radio-frequency identification (rfid), a new technique to ... · o m radio-frequency identification...
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Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), a new technique to monitor ground deformations
WEGENER 2018 - Grenoble
Mathieu Le Breton, PhD StudentL. Baillet, E. Larose, E. Rey, F. Guyoton, P. Benech, D. Jongmans
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Monitor ground deformation >1cm
of a landslide
with a dense resolution (space/time)
on a 100-meter large earth surface
using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
2
Goal
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What is Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) ?
3
• Radio-Frequency barcode, for logistics, retail, manufacturing, transportation…
• Billions of tags produced per year
• Cost of one tag : 0.01-20€
• Tags can be localized (research)
Tags could track landslide displacements
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Investigation, research
Early Warning System
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Why monitoring landslidedisplacements ?
Old road
Historical
StableSlow, continuous1-1000 mm/day
‘Pas de l’Ours’ landslide,Aiguilles, French AlpsAlt. 1400-1700 m2018/07/27
Heterogeneous in space and timeDestroys on-site instrumentsA lot of snow in winterBudget restrictions
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State of the art limitations : Cost of the station
RFID station : 5-10 k€
Montserrat et al., 2014
Radar Interferometer(GB-SAR)
Jaboyedoff et al., 2010
Laser scanner
100 k€ 30 k€
5
Total station
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Cost per monitored point
Angeli et al., 2000
Extensometer
Gili et al., 2000
DGPS
Benoit et al., 2015
Low-costDGPS
RFID tag : 20 €/ptpassive, no local power
Active radiotransponders
Kenney et al. 2009Intrieri et al., 2018
10 000 €/pt 200 €/pt+ batteries,solar panel...
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Travelletti et al., 2014
Ground-basedImage correlation
Time resolution
RFID : 3-30 milliseconds per point
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Intrieri et al., 2018b, Stumpf et al., 2017
Satellite
several days 0.5 day
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Problems that make data gaps
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Ice
Wires
VegetationFog, clouds
Radio-Frequency : works without clear line of sightTags : simple, no connectors, sealed
Mechanical
Optical
Snow
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How to measure the displacement ?
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4air rd
Stable station
Moving tag
RFID
Reader 1
2
Nikitin et al., 2000
Phase Displacement
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Test installation
1019 RFID Tags
RFID station
Pont-Bourquin Landslide,
Switzerland
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Does it work ?
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Impact of snow
RFID technique
Validated
+
More stable than wire extensometer
under rain and snow
(Le breton et al., submitted)
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Does it work with multiple tags ?
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Impact of snow
Disponibility > 95%For most of the tags
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Accuracy (99.7% confidence interval)
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• Laboratory tests : < 2 mm
(short distance, 6m) (Le breton et al., 2017)
• Real use case : 1 cm
(60-m distance, 19 tags) (Le breton et al., submitted)
• Exception of snow : 4 cm
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• 20€ / tag & simple installation => spatially dense
• 5 k€ a station => adequate for moderate risk
• Resolution 3-30 ms & light data => Reactive early warning
• Works with rain, snow and fog => High disponibility
• Accuracy 1cm => sufficient for landslides
• Range 80 m => small/medium area• But recent research reaches 1km (Amato et al. 2018)
• Accuracy deteriorated with snow (4cm)
• Phase ambiguity (8 cm)
Advantages
14
Limitations
Perspectives : new use cases ? [email protected]
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Additional Slides…
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RF absolute ranging techniques 4air
vr
f
04
air vr r
f
4i ref ref ir r P P
Signal strength (RSS) :
Frequency-domain phase, usingmultiple carrier frequencies :
=> Better, but still an error of +/- 2m
Error of up to 25m Sensitive to interferences and
antenna positions
Time series on the next slide
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Displacement time series, with relative/absoluteranging techniques
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Cost per point DGPS,Extensometer,Low-cost GPSActive transponder
20 € / tag
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Limits State of the art RFID
10 000 €
200 €+battery
Station cost Radar,Laser scanner,Fiber opticsTotal station
100 k€
30 k€
5-10 k€
Time resolution Satellite sensingGround photo
3-30 ms/pt3 days1 day
Bad weather OpticalMechanical
RadioSealed tags
Fog, rain, snowWater, ice
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How to measure the displacement ?
20
4air rd
Stable station
Moving tag
RFID
Reader 1
2
Nikitin et al., 2000
Phase Displacement
scale 1:1
air
distanceReader
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Conclusions
Premiers travaux de localisation RFID en extérieur
Adapté à la surveillance de glissements de terrain
Mesure de déplacements relatifs
1 mesure toutes les 0.03 secondes
Précision < 1cm
Portée standard 60 m (prototype : 120m)
Fiable : 95% de fonctionnement
Coût faible (5k€ l’installation, 20€/tag)
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Perspectives d’utilisation
Surveillance de glissement de taille moyenne, en temps réel, avec un réseau de capteurs dense.
Chute de blocs ?
Structure génie civil ?
Travaux en cours• Étudier le fonctionnement sous la neige
• Suivre un mouvement en 3D
• Améliorer la portée : 60m => 200m
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TechniqueComparison
RFID AutomaticTheodolite
Extensometer
Range (m) 100 1 000 10
1-D Accuracy (mm) 5 1 20
Cost of the base (€) 5 000 30 000 1 000
Cost per point (€) 20 100 1 000
Robust to problems(rain, snow, ice, shocks, destruction, theft)
++ + -
Time to measure (s) 0.01 20 0.01
Possible mismatch Phase ambiguity Target identification
no
Complementary data Yes (signal quality,
doppler, basic sensing)
Little(signal quality)
Not
Comparision of techniques
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www.geolithe.comPortée
Limite de réception du reader
120m
Tag industriel : 60m
Tag maison : 120m
Développements en cours pour doubler la portée
Aujourd’hui :
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How to use motion tracking ?Ex: Deconvolution of an impulse response
Impulse response to rain
Deconvolution(Rain, velocity)
Convolution(Rain, Impulse response)
Rain-based prediction
Explained by water infiltration
~24h delay
25
Rain impulse
1
2
Input : Rain + velocity
Rai
n
3
velocity
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Conclusion :Accuracy ≈ 1 cm
Estimation of the accuracy
Long-term Centered on zero Spread = error of the
tacheometer levees
Short-term < 2cm Stacking reduces this error
(ex: 1 minute average)
Daily < 1 cm on
dry days
Rec
eive
dSi
gnal
St
ren
gth
(dB
m)
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