500,000 d.

Where A.= Area of one plate in square inches.K=S.I.C. of dielectric.N= Number of plates minus one.d= Thickness of dielectric in inches.

OHM'S LAWFor D.C. For A.C.

/=-E where Z=impedanceof circuit.Watts dissipated. Watts dissipated.

= PR= EI. = I2RE I cos 0

where 0= phase anglebetween E and I.

Capacity of Condensers in Parallel.C= C11- C2

Capacity of Condensers in Series.1

-1+-1 Ci+ C2Cl C2

Resistances in Parallel.

R= 1 RjR21 +1 Ri+ B2Itl 112

Resistances in Series. R- R5+ R,Resistance, Capacity and Inductance in Series.

Resulting Impedance.

)Z = R2 (coL 2 112+ X'(0C

24


Reactance of Coil. 274 L.7C, 3.14 ; f, frequency ; L, inductance in henrys.

Reactance of Condenser. 1._27rfC

C, capacity in farads.Net Reactance.

Al Resonance, f- 1, or (.02=-1

2rVLC LC

Wavelength. A=1884 'PLC2, in metres L, in microhenrys ; C, in micro -farads ; A x f = 300,000,000.

Resistance of a Tuned Circuit at Resonance (Dy-namic Resistance).

R= I.C x r

r being the equivalent series resistance.Magnification of Tuned Circuit. nt=c11.

Current in Series Circuit at Resonance. / _E

where r is equiv. series resistance of circuit atwavelength concerned (high -frequency resistance).

Peak Separation (Band-pass Tuners).Vw.M2-r2P- cycles (inductive coupling).

2scLw = ; 31, mutual inductance in henrys ;

r, equivalent series resistance of tuned circuit ;L, inductance in henrys.

V 1 2-rc.2= Cm,2 cycles (capacity coupling)

2,7cLCm--= coupling capacity in farads.

Inductance of Single Layer Coil.L =rr2n2D21k +10-8

L, in microhenrys ; n, 3.14 ; D, diameter intins. ; number of turns to the cm. ; 1, lengthin cms. ; k, a factor depending upon the length/diameter ratio.

DWhen-=0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

k =0.90 0.82 0.69 0.526 0.429 0.365

25

87 S°.

Pave dooResS

(O/

S4F A/0

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOKAbbreviations used in Table on pages 28 and 29,.

T.H.-Indireetly heated. D.H.-Directly heated.M.-Metallising. F.-Filament.H.-Heater. C, Cl, etc.-Cathodes.A, Al, etc.-Anodes (Ao-Oscillator anode).G or Gl-Control grid (Go-Oscillator control grid).G2-Screening grid. G3-Suppressor grid.

1), Dl, etc.-Diodes (anodes).Valve Base Connections for American (Octal) Valves.

Valve Type BasePin Connections .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TopCap

Triode .. I.H. Oct. 31 H A- 0 - H C -Triode .. I.H. Oct. M H - A .- - H C 0H.F.PentodeLH. Oct. Id H A G2 03 - H C 01Output PentodeI.H. Oct. NI H A G2 GI - H C -Heptode I.H. Oct. 3I H A 03 Go A,) H 0 04

G5 (011 (G2)Double -diode

I.H. Oct. 31 H D2 C2 DI - H Cl -Double -diode -triode I.H.Oct. Al H A Dl D2 - H C 0Rectifier, Fullwave .. I.H.Oct. AI. H - A - A - H, C -Rectifier, Fullwave .. LH. Oct. - H H A2 C2 Al - Ii, CI -Rectifier, Fullwave .. I.H. Oct. 31 H A - A - H C -Rectifier, Full -wave. Gaseous) Oct II - A - A - - C -

Valve Base Connections for Acorn and Deaf -AidValves.

Type BasePin Connections

1 2 3 4 5 Top Bottom

ACORNTriodeH.F. Pentode ..

DEAF AinTriode (D.H.)Triode (1.H.)Triode (Milliard)

PUBLIC ADDRESSTriode ..

11

223

4

HH

AAA

A

C

C

G

CG

F G

H11

FHF F

S

FIf

F

ASG A

26


3 2

5 4. 5 4.Loc4r,e8 LOCA7.4M74.4w MARK

leryPe OCTAL. ACORN4

\ \.3

52 4

113

4O

2 t-/

6 7 5(SioE Ccwr,scr VALVES)

5M2

3 4;,/c vac 'M/OGEES

4M

3

2

4

Louisa..144/0/C

&.a' A/0

ConinNeNzw,

No / 7YRE No 2 i'YPE2 3 2 - 3

Valve -contact arrange-ments for all types ofvalves. (Seo tables onpages 26, 28, 29, and

30, etc.)

27

VA

LV

E B

ASE

CO

NN

EC

TIO

NS FO

R ST

AN

DA

RD

(R.V

.A.) V

AL

VE

SSee

definitions of abbreviations used..

-

Piet Com

m,.lione

Valve T

ypeB

aseT

op!'

34

56

78

9C

ap1

Triode

....

.. D.H

.4

A0

FF

--

-- -

Triode

....

..I.H

.5

AG

HH

C-

-T

riode..

....

I.H.

7IL

L-

--H

HC

A-

Tetrode

....

.. D.H

.4

G2

(11.F

F-

--

-A

Tetrode

....

..I.H

.5

G2

01H

HC

--

- AH

.F. Pentode or Tetrode .. D

.H.

731

G1

G3

FF

-G

2-

-A

H.F. Pentode or T

etrode..

I.H.

5G

O01

HIf

C, G

O-

-- - A

H.F. Pentode or T

etrode..

I.H.

7M

01G

3II

HC

G2

- - AH

.F. Pentode or Tetrode

..I.H

.7

31A

G3

HH

CG

2- - G

lH

.F. Hexode

D.H

.7

MA

G3

FF

04G

O- -

GI

Output Pentode

.... D

.H.

4A

G1

FF

--

-- G

OO

utput Pentode..

.. D.H

.5

A01

FI,

G2

--- -

Output Pentode

....

I.H.

5A

01H

HC

--

- G2

Output Pentode

....

I.H.

7-

G1

02H

IIC

A- -

Ffeptode..

.... D

.H.

7A

-,G

o02

F1,

-A

- 01H

eptode..

....

I.H.

7A

oG

oG

2II

HC

A-

(41O

ctode..

.... D

.H.

7G

201

G3, 05

FF

M, 06

A-

(44O

ctode..

....

I.H.

702

0103, G

IH

IIC

, 51, G6

A- G

4C

lass B O

utput..

..D

.H.

7G

OG

IA

lF

I,-

A2

---

Double-diode ..

.. D.H

.4

Dl

D2

FF

--

a

00en

Urt

`"(79

00cc

Double -diode

....

I.H.

Double -diode -triode

.. D.H

.D

ouble -diode -triode..

I.H.

Triple -diode -triode

....

I.H.

Si ngle-diode-tetrode..

LH

.T

riode -pentode..

.. D.H

.T

riode -pentode..

..III.

Triode-hexode

....

D.H

.

Triode-hexoide,

....

I.H.

557979977

Dl

ADl

D2

-.

G2

02Ao

Au

D2D2MD:3

(41

Al

Al

Go

Ge

HF, 31D

2-02G3

03G

O

G2

11FIIHHFIIFIl

CDl

HIfIII,HFH

--CC

C, 11-CMC

--AADAu

AoAA

-Dl

-Go

Go--

-M-M31---

G0AGIGI

Gl

GI

,

Double-pentod4

.... D

.H.

7G

l.C

l'A

lF

F021 G

2=A

S-

G1'-

Double -pentode

,.

... D

.H.

9011

Al

G21

FF

-62.

. A2

31-

Double-diode-H

.F. PentodeI.H

.9

G2

A-

IfH

C, G

3D

1D

2-

01D

ouble -diode Output Pentode L

H.

7D

1A

D2

HII

CG

2-

-G

ID

ouble -diode Output Pentode I.H

.7

DI

CD

2H

HA

G2

--

01R

ectifier, Half W

ave.. D

.H.

4A

FF -

--

-R

ectifier, Half W

ave (H. V

olt) D.H

.4

-F

I,-

--

-R

ectifier, Half W

ave., ....

LH

.5

AH

11C

--

--

Rectifier, H

alf Wave (1. V

olt)I.H

.4

-H

, C11

--

--

Rectifier, Full W

ave ....

D.H

.4

AA

FI, -

--R

ectifier, Full Wave

..L

II.4

AA

II, CH

---

-R

ectifier, Full Wave

..L

H5

AA

HI{

C-

-R

ectifier, Full Wave

..I.H

.7

H,C

,TA

lC

lH

HC

2A

2B

arretterT

uning Indicator (C.R

.)..

I.H.

70

Targ.

HII

CA


Vaive Base Connections for Continental Valves. See p.26.

Type BasePin Connections.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7TopCap

H.F. PentodeH.F. PentodeTriode . :

Double -diodeFreq.Changer0. Pentode ..O. Pentode ..Rectifier ..Rectifier ..

1

22221

212

G2G2-G20202G2ClCl

HIIHHHHIIIIII

HHHHHII1-1

HH

0CCCCCC

C2C2

AAADlAAA

A2A2

G3hi

111-Ao

G1 G3G3.Al-

-G301-Go-GI-Al

01GI-11201----

Valve Base Connections for Hivac Midget Valves.I

Type !BasePin Connections

1 2 3 4 .5TopCap

Tetrode (S.G.) ..Triode .. ..Output Pentode ..

1

1

2

AG2A

G01Gl.

FFF

FFF

--02

-A-

Mullard Universal Side -Contact Valves

Valve Type BaseContact Connections

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Top

8 Cap

Triode ..II.F. PentodeO. Pentode . .

Octode ..

Double -diodeDouble -diodeRect., Half -wave ..

Rect., Volt.Doub. ..

V. T. Indica-tor (TV4)..

PPP

P

VV

P

P

P-

M HM H- IIM II

D2 HINI H

-HCl II

H

H CH C11 C

03H C,

G6H C, AlH CH CH C2

H C-

--G3-G2

DlD1

-Al

--G1

----0

-G2G2

G3G5-----

Target

A GA G1.A GIA 04- -

D2

A -- -A -

30


Valve -leg spacing for stan-dard 4- and 5 -pin valves.The diameter of the valve

pins is 3.2 mm.5M

4 M.

The two diagrams aboveshow the valve -leg spac-ing for the III vac Midget

valves..I.020=1:=.2.1.2.

/8MM

II/Z..".2,9orro

St...1.7 UV,

Valve -leg spacing for7 -pin valves.

760

Valve -leg spacing9 -pin valves.


AERIAL DATANATURAL WAVELENGTH. - The

natural wavelength of an aerial isapproximately four and a half times itselectrical length (length between insu-lators plus length of lead-in). Standard,.aerial of 100ft. has a natural wave-length of 05 -out 120 metres. If con-nected direct to the grid of the detectorvalve, it would receive transmissions onthis wavelength.

The maximum length of aerial, in-clusive of lead-in, permitted bye thePostmaster -General is 150ft.

REFLECTOR.-An arrangement gen-erally employing a dipole aerial, forpreventing a signal from being radiatedin all directions, or for ensuring maxi-mum reception in a given direction. Itconsists of a vertical or horizontal aerialbehind which is erected a similar aerial(not connected to anything), the spacingbetween these being adjusted accordingto the frequency of the signals. Amulti -reflector system will generally havethe reflectors arranged in the form of aparabola with the aerial at the focalpoint.

Stranded 7/22 insulated' copper wireis best for both aerial and lead-in.

32


$=..,D tiE3F+0 }.,-.......,

°c

R

0 '12 cp Or:.1. SiP000Z, 't,

-1

0 0 c9-EV45, 0 oo o. w °

&'.,71- CD es. sp c,

C4 ;0m

0 ...);1."0 .- (DwzrQ4ci,'">4 .÷

11XI

''-' '" ''''' `,-

,A.tz

-e arCD CO cl- 00 .-1 0 0"z.n,1,--0 0rzr' e' c'''

0 IQ (.' P ri.e"0 0 o

' .1 " 5 ?) g

''<, Ill

lalIn

-t..-.

'4....-

0"0 P 0 " 1-, . ,-,CC, Cw, ts0 CD

.....?gl -

0 t3 0 °a, P cog,C-Laq 0 P2-, ct (T,

Z0 PP5.

. -

>-12-, c,

.,,,s'.

O'0"0 P 00 0 0p:L5/2.'''''g

,:":

C/2 '.0 0 --1 CD 02fd P Cst-,0 rn0 z .-. +.00 P <I .)trq0 mme,

CtfD 0-,-d ,__,,_,

Z°-:

(t) 0 Me., it g, c+ 0 0 0.4,Z ?.?, V, ci: 81..,...t.

0 CD 0-'0''xc+0 CD CD "'..

<.:1 l'

33

00co

U I-.

z0eg

LON

G -W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A

Inductance1,600 M

icrohenryq.Inductance

2,100 Microhenrys.

........7Inductance

3,000 Microhenrys.

Dia-

meter of

Former

No. of

Slots.W

ire.T

urnsperSlot.

No. of

Slots.W

ire.T

urnsper

Slot.N

o. ofSlots.

Wire.

Turnsper

Slot.

1 in.45

36 enam.

36 D.S.C

.8069

4536 enam

.36 enam

.9280

5638 D

.S.C.

36 enam.

9585

11 in.345

36 D.S.C

.36 D

.S.C.

34 D.S.C

.

715753

345

36 enam.

36 D.S.C

.34' enam

.

816560

345

36 enam.

36 enam.

36 D.S.C

.

977872

2 in.

_.36345

34 enam. or

36 D.S.C

.84 D

.S.C.

34 D.S.C

.

564538

345

36 D.S.C

.

34 D.S.C

.34 D

.S.C.

655144

345

36 enam.

36 D.S.C

.34 enam

. orD

.S.C.

77

6153

OOU2ce14,

0 z0

ME

DIU

M -W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A

Inductance175 M

icrohenrys.Inductance

200 Mlcrohenrys.

Inductance

.......230 M

icrohenrys.

Dia-

Length

Length

Length

meter of

Wire.

Turns

in.W

ire.T

urnsin

Wire.

Turns

inForm

er.inches.

inches.inches.

li in.1,3Q,

32 enam.

D.S.C

.8493

1.011.38

32 enam.

30 D.S.C

.93

1021.111.52

30 D.S.C

.32 enam

.115102

1.711.22

;11 '"'30'D

,S.C.

28 D.C

.C.

74941.102.24

30 D.S.C

.82

1.2230 D

.S.C.

901.34

30 D.S.C

.63

0.9430 D

.S.C.

681.01

30 D.S.C

.76

1.1311 m

.28 D

.S.C.

671.16

28 D.S.C

.73

1.2628 D

.S.C.

801.38

2in.

30 D.S.C

.28 D

.S.C.

54580.8051.01

30 D.S.C

.28 D

.S.C.

5964

0.881.13

30 D.S.C

.28 D

.S.C.

65700.971.24

26 D.C

.C.

701.96

26 D.C

.C.

782.18

26 D.C

.C.

