railway station design 251115
TRANSCRIPT
David Jukes-Hughes MA
Mass Transit Architecture
Passenger Safety, Comfort & Efficiency of Service
•Stage coaches / Horse drawn trams / Subways
•Early Trains: The Rocket / Train sheds & hotels: St. Pancras, Kings Cross, Paddington, Victoria, Waterloo, Old Ottawa station / Chateau Laurier
•Subways: The London Underground / NYC cut & cover & viaducts / electrification / the first deep bored tunnels (WCL) / postal delivery / war time shelters / King Cross fire / terrorism (7/7/2005)
•Inter-modal transport interchanges
History
Rail Systems: Trams / Light Rail / Heavy Rail (Metros)Station Types: At Grade / Cut & Cover Tunnel / Deep Bored Tunnel / Viaduct Structures
Rail Systems & Stations
Cut & Cover Tunnel
•Track alignment & track levels / grid coordinates
•Inter-modal transport connections:vehicle access, private drop-offs / pick-ups, taxis, buses, parking, disabled access, park & ride
•Services: refuse collection, cash collection, fireman’s access
•Government: adjacent property developments, land acquisition, & considerations of democratic rights (St. Pancras / visual impacts / Feng Shui.)
Site Planning
:
Site PlanningWillesden Junction Crossrail
Site PlanningWillesden Junction Crossrail
•The Main Elements: Drop-offs & Pick-ups / Concourses / Platforms / Vertical circulation / M/E rooms / Head rooms / Ceiling voids (Footbridges / Escalators / Lifts / Stairs)
•Systems approach to management of rail passengers, train operations, hazards & security, cleaning & maintenance
•Reliance on technology (esp: PA systems, cctv, good lighting, planning-blind spots, fire detection), procedures & trained staff
Station Planning
Station Planning
Station Planning
Station Planning
Station Planning
•Calculating the numbers: train capacity, train head-ways, missed head-ways, station areas, exit / entrance widths, platform & concourse widths, ticket gates, floor area for ticket machines, lift sizes, escalator numbers & stairways widths.
Planning for Passenger Flow
Passenger Flow
•Source of fire, staged escape, minimum escape times & travel distances, locating exits at the platform & concourses, escape by train, and safe waiting areas (for staged escape.)
•Different methods of calculation: Government standards (HMRI) / individual companies (LUL, MTRC & British Rail) / fire codes (NFPA 130)
Planning for Means of Escape
Planning for Means of Escape
•The demarcation between public concourses & platforms (unpaid & paid areas)
• Waiting areas, public display systems, PA systems, cctv, ticketing, selling & checking, ticket gates, disabled access, lifts, escalators & run-off, retail, toilets, offices, station / fire control room, staff areas
Concourses
Information systems
Automatic ticket machines
Ticket gates
•Kinematic envelope, minimum widths & head-rooms, track-side clearances, suicide pits, warning strips, non-slip materials, electrical discharge & earthing, platform screen doors,exits
•Planning for future expansion.
Platforms
Platforms
•Track-side services: OHL, 3rd Rail, maintenance access, cables, lighting, drainage, hydrants
•Track-side design (tunnels): passenger escape, fireman’s access, fire fighting (hydrants), smoke control, twin track compartmentation. (Seoul, Korea?)
Track-side Design
•Bins, seats, signage, display systems, PA systems advertizing, platform screen doors, platform control booths, shelters, canopies, fire equipment, telephones, vending machines, public toilets, station / fire control room.
•Disability access: big letters, blind paths, wheel chair access
Station Details
Finishes
•Deep-bored tunnels: pre-cast rc panels using tbm’s
•Cut & cover tunnels: in-situ rc diaphragm walls
•At grade systems: embankments, cuttings, in-situ rc retaining walls, train sheds (light-weight structures), bridge structures.
•Viaduct systems: pre-cast rc segmental construction.
•Topside development: post & beam / shear walls / transfer plates.
Structures
StructureTransfer plates
Deep-bored tunnel
• Lighting, air-con, plumbing, drainage, toilets, lifts, escalators, room areas & maintenance access.
•PA systems, cctv
•Acoustics / noise: trains, machinery, people: finishes, noise attenuation (raised track slabs / PSD’s, material treatment.)
•Emergency stop train buttons - platforms
Building Services
•Fire detection: smoke / heat detectors / fire alarms / cctv / staff
•Fire control: fireman’s access / stairs / control room / lifts, sprinklers, gas suppression, hydrants, hose reels, hand held extinguishers.
•Fire spread: compartmentation of rooms, fire shutters, smoke / heat control zones.
•Smoke control: track, platform, concourses, exits, stairs, lifts (air pressured) .
• Retail cabin concept.
Fire Hazards
Retail cabin concept
•Colour: lighting, dust & dirt• Acoustics•Durability: crowd loading / slip free floors•Fire: surface spread of flame, toxicity, smoke generation, fire load•Cleaning: cycles, high pressure hoses, equipment, storage•Maintenance: cycles, supply of spares •Access: equipment, storage •Operations & Maintenance Manuals
Materials & Finishes
•Operations control centres / signal boxes.
•Track sub-stations.
•Train depots & maintenance yards.
•Property development.
•Offices, residential, retail.
•Methods: topside / adjacent; access & construction requirements (phased development?)
Other Buildings
Property developmentTopside
Yuen Long Station, Hong Kong
•Site access /delivery (by train?)
•Storage: area / just-time delivery
•Hoarding: visual impact / advertizing / access
•Impact on existing train services: lost revenue
•Staged / phased construction: phased costs
•Site safety: railway related hazards & training
Construction
• Reasons: new legislation (disability access, transport & environmental), new hazards (terrorism & rail disasters), new technologies (new rolling stock, double-deck trains, new speeds / kinematic envelopes, electrification), new population demands.
•Methods: longer platforms, new exits, lifts, escalators, footbridges, canopies & disability access, new procedures / training
Upgrades 1
•Design challenges: site restraints, maintaining operations, site access
•Phased construction (temporary hoarding / exits / ticketing / traffic arrangements etc...)
•Building heritage & planning (key stakeholders).
•Designing for expansion: space & future equipment
Upgrades 2
•Facilities management •Staff salaries, pensions & benefits, uniforms
•Staff training•Staff insurances •Cleaning (station & track (hair))•Maintenance (station & track) •After service hours: limited hours / unsociable•Power generation etc...
Running Costs
•Ottawa Station by J. Parkin
•Moscow Underground
•Montreal Underground
•Hong Kong Airport Express & MTRC
•Bangkok Rapid Transit
•Singapore MRT
Classic Designs
The EndDavid Jukes-Hughes
ArchitectureDubai Metro proposal