RAHH Day 21 AgendaRAHH Day 21 AgendaRAHH Day 21 AgendaRAHH Day 21 AgendaGoal –To understand victories of CR, the schism in CR movement, the

fighting of the war in Vietnam and counter culture-new left1. Review Vietnam packet p 4p 4 about how the war divided the US2. Complete p 7p 7 regarding how the war in Vietnam Vietnam affected the US

politically and emotionally during 19683. Changes in the Civil Rights Movement p 9 after 1965 – take notes on

changes in the movement and successes4. Review Counter Culture and the New Left – p 19 complete Venn diagram5. Review Read reading #’s 1, 5 and 6 on pp 20-22 about the New Left’s

goals and proposed methods– As you read – actively read to identify the goals, methods and tone of each

reading.– What is the difference between early SDS goals and methods highlighted in

Reading # 1 and the later SDS goals and methods presented in Reading # 5?– How did conservative America perceive members of SDS and the New Left

generally?

6. Video of counter culture7. Read p 10 – Discovering Greatness in Lyndon Johnson –

1. What is McGovern’s thesis?2. What evidence does he present in support3. Do you agree or disagree? Present evidence

8. Complete p 10 – Kennedy, Johnson and the great Society9. Video of Civil rights movement – see CR p 1

William F. Buckley Jr., 82, Dies; William F. Buckley Jr., 82, Dies;

SesquipedalianSesquipedalian11 Spark of Right Spark of Right • William Buckley, with his winningly capricious personality, his use of

ten-dollar words and a darting tongue writers loved to compare to an anteater’s, was the popular host of one of television’s longest-running programs, “Firing Line,” and founded and shepherded the influential conservative magazine National Review.

1 Sesquipedalian2 n. One who is inordinately infatuated with polysyllabic obfuscation, preferring never to employ a less complicated syntactic arrangement of descriptive words when there exists a single expressive unit that amalgamates the multiplicity of morphemes1 comprising the simpler phrase.

2 Given to or characterized by the use of long words.

Challenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementGroup Leaders Goals Methods

SCLC Dr. King end discrimination

end segregation

gain voting rights for real

Non-violent civil disobedience, marches, speeches, polite and respectful

COREEarly SNCC

James FarmerStokely Charmichael

end discrimination

end segregation

gain voting rights for real

Sit-ins, marches, freedom rides, voter registration drives

Black PowerLater SNCC

Stokely Charmichael, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale

End discrimination, equal opportunity leading to equal outcome, black political, economic and social power

Marches, protests, violence, self-defense training, political candidates, community building, education and job training programs

Nation of Islam

Elijah Muhammed, Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan

wanted separation, promoted black superiority, black pride, traditional families

resorted to violence, religious and family training, strict community policing, self-defense, community building

Black Panthers

Huey Newton, Bobby Seale

wanted separation, promoted black superiority, black pride, equal opportunity leading to equal outcome, black political, economic and social power

violence, self-defense training, political candidates, community building, education and job training programs

Challenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR Movement

3. Malcolm X changed3. He believed that blacks were better than whites, and that whites were the evil oppressors who needed to be confronted and fought. That Blacks should be separate from whites controlling their own destinies.

Malcolm changed after the Haj in April 1964. He believed in equality under Allah and while not renouncing violence, he argued for integration and working together – “ballots not bullets”

Challenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR MovementChallenges and changes in CR Movement

4. Charmichael’s changes

5. How did SNCC differ from the Black Panthers?

4. After June 17, 1966, Stokely no longer promoted integration and non-violence. After his 27th arrest, he preached fighting fire with fire and confronting the discrimination and segregation. He then joined the Black Panthers, which promoted the idea he began of Black Power. Like many young blacks, he was angered that changes in real life had not followed changes in the laws

5. SNCC was a civil rights group, the BPs were a political party running pre-school programs, job training, health clinics & candidates for office

6. Gains made by the Civil Rights movement:

Laws were passed to end discrimination and segregation,

Court cases ordered the ending of segregation

Millions of blacks were registered to vote – 60% by 1968

Thousands of blacks were elected into local state and federal offices

Blacks appeared in more TV shows and movies, more in college,

Racism became socially improper

US Involvement and EscalationUS Involvement and Escalation

1 – Lyndon Johnson – President who used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to increasingly escalate US Military action in ‘nam - Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense who supported escalation- Dean Rusk – Secretary of State argued for escalation as part of the overall cold war containment policy- William Westmoreland was the commanding General in Vietnam who argued for more and more troops - Congress authorized the President to use any measures necessary to “take all necessary measures take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces and to repel any armed attack against US forces and to prevent further aggression”to prevent further aggression”