862.40

2i in.28 D

.S.C.

520.925

28 D.S.C

.57

1.0128 D

.S.C.

621.10

24 D.C

.C.

652.08

24 D.C

.C.

722.30

24 D.C

.C.

802.56......

21 ` , "'28 D

.S.C.

24 D.C

.C.

47580.8357.85

28 D.S.C

.24 D

.C.C

.5164

0.912.04

28 D.S.C

.24 D

.C.C

.5670

1.02.24

3in.

26 D.S.C

.22 D

.C.C

.4150

0.861.90

26 D.S.C

.22 D

.C.C

.4555

0.952.09

26 D.S.C

.22 D

.C.C

.4961

1.032.32

iQ

0002PLZ'

az<

SH

OR

T-W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A`5.,

.0.,

-0

QC

;

.6.uj

tT1M

'0

.(1

0.pAg,

.,. (3,6

g.4:4

,-,0 bo..°O

R,

,,...

02

zE-i

Tuning R

ange (Min. C

ap. 30 =M

d.).0001

.00015.00035

Min.

Max.

Max.

Max.

1"99,,',,,,r"99

1829,,1899

1899

10+99

>,

i61

,,99

1.0,,19

rr1"1111"r1"

1"11"11"1/'1"

1"11"

5±7/10113+151517/

10113+1515/71

10+13+

59

1116

61111

14122

7113+

1726

8115+

1930

9118

21+33

6/121

151241

9117

20+32

1120

24+37

12123

2843

14126

31148

8141

171261

101191

23136

12123

2843

141261

3250

CD

00F-

21')cLz z5

SH

OR

T-W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A-(continued)

1ot,

ilgo.

6bi,

,..,

d,..110or,

.62

.

za

e`30

,,,N0422,,,,,.,,,cn

P52w-

02PH4

Tuning R

ange(M

in. Cap 30 m

mfd )

.0001.00015

.00035

E-5,ill

pM

in.M

ax.M

ax.M

ax."

18101

11"151

16130

3665

1"18

1011"

5181

16191

30y,

1"71

12211

2640

,,',1

,,,1"

10114

25131

47,,

1113+

1630

35155

11"151

1833+

4062

1"1"18

l'o-if'

5+10+

1923+

369>

r71

14126

311491

,,99

/21"

10117

311381

58,,

9992

11"13±

2036

4466

14"18',;101

11'1'15161

2342

5073

1222

2741

,,,,

1"71

16130

3756

1"101

2036

4467

00Uzz OC

0

SH

OR

T-W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A-(continued)

ii ,-,,;P, f5.r.',

(50Z

.gli

NW

csg,0

. u) 8E

4 ' g Ui

0,, g,,,,.,_,E

g aCi

''''o60

4..E!

4N,-1

,..,G13''

''E-

Tuning R

ange(M

in. Cap. 30 m

mfd.)

...."01 Max.

.0P,01.-

.'?4M5.

le1,, ,,,A-

472

,,,Pi -0

1820f,,P

20, ,3,,f

20

101

1417f ,

fl

aff,Ptf

14fl

11"II"r

fi

1"11"Ir1"4"1"11"11"r-3'

13*1517

1011417121710214171217101

2343

5278

26148

5890

6112

14k22

8116

1929

1018k

22134

11121

2540

13231

2945

917

2132

12.22

2742

1427

3350

1730

3757

1935

4265

1119

2335

1425

31148

SHO

RT

-WA

VE

CO

IL D

AT

A-(continued)

$,-,cs 0-'du

a't,,

?:',13f)°,,,,

0.

po

.A" r'i

.zc,.

a .0

ce>cl

,-.pi.

'a, cdui0') a-'E

.,-, cen

.n.2tp-2g ..-,'''.4

0c0Z E

,

Tuning R

ange(M

in. Cap. 30 m

mfd.)

Min.

Max.

.015.215

i"A

2014

1"14

1730

3757

,,,

11"171

19341

42165

,,,1k"

2122

4048

721"

2014

r7

11121

2640

,/,/

,,3"

1011151

28341

53,,

,,,,

1"14

1.8234

4163

1,)7

f,13"

17121/

3948

71'11"

2124

4554

821,"

20a

3"7

1425/

3147

,,>

,/7

r101

1935

4365

PI1,

1,1"

1423

4251

74,1

f,,,

13"171

27481

5990

,,,,

,,11"

2130

5567

103

00wzz Ui

cc

SH

OR

TW

AV

E C

OILv D

AT

A-(continued)

'Z'

0,-.

ai oQ

.

60.t'D

'S'6

r,,S`r6

1:1,0,.

2,-.0

Fjg R cq

6E

..-9 c`r'c'.4'

,..o bi,4..9

g 5.4

,.....

.26ZH

Tuning R

ange(M

in. Cap. 30 m

mfd.)

Min.

Max.

.glel.15M

ax.

I Z2!22I"22rrPI

20,,2225

22,,22292

14.,2/2229

1892PP

187

92

1"i-"1"11"11"- -"r1"11"

11."1"

1"

7

10114171219131

18221279

13118

1629

35154

2240

4973

26148

5990

3156

69105

3563

78120

8115

18128

1120

2538

1324

2944

1527

3351

1731

3757

12211

2640

1629

35541

1934

4264

O

SH

OR

T-W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A-(continued)

1"

ui

22g

222222

22122222

22

22

18

18

0 bo

fig

t,vg54

11"11"

1"

1;lri"

oN

ZP

Tuning R

ange.0001

Min.

Max. (M

in. Cap. 30 m

mfd.)

.00015.00035

Max.

Max.

22122

4048

7227

2545

54182

913/

2530

45131

1832

4062

1822

4047

71

22125

4555

8227

2850

6292

915

2733

50131

2036

4568

1824

4453

81221

2750

6192

27311

5770

1079

1833

4051

.S

HO

RT

-WA

VE

CO

M. D

AT

A-(continued)

,5'R

ips6.

,...,didoa. r,

J..i--rn

0.,..

2c1):64:ecen''

.0;,2R

.,5,,,,,

4

0 ecizZ

EH

Tuning R

ange (Min. C

ap. 30 mm

fd.).0001

.00015.00035

Min.

Max.

Max.

Max.

1k"22

181'

13125

4555

82I,

,,9,

1"18

3053

65100

/P1r

22134

6276

11511'

2739

7085

13511"

2'218

r9

20361

4670

1"131

2851

6296

f,ff

,,1"1r

1822134

6276

11540

7288

13511"

2745

83100

150'ill24

2211"

11+11

19231

3511"

16;14

2530

42,,

,,1"

22116

2936

551,

7,11

11."28

18134

4163

cs1

SH

OR

T-W

AV

E C

OIL D

AT

A-(continued)

tard,,(h)

,s,A

4:Es.

iT

uning Range

(Min. C

ap. 30 =A

l.)ca

4g(6

.:§.',.,...

E4 §,§'u'i

gAg.a.

g'...

'''E'

Min.

Max.

*D02a5.

.1=c5.

1"24

22111"

33121

3846

724"'

'',724221

1"11

1527

3350

7/',,

7,1"

1620

3645

68>

77,

,,1"

22123

4352

80,,

,,,,

1k"28

2750

6092

'i,24

,,22111"1"

331111.

3056

68105

16131

3756

,,,,

,,1"

16;22.1

4151

76,,

, ,71

1"221

2749

6090

,,,,

,P1r

2831

5567

10011'

33135

6478

1201"

24221

1"111

17133

4165

,,,,

1"16;

2546

5686

CO


Diam. ofFormer

4 3 3 3 t4.4 3 3 3 t43 4ENo.

S.W.G.

3 3 3 3 23 3 3 4 [t:

Turns perInch SpacedH approx. OneDiam. of

S.W.G.

LVN11°'

C.An b.D t\DCAD GC b.D Cr, coCZ t..0 No'

4,1- 4,4 Or- tZi".No. ofTurns

Cn 4=. W No 4, 4, OCst\O O.DCZ G.D Cn oo c14, 4=a- csDto- to- to -

O

0 - cc --I CZ 4, 00 CZ C..rt 4, -1 CZ C..ncd,.7 cx) (X) (X) C.n C.)1 1-, O co rP

b*,

to co -a oo cs) ooCn 0 4, Oo -.I CA 0 Co 0

c.C:> -i 4. b.., 00 40. t.C 7 CAD I-, 0tD C.:( 0 CC C.n Cr C.21 CZ CA Cn

H

paMs

Naa

N


TRANSFORMER DATADwrAirs OF STALLOY CORE STAMPINGS.

4

4

Dimensions. ,..,

. Z,' ,'

... E+

,__.,c to'

.

6. ,3

.,-'''

i .-';t it..., r ;

g 0E-,.?..

- taei i'i,.. gt ,4,1 ,

A B C

45

28293031323335

in.

15/161

11.2

15/1611

111i

in.

25/1611-

341li312121.31

in.

ii

1+lgI

1

1

11i

doz.prs.

666

6

666

6

6

5030

250300

45100

75]25200

812

6488865

sq. in.

1ii

35}

I21-,

112151

This table covers most of the commoner sizes of stampings,but some makers give different numbers to stampings ofsimilar size.

UREKA RESISTANCE WIRE

sjv .G. Diameterin inches.

Turns perin. D.S.C.

Lengthper ohm

in inches.Ohms per

yard.

Wt. per1,000

yards inlb.

161820222426283032343638

.064

.048

.036

.028

.022

.018

.014

.012

.010

.009

.007

.006

14.719.625.632.240.048.857.867.175.285.590.1

118.0

173.896.854.432.920.313.79.26.54.93.62.41.5

0.210.370.661.101.772.643.915.577.35

10.1214.8423.80

37.2020.9311.777.1204.3922.9421.9891.3991.0590.76880.52490.3272

45


MAINS TRANSFORMER DATABy means of a Constant obtained from the table

below the turns of wire for a primary of a trans-former may easily be ascertained. For example,the constant of a transformer for a supply of 220volts 50 cycles is 1,760. Therefore, with a core of1 sq.in. cross sectional area you use 1,760 turns ofwire for primary. For a core of 2 sq. in. you use1 760 turns and so on. The secondary is

2directionally proportional to the voltage ratio.

ReactiveVoltage

Frequency cycles per second20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

50 525 485 444 400 362 325 287 250 206100 1050 975 888 800 725 650 575 500 412110 1155 1073 976 880 797 715 632 550 453150 1575 1455 1332 1200 1086 975 861 750 618200 2100 1950 1775 1600 1450 1300 1150 1000 825210 2205 2048 1864 1680 1533 1365 1207 1050 866220 2310 2146 1952 1760 1594 1430 1264 1100 906230 2415 2243 2041 1840 1666 1495 1321 1150 947240 2520 2341 2130 1920 1739 1560 1378 1200 988250 2625 2425 2220 2000 1810 1626 1435 1250 1039

CRYSTAL DATACrystals and their Symbols

Bornite 3Cu2S3Fe2S3Carborunduni SiCCassiterite (tinstone) SnO2Copper pyrites Cu2S2FeS2Galena PbSGraphiteHertzite PbSIron Pyrites FeS2Malachite CuCo2CuH20Molybd.enite MoS2Silicon SiTellurium TeZincite ZnO

Crystal CombinationsCarborundum with Steel Tellurium with ZinciteIron pyrites with Silicon Carborundum with SiliconGalena with Tellurium Copper Pyrites with

Tellurium

46


9

`4

pa

N.co

a

O

O

W

C. 71 , A .., CJ to . +0 0 0 0., 0 CA 0 C.11 IP. Cm C44, .

05 ;

1-, . C. t. 444 CO

t. CO 0 0 c., 0 -0 "0 "0 0 0CA000000000000000000000 cc

1-1 C. t. C. 444 CD

[4., ., 0 G.,, .-, 0 0, C Cr 0 0000000000000000 0000000 C

C .1 1,0 I. c1", 0 ,01. GO 01 In 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00100000000000000000000000 1"-'°

.C7, 0 0,000000000000000000000000

. . 1-, I. CT, 01 -44 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD

C

.C.710-00"1.1-00000-0000000000000000000,00000001-, 1-, 1-,

1-.1-,C.[4.., t, -.I 0 0 Gr, 0

L'

..1-11,[000.0000,0000.00000000000000000000000000COCACOCACDO.1-, t.,[,..

It

0.00000000000000000000000c000000CO C. tD C.,,

t-, 1-, . tO C.'tC..7, 0 CO .441 C, 0b O C a, O O S'

.-, ,--,000,000000.000C.C....C..0....0.....0..to t...., b., CA -41,-, ,- ta c.4 a,[4, CT 0 0 0

g

3 watt 2 watt 1 watt

en

A

Fr

'1

O 0

E.O -

C.

0

CCQ

0

CYQ

47

00cow F-

cez

Resistance V

alues for Decoupling and V

oltage Dropping

VO

LT

AG

E D

RO

PPED

(Cont.)

Currentm

A70

8090

100125

150175

200

170,000

80,00090,000

100,000125,000

150,000175,000

200,0002

35,00040,000

45,00050,000

62,50075,000

87,500100,000

325,000

30,00030,000

30,00040,000

50,00050,000

75,0001 w

att

417,500

20,00025,000

25,00030,0001

40,00040,000

00,0005

15,00017,500

20,00020,000

25,00030,000

40,00040,000

107,000

9,0009,000

I10,000

/ 12,000I

15,00017,500

I20,000

2 watt

155,000

5,0006,000

7,0009,000

I10,000

12,000I

15,0003 w

att20

5,0005,000

5,0005,000

7,0009,000

9,00010,000

4 watt

252,500

2,5001

5,0005,000

5,0001

5,000 /7,000

8,0005 w

att30

2,500I

2,5001

2,5005,000

5,000/

5,000 /7,0001

7,0006 w

att

402,000

2,00012,500

2,500/

2,500/

5,000 /5,0001

5,0008 w

att50

1,500 r-- 1,500 12,000

12,000

/2.500

2,500 /2,500 1

5,00010 w

att4 w

att5 w

att7 w

att8 w

att9 w

att10 w

attT

he values given above are correct to the nearest standard value.

404U

0 gO

.....,,'

,t1 -,8.,

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.,g

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a,

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ACCUMULATOR PASTES.-The follow-ing -ingredients are required : 4 parts byweight redlead (Pb304), i part by weightlitharge (PbO), 1 part by weight sulphuricacid (T.142 specific gravity). Add the acidgradually to the mixture of redlead andlitharge, stirring well until a fairly stiffpaste has been formed. Thorough mixingis essential, and care must be taken not tomake the paste too thin.

How to Apply. Place the grid on a flatboard and use a scoop to place the pastein the grid. A wooden spreader shouldthen be used to force the paste into thepockets of the grid. A piece of newspaperis then placed on top of the plate, andanother flat board on top of that. Thisenables the plate to be turned over so thatit can be pasted on the opposite side.

Drying. Stack the plates carefully in awarm room to dry. After three or fourdays dip the plates in sulphuric acid (1.25specific gravity) and re -dry.

Paste for Negative Plates. Use thefollowing ingredients : 5 parts by weightlitharge, 1 part by weight of I.xo specificgravity sulphuric acid. Mix, apply, anddry as for positive plates.

