RAH Day 6 AgendaRAH Day 6 AgendaGoal – to understand that Cold War foreign policy

changed as a result of political and social changes here at home

• Questions from homework? • Lecture on Ike’s foreign policy• Complete packet p 13 p 13 about Ike’s foreign policy

actions during the Cold War • Cold War video – • Complete packet p 14 p 14 about JFK’s Cold War foreign

policy

Nikita Khrushchev – General Secretary of Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower – President of the United States of America 1953-1961

1. How to deter communist aggression, yet reduce U.S. defense spending?2. Answer: Greater dependence on nuclear weapons (cheaper thantrying to match Soviet buildup of conventional forces).3. Size of army and navy reduced.4. Air Force (and stockpile of nuclear weapons) increased.

B. Eisenhower's "New Look" Defense Policy

Bomb Picture

’62 H-bomb test on Christmas Island ’52 H-bomb test Ivy King 2 – 550kt

’62 104 kt 635 ft underground test made this 1280ft wide 320ft deep crater

12 million tons of earth moved by blast

1. Idea of John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State)2. Implied U.S. would use nuclear weapons in response to any act of communist aggression.3. Was the U.S. bluffing?4. Dulles said it was sometimes necessary to "go to the brink." 5. Critics called the idea brinkmanship” and said it was way too dangerous.6. Proved to be impractical.

strategy of "Massive Retaliation"

John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State 1953-1959

1. Dulles said containment of' communism wasn't good enough.2. Said U.S. goal was now the liberation of "captive peoples” living in countries already under communist rule.3. "Roll Back" proved to be a bluff during a revolution in Hungary in 1956.

But in fact the invasion of Iraq and the doctrine of preventive war have a sterling conservative pedigree; they were handed down from the right-wingers in the early years of the Cold War who rejected the strategy of containing communism and argued instead for rolling it back (an idea that Dwight Eisenhower considered sheer madness). Michael Kinseley – Washington Post 11/15/06

"Rolling back" communism

Hungary ‘56

Hungarians overthrow the communists in October 1956 and destroy tanks and symbols of the Soviet Union

In November 1956, Soviet tanks return, taking Hungary back and putting it under a new Communist dictatorship, and killing 30,000 Hungarian “freedom fighters.”

1. Third World - non-white, developing countries in Africa~ Asia Latin America, and the Middle East.2. Movements for national independence resulted in many new countries.3. Third World important to U.S. for resources and allies against communist expansion. 4. Eisenhower Doctrine – US would use force and send aid to any country (especially in the Middle East) who is resisting communist expansion5. U. S. assumed these- struggles for self-determination were directed by the Soviet Union.6. U.S. feared these revolutions would lead to new communist countries.7. U.S. sent massive amounts of foreign aid to the Third World to win friends and combat Soviet influence there.

Cold War Politics in the Third World

Locations of CIA covert operations to overthrow unwanted leftist governments

1. The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) was created by Truman in 1947.2. The purpose of the CIA was to spy and conduct covert operations.3. CIA worked behind the scenes to overthrow pro-Soviet governments and support pro- Western ones.4. CIA helped overthrow governments in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954).

CIA Operations

1. Part of Eisenhower's containment policy.2. U.S. signed many NATO-like mutual security pacts with nations next to communist ones.3. U.S. threat: Soviet aggression against any U.S. ally would result in "massive retaliation".

Security Alliances

1. Reliance on nuclear weapons to keep the peace (deter war) based on concept of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction).2. If war came, both sides hoped to destroy other side's nuclear weapons before they could be used.3. Neither side could allow the other to get too far ahead - an arms race developed.

Nuclear Arms Race

1945 Atomic bomb (US.) (USSR in 1949)

1948 Intercontinental Bombers (U.S.) (USSR in

1955)

1952 H-Bomb (U;S.) (USSR in 1953))

1957 First satellite - "Sputnik" (USSR) (US. in 1958)

1957 First ICBM (USSR) (U.S. in 1958)

1960 First submarine with missiles (U S.) (Soviets

in 1968)

1966 First ICBM with multiple warheads (US.)

(Soviets in 1968)

Two Nations Live on the Edge

How did the US react, and why?USSR explodes its 1st a-bomb

US and US people afraid of nuclear war. Truman authorizes development of the H-bomb. US thought USSR must have stolen the secrets and begin looking for spies. People begin building bomb shelters

1951, Iranian prime minister Mossadegh, freely elected by Iranians, nationalized Iranian oil industry

US and UK believe that Mossadegh may be too close to communism and are afraid that this would hurt their ability to get cheap oil and lots of profits from the middle east. CIA organize and lead the overthrow of Mossadegh and put a king, the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, in power.

Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, elected president of Guatemala, begins land redistribution

US afraid that this type of socialist land redistribution is communist in nature, and therefore directed and/or supported by USSR. CIA under both Truman and Ike conducts covert operations to destabilize Guatemala, leading to Arbenz resigning, General Armas becoming the dictator and 30 years of brutal repression.

Two Nations Live on the EdgeHow did the US react, and why?

1956 Suez crisis – Israel, France and UK attack Egypt

USSR threatens support for Egypt, leading to potential instability and possible superpower warfare in Middle East. US tells UK, FR and IS to back off and gets the UN to separate them. US then issues the Eisenhower Doctrine, stating that the US would attack any communist country that starts war in the Middle East.

1956 Soviet invasion and conquest of Hungary

US is appalled, but since Hungary was behind the Iron Curtain, containment and the “New Look” did not really apply. “Rolling Back” would apply, but the US did not want war with the USSR, so the US provided some food and medical aid to the Hungarians, only.

1957 - Sputnik US afraid that if the USSR could put a satellite in space, it could send a nuke over the the US. US creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to build its own rockets and space program

1960 U-2 shot down by USSR

US lied and said it was a weather balloon. Then US had to admit that it was a spy plane when the USSR showed the pilot and tried him for spying.

Kennedy and the Cold War1960 Kennedy was elected because of: youth and

vigor, TV debates, positive and sunny public outlook

1961 – Bay of pigs (initially authorized by Ike)

When JFK implemented Ike’s plan “Operation Zapata” to use 1500 anti-Castro Cubans to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro, the plan failed miserably. JFK looked weak, the US looked powerless, the CIA looked foolish. Castro was scared and asked USSR for protection – USSR began to install nukes in Cuba

1961 - Berlin crisis leading to wall construction

East Germany and USSR did not want to continue to lose people through West Berlin. Appeared as if another blockade or threat would occur, but they built the Berlin Wall instead. 1963 JFK goes to Berlin to show his full support for continuing to protect W. Berlin from communists.

Kennedy and the Cold War1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis

US finds out USSR nukes are in Cuba. US blockades Cuba, prevent USSR ships from sailing in. US and USSR mobilize forces in Europe and Western hemisphere – close to war.USSR backs down, removes missiles, US promises to remove missiles from Turkey. A direct line of communication installed (the hotline) so Pres can talk directly to Soviet leader. Khruschev is replaced and Cubans in Miami become staunch Republicans

1963 Installation of “Hotline”

Kennedy and Khruschev realized that much of the Cuban Missile Crisis may have been avoided if they were able to talk to each other directly and immediately. Therefore they installed a direct cable line from Washington to the Kremlin.

1963 – Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

US and USSR had conducted actual nuclear bomb explosion to see how well they worked. This was dangerous on many levels – risk of one side misreading a launch and mistakenly retaliating; radiation released into the atmosphere or killing marine-life underwater.LNTBT outlaws atmospheric, underwater and space nuclear testing. Testing only allowed underground.