radio galaxies in x-ray light: problems and processes dave de young noao radio galaxies in the...
Post on 18-Dec-2015
213 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and ProcessesProblems and Processes
Dave De YoungNOAO
Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era
8-11 July 2008
![Page 2: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Major Unresolved Issues – Radio Major Unresolved Issues – Radio Galaxies in the Pre-Chandra eraGalaxies in the Pre-Chandra era
• Origins of Energetic Particles – How and Where
• Formation of Bipolar Outflows
• Collimation Mechanisms
• Outflow Speeds
• Outflow Content
• Total Energies
• Outflow Lifetimes
![Page 3: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Major “Resolved” Issues – Radio Major “Resolved” Issues – Radio Galaxies in the Pre-Chandra eraGalaxies in the Pre-Chandra era
• Morphology/Radio Luminosity Classification – FR-I and FR-II
• Radio Radiation - Incoherent Synchrotron
• Must Have Relativistic Electrons and Magnetic Fields
• “Superluminal Features” on Small Scales
![Page 4: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Some Major Revelations from Some Major Revelations from ChandraChandra
• Extended X-Ray Emission From Jets, Hot Spots, and Lobes
![Page 5: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Revelations from Chandra – Revelations from Chandra – Large Scale X-Ray JetsLarge Scale X-Ray Jets
• Electron Synchrotron Lifetimes in Equipartition Fields:– X-Ray: Decades to Centuries
– Optical and UV: Millennia
• Therefore High Energy Electrons Cannot Have Been Energized Only in Nucleus
• Immediate Impact on
Models
![Page 6: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Revelations from Chandra – Low Revelations from Chandra – Low Power (FR I) X-Ray JetsPower (FR I) X-Ray Jets
• Electron Synchrotron Models Can Work• Single SED Can Fit Radio to X-Ray
• Requires Local Acceleration in Knots• Can Produce Offsets• Simultaneous Variations at X-ray to Radio
• Problems/Uncertainties:• Distributed Acceleration – Two Populations?• Occasional Wrong SED• No Radiative Cooling Signatures?
![Page 7: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Revelations from Chandra – Hot Revelations from Chandra – Hot Spots and LobesSpots and Lobes
• X-Ray Emission Consistent with SSC and IC/CMB Under Equipartition Conditions
• First “Verification” of Equipartition Assumption
• Kataoka & Stawartz 2005, Croston et al. 2005
![Page 8: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Revelations from Chandra – Large Revelations from Chandra – Large Scale (QSO, FR II, Blazar) X-Ray JetsScale (QSO, FR II, Blazar) X-Ray Jets
Schwartz et al. 2000Sambruna et al. 2004
![Page 9: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Large Scale X-Ray JetsLarge Scale X-Ray Jets
Harris & Krawczynski 2006
Siemiginowska et al. 2007, 2008
![Page 10: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Large Scale X-Ray JetsLarge Scale X-Ray Jets
• The IC/CMB Model– Tavecchio et al. 2000, Celotti et al. 2001
• PKS 0637-752: Γ ~ 10
• Reproduces SED
• Has Three Basic Assumptions– Equipartition Conditions– Relativistic Motion on 10-100 Kpc Scales– Population of Low Energy electrons
Schwartz et al. 2000
![Page 11: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Large Scale X-Ray JetsLarge Scale X-Ray Jets
• Electron
Kataoka & Stawartz 2005
![Page 12: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Large Scale X-Ray Jets – The Large Scale X-Ray Jets – The IC/CMB ModelIC/CMB Model
• Some Issues– Low Energy γ ~ 10-100: Long Electron Lifetimes
• Why X-Ray Knots?