For a high -rate discharge cell, the pastefor the negative plates can be varied asbelow :

Litharge, 99.96 per cent. ; lamp -black,.03 per cent. ; 'wood flour, .or per cent.One -sixth of the total weight of the aboveof 1.10 specific gravity sulphuric acid.

Use acid of 1.12 specific gravity, chargeat the rate of about .02 amp. per squareinch of the plate area, counting both sidesof the plate.

50


Neutralising Spilled Electrolyte. Ifelectrolyte is spilled, it should be imme-diately treated with a neuttalising solution,such as sodium carbonate (soda) and water,or ammonia and water. Either of theseliquids is excellent for checking the effectsof acid on clothing. Benches, trays, andother fittings which have become acid -soddenshould be treated with a solution of 'lb.of soda to 1 gallon of water, and then driedbefore coating with acid -proof paint.

JELLY ELECTROLYTE.-Jelly elec-trolyte consists of sulphuric acid to whicha given proportion of sodium silicate hasbeen added. Jellification takes place atvarying speeds according to the proportionsin which the two chemicals are mixed. Asuitable mixture which jellifies in five orsix minutes is-I part of pure sodium silicate(1.2oo specific gravity) to 3 parts of coldsulphuric acid (1.400 specific gravity).

As jellification takes place fairly rapidlyit is essential to arrange that the entireoperation may be carried through withoutany hitch or delay. The cell to be filledwith jelly acid should be given a firstcharge, using ordinary free sulphuric acid.This acid should then be poured off, andthe cell inverted and allowed to drain forabout half an hour.

51

00Ucc"Z'

00

H.T

. ME

TA

L RE

CT

IFIE

RS

StyleR

atedSm

oothedO

utputM

ax.C

urrent

mA

INPU

TO

pen Circuit V

oltageC

apacityof eachV

oltageD

oublerC

ondenser

Working

Voltage

of eachC

ondenserH

alf Wave

Voltage D

blr.V

oltsm

AV

oltsm

AV

oltsm

A

H.T

.14130

120

152030

13530

8060

46200

H.T

.15200

3040

25080

140120

4200

H.T

.16300

6060

40090

240200

4400

H.T

.17200

100150

250150

150300

8250

H.T

.17used forC

lass B150

25-

15040

--

Reservoir

Condenser8 m

fd350

Tw

oH

T.17

used inSeries

500120

150-

-300

5506

500

of

H.F

. ME

TA

L RE

CT

IFIE

RS

Model

Type

Length

Max. Safe

Input Voltage

Max.

Current

Output

Colour ofL

abelW

.4H

alf -wave

1 15/16 in.24-v. peak carrier

0.25 mA

.Y

ellowW

.6H

alf -wave


0.28 mA

.B

lueW

X.6

Half -w

ave...


0.12 mA

.W

hite -Blue

WM

.24Full -w

ave ,centre tap3 in.

24-v. each side ofcentre tap.

0.5 mA

.Y

ellow

WM

.26Full-w

ave,centre tap3 in,

36-v. each side ofcentre tap.

0.5 mA

.B

lue

Formulas R

elative to Circles

To find C

ircumference of a C

ircle :M

ultiply diameter by 3.1416 ; or

Divide diam

eter by 0.3183.

To find D

iameter of a C

ircle :M

ultiply circumference by 0.3183 ;

orD

ivide circumference by 3.1416.

To find R

adius of a Circle :

Multiply circum

ference by 0.15915 ;or

Divide circum

ference by 6.28318.

To find the A

rea of a Circle :

Multiply circum

ference by one -quarter ofthe diam

eter ;or

Multiply

thesquare

ofdiam

eterby

0.7854 ; or

Multiply the square, of circum

ference by0.07958 ;

or

Multiply

the square ofdiam

eter by3.1410.


0

0-3

cD

;-3

t-.

0.

5

C

O

O

zn

C

CD

C

O

O.

;,'t'''

;-3;-,,

ti;-3Coo

toi-3Co

ti;-3Co

t. t''i-3 ..-3

IQ C.

t';-34.

toCD'3

ed0 ,.!

,"?,'s

'6' (°g* VCR V

.., CO I I I

LAWNY .... cm- 1 I 1 oo co cats.,.

VI

0 .',, a,--.'.8 ; so-,

&,

Aop ?, %

t316 -`05 v.'_, 5>aq:s 6

CO .... CO CoC.,,

0in

Co

CO I-4 ,--

0.JV;n,' gEii-ii.,

al .,,,

.c.... C.,..),-, CO . C. ocn. co.-, F+m.o., CO b. ..fi .44 Ftnt: Po

,-, ;.6

,...

1.+b3C,.3bi CO

.

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r-1 F--.

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r

54


DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS.-Thefollowing table gives the specific induc-tive capacities of various materials.These figures represent the dielectricconstants.

Material. S.1.0 .

Air . . . . 1Paper . 1.5Paraffin Wax . . 2.5Ebonite . . . 2.75Shellac . . 3Presspahn . . . 3Flipt Glass . . . 4 to 6Plate Glass . . . 4.5Mica . . . . 5 to 8

DIELECTRIC STRENGTHS.

Material. Dielectric Strengthper Mm.

Glass . . . 8,000Shellac . . 10,000Presspahn . . 6,000 to 15,000Porcelain . . 16,300Rubber . . 18,000Mica . . . 17,009 to 28,000Ebonite . . 30,000Micanite . . 40,000

55

00U0Li/

zzw w3

SPEC

IFIC R

ESIST

AN

CE

OF V

AR

IOU

S MA

TE

RIA

LS.

SUB

STA

NC

ESPE

CIFIC

RE

SISTA

NC

ESU

BST

AN

CE

SPEC

IFICR

ESIST

AN

CE

Advance

.19.2

10-6K

rupp Metal

33.4 x 10-6A

rgentan11.2 x 10-6

Lead

..

7.8 x 10-6C

alido.

.39.3 x 10-6

Manganin

16.5 x 10-6C

limax

..

34.7 x 10-6M

onel Metal

16.1 x 10-6C

on stantan19.3

x 10-6N

ichrome I

38.8 x 10-6C

opper.

.0.63 x 10-6

Nichrom

e II42.6 x 10-6

Eureka .

.18.5 x 10-6

Nickel

..

3.9 x 10-6E

xcello ..

36.0 x 10-6Platinoid.

..

18.4 x 10-6Ferro -N

ickel.

.11.1 x 10-6

Resista .

.29.9 x 0-6

Germ

an Silver ..

13.0 x 10-6R

heostan17.5 x 10-6

Ideal.

..

.19.3 x 10-6

Rheostine

29.9 x 10-6Pure Iron

3.48 x 10-6R

ose's Metal

25.4 x 10-6Soft Steel

4.6 x 10-6Superior

34.3 x 10-6H

ard Steel.

.17.9 x 10-6

Therlo

..

18.4 x 10-6Soft C

ast iron. .29.3 x 10-6

Wood's M

etal22.2 x 10-6

Hard C

ast Iron38.9 x 10-6

Zinc

2.1 x 10-6

tr,

WE

IGH

T O

F SHE

ET

EB

ON

ITE

.T

hicknessW

eight ofA

rea (sq. in.)A

rea (sq. in.)(inch)

1 sq. ft. (oz.)of 1 lb.

of 1 oz.it

13176

1120

117171

268S

5139

5631

5244

2tA

PPRO

XIM

AT

EW

EIG

HT

OF

Lb.

1C

UB

IC IN

CH

OF M

ET

AL

SL

b.Platinum

..

0.78N

ickel.

..

.0.31

Gold

..

..

0.69W

rought Iron.

.0.28

Mercury

..

0.49Steel

0.28L

ead.

..

.0.41

Cast Iron

..

0.26Silver

.0.36

Tin

..

..

0.26B

ismuth

..

0.35Z

inc.

..

.0.26

Copper

..

0.32A

ntimony

..

0.24B

rass.

.0.31

Alum

inium.

.0.097

Magnesium

0.063D

uralumin

0.101


SCREWS:BRITISH ASSOCIATION (B.A.)

Absolute Approxi- ApproximateDimensions in mete Dimensions in

Millimetres Number InchesNo. Full of Full

Die-meter

Pitch Threadsper Inch

Dia-meter

Pitch

25 0.25 0.070 362.8 0.010 0.002824 0.29 0.080 317.5 0.011 0.003123 0.33 0.09 282.2 0.013 0.003522 0.37 0.10 254.0 0.015 0.003921 0.42 0.11 230.9 0.017 0.004320 0.48 0.12 211.6 0.019 0.004719 0.54 0.14 181.4 0.021 0.005518 0.62 0.15 169.3 0.024 0.005917 0.70 0.17 149.4 0.028 0.006716 0.79 0.19 133.7 0.031 0.007515 0.90 0.21 121.0 0.035 0.008314 1.0 0.23 110.4 0.039 0.009113 1.2 0.25 101.6 0.047 0.009812 1.3 0.28 90.7 0.051 0.011011 1.5 0.31 81.9 0.059 0.012210 1.7 0.35 72.6 0.067 0.0138

9 1.9 0.39 65.1 0.075 0.01548 2.2 0.43 59.1 0.087 0.01697 2.5 0.48 52.9 0.098 0.01896 2.8 0.53 47.9 0.110 0.02095 3.2 0.59 43.0 0.126 0.02324 3.6 0.66 38.5 0.142 0.02603 4.1 0.73 34.8 0.161 0.02872 4.7 0.81 31.4 0.185 0.03191 5.3 0.00 28.2 0.209 0.03540 6.0 1.00 25.4 0.236 0.0394

It is recommended that for screws lessthan }-in. diameter British AssociationThreads -should be adopted. It was originallyproposed by the British Association in 1884, andfinally adopted by them in 1904. It is, however,not yet the usual practice in this country to usethe sizes ranging from No. 17 upwards. More-over, makers of taps, dies, screwplates, etc.,usually supply sizes to No. 16.--...

58


',....3- g

':.1.

(2 P

g. .. .

-Y' -Ppt ;,2,

5..5- 5cm cm g-

.

g 8

cc7c- P' :-.-,-:-.c, 5

(51 f::: g*

:..-- : 70 Z.,

amp.4z .g,?,.n n ,-,

'.' %'

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.

. .

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P a,,, .)27- . . .

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C 0 : , , ti

i--7-Z.r ' * &'-'zi r'

1.7---P -'Z

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: : : i,;V.

P' P' P 5. 'tji C4

o >MH

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m .'.

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-.4 M

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--c..-- ....t: P .

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a, 0 ,.3".t. .,*04,..

1-1

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p- .--.a r''..,,r

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P P ,...too--.3.

..,,,

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IZ4 0J,C4 C

59

RADIQ ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK

TWIST DRILL GAUGE SIZES

No. Drill. DecimalSizes. No. Drill. Decimal

Sizes.

1 .2280 31 .12002 .2210 32 .11603 .2130 33 .11304 .2090 34 .11105 .2055 35 .11006 .2040 36 .10657 .2010 37 .10408 .1990 38 .10159 .1960 39 .0995

10 .1935 40 .098011 .1910 41 .096012 .1890 42 .093513 .1850 43 .089014 .1820 44 .086015 .1800 45 .082016 .1770 46 .081017 .1730 47 .078518 .1695 48 .076019 .1660 49 .073020 .1610 50 .070021 .1590 51 .067022 .1570 52 .063523 .1540 53 .059524 .1520 54 .055025 .1495 55 .052026 .1470 56 .046527 .1440 57 .043028 .1405 58 .042029 .1360 59 .041030 .1285 60 .0400

LETTER SIZLS OF DRILLS

A .234 H .266 0 .316 U .36SB .238 I .272 P .323 V .377C .242 J .277 Q .332 W .386D .246 K .281 II, .339 X .397E .250 L .290 S .318 Y .401F .257 M .295 T .358 Z .413G .261 N .302

60


WOOD SCREW PROPORTIONSTWIST DRILLS FOR WOOD SCREWS

No. Dia- With Side Lips(or) meter For Wood or Metal. and Centre forsize) of Neck Wood only.

of orScrew. Shank. No., etc. Dia- Size. Dia-

meter. meter.

1 .066 .; - 51 .067 -2 .080 71 46 .081 -3 .094 fL1 41 .096 - -4 .108 a 35 .110 - -5 .122 30 .128 1/8 .12567

.136

.150,1

-,2823

.140

.154-5/32

-.156

8 .164 .,,-.4 18 .169 - -9 .1.78 14 .182 3/18 .187

10 .1.92 i 9 .196 - -11 .206 .0 4 .209 7/32 .21812 .220 . 1 .228 - -13 .234 '11 B .238 - -14 .248 E .250 1/4 .25015 .262 H .266 - -16 .276 = K .281 9/32 .28117 .290 'll_,.. M .295 - -18 .304 A' 0 .316 5/18 .31219 .318 P .323 - -20 .332 11 .339 11/32 .34321 .346 L3 f S

I T .348.358 - -

22 .360 E.> U .368 3/8 .37523 .374 -;-; V .377 3/8 .37524 .388 4 X .397 - -25 .402 Z .413 13/32 .40626 .416 2,/64 .421 -- -27 .430 7/16 .437 7/16 .43728 .444 29/64 .453 - -29 .458 15/32 .468 15/12 .46830 .472 31/64 .484 -- --31 .486 1/2 .500 1/2 .50032 .500 33/64 .515 1/. .500

All dimensions in parts of an inch.

61

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK-...-....,---,-..,STANDARD WOO D SCREWS

No. ofScrewGauge

Dia-meter.

A in Dec.

.,,z2.

,-, ,...121

' `-q---'N,qk-.4

B in-

Depthof C'sink.

Slot.

Wulth Depth.

0 .05784 1/16 7/64 1/32 1/64 1/641 .07100 5/64 9/64 3/64 1/64 1/322 .08416 5/64 11/64 3/64 1/64 1/323 .09732 3/32 3/16 3/64 1/64 1/324 .11048 7/64 7/32 1/16 1/32 1/12

5 .12364 1/8 15/64 1/16 1/32 1/326 .13680 9/64 17/64 5/.64 1/32 3/647 .14996 5/32 19/64 5/64 1/32 3/648 .16312 5/32 21/64 3/32 3/64 3/64

9 .17628 11/64 23/64 3/32 3/64 3/6410 .18944 3/16 2/8 7/64 3/64 1/1611 .20260 13/64 13/32 7/64 3/64 1/1612 .21576 7/32 7/16 1/8 3/64 1/1613 .22892 15/84 29/64 1/8 1/16 1/1614 .24208 1/4 31/64 9/64 1/16 1/1615 .25524 1/4 33/64 9/64 1/16 1/1616 .26840 17/64 /7/32 5/32 1/16 516417 .28156 9/32 9/16 5/32 1/16 5/6418 .29472 19/64 19/32 11/64 5/64 5/6419 .30788 5/16 39/64 11/64 5/64 5/6420 .32104 21/64 41/64 11/64 1/64 2/6421 .33420 21/64 43/64 3/16 5/64 3/3222 .34736

).3605211/32 11/16 3/16 3/32 3/32

23 23/64 23/32 13/64 3/32 3/3224 .37368 3/8 3/4 13/64 3/32 8/32

62


WOOD SCREW PROPORTIONS

COWITEARINX1540 L..A-90°8.20

BALL NE4oT-Bocrs4 Mfrs

41/Lo SrEELOcAss AmsAND HUTS

READ

.54fAUHEAD

L.