- American public opinion was heavily in favor of the war for the first 3 years – politicians were generally wary about arguing against war for fear they would be labeled as soft on communism and not be reelected

US Involvement and EscalationUS Involvement and Escalation

US military advantages:

- owned the skies with fighter and bomber aircraft

- training - weapons

- medical care

- supplies -more money

VC military advantages:

- owned the night - used terror

- knew the terrain

- could easily hide in plain sight

- Willing to DIE

US Involvement and EscalationUS Involvement and Escalation

US military strategies

- napalm - heavy carpet bombing

- search and destroy - zippo raids

-war of attrition - agent orange

- winning hearts and minds

VC strategies:

- ambushes - booby traps

- snipers - punji pits

- hit and run - suicide bombings

- Willing to DIE

US Involvement and EscalationUS Involvement and Escalation

The US Economy –

inflation went up,

taxes went up

Money for the Great

Society decreased

Television – the Vietnam war has been referred to as the living room war because the nightly news showed us images from the war – and in many cases grisly images of death and destruction

The Fulbright Hearings – Senator Fulbright’s committee investigated the war effort, in the course of which the truthfulness of government officials was questioned. Began an increasing feeling of unease with the war.

Avoiding the War1. Ran away to Canada, Sweden

Medical deferment (4F) using sympathetic doctors to make diagnoses that the “patient” was not healthy enough for combat

Going to college and maintaining good gradesBurning draft cards and moving constantly to keep ahead of the

local draft boardsRefusing to register for the draftJoin the national guard

2. ‘Nam was seen as working class because the easiest way to defer draft selection was to stay a student or to move, both of which took money that most working class kids did not have.

A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

Opposing the War

3. Any of the liberal groups opposed the war: NAACP, SDS, SCLC, SNCC, Black Panthers, the Weather Underground, and other student and civil rights groups. While a higher percentage of young people were not opposed to the war than the older people, the most vocal opponents of the war were young students.

The war was quite popular at first, with over 60% of Americans in favor of it. Up until 1968, the percentage of people in favor of the war was much higher than those opposed.

By the end of the war, the majority opposed the war , not because it was immoral but because they thought it was a mistake.

4. Doves opposed the war for many reasons: Johnson in 1968 changed the draft rules to get more students into the war, the government seemed to not be telling the truth, many civilian were hurt, it was not our business, it was immoral to fight wars, it was too costly in men and money that could be better spent at home on the poor.

5. They protested, burned draft cards, wrote letters, ran away, some became militant and sabotaged troop trains

A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

• Defending the War• 6. Prior to 1968, US public was fairly strongly in favor of the

war in Vietnam. Over 62% responded to a Gallup poll that they were in favor in a poll taken in January of 1968. Only 28% were opposed.

• After the Tet Offensive by the Viet Cong and NVA against US and ARVN positions, US public support for the war declined to 40% for and 42% opposed.

• 7. Hawks criticized Johnson for not doing enough to win the war. To many limitations on bombing targets, too many limits on where US forces could go and what they could attack. Not enough military might brought on North Vietnam. Fighting a limited war is fighting to not lose, rather than fighting to win.

Public opinion of War in VietnamPublic opinion of War in Vietnam

Arguments for and Against WarArguments for and Against War

For:

1. US committed to defend South Vietnam – Us must keep its promises

2. Domino theory – US needs to contain communsim

3. Other nations count on US for defense, if we give up in ‘Nam then US influence in the world will be weakened.

4. Aggression and threats to world peace need to be stopped or another Nazi Germany will arise

5. Spread of anti-American thinking threatens US security and intersts

Against

1. Draft is bad and unequal

2. Our ally cannot win so we cannot win

3. Misleading reasons for starting and continuing war

4. The US should not be involved in a civil war

5. We cannot win a war against suicidal enemies

6. The war is too costly in terms of men and money

7. If we enter, the war could spread to other countries

8. The methods are immoral and civilians die

1968 a Tumultuous Year1968 a Tumultuous Year

Tet Offensive

CausesViet Cong wanted to make a major push against the Americans because the VC had been weakened Tet had always been a time of ceas-fire, so a perfect time for a sneak attack