– Required Beaming Angles Imply Jet Lengths ~ 1 Mpc or More, >> FR II Jets
– Equipartition + Low Energy End of Spectrum May Imply “Too Much” Energy
– Bulk Speeds at 100s kpc >> Other Derived Values
![Page 13: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IC/CMB IssuesIC/CMB Issues
Kataoka et al. 2008
3C 33 Kraft et al. 2007
![Page 14: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Revelations from Chandra – Revelations from Chandra – Large Scale X-Ray JetsLarge Scale X-Ray Jets
• Reacceleration for Electron Synchrotron– First Insights into Energy Injection Question
– Stringent Requirements on Shock Models
– Can Account for Most Low Power FR-I Jets
• Possibility of IC/CMB for FR-II/Quasar Jets– Requires Relativistic Bulk Motion at 100s kpc
• First Possible Clues to Jet Speeds on Large Scales
– Implies Low Energy Electron Population• First Possible Constraints on γ(min)
![Page 15: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Other Radio Galaxy Results Other Radio Galaxy Results from Chandrafrom Chandra
• Radio Galaxy Interactions with the Environment
• E.g., Cen A (Kraft et al. 2007)
![Page 16: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
More Major Revelations from More Major Revelations from ChandraChandra
• Radio Galaxy Inflated Cavities in Clusters
NGC 1285/Perseus
Fabian et al. 2000
![Page 17: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radio Source CavitiesRadio Source Cavities
• N1275
Fabian et al. 2000
![Page 18: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radio Source Cavities in Radio Source Cavities in ClustersClusters
• Chandra A2052 + 6cm VLA (3C 317)
Blanton et al. 2001, Burns 1990
![Page 19: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Properties of Radio Source Properties of Radio Source Cavities and ShellsCavities and Shells
• Morphology– Limb Brightened, “Relaxed” Structure
– NOT Head-Tail or “Normal” FR-I
– Small/No Jets, but t ~ 10 yr
– Tens of kpc in Diameter
• Inferred Properties– In Pressure Equilibrium
– Generally Moving Subsonically
– Shell and Surroundings Cool
– Buoyant Bubbles
7syn
![Page 20: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Relic Sources in ClustersRelic Sources in Clusters
• N1275
74 MHz
Fabian et al. 2002
![Page 21: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Properties of Radio RelicsProperties of Radio Relics
• They Are Intact! At Times >> t
• Reside 30-50 kpc From Cluster Center
• Diameter 10-20 kpc
• Buoyant Risetimes ~ 10 yr > Synchrotron Lifetime
• Equilibrium Implies U >> U
• PdV Work ~ 10 erg (or More)
int equip
59
instab
8
![Page 22: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Calorimetry of Radio Galaxy Calorimetry of Radio Galaxy OutflowsOutflows
• After > 35 Years of Assumptions and Guessing
McNamara & Nulsen 2007
![Page 23: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Calorimetry of Radio Sources in Calorimetry of Radio Sources in ClustersClusters
• MS 0735– Z = 0.22
• pdV ~ 10 erg!62
McNamara et al. 2005, 2007
![Page 24: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stability of Relic Sources in Stability of Relic Sources in Clusters Clusters
• t >> tbuoy R-T, K-H
vs
![Page 25: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The “Cooling Flow” Problem and The “Cooling Flow” Problem and Heating Due to Radio SourcesHeating Due to Radio Sources
• Sound Waves?
• Shock Waves?
Fabian et al. 2005
P/P
![Page 26: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What Have We Learned and What Have We Learned and What Remains Unsolved?What Remains Unsolved?
• Origins of Energetic Particles – In Situ Acceleration Required in Addition to Nuclear Processes
• Formation of Bipolar Outflows – ? See Finis
• Collimation Mechanisms – ? See Finis
• Outflow Speeds – May Be Relativistic on Mpc Scales
• Outflow Content – Coupled to Speed Question?