ROUNDHEAD L.8-20 RASED CHEESE en.m.,5- .7S0 READ READ READ

WAL,rwoarh, ScREws

- -.ITel 44.4b

8-84'01.,4E+H. -Z40

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Density

of Solids and

LiquidsA

luminium

2.58 g.per cub cm

.161..1 lb.

per cub. ft.C

opper8.9 g.

7777

555.4 lb.G

old..

19.3 g.77

1205.0' lb.Ice

..0.9167 g.

57.2 lb.Iron

..7.87 g.

of

491.3 lb.L

ead..

11.0 g.77

686.7 lb.M

ercury13.596 g.

848.7 lb.N

ickel8.80 g.

549.4 lb.Platinum

21.50 g.1342.2 lb.

Sea Water

1.025 g.64.0 lb.

Silver10.5 g.

655.5 lb.T

in..

7.18 g.57

448.2 lb.T

ungstenU

ranium18.6

g.

18.7 g.1161.2 lb.1167.4 lb.

7777

Water

1.000 g.62.4 lb.

Zinc

..7.19g.

448.6 lb.

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STANDARD COLOUR CODES.Resistances and Condensers.

The colour codes for fixed condensers andfixed resistors are identical, the standard forresistors being ohms and for fixed condensersmmfd.

No. ofColour Fig. Noughts.Black .. .. 0 NoneBrown .. 1 0Red .. .. 2 00Orange 3 000Yellow 4 0000Green .. . 5 00000Blue .. 6 000000Violet .. . 7Grey .. 8White .. .. .. .. 9The order of reading these colours is : Body

Tip, Dot.Example : Resistance with red body, black

tip and orange spot will have value of 20,000ohms. If there is no dot on the body it indicatesthat it is of the same colour as the body.

Multiple Condenser Blocks.The highest capacity positive voltage.. RedThe second highest do. .. YellowThe third highest do. GreenThe fourth highest do. .. BlueThe fifth highest do. .. VioletPrincipal negative connection.. .. BlackSecond do. .. BrownThird do. .. .. GreyCentre connection for voltage doubler

condensers .. .. .. .. WhiteWhere only two leads are used, positive is

red and negative black.Fuses.

60 mA. .. Black 1 amp... Dark Blue100 mA. .. Grey 1-/ amp... Light Blue150 mA. .. Red 2 amp... Purple250 mA. .. Brown 3 amp... White500 mA. .. Yellow 5 amp... Black and750 mA .. Green , , White

66


Standard Colour Codes-(continued)Mains Transformer Data

Primary zero . . Blackff 10 volts .. Black & Green

210 . Black & Yellow/7 230 .. Black & Red

250 . . Black & BrownSecondary Rectifier Heater . . Green

!, High Voltage . . RedValve Heaters . . BrownAdditional Valve

Heaters . . BlueCentre -tap leads are marked with the

same colour as the appropriatesecondary winding, but with ayellow line interwoven.

Battery LeadsHighest voltage positive . . RedSecond do . . YellowThird do . . GreenFourth do . . BlueLow-tension positive . . PinkCommon negative

(L.T., H.T., G.B.).. .. BlackMax. G.B. negative . . BrownSecond do . . . GreyThird do .. .. WhiteAny additional point, such as thefourth greatest G.B. negative, or fifthgreatest H.T. positive, or positivebias, is violet, and any centre -tapis white.

67


INTERNATIONALAbbrev. QuestionQRA What is the name of

your station ?QRB How far approxi-

mately are youfrom my station ?

QRD Where are you boundand where are youfrom ?

QRG Will you tell me myexact frequency inkilocycles ?

QRH Doe's my frequencyvary ?

QRI Is my note good ?QRJ Do you receive me

badly ?Are my signals

weak ?QRB Do you receive me

well ?Are my signals

good ?GRL Are you busy ?

QRM Are you being inter-fered with ?

QRN Are you troubled byatmospherics ?

QRO Shall I increasepower ? ...

QRP Shall I decreasepower ?

QRQ Shall I send faster ?

QRS Shall 1 send moreslowly ?

QRTQRU

Shall I stop sending ?Have you anything

forme?

"Q" CODEAnswer for AdviceThe name of my

station is . . .

The approximatedistance is . .

miles

I am bound for . . .

from . . . .

Youf exact fre-quency is . . . kc

Your frequencyvaries.

Your note varies.I cannot receive

you.Your signals are

too weak.I receive you well.

Your signals aregood.

I am busy. Pleasedo not interfere.

I am being inter-fered with.

I am troubled byatmospherics.

Increase power.

Decrease power.Send faster ( .

words per min-ute).

Send more slowly( . . . words perminute).

Stop sending.I have nothing for

you.

68


INTERNATIONALAbbrev. QuestionQRV Are you ready ? ...QRX Shall I wait ? When

will you call meagain ?

QRZ Who is calling me ?

QSA What is the strengthof my signals ? (1to5) ... ...

QSB Does the strength ofmy signals vary ?

Q SD Is my keying correct?Are my signalsdistinct ?

QSL Can you give meacknowledgment ofreceipt ?

QSM Shall I repeat the lasttelegram (message)I sent you ?

QSO Can you communicatewith . .. direct (orthrough the me-dium of . ..) ?

QSP Will you retransmitto...?QSV Shall I send a series

of V's ?QSX Will you listen for ...

(call sign) on .kc ?

QSZ Shall I send each wordor group twice ?

QTII What is your positionin latitude andlongitude ?...

QTR What is the exacttime ?

" Q " CODEAnswer for Advice

I am ready.Wait (or wait until

I have finishedcommunicatingwith . . . ) I willcall you at . .

GMT.You are being

called by . . . .

The strength ofyour signals is .(1 to 5).

The strength ofyour signalsvaries.

Your keying is in-distinct. Yoursignals are bad.

I give you acknow-ledgment of re-ceipt.

Repeat the lasttelegram (mes-sage) you havesent me.

I can communicatewith . . . director through themedium of . . .).

I will retransmitto . .

Send a series ofV's.

I am listening for. . . (call sign) on. . . kc.

Send each word orgroup twice.

My position is . . .

latitude . . .

longitude.The exact time is

69


MISCELLANEOUS INTERNATIONALABBREVIATIONS

Abbrev. Meaning Abbrev. MeaningC ... .. Yes GA .. .. Resume sendingN .. No MN.. .. Minute/minutesW .. .. Word NW .. I resume transmis-.AA .. .. All after ... sionAB .. . All before ... OK.. .. AgreedAL .. .. All that has just UA ... .. Are we agreed 1

been sent WA .. Word after ...BN .. .. All between WB .. Word before ...CL .. .. I am closing my XS .. .. Atmospherics

stationAMATEUR ABBREVIATIONS

Abbrev. Meaning Abbrev. MeaningABT About NM.. .. No moreAGN Again N It . . . . NumberANI Any NW .. NowBA.. . Buffer amplifier OB .. .. Old boyBCL .. Broadcast listener OM.. .. Old ManBD .. .. Bad OT .. .. Old timerIll .. By PA .. .. Power amplifierBK . Break in PSE .. PleaseBN .. Been R .. .. Received all sentCK .. Cheek RAC .. Rectified A.C.CRT Circuit RCD .. ReceivedCLD . Called RX.. .. ReceiverCO .. . Crystal oscillator SA .. .. SayCUD . Could SED .. SaidCUL .. See you later SIGS .. SignalsDX.. . Long distance SIGN .. SignatureECO Electron -coupled SSS .. Single Signal au -

oscillator perheterodyneES .. And receiverFR .. Fine business SKD Schedule

(good work) TKS ThanksFD Frequency doubler MIN To -morrowFM From TNX. ThanksGA Go ahead, or Good TPTG Tuned plate tuned

afternoon gridGB.. Good-bye TX.. TransmitterGE.. . Good evening U .. . YouGM Good morning UR .. You areGN .. Good night VY .. .. VeryHAM .. Radio amateur WDS .. WordsHI .. Laughter WKG .. WorkingHR.... Hear, or here WL.. .. WillHRD . Heard WUD .. WouldHV .. Have WX .. WeatherLTR Later YF.. .. WifeMILS Milliamperes YL.. .. Young ladyMO .. . Meter Oscillator YR.. .. YourND .. Nothing doing 73 .. .. Kind regardsNIL . Nothing 88 .. .. Love and kisses

70


QSA CODE (Signal Strength)QSA1 .. Hardly perceptible ; unreadable.QSA2 .. Weak, readable now and then.QSA3 .. Fairly good; readable, but with difficulty.QSA4 .. Good ; readable.QSA5 .. Very good; perfectly readable.

QRK CODE (Audibility)R1 Unreadable.R2 Weak signals ; barely readable.113 Weak signals ; but can be copied.R4 Fair signals ; easily readable.R5 Moderately strong signals.R6 Good signals.117 . Good strong signals.R8 . Very strong signals.R9 Extremely strong signals.

RST CODE (Readability)1 Unreadable.2 Barely readable, occasional words dis-

tinguishable.3 Readable with considerable difficulty.

Readable with practically no difficulty.Perfectly readable.

(Signal Strength)1 Faint, signals barely perceptible.

. Very weak signals.Weak signals.

4 . Fair signals.5 Fairly good signals.

. Good signals.7 Moderately strong signals.8 Strong signals.9 Extremely strong signals.

(Tone)1 Extremely rough hissing note.2 . Very rough A.C. note, no trace of musicality.3 Rough, low-pitched A.C. note, slightly musical.4 Rather rough A.C. note, moderately musical.5 . Musically modulated note.6 Modulated note, slight trace of whistle.7 . Near D.C. note, smooth ripple.8 Good D.C. note, just a trace of ripple.9 .. Purest D.C. note.(If the note appears to be crystal -controlled add an

X after the appropriate number).71


AC4ARCECMCN1CNBCOCPCR4CR5CR6CR7CRSCR9CR10CT1CT2CT3CXDEAEA6EA8EA9EIELEPEQESET

FFAFBFDFEFFFGFIFKFLFMFNFOFP

Fee

FRFT

INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE.A dit dahB dah dit dit ditC dah dit dah ditD dah dit ditE ditF dit dit dah ditG dah dah ditH dit dit dit ditI dit ditJ dit dah dah dahK dah dit dahL dit dah dit ditM dah dahN dah ditO dah dah dabP dit dah dah ditQ dah dah dit dabR dit dah ditS dit dit ditT dahU dit dit dah

dit dit dit dahW dit dah dahX dah dit dit dahY dah dit dah dahZ dah dah dit ditNumber Code1 dit dah dah dah dah2 dit dit dah dah dah3 dit dit dit dah dah4 dit dit dit dit dah5 dit dit dit dit dit6 dah dit dit dit dit7 dah dah dit dit dit8 dah dah dah dit dit9 dah dah dah dah ditO dah dah dah dah dahNote of inter-

rogation dit dit dah dah dot ditNote of ex-

clamation dah dah dit dit dah dahApostrophe dit dah dah dah dah ditHyphen dah dit dit dit dit dahFractional bar dah dit dit dah ditBrackets dah dit dah dah dit dabInverted com-

masUnderlinePrelim. callBreak signEnd messageError

dit dah dit dit dah ditdit dit dah dah dit dabdah dit dab dit dahdah dit dit dit dahdit dah dit dah ditdit dit dit dit dit dit dit dit

72


INTERNATIONAL AMATEURCALL -SIGNS

FUTibetSyriaChileCubaTangier ZoneMoroccoCuba (fone)BoliviaCape Verde IslandsPortuguese GuineaAngolaMozambiquePortuguese IndiaMacaoTimorPortugalAzoresMadeira IslandUruguayGermanySpainBalearic IslandsCanary IslandsSpanish MoroccoIrish Free StateLiberiaIran (Persia)Iran (Persia)EstoniaEthiopia (Abys-

sinia)FranceAlgeriaMadagascarFrench TogolandFrench CameroonsFrench West AfricaGuadeloupeFrench Indo-ChinaNew CaledoniaFrench SomalilandMartiniqueFrench IndiaFrench OceaniaSt. Pierre and

MiquelonFrench Equatorial

AfricaReunion IslandTunisia

FY

G

GIHAHBHCHEHI

HKHP

HRHSHZ

J8J9K4K5K6K6K6K6

French NewHebrides

Guyane (FrenchGuiana)

British Isles(G -England ; GM -Scotland ; GW-Wales)North IrelandHungarySwitzerlandEcuadorHaitiDominican Re-publicColombiaRepublic of

PanamaHondurasSiamHedjazItalyJapanChosen (Korea)FormosaVirgin IslandsCanal ZoneHawaiiGuamSamoaMidway and Wake

IslandsK7 AlaskaKA PhilippinesLA NorwayLU ArgentinaLX LuxembourgLY LithuaniaLZ BulgariaMX ManchukuoNY Canal ZoneOA PeruOE AustriaOH FinlandOK CzechoslovakiaOM GuamON Belgium0Q5 Belgian CongoOX GreenlandOY Faroe IslandsOZ Denmark

73=.111:111Mi.


PAPJPKPXPYPESMSPSTSUSVSV6TATF

INTERNATIONAL AMATEURCALL -SIGNS

NetherlandsCuracaoDutch East IndiesAndorraBrazilSurinamSwedenPolandSudanEgyptGreeceCreteTurkeyIceland

TG GuatemalaTI Costa RicaU, UR, IK U.S.S.R.VE CanadaV K AustraliaVO Newfoundland

LabradorVP1 British HondurasVP4 Leeward Is. and

Windward Is.VP3 British GuianaVP4 Trinidad and TobagoVP5 Jamaica, Cayman Is.,

Turks and Caicos Is.VP6 BarbadosVP7 BahamasVP8 Falkland Is., South

Georgia Is.VP9 BermudaVQ1 ZanzibarVQ2 Northern RhodesiaVQ3 TanganyikaVQ4 KenyaVQ5 UgandaVQ6 British SomalilandVQ8 MauritiusVQ9 SeychellesVR1 Gilbert and Ellice Is.VR2 FijiVR3 Fanning Is.VR4 British Solomon Is.VR5 TongaVR6 PitcairnVS1 Straits SettlementsVS2 Fed. Malay States

VS3 Non -Fed. Malay StatesVS4 Sarawak North BorneoVS5 Labuan, BruneiVS6 .,Hong KongVS7 CeylonVS8 BahreinVS9 Maldive Is.VU British IndiaVU4 Laccadive Is.W, WA United States of

AmericaXE MexicoXU ChinaXZ BurmaYA AfghanistanYI IraqYL LatviaYM DanzigYN NicaraguaYR RumaniaYS Salvador'VT, YU Jugo-SlaviaY V VenezuelaZA AlbaniaZ131 MaltaZB2 GibraltarZC1 TransjordaniaZC2 Cocos Is.ZC3 Christmas Is.ZC4 CyprusZC6 PalestineZDI Sierra LeoneZD2 Nigeria, BritishZD3 GambiaZD4 Gold Coast, British

TogolandZD6 NyasalandZD7 St. Helena.ZD8 Ascension Is.ZD9 Tristan da CunhaZ1,11 Southern RhodesiaZKI Cook Is.ZK2 NiueZL New ZealandZIA Western SamoaZP ParaguayZS Union of S. AfricaZS3 South West Africa

74


PHONETIC ALPHABETTo avoid the possibility of the letters

of a call -sign being misunderstood, itis usual to use the words given belowin place of the letters. For example,G6PY would be given as G6 ParisYokohama.

