Rainforest

For other uses, see Rainforest (disambiguation).

The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia

The Daintree Rainforest near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall,with annual rainfall between 250 and 450 centimetres (98and 177 in).[1] There are two types of rainforest: tropicalrainforest and temperate rainforest. Themonsoon trough,alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone,plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditionsnecessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests.Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous

to the rainforests.[2] It has been estimated that theremay be many millions of species of plants, insects andmicroorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.Tropical rainforests have been called the “jewels of theEarth” and the "world’s largest pharmacy", because overone quarter of natural medicines have been discoveredthere.[3] Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of theworld’s oxygen turnover, sometimes misnamed oxygenproduction,[4] processing it through photosynthesis fromcarbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration.The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be re-stricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level.If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the groundbeneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth ofvines, shrubs and small trees, called a jungle. The termjungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforestsgenerally.

1 Tropical

Main article: Tropical rainforestTropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and

Worldwide tropical rainforest zones.

wet climate with no substantial dry season: typicallyfound within 10 degrees north and south of the equator.Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) dur-ing all months of the year.[5] Average annual rainfall is noless than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and200 cm (79 in).[6]

Many of the world’s tropical forests are associated withthe location of the monsoon trough, also known as theintertropical convergence zone.[7] The broader categoryof tropical moist forests are located in the equatorial

1

2 3 LAYERS

zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic ofCapricorn. Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia(from Myanmar (Burma) to the Philippines, Malaysia,Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sub-SaharanAfrica from Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest),South America (e.g. the Amazon Rainforest), CentralAmerica (e.g. Bosawás, southern Yucatán Peninsula-El Peten-Belize-Calakmul), and on many of the PacificIslands (such as Hawaiʻi). Tropical forests have beencalled the “Earth’s lungs", although it is now known thatrainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to theatmosphere through photosynthesis.[8][9]

2 Temperate

Main article: Temperate rainforestTropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but tem-

General distribution of temperate rainforests

perate rainforests only occur in few regions around theworld. Temperate rainforests are rainforests in temperateregions. They occur in North America (in the PacificNorthwest in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington,Oregon and California), in Europe (parts of the BritishIsles such as the coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland,southern Norway, parts of the western Balkans along theAdriatic coast, as well as in Galicia and coastal areasof the eastern Black Sea, including Georgia and coastalTurkey), in East Asia (in southern China, Highlands ofTaiwan, much of Japan and Korea, and on Sakhalin Is-land and the adjacent Russian Far East coast), in SouthAmerica (southern Chile) and also in Australia and NewZealand.[10]

3 Layers

Main article: Stratification (vegetation)

A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers,each with different plants and animals adapted for lifein that particular area. Examples include the emergent,canopy, understorey and forest floor layers.

3.1 Emergent layer

The emergent layer contains a small number of verylarge trees called emergents, which grow above the gen-eral canopy, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although onoccasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall.[11][12]They need to be able to withstand the hot temperaturesand strong winds that occur above the canopy in some ar-eas. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabitthis layer.

The canopy at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia showingcrown shyness

3.2 Canopy layer

Main article: Canopy (biology)

The canopy layer contains the majority of the largesttrees, typically 30 metres (98 ft) to 45 metres (148 ft) tall.The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forestcanopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formedby adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, ishome to 50 percent of all plant species. Epiphytic plantsattach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and min-erals from rain and debris that collects on the supportingplants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergentlayer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species arebelieved to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists havelong suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat,but have only recently developed practical methods of ex-ploring it. As long ago as 1917, naturalist William Beebedeclared that “another continent of life remains to be dis-covered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feetabove it, extending over thousands of square miles.” Trueexploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, whenscientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such asfiring ropes into the trees using crossbows. Exploration ofthe canopy is still in its infancy, but other methods includethe use of balloons and airships to float above the highestbranches and the building of cranes and walkways plantedon the forest floor. The science of accessing tropical for-est canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is

3

called dendronautics.[13]

3.3 Understory layer

Main article: Understory

The understory or understorey layer lies between thecanopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number ofbirds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such asjaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves aremuch larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Manyseedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present inthe understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining onthe rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layercan be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer mayalso be considered a separate layer.

3.4 Forest floor

Main article: Forest floor

Rainforest in the Blue Mountains, Australia

The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2%of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can growin this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clear-ings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest flooris relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sun-light penetration. It also contains decaying plant and ani-mal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm,humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms offungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.