• Total Energies – Enormous Progress: Firm Limits
• Outflow Lifetimes – See Item 4
![Page 27: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A Possible Path to Further A Possible Path to Further Progress – Jet Interactions With Progress – Jet Interactions With
Their EnvironmentTheir Environment
• Key Issue: The Coupling of AGN Outflow to the Surrounding Medium
– Ambient Medium with Known Properties
– Determination of Dominant Physical Processes at Work
– Constrain Basic Parameters of Outflow
![Page 28: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
AGN OutflowsAGN Outflows
• FRII
3C983C223 – 20cm
![Page 29: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
AGN OutflowsAGN Outflows
• FRI
![Page 30: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
AGN OutflowsAGN Outflows
• FRI
![Page 31: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AGN OutflowsAGN Outflows
![Page 32: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
AGN OutflowsAGN Outflows– Surface Brightness
![Page 33: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Outflow Interaction with Outflow Interaction with Ambient MediumAmbient Medium
• Fully Non-Linear K-H Instability:– Development of Turbulent Mixing Layer
![Page 34: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mixing LayersMixing Layers
• Thickness Grows with Distance/Time
• Mixing Layer Can Permeate Entire Jet
-RELHL )(v)/( CTan
![Page 35: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mixing LayersMixing Layers• Entrainment Very Effective
– “Ingest – Digest” Process
![Page 36: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mixing LayersMixing Layers• K-H and Mixing Layers in Supersonic Flows
• Relativistic Flows– 3D Simulations
• Rigidity
• Deceleration
• Development of
Shear/Mixing LayersAloy et al.; Marti et al. 1999-2003
![Page 37: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Effect of Magnetic FieldsThe Effect of Magnetic Fields
• Can Stabilize – In Principle
• Three Dimensional MHD– For High Beta > 100
• Evolves to Turbulence• Turbulent B Amplification• Enhanced Dissipation due to Magnetic Reconnection
– Instability Remains “Essentially Hydrodynamic”
Ryu et al. 2000
![Page 38: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mixing LayersMixing Layers• MHD Plus Relativistic
Mizuno et al. 2007
![Page 39: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Outflow Interaction Via Outflow Interaction Via Surface InstabilitiesSurface Instabilities
• Virtually Universal (One Possible Exception)– Present at Some Level in Outflows in All
Environments
• Global– Involve Most of Jet Surface for Long Times
• Inevitable (?)– Very Special Circumstances Required to Prevent
Occurrence
![Page 40: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Consequences of Mixing LayersConsequences of Mixing Layers
• Saturated Mixed Jets - and FR I Source Morphology
![Page 41: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Consequences of Mixing LayersConsequences of Mixing Layers
• Entrainment
• Deceleration
• Spine/Sheath Structure
• Decollimation
• How Much of Each?– TanΘ ~ (ρ /ρ ) / M 3C223 – 20cm
1 2
![Page 42: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Consequences of Mixing Layers: Consequences of Mixing Layers: IC/CMB ModelsIC/CMB Models
• Can Γ ~ 10 to ~ Mpc be Sustained?
• Other Measures of Γ: v Structure
• Is U >> U ?
• Implications for Content
• What is “Too Much” Energy?
p B
![Page 43: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Consequences of Mixing Layers: Consequences of Mixing Layers: IC/CMB Models – Other IssuesIC/CMB Models – Other Issues
• Evidence for Sustained Energy Transport
• Where are “Debeamed” Jets?
• Probable Need for Jet Models
With Complex Internal Velocity
StructureHardcastle 2006
![Page 44: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Another Possibility Another Possibility
• Poynting Flux Jets– Origins Well Defined
– Initial Collimation Solved
– Development of Mixing
Layer – Not Clear
– Long Term Collimation?
– Particle Content?
Li et al. 2006
![Page 45: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Evolution of Turbulent FlowsEvolution of Turbulent Flows
• Development of the Turbulent Cascade
![Page 46: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Issues for This WeekIssues for This Week
• The FRI / FRII Dichotomy (and IC/CMB Jets)– Difference in Degree or Kind?
– Nature vs. Nurture
– Jet Content
– Jet Speed
• Collimation– Difficult with External Pressure ( ~ d )
– Difficult with Magnetic Fields
![Page 47: Radio Galaxies in X-Ray Light: Problems and Processes Dave De Young NOAO Radio Galaxies in the Chandra Era 8-11 July 2008](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d255503460f949fc3f6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Issues for This WeekIssues for This Week
• Poynting Flux Jets– Are There Unique Observational Signatures?
• Radio Sources in Clusters– Cooling Flows, Feedback etc.
– Consequences for General Radio Sources• Total Energies
• Energy Fluxes
• Outflow Speeds
• Jet Content