Letters to bespeltA

CDEFGHI

JKL

N

B

Q

STU

P

XYZ

Words to be used forspelling

AmsterdamBaltimoreCasablancaDenmarkEdisonFloridaGallipoliHavanaItalyJerusalemKilogram (or Kilowatt)LiverpoolMadagascarNew YorkOsloParisQuebecRomaSantiagoTripoliUpsalaValenciaWashingtonXanthippeYokohamaZurich

75

-


AMATEUR WAVEBANDS (BRITISH)Five -metre Band - 56,020-59,980 kc/s.Ten -metre Band - 28,010-29,990 kc/s.

Twenty -metre BandMetres Kilocycles Metres Kilocycles20.921.021.1

14,35314,28514,218

Forty -metre

21.221.321.4Band

14,15114,08514,019

Metres Kilocycles Metres Kilocycles41.241.341.441.541.641.741.841.942.0

7,281.57,263.87,246.37,228.87,211.57,194.27,177.07,159.97,142.8

Eighty -metre

42.142.242.342.442.542.642.742.8

Band

7,125.97,109.07,092.2 ,

7,075.47,058.87,042.27,025.77,009.3

Metres Kilocycles Metres Kilocycles Metres Kilocycles80.580.680.780.880.981.081.181.281.381.481.581.681.781.881.982.082.1

Note.the 5-bandfractions.

3,726.63,722.03,717.43,712.83,708.23,703.63,699.13,694.53,690.03,685.53,681.03,676.53,672.03,667.53,663.03,658.53,654.2

-Wavelengthsand 10 -metre

width, which

82.282.382.482.582.682.782.882.983.083.183.283.383.483.583.683.783.8

inbands,

would,-

3,649.73,645.23,640.73,636.33,631.93,627.53,623.13,618.23,614.33,610.03,605.73,601.43,597.13,592.83,588.53,584.23,579.9Metres are

owingresult in awkward

83.984.084.184.284.384,484.584.684.7p4.884.985.0 '3,529.385.185.285.385.485.5not given

to the

3,575.63,571.33,567.13,562.93,558.73,554.53,550.33,546.13,541.93,537.73,533.5

3;5252 3,521.03,516.93,512.83,508.7

fornarrowdecimal

76


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.c..?;.n.;n:cnin'a,C-.:-.1:aCobC,,;4;:nbo-;4,-'T.;12,. 6,?-iRalc,94E,12,1SIE.-.3',61.8c..) 0..

fD

CIfDet.

i---4-1-4.4....4-6.4.4.4.4-4-.;.4-4-,;-4-4-4.4.4.-...,E1-,-,........,.....:InC7.0)00,,COCOCO040000Ca0.,... ,-,,C00)COW,ONC,2,b,,, ,

.,3

'.;,7.

11pa,

rig.'. A), PPPPPP5.):..P.PF.PPF.Pt.:Nt.!.e`°!.:4"t.0,WWW0....0),,W.000N.W4,,,,MMZ:00.-,0,...4.0...,M,wWW.wWW,.cor.

-,......

,.rN OM. W. J-,00.,001.0C.r., 07 Z1,coft 0

1)g

bbObbbbb-MI111111111,O .b. www.w.8 co.c.,...-. -,Nc,,,.!

In--

,..,..,''..F4',.',.

4.....--.....cop000IIIIIiiiiIIIIIbb.,.,-4:33(.-4,,,c0;t8a3c9MZo'

Iiiiiig:944;5...?4,:?..ccitags-,.Cn.00.1--,COMW..,.....

!Jr4.,S'cg

o. t1 1 111 ?sbcepb.C...)c;.b0bc oo-.Coo

4?. ,.,

82


DECIBEL.-The comparative unit of soundstrength. The value chosen for 1 decibel is thesound which can just be discerned by the trainedear.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEENDECIBELS AND POWER RATIO

Decibels. PowerRatio. Decibels. Power Ratio.

1 1.25 - 1 1.26 = '8

2 1.6 - 2 r1, = .6253 2.0 - 3 I. =.54 2.5 - 4 F..7) =.45 3.2 --5 ,--... =.3125

26 4.0 - 6 1 = .257 5.0 - 7 * =.2

6.0 - 8 -/r = .1669 8.0 - 9 i = .125

110 10.0 -10 fo =.120 100.0 -20 1 = .01

10 0

30 1000.0 -30 it--T-ro = .001

THE GREEK ALPHABET.-The Greek alphabetis as follows :A a (alpha), B A (beta), P y (gamma), .1 8 (delta),E E (epsilon), Z 4" (zeta), H ri (Eta), e 0 (theta),I c (iota), K K (kappa), A A (lambda), M ja. (mu),N v (nu), B $ (xi), 0 o (Omicron), 11 7, (pi),P p (rho), .7. a- g (sigma), T T (tau), Y I, (upsilon),st, 4, (phi), X x (chi), sl, 4, (psi), 0, ca (.,mega).

83

L - r

1


MUSICAL NOTES FREQUENCY.-The frequency of the notes of thepianoforte covers the band from 26 .to4,096 vibrations per sebond. The lowestnote, A, has a frequency of 26, middle C(the centre note of the standard pianokeyboard) a frequency of 256, and thetop note of the standard piano has afrequency of 4,096.shows the pianofrequencies :

The following tablenotes and their

A 26 G 96 F 341 E 1,280B 30- A 106 G 384 F 1,365C 32 B 120 A 426 G 1,536D 36 C 128 B 480 A 1,706E 40 D 144 C 512 B 1,920F 42 E 160 D 576 C 2,048G 48 F 170 E 640 D 2,304A 53 G 192 F 682 E 2,560B 60 A 213 G 768 F 2,730C 64 B 240 A 853 G 3,072D 72 C 256 B 960 A 3,413E 80 'D 288 C 1,024 B 3,840F 85 E 320 D 1,152 C 4,096

84


HORSE -POWERThe unit of work (Horse power) is based on the

assumption that a horse can travel 21 miles per hourfor 8 hours a day, performing the equivalent of pullinga load of 1501b. out of a shaft by means of a rope.Thus 2i. miles an hour is 220ft. per minute, and atthat speed the load of itelb. is raised vertically thesame distance. Therefore, 300/b. would be raised110ft. or 3,000/b. raised lift., or 33,000/b. raised lft.high per minute. The latter is the unit of horse-power, i.e., 33,0001b. raised lft. high per minute, or33,000 foot -lb. per minute. Electrical equivalent is746 watts.

Horse Power of an Electric MotorVolts x Amperes

T.H.P. - 746Horse Power (Indicated) of a Steam Engine (Single -

acting)PLANI.H.P. - 33,000

where P=Mean effective steam pressure in lb. persq. in.

L = Length of stroke in feet.A = Area of piston in sq. in.N = Number of revolutions per minute.

For a double-acting engine the formula is :2PLAN

I.H.P. - 33,000

Horse Power of Petrol EnginesD2N

R.A.C. Formula : H.P. = 16.13

Dendy Marshal Formula : H.P. -Where S=Stroke in centimetres.

D=Diameter of cylinder in centimetres.R=Revolutions per minute.N=Number of cylinders.

A.C.U. Formula : 100 c.c. = 1 h.p.

D28NR200,000

85

-_

CH

OR

DS

OF

CIR

CL

ES

No. of

Multiply

No. of

Multiply

No. of

Multiply

No. of

Multiply

No. of

Multiply

Spaces.D

ie. bySpaces

Dia. by

SpacesD

ia. bySpaces

Dia. by

Spaces' Dia. by

3.8660

23.1362

43.0730

63.0499

83.0378

4.7071

24.1305

44.0713

64.0491

84.0374

5.5878

25.1253

45.0698

65.0483

85.0370

6.5000

26.1205

46.0682

66.0476

86.0365

7.4339

27.1161

47.0668

67.0469

87.0361

828

.112048

.065468

.046288

.03579

..3827.3420

29.1081

49.0641

69.0455

89.0353

10.3090

30.1045

50.0628

70.0449

90.0349

11.2817

31.1012

51.0616

71.0442

91.0345

12.2588

32.0980

52.0604

72.0436

92.0341

13.2393

33.0951

53.0592

73.0430

93.0338

14.2225

34.0923

54.0581

74.0424

94.0334

15.2079

35.0896

55.0571

75.0419

95.0331

16.1951

36.0872

56.0561

76.0413

96.0327

17.1838

37.0848

57.0551

77.040S

97.0324

18.1736

38.0826

58.0541

78.0403

98.0321

19.1646

39.0805

59.0532

79.0398

99.0317

20.1564

40.0785

60.0523

80.0393

100.0314

21.1490

41.0765

61.0515

81.0388

22.1423

42.0747

62.0507

82.0183

ME

TA

LLIC E

LEM

EN

TS

AN

DT

HE

IRP

RO

PE

RT

IES

Num

ber of Symbol.

Colour.

Date.

Ato-

Weight

SpecificG

ravityor

Density.

SpecificN

eat.

Melting-point

(° Centi-

grade.)

Coefficient

of Linear

Expan-sion.

Alum

inium ... A

lT

in -white

182727.1

2.67.2140

657.0000231

Antim

ony... Sb

Bluish -w

hite-

120.26.71-6.86

.0508630

.0000105A

rsenic... A

sSteel -grey

75.05.72

.081450

.0000055B

arium... B

aPinkish -grey

1808137.4

3.8.068

850-

Beryllium(see G

lucinwn)

Bism

uth... B

iPinkish -w

hite-

208.09.823

.0305268

.000014B

romine

... Br

79.6C

admium

... Cd

Tin -w

hite1817

112.48.546-8.667

.05483-22

.000027C

easium.:. C

sSilver -w

hite18 ,0

132.81.9

.04827

-C

alcium... C

aY

ellow1807

40.11.573

.1700800

.0000269C

erium... C

eG

rey1819

140.27.64

.0448623

-C

hromium

... Cr

Grey

179752.0

6.81-7.3.1200

1.700C

obalt... C

oG

reyish -white

174259.0

8.5-8.7.1070

1,490.00-00123

Colum

biumC

b(see N

iobium)

Copper

... Cu

Red

-63.6

8.92-8.95.0952

1.100.0000167

Erbium

... E-

1843166.0

--

--

Gadolinium

... Gd

D. 86

156.0-30

-G

allium... C

aB

luish -white

187569.9

5.9.079

Germ

anium ... G

eB

luish -white

188572.5

5.5.074

900.0000167

Glucinum

... GI

Silver -white

12289.1

1.9.5820

Gold

...... A

uY

ellow197.2

19.265.0324

1,065.00-00136

Indium... In

White

1863114.8

7.42.0570

176.0000417

se00w2_zz rr

ME

TA

LLIC E

LEM

EN

TS

AN

D T

HE

IR P

RO

PE

RT

IES

(continued)'

Ato-

SpecificG

ravitySpecific

Melting-point

Coefficient

of Linear

Num

ber of Symbol.

Colour.

Date.

mic

orD

ensity.D

ensity.H

eat.(oC

enti-grade.)

Expan-sion..

Iridium...

IrSteel -w

hite1803

193.122.38

.03262,250

.0000065Iron

...... Fe

Silver -white

-55.9

7.84.1140

1,550.0000116

Lanthanum

... La

Grey

1839139.0

6.163.0449

826-

Lead

...... Pb

Bluish -w

hite-

207.111.254-11.388

.0314328

.000027L

ithium... L

iSilver -w

hite1818

7.02.589-.598

.9410180

-M

agnesium ... M

gSilver -w

hite1808

24.31.75

.2500632

.0000269M

anganese ... Mn

Reddish -grey

-55.0

8.0.1220

1,245-

Mercury

... Hg

Bluish -w

hite300

s.c.200.0

13.594.0319

--_40.0000610

Molybdenum

Mo

Neodym

iumSd

Silver -white

-1782-

96.0143.6

8.67.0

.0722-

2,450840

--N

ickel... N

iN

iobium... N

bSteel -grey

17541846

58.793.5

8.912.1

.1080.071

1,4501,950

.0000127-

Osm

ium... O

sB

luish -white

-190.9

22.5.0311

2,500.0000065

Palladium... Pd

Tin -w

hite1804

106.711.4

.05931,549

.0000117Platinum

... Pt-

1558195.2

21.5.0324

17780.0000089

Potassium... K

Silver -white

180739.10

.875.1660

60.0000841

Praseodymium

Pr-

-140.5

6.5-

940-

Radium

... Ra

-1901

225.0-

-.-

-R

hodium... R

hT

in -white

1804102.9

12.1.0580

2,000.0000085

Rubidium

... Rb

Silver -white

186185.5

1.52.077

38.5O

ver-

Ruthenium

... Ru

-1828

101.712.261

.06112,400

.0000096

Samarium

... Sm-

1879150.3

7.7-

1,350-

00cc,

I-

53z5'

zaC

ME

TA

LLIC E

LEM

EN

TS

AN

D T

HE

IR P

RO

PE

RT

IES

(continued)

SpecificM

eltingC

oefficientA

tomic

Gravity

Specificpoint

of Linear

Num

ber of Symbol.

Colour.

Date.

Weight

orD

ensity.H

eat.(°C

enti-grade.)

Expan-sion.

Scandium...

So-

44.1-

--

-Silver

-... A

gW

hite-

107.910.4-10.57

.0560962

.0000192Sodium

...N

aSilver -w

hite1807

23.0.98

.29396

.000071Strontium

...Sr

Yellow

180887.6

2.5800

-T

antalum... T

aB

lack1802

181.616.8

.03-652,910

.0000079T

ellurium... T

oT

erbium... T

h--

-1843121.5160

6.25-

.049-452

.0000167-

Thall i um

...T

1B

luish -white

1861204.0

11.8.0335

303.0000302

Thorium

... Th

Grey

1828232.4

11.2.0276

1,690-

Thulium

... Tm

--

171-

--

-T

in...

... SnW

hite-

119.07.293

.0559232

.0000203T

itanium...

Ti

Dark grey

178948.1

3.6.13

1,800-

Tungsten

... WL

ight grey1783

184.019.129

.03343,000

-U

ranium... U

Greyish -w

hite1789

238.518.33

.02771,500

-V

anadium ... V

Whitish -grey

180151.1

6.9.125

1.680-

Ytterbium

... Yb

--

173.0-

--

Yttrium

...Y

tG

rey1797

89.03.80-

--

Zinc

...... Z

nB

luish -white

-65.4

7.1.0935

419.0000274

Zirconium

...Z

rG

rey1789

90.64.15

.0662O

ver1,300

-

cs

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK--FLUXES FOR SOLDERING

r, Metals. Fluxes. Fluxes generallyused.