4 Flora and fauna

More than half of the world’s species of plants and ani-mals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support avery broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles,birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates,felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles,chameleons and other families; while birds include suchfamilies as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of fam-ilies of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungiare also very common in rainforest areas as they canfeed on the decomposing remains of plants and ani-mals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearingdue to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of theatmosphere.[15]

West Usambara Two-Horned Chameleon (Bradypodion fis-cheri) in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania.

5 Soils

Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainfor-est, soil quality is often quite poor. Rapid bacterial de-cay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concen-tration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterizationprocess gives the oxisols a bright red colour and some-times produces mineral deposits such as bauxite. Mosttrees have roots near the surface, because there are insuf-ficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees’ min-erals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves andanimals. On younger substrates, especially of volcanicorigin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforesttrees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soilsurfaces, creating run-off and beginning a process of soilerosion. Eventually streams and rivers form and floodingbecomes possible.

6 Effect on global climate

A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities ofcarbon dioxide. On a global scale, long-term fluxes areapproximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainfor-est would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbondioxide levels,[16] though they may have other climaticeffects (on cloud formation, for example, by recyclingwater vapour). No rainforest today can be considered tobe undisturbed.[17] Human-induced deforestation plays asignificant role in causing rainforests to release carbondioxide,[18] as do other factors, whether human-inducedor natural, which result in tree death, such as burning anddrought.[19] Some climate models operating with interac-tive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainfor-est around 2050 due to drought, forest dieback and thesubsequent release more carbon dioxide.[20] Five millionyears from now, the Amazon rainforest may long sincehave dried and transformed itself into savannah, killing it-self in the progress (changes such as this may happen evenif all human deforestation activity ceases overnight).[21]

4 9 DEFORESTATION

The descendants of our known animals may adapt to thedry savannah of the former Amazonian rainforest andthrive in the new, warmer temperatures.[21]

7 Human uses

Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, taken from a plane.

Further information: Human uses of tropical rainforest

Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animalproducts such as meat and hides. Rainforests also havevalue as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem ser-vices provided. Many foods originally came from tropicalforests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in re-gions that were formerly primary forest.[22] Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungalinfections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respi-ratory problems, and wound treatment.[23]

8 Native peoples

On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported also that it hadconfirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribesin Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazilhas now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the coun-try having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.[24]The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the islandof New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontactedtribal groups.[25] The tribes are in danger because of thedeforestation, especially in Brazil.Central African rainforest is home of the Mbuti pygmies,one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorialrainforests characterised by their short height (below oneand a half metres, or 59 inches, on average). They werethe subject of a study by Colin Turnbull, The Forest Peo-ple, in 1962.[26] Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are,amongst others, referred to as “Negrito”.

9 Deforestation

Further information: Deforestation in Southeast Asia,Deforestation in Madagascar and Deforestation of theAmazon RainforestTropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected

Satellite photograph of the haze above Borneo and Sumatra on24 September 2015.

to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughoutthe 20th century and the area covered by rainforestsaround the world is shrinking.[27] Biologists have esti-mated that large numbers of species are being driven toextinction (possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate,says E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, a quarter ormore of all species on Earth could be exterminated within50 years)[28] due to the removal of habitat with destruc-tion of the rainforests.Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expand-ing urban areas. Littoral rainforest growing along coastalareas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon de-velopment to accommodate the demand for seachangelifestyles.[29]

The forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace.[30][31][32]Almost 90% of West Africa's rainforest has beendestroyed.[33] Since the arrival of humans, Madagascarhas lost two thirds of its original rainforest.[34] At presentrates, tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be loggedout in 10 years and Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16years.[35] According to Rainforest Rescue, a main reasonfor the increasing deforestation rate especially in Indone-sia is the expansion of oil palm plantations to meet thegrowing demand for cheap vegetable fats and biofuels. InIndonesia, palm oil is already cultivated on nine millionhectares and, together with Malaysia, the island nationproduces about 85 percent of the world’s palm oil.[36]

Several countries,[37] notably Brazil, have declared theirdeforestation a national emergency.[38] Amazon defor-estation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007’stwelve months, according to official government data.[39]Deforestation could wipe out or severely damage nearly60% of the Amazon Rainforest by 2030, says a 2007 re-port from WWF.[40]

5

However, a January 30, 2009 New York Times articlestated, “By one estimate, for every acre of rain forest cutdown each year, more than 50 acres of new forest aregrowing in the tropics...” The new forest includes sec-ondary forest on former farmland and so-called degradedforest.[41]

10 See also

• Cloud forest

• Ecology

• Inland rainforest

• Intact forest landscape

• Jungle

• Rainforest Foundation Fund

• Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary

• Stratification (vegetation)

• Tapiche Ohara’s Reserve

11 References

[1] The Tropical Rain Forest. Marietta College. Marietta,Ohio. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

[2] “Rainforests.net – Variables and Math”. Retrieved 2009-01-04.

