radon film-badges by radiators with nanoholes versus existing passive monitors l. tommasino thl, via...
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RADON FILM-BADGES BY RADIATORSWITH NANOHOLES VERSUS EXISTING
PASSIVE MONITORS
L. TommasinoTHL, Via Cassia 1727, 00123 Roma, Italy
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Rn atoms are nanoparticles .4 nm wide for entering nanoholes with .4 nm aperture
Rn nanoparticles move through nanoholes in liquids and solids (Eyring, 1936)
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Rn-monitors by diffusion chambers
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Absorber Thickness Part. Coeff. α
CR-39 1 mm 0.06
Polycarbonate 0.3 mm 8
Holder-plastics 3 mm 0.5-0.75
(From More and Hubbard, 1997)
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(From Pressianov and others)
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LIQUID–LIKE POLYMERS (T>Tg)(Rubber, polyethylene)Transient nanoholes
GLASS–LIKE POLYMERS (T< Tg)(Polycarbonate) Frozen nanoholes
THERMOSETS-(CR-39)
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Frozen nanoholes as sorptive sites
Diffusion by molecular-induced jumps
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EQUILIBRIUM SAMPLING:
Fast Rn-absorption time
Equilibrium time (Barrer, 1939): T=d2/6D
d the film thickness D the diffusivity
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For a 300-μm-thick PC-film (CD)T=~ 30 days
Non-equilibrium sampling
For a PC-film thickness < 50 μmT < 5 hours
Equilibrium sampling
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CR-60 absorptive radiatorswith bulk-distributed nanoholes for:
- obtaining compact and easy-to-deploy radon film-badges - increasing the response linearity of passive monitors
-measuring soil-radon under equilibrium conditions-measuring radon directly in water.
CR-60 Definition respectively for:- having a radon-diffusion length of about 60 μm at environmental temperature
- being a Carbonate Radiator (CR) with a solubility of 60 ± 20 (i.e. in the range 40-80)-degrading maximum alpha-particle energy by a 64 μm-thick film
- having a film-thickness not greater than 60 μm.
CR-60 Characteristics depend on: - the polymer structure and morphology
- the manufacturing processes - the shelf-life
- the thermal history, etc.
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Radiator
(facing CR-39)
Thickness
(µm)
Response[Tracks.m3/
(cm2. kBq.h)
Metal ----------- 0.010±0.002
CR-60 (1 Makrofol N; Low solubility, S=40)
20 0.20 ± 0.02
CR-60 (2 Makrofol N) 40 0.34 ± 0.04
CR-60 (3 Makrofol N) 60 0.45 ± 0.05
CR-60 (4 Makrofol N) 80 0.42 ± 0.06
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Two responses in one monitor
Response Tracks.m3/
(cm2.kBq.h)
Passive chambers 2.8 ± 0.7 (with CR-39)
CR-60 (20 µm Makrofol N) 0.2 ± 0.03
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Two Radiators
PE Bag CR-39
Radon film badge for in-soil and in-water measurements
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Large tubes are conducive to errors (Tanner, 1991)
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Different volumes-Same responses
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α
(T)
[C]Rn
[C]Rn
[CRn]water =α (T) [CRn]air
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For large exposure measurements:
Film-badges by absortpive radiators with bulk-enclosed nanoholes
For low exposure measurements of one week or less:
Film-badges by adsortpive radiators with surface-distributed nanoholes
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ADSORPTION
Non-equilibrium sampling-activated-charcoals
Equilibrium sampling-solid layers with surface-distributed
nanoholes having very large surface to volume ratio.
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CR-2000 adsorptive radiatorswith surface-distributed nanoholes for:
- measuring indoor radon-exposures for one week or less.
CR-2000 Definition:-equilibrium Rn-adsorption of radon up to a concentration
2000 times of that present in the surrounding air.
CR-2000 Characteristics depend on:- the manufacturing processes
- the shelf-life - the storage environment
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Sampler Response Tracks.m3/(cm2.kBq.h)
- CR-2000 (Adsorptive radiator) 20 ± 4
-Passive chambers 2.8 ± 0.7 (with CR-39)
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Uniquely-compact radon-film-badges with absorptive- and/or adsorptive-
radiators for:
- indoor measurements for days, months, and years
- using as a back-up monitor
- correct soil-measurements
- direct-in-water measurements
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CR-0 bags for storing all types of monitors prior to and after
the exposure are:
- radon-proof bags
-radon-free bags
-bags sealable by pressure-type devices
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CR-60, CR-2000, CR-0 available through a centralised distribution because of the:
- need of custom-made radiators with desired characteristics
- large cost of minimum-orders consisting of stocks up to 1000 kg
- difficulty in handling and storing large volumes of materials in suitable low-radon environments
Luigi Tommasino
THL, Via Cassia 172700123 Roma, Italy