IronSteelCopperBrassZinc (new) IZinc (old) fLead (with fine

solder)Lead (with coarse

solder)TinPewter

Chloride of nineSal -ammoniacChloride of zincr Resin1. Sal -ammoniac

Chloride of zincHydrochloric

acidTallow and resin

TallowResin .'or sweet

oil

Chloride of zinc(killed spirit)

Resin

COMPOSITION OF SOFT SOLDERSSolder. Composition. Melting -point

FineTinman'sPlumber'sPewterer's

Wood'sMetal

11 parts tin, 1 part lead1 part tin, 1 part lead1 part tin, 2,parts lead1 part tin, 1 part lead

and 2 parts bismuth1 part tin, 2 parts lead

4 parts bismuth, Ipart cadmium

334°F.370°F.440°F.203°F.

165°F.

A mixture of 11 parts tin and 1 part lead fuses ata lower temperature than any other mixed pro-portion of these metals.

COMPOSITION OF HARD SOLDERS

Solder. Composition.

Hard brazingHard brazingSofter brazing

3 parts copper, 1 part zinc1 part copper, 1 part zinc4 parts copper, 3 parts zinc, and

1 part tin

90


TABLE OF DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS

V . . .015625 38/04 . . .5156251/ . . .03125 17/3'2 . . .531253/64 . . .046875 35/64 .5468751/16

-. .0625 9/16 . . .5625

5/64 . . .078125 37/64 . . .5781253/32 .09375 19/32 - .593757/64 .109375 39/64 .6093751/8 . . .1250 5/8 . . .6250

9/64 . . .140625 41/64 . . .6406255/32 . . .15625 21/82 . . .65625

11/64 . . .171875 43/64 . . .67187513/16 . . .1875 11/18 . . .687513/64 . . .203125 45/64 . . .703125

7/32 . . .21875 23/32 . . .7187515/64 -234375 47/64 -734375

1/417/64

.

.

.

.

.2500

.2656253/4

49/64.

.

.

.

.7500

.7656259/32 . . .28125 25/32 . . .78125

19/04 . . .296875 51/84 . . .7968756/16

21/04..

.

.

.3125

.32812513/1653/64

.

.

.

..8125.828125

11/32 -34375 27/32 -8437523/64 -359375 55/64 - -859375

3/825/64 . .

.375

.3906257/8

57/64.

.

.

.

.8750.890625

13/32 . . .40625 29/32 . . .9062527/84 . . .421875 59/64 . . .921875

7/1629/64

4375-453125

15/1661/64

-9375-953125

15/32 .46875 31/32 .9687581/84 .484375 63/64 -984375

1/2 . . .5000 I . . 1.0000

91


List of Prefixesmega means a million times.kilo means a thousand times.hecto means a hundred' times.deca means ten times.deci means a tenth part of.centi means a hundredth part of.milli means a thousandth part of.micro means a millionth part of.

Square Measure100 sq. metres =1 are.10,000 sq. metres =1 hectare.

Weight10 grammes =1 decagramme.10 decagrammes =1 hectogramme.10 hectogrammes =1 kilogramme.1,000 kilogrammes =1 tonne.

Capacity1 litre =1 cubic decimetre.10 litres =1 decalitre.10 decalitres =1 hectolitre.10 hectolitres =1 kilolitre.

10 millimetres10 centimetres10 deci metres10 metres10 decametres10 hectometres10 kilometres

Length=1 centimetre.

decimetre.=1 metre.=1 decametre.=1 hectometre.=1 kilometre.=1 myriametre.

92


Linear Measure Equivalents1 inch =2.54 centimetres, or

25.4 millimetres.1 foot =30.4799 centimetres,

304.799 milli-metres, or .3047metre.

1 yard =.914399 metre.1 mile =1.6093 kilometres=

5,280 feet.1 millimetre =.03937 inch.1 centimetre =.3937 inch.1 decimetre =3.937 inches.1 metre =39.370113 inches.

3.28084 feet.1.093614 yards.

1 kilometre =.62137 mile.1 decametre

(10 metres) =10.936 yards.METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

To convert-Millimetres to inches . x .03937 or ± 25.4

Centimetres to inches . x .3937 or ÷ 2.54Metres to inches . . x 39.37Metres to feet . . x 3.281Metres to yards . . x 1.094Metres per second to feet

per minute . . x 197Kilometres to miles . x .6214 or ÷ 1.6093Kilometres to feet . x 3,280.8693Square millimetres to

square inches . x .00155 or 645.1Square centimetres to

square inches. . x .155 or ÷ 6.451Square metres to square

feet . . . x 10.764Square metres to square

yards . . . x 1.2

93


METRIC CONVERSION FACTORSTo- convert --Square kilometres to acres x 247.1Hectares to acres . . x 2.471Cubic centimetres to cubic

inches . . . x .06 or ÷ 16.383Cubic metres to cubic feet x 35.315Cubic metres to cubic

yards . . . x 1.308Cubic metres to gallons

(231 cubic inches) . x 264.2Litres to cubic inches . x 61.022Litres to gallons . . x .2642 or÷3.78Litres to cubic feet . ÷ 28.316Hectolitres to cubic feet x 3.531Hectolitres to bushels

1 (2,150.42 cubic inches) x 2.84Hectolitres to cubic yards x .131Hectolitres to gallons . ÷ 26.42Grammes to ounces

(avoirdupois) . . x .035 or ÷ 28.35Grammes per cubic cm.

to lb. per cubic inch ÷ 27.7Joules to foot -lb. . . x .7373Kilogrammes to oz. . x 35.3Kilogrammes to lb. . x 2.2046Kilogrammes to tons . x .001Kilogrammes per sq. cm.

to lb. per sq. inch . x 14.223Kilogramme - metres to

foot -lb. x 7.233Kilogramme per metre

to lb. per foot. . x .672Kilogramme per cubic

metre to lb. per cubicfoot . . . x .062

Kilogramme per cheval-vapeurto lb. per h.p.. . x 2.235

Kilowatts to h.p.. . x 1.34Watts to h.p. . . 746Watts to foot -lb. per

second . . . x .7373Cheval-vapeur to h.p. . x .9863Gallons of water to lb. . x 10Atmospheres to lb. per

sq. inch . . . x 14.794


5'z'8-nn'8054!..gag,m

II II II II 11 II II II

CO

.,00m 0,-.00a,mb;p-;-,&,,, b0 tS 4,.. o1 --,;--Co ix.k.e.34-.00rww....0,0001-,00p.p01

0,- -.1 00 CD 0 CD r. c0000:,000.10.4,0co(7' 00 4. m ',-,1 ',.1r,

0. mmwm.I ca 1-, o-0,2 ,c0174 K::5'1

g2"71 II' - te- g"gl"

ti <9 g' ?)) il ,.

D

Er r.1 ?1! li

,--,,-, F. .-,2 ,.... .... ..1-, 1-,2

5 e ,,..,. r.

5gi g . 8.1g.-Z,Ic. ,

8 '6'52

Ecirli" 2 §-..5

g 8F . .stg.m4'6'...

("' ,c,..,-

-N e

&-:0o 8

g IEI -.B

. o5

II II 11 i II ii D II II II,.., e-----,,..........,. ...,i-, WWoo,,,,,,, NO v, 0

;p..b., ma im,..,1-, c'criww;.0..^04,04Ww0Cri...,,0 00 0 0 C.T,1.0 00 .0 CO .4 -4 Co .en

co,,3 roc'tg2.1.-4-4%35 .0.0 0 En atlet,...11. 5u, .0

i gg r, '2

F-', f!,:' 'Ti g 'alLi Mg......

II II II U II Il

0 0 0 0 C C4

ti rt

95

-.7=0-1!=e3soneampaligAswlowimmi...reallobt

RADIO ENGINEER'S POCKET BOOK- . ,... ..........L., -- ,ts.35.? 1,;3, 5 0 otro,, osc,1 00 n5

4'in ;1 ill gg R: ZZVV Vq F

o gg254 V' 5'5' Z;--r.-. s., a ,gi

8 . -- goEl,

. o i. .o

OPo.

0II II II II II II II II 111111I,......,,,, II .11 II ii 0c.s...o./..co Pe

F. `yts.,

.. e.L.,b o.o ...I ,-., i:D .. ..1..020.0:04M 1.7,-.70 4.ZADC, CD t> 5 0 '.. ....00i,$ -,00.W Ot,hP. MMW.10. MW 0, W W Itt 23 g). -4 ''' 3cnoc,40P.. pi,.., war .. ,.,Q02.3,0gre. a -46;n2'il525-1Q ''' .4 'g -iggggg2

rp ..,5574.5il 55 74: V S'

;45 2 4, 5' =P O9 Po X

a ISr. "24 0r

CD A . g' 2 3P T 2 :8 Y- Z. a

rl,`4 6?.. '-', `').... ...,. . .ii,-... ....,..-, (, J.,. 2

=mg g, P 00 v.4 tsc,

.--- ,_u. ..'s 8 a. :...-'-z. a:,:.a,z3:-. 5.a. .4 u,7.-..

g SFI ig`Pain . 21: -50m .

-la 88 al: -5g ., --g1:-to C.

Et'11g:-5 ,--7-,-1-; 2.5 3:6x- :.g .-.8 lij K;--- ',5 5 0:- ,q:1=4

,......., ......0 00,......00 .0

II 0 II

II II II .---4--,

e _X iae

mr g:.--- HsE

m.. wm 84,..otoow.,. b ...pp Caaob o ,w000N,,,00 ,-, V1 -+b 0.m oNm..o.Wmg.. 0 4.--a-4 ..... .0 IllP..,NIN, WC.0 0W

O a06,. . E 4:1-9OV.-.. 4.:-, or 0.

a 3 gi-zi 0.....g,, =p4ott.

4

,..8 r=' 2-.. ;2, g; F Pr

96


MENSURATIONA and a =area ; b =base ; C and c=

circumference ; D and d =diameter ;h =height ; n° =number of degrees ;p=-7perpendicular ; R and r =radius ;s =span or chord ; v =versed ine.

Square : a = side2 ; side =diagonal=side x A/2.

Rectangle or parallelogram : a =bp.Trapezoid (two sides parallel): a=

mean length parallel sides x distancebetween them.

Triangle : a =Pp.Irregular figure : a =weigitt of tern-

plate±weight of square inch of similarmaterial.

Side of square multiplied by 1.4142equals diameter of its circumscribingcircle.

A side multiplied by 4.443 equalscircumference of its circumscribingcircle.

A side multiplied by 1.128 equalsdiameter of a circle of equal area.

Square inches multiplied by 1.273equals square inches of an equal circle.

a;

97

_


MENSURATION (continued)To find side of an equal square :

Multiply diameter by 0.8862 ; ordivide diameter by 1.1284 ; ormultiply circumference by 0.2821 ;or divide circumference by 3.545.

To find area of a circle :Multiply circumference by of thediameter ; or multiply the squareof diameter by 0.7854 ; or multiplythe square of circumference by0.07958 ; or multiply the squareof -} diameter by 3.1416.

To find the surface of a sphere or globe:Multiply the diameter by thecircumference ; or multiply thesquare of diameter by 3.1416 ; ormultiply 4 times the square ofradius by 3.1416.

Cylinder.To find the area of surface :

Multiply the diameter by 3,1t xlength.Capacity=37 x radius2 x height.

Values and Powers of :n =3.1415926536, or 3.1416, or227 or 3-

1r2 = 9.86965 ; =1.772453=0.31831 ;

2=1.570796 ;

3=1.047197.

98


MENSURATION (continued)

Circle : a =nr2=d2n =0.7854d2=0.54

cr. ; e =--2nr = dn =3.1416d=3.54 Va7=--(approximately) -2:7?'-d. Side of equalsquare =0.8862d ; side of inscribedsquare =0.7071d ; d = .3183c. A circlehas the maximum area for a givenperimeter.

Annulus of circle : a =(D + d) (Dgr gr.

Segment of Circle : a =area of4vsector - area of triangle = 3

V(0.625v)2+ (IS )2.Length of Arc 0.0174533n'r ; length

of arc (8 ,\/-s +v2- s) ;2

4approximate length of arc = 3 (8 timeschord of arc - chord of whole arc).

d= (2-' chord)+ v ; radius of curveS2 ,V8V 2

Sector of circle : a =0.5r x length arc ;=n° x area circle= 360.


MENSURATION (continued)

Ellipse : a = Dd =Rr ; c (approx.).../D2+ d2 Dax c (approx.)-=n-.

Parabola : a = ibh.Cone or pyramid : surface

tire. of base x slant length+base;

2contents =area of base x 3 vertical height.Frustum of cone : surface=

(C c) x slant height + ends ;contents = 0.2618h (D2 + d2 + Dd) ;lh (A + a + -VA x a).

Wedge : contents =k (length of edge+2 length of back) bh.

Prism : contents =area base x height.Sphere : surface = d276 = 47g.2 ; con-

tents =d3 U 4nr3.

Segment of sphere : r =rad. of base ;contents= 713. (3r2+ h2) ; r = rad. of

6

sphere ; contents =73.3h2 (3r -h).

Spherical zone : contents =;.1h (3h2R2 ; surface of convex part ofsegment or zone of sphere = xd (of sph.)h

100


MENSURATION (continued)Mid. sph. zone : contents = ( r 3h2) 4.Spheroid : contents =revolving axis2 x

07fixed axis xCube or rectangular solid : contents

= length x breadth x thickness.Prismoidal formula, contents =end areas + 4 times mid. area x length

6Solid of revolution: contents =a of

generating plane x c described bycentroid of this plane during revolution.Areas of similar plane figures are as thesquares of like sides. Contents of similarsolids are as the cubes of like sides.Rules relative to the circle, square,cylinder, etc. :

To find circumference of a circle :Multiply diameter by 3.1416 ; ordivide diameter by 0.3183.

To find diameter of a circle :Multiply circumference by 0.3183 ;or divide circumference by 3.1416.

To find radius of a circle :Multiply circumference by 0.15915;or divide circumference by 6.28318.

To find side of an inscribed square :Multiply diameter by 0.7071 ; ormultiply circumference by 0.2251 ;or divide circumference by 4.4428.

101


AllikFig. 1. Diagram for Fig. 2. Diagram for

Table A. Table B.

TABLE ASee Fig. 1

PartsGiven.

Parts tobe Found.

Forinulfe.

a b c Ab2 -!c2 --a2

cos _3.- ,bc

a b A Bx sin Asin B-b a

a b A C C=130°-(A+B)

a A B baxsin B

° - sin A

a A B ca sin C a sin (A+B)

e= sin A - sin A

a b C B B -.180°- (A -1-C)

102


'

el.

I.-'.

..

Y.,

`,':

a&

aF,:,

C.1'-'';'..;..

<T, c_.'''

8...