[3] “Rainforests at Animal Center”. Animalcorner.co.uk.2004-01-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[4] Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests. “Killer Inhabitantsof the Rainforests”. Trendsupdates.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[5] Susan Woodward. Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest:The rainforest. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.

[6] Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A WorldSurvey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : Witha Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark,2002. Print.

[7] Hobgood (2008). Global Pattern of Surface Pressure andWind. Ohio State University. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.

[8] Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). “Breathing easy: Et tu, O2.”Columbia University Columbia.edu

[9] Moran, E.F., “Deforestation and LandUse in the BrazilianAmazon,” Human Ecology, Vol 21, No. 1, 1993”

[10] “The Temperate Rainforest”.

[11] Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). “Spatial Aspects of Vegeta-tion Structure”. In Frank B. Golley. Tropical Rain ForestEcosystems. Structure and Function. Ecosystems of theWorld (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29–47. ISBN0-444-41986-1.

[12] “Sabah”. Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 2007-11-14.

[13] Dendronautics – Introduction Archived June 14, 2006, atthe Wayback Machine.

[14] “Rainforest Facts”. Rain-tree.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[15] “Impact of Deforestation – Extinction”. Rain-forests.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[16] “Grida.no” (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[17] Lewis, S.L. , Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Lloyd, J. et al.2004 “Concerted changes in tropical forest structure anddynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-termplots” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 359

[18] Malhi, Y and Grace, J. 2000 " Tropical forests and atmo-spheric carbon dioxide”, Tree 15

[19] “Drought may turn forests into carbon producers”. TheAge (Melbourne). 2004-03-06.

[20] Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.; Harris, P. P.;Huntingford, C.; Jones, C. D. (2004). “Amazonianforest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projectionsfor the 21st century” (PDF). Theoretical and AppliedClimatology 78: 137. Bibcode:2004ThApC..78..137C.doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4. Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on January 9, 2007.

[21] The Future is Wild television program

[22] Myers, N. (1985). The primary source. W. W. Norton &Company, New York, pp. 189–193.

[23] “Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainfor-est May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003”. Jr-science.wcp.muohio.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[24] “Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes”.Reuters.com. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[25] BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?

[26] The Tribal Peoples, ThinkQuest

[27] Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade, The In-dependent 5 July 2003

[28] Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species, New YorkTimes 3 March 1992

[29] “Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened?". Pittwa-ter.nsw.gov.au. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[30] Thomas Marent: Out of the woods, The Independent 28September 2006

[31] Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled,FoxNews.com, September 29, 2008

6 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[32] “Papua New Guinea’s rainforests disappearing faster thanthought”. News.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[33] “Rainforests & Agriculture”. Csupomona.edu. Retrieved2012-08-26.

[34] “Science: Satellite monitors Madagascar’s shrinking rain-forest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist”. Newscientist.com.1990-05-19. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

[35] China is black hole of Asia’s deforestation, AsiaNews.it,24 March 2008

[36] Rainforest Rescue: Facts about palm oil

[37] Amazon deforestation rises sharply in 2007,Usatoday.com, January 24, 2008

[38] Vidal, John (20 May 2005). “Rainforest loss shocksBrazil”. guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010.

[39] Brazil: Amazon deforestation worsens, Msnbc.com, Au-gust 30, 2008

[40] Benjamin, Alison (6 December 2007). “More thanhalf of Amazon will be lost by 2030, report warns”.guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010.

[41] New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests, The NewYork Times, January 30, 2009

12 Further reading

Part of the Illawarra Brush, in New South Wales, Australia.

• Butler, R. A. (2005) A Place Out of Time: Tropi-cal Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Publishedonline: Rainforests.mongabay.com

• Richards, P. W. (1996). The tropical rain forest.2nd ed. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-42194-2

• Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An introduction to tropicalrain forests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-850147-1

13 External links• Animals in a rainforest

• Rainforest Action Network

• The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment on rainforestrestoration

• Rainforest Portal

• EIA forest reports: Investigations into illegal log-ging.

• EIA in the USA Reports and info.

• The Coalition for Rainforest Nations

• The Prince’s Rainforests Project

• United Nations Forum on Forests

• DaveKimble’s Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Trop-ics, Australia)

• Rainforest Plants

• Tropical rainforest for children

• What is a rainforest

• National Geogrphic: Rain forest

• Tropical rainforests

7

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text• Rainforest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest?oldid=711393869 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, Mark, Anders Törlind,

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8 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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