EffectsViet Cong was seriously weakenedNo towns, bases or cities were kept by the Viet CongUs people began to think we could not winPres. Johnson decides not to seek reelection after his near loss in the NH primaryBeginning of Vietnamization - deescalation

Johnson’s poor showing in NH Primary

CausesApparent military loss during TetLoss of popularity due to warMcCarthy’s appeal to the young and vocal anti-war crowd

EffectsJohnson decides to drop out of raceRobert Kennedy enters raceHubert Humphrey enters race as Johnson surrogate

The Tet Offensive, The Tet Offensive, January 1968January 1968

Assassination of RFK

CausesRFK was a supporter of Israel after ’67 6-Day WarSirhan Sirhan was a Palestinian who disliked Israel and its supporters

EffectsNo clear winner at the Democratic National Convention with his delegates unassignedMcCarthy closes in on HumphreyDNC is very messy

1968 a Tumultuous Year1968 a Tumultuous Year

Disorder at Democratic National Convention

CausesTwo-way race after front runner RFK is killedWar in VietnamUnpopularity of Johnson10,000 anti-war protestors outside conventionWillingness of Chicago police to use force

EffectsDemocrats look very weakDemocrats look to be incapable of running the country if they are incapable of running their own conventionHumphrey is a weakened candidate against Nixon

Election of Nixon

CausesDisorder at DNCAppeal to Silent Majority and the Southern strategy of attracting conservative southern DemocratsLawlessness and disorder in societyEntry of George Wallace to get many southern Democrat votes

Effects

1968 a Tumultuous Year1968 a Tumultuous Year

Culture and counterculture Culture and counterculture p 17p 17Culture and counterculture Culture and counterculture p 17p 171. participants

2. Beliefs about American society

3. Goals for society4. Movement centers5. Attitudes &

activities6. Violence7. Impact on arts8. Impact on music9. Longterm impact

1. Young middle class white and educated – called hippies

2. Cold, conformist, materialist, cruel and selfish

3. Peace, harmony, tolerance, self-awareness, idealistic, less material

4. San Francisco haight-ashbury, NYC – Greenwich Village

5. Rock’n’Roll, drugs, communes, weird cloths, beards, sex

6. Drug OD’s, Stones concert, Manson7. Pop Art, Jeans, Music, Color, Casual8. Rock, Hendrix, Beatles, Woodstock9. Sex, casual, conservative backlash,

Nixon, permissive and tolerant

Issues at the Root of 60-’s ActivismIssues at the Root of 60-’s ActivismIssues at the Root of 60-’s ActivismIssues at the Root of 60-’s Activism

Political Issues• Injustice• Racism• Discrimination• Poverty• War in ‘Nam• Close ties b/t business

and schools• draft

Social Issues

•Conformity

•Conservatism

•Materialism

•Moralism

New Left v Counter-cultureNew Left v Counter-cultureNew Left v Counter-cultureNew Left v Counter-cultureNew Left – a political

movement• Change gov’t to be more

liberal to help poor, minorities, cities, women to improve their lives

• Motivate activist grass-roots political action to improve schools, neighborhoods, community services

• End draft and war in ‘Nam• Limit business and gov’t

influence in univerisities• Civil rights

Counter-culture – a social movement

•Change society from materialism, conformity and intolerance

•Decrease closed-mindedness, injustice, racism, sexism

•Drugs, sex, rock ’n roll, communal, “freaky” long hair, beards, clothes, no bras

• Major difference –organized political movement

versus social movement

New Left v Counter-cultureNew Left v Counter-culture

American mainstream and conservative response

The Conservative response to these two leftist-like movements was one of anger and disapproval.

Conservatives got support from mainstream Americans because the reality was that most Americans were not in favor of the activist, militant methods of the New Left, nor were most Americans supporters of the way of life promoted by the counter-culture. Most Americans, even in 1969 were quietly trying to live the American Dream.

President Nixon referred to these mainstream Americans, those trying to live the American dream as the non-shouters, the non-demonstrators, the SILENT MAJORITY. It is these who brought Nixon the the presidency