.''

t=,-

II II II

c,IC:c c,..ta ,..,1Q

td fe a aII

c.o9t/H. II

too. ,9,- c9,btt

I°

::-

I°

=,..

<,II i . al;ti i-F,,

ga Z.,

II

..-a

4-

.II.xg-lot

4.-

II

<,Z

F.'

.-,-

0cr.

-,,2

0a

td,t t'

07: b J-

1.,D

tla.H

c.,

c-Ha

.-II

X

OFc'

X

2fi

<,

i

C,'

... .-;

ell

iis z.

yl

.,H

- ,,,,.

II

<%+

n.

Z

rig. 3.-In any right-ang ed Fig. 3 -triangle :

BCtan A- sin A-C, BC---ABAC ACcos A=- cot A =BC-BC

secsec A= , cosec A=i,Vic, cosec

103


Fig. 4.-In any right-angledtriangle :

a2=c2+b2c- V0,2 b2

b= V a2 e2

Vb2i-c2Pia. 4.

Fig. 5.-c A-d:a ±t::b-a:d-c.

c d d- cd-2 2

x= v62 - d2

Fig. 6.In Fig. 6, where the

lengths of three sides onlyare known :area=Vs(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

a+b-Frwhere s- -2

Fig. 7.-In this diagram :b2

a : b b :c, or (7

Fig. 7.

104


Fig. 8.

Fig. 8.-In an equilateraltriangle ab = 1, thencd = V0.75 = 0.866,and ad = 0.5 ; ab = 2,then cd = V.3.0 = 1.732,and ad = 1; cd = 1,then ac = 1.155 and ad

b = 0.577 ; cd = 0.5, thenac = 0.577 and ad = 0.288.

Fig. 9.-In a right-angled triangle with twoequal acute angles, be=ar.bc = 1, then ab=1.414 ; ab = 1, thenbc = V0.5 = 0.707.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11 de- ...,..-monstrates thattriangles on thesame base andbetween thesame parallelsare equal inarea ; thus -AABC = ADC.

a Fig. 10 showsthat parallelo-grams on thesame base andbetween thesame parallels

4 are equal ; thusABCD=ADEF.

Fig. 11.

105

TR

IGO

NO

ME

TR

ICA

L. EQ

UIV

ALE

NT

SSine

=- C

os2.Sine

= 1 ÷

Cosec.

Sine- C

os ÷ C

otan.Sine

= T

an ÷ Sec.

Cosine

- Sin2,C

osine = 1 ÷

Sec.C

osine = Sin x C

otan.C

osine = Sin ÷

Tan.

Secant .= 1 ÷

Cos.

SecantT

an ÷ Sin.

Cosecant

= 1 ÷

Sin.T

angent- 1 ÷

Cotan.

Tangent

= Sin ÷

Cos.

Cotangent =

1 -÷ T

an.C

otangent = C

os ÷ Sin.

Versine

= 1 - C

os.C

oversine = 1 - Sin.

1- T

an x Cotan.

1=

Sin2C

os2.Secant2

Tan2.

TR

IGO

NO

ME

TR

ICA

L FU

NC

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NS

RIG

HT

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ED

TR

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GL

ES

(See Fig. -1.)

5. ab7

Sin A =

,Sec A

=T

an A =

-

Cos A

= 5-

Cosec A

...b-

Cotan A

= c'

a-

-V

ersin A=

bc

Coversin A

=b

ba

0Ocn2°LU

/TA

BLE

OF

SLID

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ULE

GA

UG

E P

OIN

TS

Know

n value on SlideR

equired value on Rule

Set toO

nSlide

On

Rule

Pounds per square inch..

Atm

ospheres..

....

48533


Water, head, feet

....

1330


Water, head, m

etres..

3325


Inches, mercury gauge

.25

51Inches, w

ater gauge..

..Pounds per square inch

..360

13Inches, w

ater gauge..

..Inches, m

ercury gauge..

141

Inches, mercury gauge

..A

tmospheres

....

301

Atm

ospheres..

....

Kilos per square centim

etre..

8992

Pounds per square foot..

Kilos per square m

etre.

87425

Pounds per lineal foot ....

Kilos per lineal m

etre ....

4161

Pounds per lineal mile

..K

ilos per kilometre

....

7120

Pounds per cubic foot..

Kilos per cubic m

etre..

39625

Cubic feet of w

ater..

..W

eight in pounds..

..17

1060C

ubic feet of water

....

Gallons (im

perial)..

..17

106G

allons of water

....

Weight, kilos

....

..108

490Pounds of w

ater (fresh)..

Pounds of water (sea)

..38

39B

ritish thermal unit

....

Calories

....

..250

63B

ritish thermal unit per pound

Calories per kilogram

me

..9

5Foot pounds

....

..K

ilogramm

etres..

..340

47H

orse -power

....

..Force de cheval

....

7273

,.........-

00coOcc0acc

TA

BLE

OF

SLID

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ULE

GA

UG

E P

OIN

TS

-(continued)

Know

n value on SlideR


Set toO

nSlide

On

Rule

Pounds per H.P. ..

....

Kilos per cheval ..

....

300134

Horse -pow

er per hour..

..K

ilowatts (B

.T.U

.)..

..134

100W

atts..

....

..H

orse -power

....

-5

.0067C

ircle, diameter ..

....

Circle, circum

ference..

..225

710C

ircle, diameter ..

....

Circle, side of inscribed square..

9970

Circle, diam

eter..

....

Circle, side of equal square

..79

70C

ircle, diameter ..

....

Circle, side of equal equilateraltriangle

....

..12

97C

ircle, circumference

....

Circle, side of inscribed square ..

409

Circle, circum

ference..

..C

ircle, side of equal square..

3911

Circle, area

....

..Inscribed square area

....

300191

Square, side..

....

Square, diagonal ....

..70

99Inches

....

....

Centim

etres...

....

50127

Inches, eighths-

....

Millim

etres..

....

40127

Feet..

....

..M

etres..

....

..292

89Y

ards..

....

..M

etres..

....

..35

32M

iles..

....

..K

ilometres

....

..87

140Square inches

....

..Square centim

etres..

..31

200Square feet

....

..Square m

etres..

....

14013

Square yards..

....

Square metres

....

..161

51

cc

SeOCC

I

01.11

z00

TA

BLE

OF

SLID

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ULE

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Know

n value on SlideR


Set toO

nSlide

On

Rule

Square miles

....

..Square kilom

etres..

112290

Acres

....

....

Hectares

....

..42

17C

ubic inches..

....

Cubic centim

etres..

..36

590C

ubic feet..

..C

ubic metres

....

1063

Cubic feet

__

..L

itres..

--

-3

85C

ubic yards..

....

Cubic m

etres..

....

5139

Gallons

....

..U

.S. Gallons

....

..5

6B

ushels..

....

..C

ubic metres

....

..110

4O

unces (Avoirdupois)

....

Gram

mes ..

..67

1900O

unces (Avoirdupois)

....

Kilogram

mes

....

67019

Pounds (Avoirdupois)

....

Kilogram

mes

..280

127H

undredweights -

..

..K

ilogramm

es..

5254

Tons

....

....

Tonnes

....

....

6263

Feet per second..

.M

etres per minute

....

7128

Feet per second..

....

Miles per hour

....

..22

15Feet per m

inute..

..M

iles per hour..

....

2643

Yards per m

inute..

..M

iles per hour..

....

883

Miles per hour

....

..M

etres per minute

..32

322K

nots..

..M

etres per hour ....

..33

38Pounds per square inch ..

..K

ilogramm

es per square centi-m

etre..

....

..128

9

00U cC0ILI

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POW

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ND

g

n1-ii.

n2

n3

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1

%in

85/ ri132/n

7r= 3.142

0.3189.870

31.0061.772

0.5641.465

0.68327c=

6.2830.159

39.478248.050

2.5070.399

1.8450.542

rc- - 1.5712

0.6372.467

3.8781.253

0.7981.162

0.860re- -

1.0473 -

0.9551.097

1.1481.023

0.9771.016

0.9854-rc =

4.1893

0.23917.546

73.4962.047

0.489I.612

0.622

n=

0.78.54

1.2740.617

0.4840.886

1.1280.923

1.084

73

It .---0.524

1.9100.274

0.1440.724

1.3820.806

1.241

r2= 9.870

0.10197.409

90] .3903.142

0.3182.145

0.466n3=

31.0060.032

961.39029,809.910

5.5081.796

3.1420.318

.32=

0.09810.186

0.00950.001

0.3133.192

0.4612.168

g = 32.2

0.0311036.84

33,386.245.674

0.1763.181

0.3142g - 64.4

0.0154147.36

267,0908.025

0.1254.007

0.249

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MONMM07


POWERS AND ROOTS (continued)

No. Squares. CubesSquareRoots.

CubeRoots.

36 1 296 46 656 6.000 3.30237 1 369 50 653 6.083 3.33238 1 444 54 872 6.164 3.36239 1 521 59 319 6.245 3.391

40 1 600 64 000 6.325 3.42041 1 681 68 921 6.403 3.44842 1 764 74 088 6.481 3.47643 1 349 79 507 6.557 j3.50344 1 936 85 184 6.633 3.53045 2 025 91 125 6.708 3.55746 2 116 97 336 6.782 3.58347 2 '209 103 823 6.856 3.60948 2 304 110 592 6.928 3.63449 2 401 117 649 7.000 3.659

50 2 500 125 000 7.071 3.68451 2 601 132 651 7.141 3.70852 2 704 140 608 7.211 3.73353 2 809 148 877 7.280 3.75654 2 916 157 464 7.348 3.78055 3 025 166 375 7.416 3.80356 3 136 175 616 7.483 3.82657 3 249 185 193 7.550 3.84958 3 364 195 112 7.616 3.87159 3 481 205 379 7.681 3.893

60 3 600 216 000 7.746 3.91501 3 721 226 981 7.810 3.93662 3 844 238 328 7.874 3.95863 3 969 250 047 7.937 3.979(54 4 096 262 144 8.000 4.00065 4 225 274 625 8.062 4.02166 4 356 287 496 8.124 4.04167 4 489 300 763 8.185 4.06268 4 624 314 432 8.248 4.08269 4 761 328 509 8.307 4.102

112


POWERS AND ROOTS (continued)

- o. Squares. 'Cubes. Square CubeRoots.

Roots.

70 4 900 343 000 8.367 4.1217) 5 041 357 911 8.426 4.14172 5 184 373 248 8.485 4.16073 5 329 389 017 8.544 4.17974 5 476 405 224 8.602 4.19875 5 625 421 875 8.660 4.21776 5 776 438 976 8.718 4.236

' 77 5 929 456 533 8.775 4.25478 .6 084 474 552 8.832 4.27379 6 241 493 039 8.888 4.201

80 6 400 512 000 8.941 4.30981 6 561 531 441 9.000 4.32782 6 724 551 368 9.055 4.34483 6 889 571 787 9.110 4.36284 7 056 592 704 9.165 4.38085 7 225 614 125 9.220 4.39786 7 396 636 056 9.274 4.41487 7 569 658 503 9.327 4.43188 7 744 681 472 9.381 4.44889 7 921 704 969 9.434 4.465

90 8 100 729 000 9.487 4.48191 8 281 753 571 9.539 4.49892 8 464 778 688 9.592 . 4.51493 8 649 804 357 9.644 4.53194 8 836 830 584 9.695 4.54795 9 025 857 375 9.747 4.56396 9 216 881 736 9.798 4.57997 9 409 912 673 9.849 4.59598 9 604 941 192 9.899 4.61099 9 801 970 299 9.950 4.626

100 10 000 1 000 000 10.000 4.642

113

SG

002Nw w

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

RE

SIS

TA

NC

E O

F V

AR

IOU

S M

ET

ALS

AN

D A

LLOY

SR

esistivity in InternationalM

icrohms at 0° C

ent.R

elativeM

aterial.R

esistance.C

entimetre C

ube.Inch C

ube.

Annealed Silver

....

..1.48

0.5831

Annealed C

opper..

....

1.55 to 1.610.610 to 0.633

1.04 to 1.09H

ard -drawn Silver

....

1.580.622

1.07H

ard -drawn C

opper..

..1.59 to 1.64

0.626 to0.646

1.07 to 1.11A

nnealed Gold

....

..2.05

0.8071.38

Hard -draw

n Gold

..

2.0890.822

1.41A

nnealed Alum

inium..

..2.43

0.961.64

Silicium B

ronze..

....

2.50.98

1.69Pressed Z

inc ....

....

5.612.21

3.79T

ungsten..

....

..6.4

2.54.3

Annealed N

ickel..

....

6.942.73

4.69Phosphor B

ronze..

....

7.803.07

5.27A

nnealed Platinum..

9.043.65

6.09A

nnealed Iron..

...

9.73.82

6.66G

old -Silver alloy (2 oz. gold, 1 oz.Silver) hard or annealed ..

..10.8

4.277.33

Pressed Tin

....

....

13.25.19

8.9

00I -c,

00

CO

MP

AR

AT

IVE

RE

SIS

TA

NC

E O

F V

AR

IOU

S M

ET

ALS

AN

D A

LLOY

S(continued.)

Material.

Resistivity in InternationalM

icrohms at 0° C

ent.R

elativeR

esistance.C

entimetre C

ube.Inch C

ube.

Pressed Lead..

....

19.67.71

13.2G

erman Silver

....

..19.0 to 42.2

7.48 to 11.812.8 to 20.2

Platinum -Iridium

alloy(density

21.32)..

....

..Platinum

-Silver alloy (1 oz. Pt., 2 oz.22.2

8.7315.0

Silver) hard or annealed ....

24.39.58

16.4Platinoid

....

....

3413.4

23Pressed A

ntimony

....

..35.4

13.923.8

Manganin

....

...

.42

16.728.7

Nickelin

....

....

4317

29E

mtka

4718.5

32Ja Ja

....

..61

2034.5

Krzpin

....

..85

3357

Mer ury

....

..94.08

37.0463

Pr sed Bism

uth..

..108

42.573

Carbon

....

4,000 to 10,0001,600 to 4,000

2,700 to 6,700


ENGLISH WEIGHTS & MEASURESLONG MEASURE

12 inches (in.) --3 feet51 yards.40 poles (220

yards) =--

8 furlongs (1,760yards)

3 miles1 chain10 chains6 feet6,080 feet per

hour4 inches

1 foot (ft.)1 yard. (yd.)1 rod, pole or perch

1 furlong (furl.)

1 mile (m.)=1 league

100 links (22 yards)1 furlong

=1 fathom

1 knot=1 hand

AREA (Square Measure)144 square inches=1 square foot.9 square feet =1 square yard301 square yards=1 square pole40 square poles =1 rood4 roods =1 acre (4,840

square yards)640 acres =1 square mile

MEASURES OF VOLUME AND CAPACITY(Cubic Measure)

1,728 cubic inches=1 cubic foot.27 cubic feet =1 cubic yard1 marine ton =40 cubic feet1 stack =108 cubic feet1 cord =128 cubic feet

116


MEASURE OF CAPACITY(Liquid or Dry Measure)

4 gills2 pints2 quarts2 pottles4 quarts2 gallons4 pecks8 bushels

12 bags5 quarters2 loads

Wine2 pints4 quarts

10 gallons18 gallons42 gallons2 tierces11 puncheons2 pipes

Ale and'4 gills2 pints4 quarts9 gallons2 firkins2 kilderkins11 barrels11 hogshead11 puncheons

=1 pint=1 quart=1 pottle=1 gallon=1 gallon=1 peck=1 bushel=1 quarter=1 chauldron=1 load=1 lastMeasure=1 quart=1 gallon

anker=1 runlet or rundlet=1 tierce=1 puncheon=1 pipe or butt=1 tun

Beer Measure=1 pint=1 quart=1 gallon=1 firkin=1 kilderkin=1 barrel=1 hogshead=1 puncheon=1 butt or pipe

117


Avoirdupois Weight27.34375 grains =1 dram16 drams =1 ounce16 ounces =1 pound (lb.)14 pounds =1 stone2 stone (28 lb.) =1 quarter4 quarters =lhundredweight(cwt.)20 cwt. =1 ton100 lbs. =1 cental

Apothecaries Weight20 grains =1 scruple3 scruples =1 drachm8 drachms =1 ounce12 ounces =1 pound

Apothecaries' Fluid Measure60 minims =1 fluid drachm

8 drachms =1 fluid ounce20 ounces =1 pint

8 pints =1 gallonDiamond and Pearl Weight

3.17 grains =1 carat, or4 pearl grains =1 carat151i carats =1 ounce (troy)

Paper Measure24 sheets =1 quire20 quires =1 ream2 reams =1 bundle10 reams =1 bale

Troy Weight3.17 grains -1 carat24 grains =1 pennyweight (dwt.)20 pennyweights =1 ounce12 ounces =1 pound1 lb. =5,760 grains1 lb. avoir. =7,000 grains

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INDEX

AAbbreviations, 11, 12, 26

, amateur, 70, international, 70

A.C., Ohm's law for, 24Accumulator, acid for, 49- charging, 49

data, 49paste, 50

Acorn valve base connections, 26Aerial data, 32

, frame, 33length of, 32

- reflector, 32, wire for, 32

Air, S.I.C. of, 55Alphabet, Greek, 83

phonetic, 75Aluminium, 87-, density of, 64-, weight of, 57Amateur abbreviations, 70- call signs, 73

wave bands, British, 76American valve base connections, 26

wire gauge, 79-82Ampere hour, 16

, international, 16turns, 16

Anti -logarithms, 129-132Antimony, 87

, weight of, 57Anulus. formula for, 99

133

L

Arc, formula for, 99Argontan, specific resistance of, 56Arsenic, 87

B

B.A. threads, tapping sizes for, 59Band-pass tuners, 25Barium, 87Battery leads, colour codes of, 67Beryllium, 87Birmingham wire gauge, 79Bismuth, 87

, weight of, 57Bornite, 46Brass, flux for, 90

, weight of, 57Brazing spelter, 90British amateur wave -band, 76

Association screws, 58- Imperial Standard wire gauge, 79- Standard fine threads, 59

Thermal Unit, 19Bromine, 87Brown and Sharpe wire gauge, 79,

CCadmium, 87Caesium, 87Calcium, 87Calido, specific resistance of, 56Call signs, amateur, 73-74Calorie, 19Capacity of fixed condenser, 24

of variable condensers, 23, unit of, 16

Carborundum, 46Cassiterite, 46Cast iron, specific resistance of, 56

-, weight of, 57134

Centigrade heat unit, 19Centimetre, 92Cerium, 87Chords of circles, 86Chromium, 87Circle, formula for, 99

, formula relative to, 53, 101-, sector for, 99

, segment for, 99Circles, chords of, 86Circuit, series, current in, 25

, tuned, resistance of, 25Circuits symbols, 13Climax, specific resistance of, 56Cobalt, 87Code, colour, 66

, international " Q," 68, 69, Morse, 72, " QRK," 71, " QSA," 71, " RST," 71

Coil data, long -wave, 34, medium -wave, 35, short-wave, 35-44

, single -layer, inductance of, 25Coils, band-pass, 25

, reactance of, 25Colour codes, 66-67Columbium, 87Condenser blocks, colour code of, 66-, fixed, capacity of, 24

reactance of, 25series, 24

Condensers, colour code of, 66-, parallel, 24-, variable, capacity of, 23Conductance, unit of, 17Cone, formula for, 100Constantan, specific resistance of, 56Continental valve base connections, 30Conversion factors, metric, 93

135

Copper, 87, density of, 64, flux for, 90;specific resistance of, 56

-, weight of, 57- wire data, 77Cosecant of angle, 103Cosine of angle, 103Cosines, table of, 119-124Cotangent of angle, 103Coulombs, 21Crystal combinations, 46

data, 46Crystals, chemical symbols for, 46Current -carrying capacity of lamps, 48

unit of 16

DD.C., Ohm's law for, 24Deaf -aid valve base connections, 26Decagramme, 92Decametre, 92Decibel defined, 83Decibels and power ratio, 83Decimal equivalents, 91Decimetre, 92Decoupling resistances, 47Dielectric constants, 55

strengths, 55Drills and drilling, 59

, gauge sizes of, 60, letter sizes of, 60, twist, 60, 61

Duralumin, weight of, 57Dynamic energy, 18Dyne, 16, 18

EEbonite, dielectric strength of, 55

S.I.C. of, 55136

Ebonite, weight of, 57Electric motor, horse -power of, 85Electrical equations, 21Electrolyte jelly, 51

, neutralising, 51Elements, metallic, 87Ellipse, formula for, 100Energy, 18English weights and measures, 116-118; metric

equivalents, 95-96Equivalents, decimal, 91

of metric weights and measures, 95-96Erbium, 87Erg, 18Eureka resistance wire, 45

, specific resistance of, 56Excello, specific resistance of, 56

FFerro -nickel, specific resistance of, 56Fine solder, 90Fixed condenser, capacity of, 24 'Flint glass, S.I.C. of, 55Fluxes for soldering, 90Foot pound, 18

poundal, 18, 21Force, 18Frame aerial data, 33Frequency formula, 22

of musical notes, 84wavelength conversion table, 65

Frustum of cone, formula for, 100Fuses, colour code of, 66

Gg, powers and roots of, 110Gadolinum, 87Galena, 46Gallium, 87Gauge points for slide rule, 107

137

flanges, wire and sheet -metal, 79-82German silver, specific resistance of, 56Germanium, 87Glass, dielectric strength of, 55

, flint, S.I.C. of, 55plate, S.I.C. of, 55

Glucinum, 87Gold, 87

and silver wire gauge, 79-, density of, 64

, weight of, 57Gramme, 92Graphite, 46Great Calorie, 19Greek alphabet, 83

HHard solders, 90Heat, 19Hectograrnme, 92Hectometre, 92Hertzite, 46H.F. metal rectifiers, 53High -frequency transformer ratio, 23

tension metal rectifiers, 52Hivac midget valve base connections, 30Horse -power, 20, 21, 85

hour, 20

IIce, density of, 64Ideal, specific resistance of, 56Indium, 87Inductance formula, 22

of single layer coils, 25, unit of, 16

Inductive reactance, 22International abbreviations, 70

amateur call signs, 73ampere, 16

138

International Morse code, 72- ohm, 16- Q. code, 68, 69- Q.R.K. code, 71

Q.S.A. code, 71- R.S.T. code, 71- volt, 17

watt, 17Iridium, 88Iron, 88

, density of, 64flux for, 90

- pyrites, 46-, specific resistance of, 56

, weight of, 57Irregular figure, formula for, 97

JJelly electrolyte, 51Joule, 18Joules, 21

KKilocycles to metres, converting, 65Kilogramme, 92Kilometre, 92Kilowatt hour, 20, 21Kilowatts, 21Kinetic energy, 18Krupp metal, specific resistance of, 56

LL.T. metal rectifiers, 54Lamps, current -carrying capacity of, 49Lancashire wire gauge, 79, 80Lanthanum, 88Lead, 88

, density of, 64, flux for, 90

-, specific resistance of, 56139

Lead, weight of, 57Letter sizes of drills, 60Linear measure, 93Liquids and solids, density of, 64Lithium, 88Logarithms, 125-128Long -wave coil data, 34

MMagnesium, 88

, weight of, 57Magnetic pole, unit of, 17Mains transformer data, 46

transformers, colour code of, 67Malachite, 46Manganese, 88Manganin, specific resistance of, 56Medium wave coil data, 35Megadyne, 18Mensuration, 97-101Mercury, 88

density of, 64, weight of, 57

Metal gauges, 79-82rectifiers, H.F., 53

, H.T., 52L.T., 54

Metallic elements, 87-89Metals, weight of, 57

, resistance of, 114-115Metre, 92Metres to kilocycles, converting, 65Metric conversion factors, 93, 94- system, 92-94

weights and measures, equivalents of, 95Mica, dielectric strength of, 55

, S.I.C. of, 55Micanite, dielectric strength of, 55Millimetre, 92Molybdenite, 46Molybdenum, 88

140

Monel metal, specific resistance of, 56Morse code, 72Mullard side -contact valves, connections for, 30Music wire gauge, 81, 82Musical notes, frequency of, 84Myriametre, 92

NNatural wavelength of aerial, 32Neodymium, 88Nichrome, specific resistance of, 56Nickel, 88

, density of, 64-, specific resistance of, 56

, weight of, 57Niobium, 88Notes, musical, frequency, 84

0Octal valves, base connections for, 26Ohm, international, 16Ohm's law for A.C., 24

for D.C., 24Old English wire gauge, 82Osmium, 88

PPalladium, 88Paper, S.I.C. of, 55Parabola, formula for, 100Paraffin wax, S.I.C. of, 55Parallel condensers, 24

resistances, 24Pastes for accumulators, 50Peak separation, 25Pendulum. length of, 19Petrol engine, horse -power of, 85Pewter, flux for, 90Pewterer's solder, 90Phonetic alphabet, 75

141

a and g, powers and roots of, 110Pinion wire gauge, 79, 80Plate glass, S.I.C. of, 55Platinoid, specific resistance of, 56Platinum, 88

, density of, 64-, weight of, 57

Plumber's solder, 90P.M.G. aerial, 32Porcelain, dielectric strength of, 55Potassium, 88Potential, unit of, 17Poundal, 18Power, 21

ratio and decibels, 83, unit of, 17

Powers and roots of numbers, 111-113of a and g, 110

Praseodymium, 88Prefixes, 13, 92Presspahn, dielectric strength of, 55

, S.I.C. of, 55Prism, formula for, 100Pyramid, formula for, 100

Radium, 88Reactance, 22---, net, 25

of coils, 25- of condenser, 25Rectangle, formula for, 97Rectifiers, H.F. metal, 53

, H.T. metal, 52, L.T. metal, 54

Reflector aerial, 32Resista, specific resistance of, 50Resistance of metals, 114-115

, unit of, 17Resistances, colour code of, 66

142

Resistances for decoupling, 47, 48for voltage dropping, 47, 48in parallel, 24in series, 24

Rheostan, specific resistance of, 56Rheostine, specific resistance of, 56Rhodium, 88Roots and powers of numbers, 111

of and g, 110Rose's metal, specific resistance of, 56Rubber, dielectric strength of, 55Rubidium, 88Ruthenium, 88

SSamarium, 88Scandium, 89Screw threads, B.S.F., 59

, Whitworth, 59Screws, British Association, 58-, wood, proportions of, 61, 63

-, sizes of, 62, 63Sea water, density of, 64Secant of angle, 103Sector of circle, formula for, 99Segment of circle, formula for, 99

of sphere, 100Series circuit, current in, 25- condensers, 24- resistances, 24Sheet metal gauges, 79-82Shellac, dielectric strength of, 55

, S.I.C. of, 55Short-wave coil data, 36-44Sidereal time, 19Silicon, 46Silver, 89

, density of, 64--, weight of, 57

wire gauge, 79, 80$irke of an angle, 103

140

Sines, cosines and tangents, 119-124Slide rule gauge points, 107-109Sodium, 89Soft solders, compositions of, 90Soldering, fluxes for, 90Solders, composition of, 90

, hard, 90, soft, 90

Solids and liquids, density of, 64Specific gravity of accumulator acid, 49

resistance of materials, 56Spelter, 90Sphere, formula for, 100Spherical zone, 100Spheroid, formula for, 101Square, formula for, 97Stalloy core stampings, 45Stampings, stalloy, 45Standard wire gauge, 79-80Steam-engine, horse -power of, 85Steel, flux for, 90

, specific resistance of, 66, weight of, 57

Strontium, 89Stub's iron gauge, 79-80Superior, specific resistance of, 56Symbols, 13

TTangent of angle, 103Tangents, table of, 119-124Tantalum, 89Tapping sizes for screws, 59Tellurium, 46, 89Terbium, 89Thallium, 89Theoretical signs, 14Therlo, specific resistance of, 56Therm, 19Thorium, 89

144

Thulium, 89Time, 19Tin, 89

, density of, 64, flux for, 90stone, 46

, weight of, 57Tinman's solder, 90Titanium, 89Tonne, 92Transformer data, 45

, mains, 46ratio, H.F., 23

Trapezoid, formula for, 97Triangle, formula for, 97Trigonometrical equivalents, 106

formula, 102functions, 106

- tables, 119Tuned circuit, magnification of, 25

, resistance of, 25, wavelength of, 22

Tungsten, 89, density of, 64

Twist drill gauge sizes, 60drills, letter sizes of, 60-- for wood screws, 61

IIUnit, B.O.T., 16

charge, 16- of capacity, 16- of conductance, 17

of current, 16of force, 18

- of inductance, 16of magnetic polo, 17of potential, 17of power, 17of resistance, 17

145

Units, 13,and equivalents, 20, international, 17

Uranium, 89density of, 64

VValve base connections, acorn, 26

, continental, 30, deaf -aid, 26, Octal, 26

-- contact arrangements, 27, Hivac, midget base connections for, 30leg spacing, 31symbols, 15

Valves, Mullard side -contact connections, 30Vanadium, 89Variable condensers, capacity of, 23Volt, international, 17Voltage dropping resistances, 47

WWashburn and Moen wire gauge, 81Water, density of, 64Watt, 20, 21

, international, 17Watts dissipated, 24Wave bands, amateur, 76Wavelength formula, 25- -frequency conversion table, 65- of aerial, 32- of tuned circuit, 22Wedge, formula for, 100Weight of ebonite,. 57

of metals, 57Weights and measures, 116-118

, equivalents of Imperial metric, 95-96Whitworth threads, tapping sizes for, 59Wire, Eureka, 45- data, copper, 77

146

Wire for aerial, 32gauges, 79

Wood's metal, 90, specific resistance of, 56

Wood -screw proportions, 61Wood -screws, clearing sizes for, 59

, sizes of, 60, 62, twist drills for, 61

Wrought iron, weight of, 57

YYtterbium, 89Yttrium, 89

Zinc, 89, density of, 84, flux for, 90

-, specific resistance of, 56, weight of, 57

Zincite, 46Zirconium, 89

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